Chem

Monday, February 20, 2023 6:41 PM

Molecules
- 2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
- Can contain different elemants
- Eg. Oxygen (1 element), water (2 elements), chlorine (1 element), nitrogen, carbon dioxide
Compounds
- 2 or more different elements help together by chemical bonds
- Eg. Water (hydrogen + oxygen), carbon dioxide (carbon + oxygen)
- Elements involved are found in the same proportion
Mixtures
- 2 or more substances that are not chemically combined together
- Diff substances
- Haven't reacted - been physically mixed together
- Ways to separate mixtures - Filtration, crystallization, distillation

Alkali metals -
• Group 1
• Li = lithium
• Na = sodium
Lithium = least reactive
• K = potassium
Francium = most reactive
• Rb = rubidium
• Cs = cesium
• Fr = francium
• are soft, low density and have a low melting point
• Are more reactive
• Melting and boiling points decrease
• All have 1 electron in outer most shell
• In order to react and be stable - need to loose that 1 electron from the outer most shell
• Lose 1 -ve charge - become a 1 +ve ion
• Coming towards the bottom, the outer most Electron will be lost more easily as increased distance weakens the attractive force
• Almost always form ionic compound with non-metals
• Ionic compounds - generally white solid - dissolve in water to form colorless solutions
• Alkaline metals + H2O -> (reacts vigorously) -> metal hydroxide + hydrogen gas
○ Eg 2Na +2H2O -> 2NaOH + H2
• Alkaline metals + chlorine gas
○ Form white metal chloride salts
○ Reactants will become more vigorous as you go down the group
• Alkaline metals + oxygen -> metal oxides

Halogens
• Group 7
• Fluorine - F
• Chlorine - Cl Fluorine = most reactive
• Bromine Br Iodine = least reactive
• Iodine -I
• Fluorine - yellow gas - very reactive
• Chlorine - green gas - less reactive
• Bromine - red liquid - poisonous
• Iodine - grey coloured solid -poisonous purple vapors - antiseptic
• All have diatomic molecules - 2 atoms - the 2 atoms are joined by a covalent bond, allows each atom to share any electron

• Melting and boiling point increase

• Reactivity decreases
• Form ionic bonds with metals - get halide
• Makes fluoride - chloride - bromide - iodide = ions
• Can form ionic compounds with metals of diff groups too
• Can form covalent bonds with other non-metals
• Ions usually have a 1- charge
• Displacement reactions

○ Halide salts ( KCl, KBr, Kl) are colorless

○ Bromine water is orange
○ Chlorine water is colorless
○ Iodine water is brown