PR E F A C E .

T H E A uthor is indebted for the idea of W ork to

the l a te Mr \VI L L I A M J PI NK S
. .
, whose His tory of

C l erken well h e la tel y dited

e an d finish ed , ,
an d who

wrote a few s hort su

gges ti e v Note s upon the C uriosi ties

of C l ocks an d Watches , whi ch were published during his

l ifetime in a l ocal p eriodical to which h e b
con tri u te d
occasional papers .

T he Author is al s o in debte d to his obliging friends ,

D r R O BE R T BI GS BY
.
( thr ou h whom he h as
g r ecentl y
recei e v d a D iplom a of Mem bership of th e A ssem blea
di S toria Pamia '
in Palerm o) , T H O MA S S . BI R D , E sq .
,

JG E N BU L L O C K , E sq , . an d T . C . NO BL E , E sq , for
.

m an y item s an d hin ts , of whi ch h e has a ail e

v d him sel f
durin g hi s pr eparation of this Work To these n tl e
.
ge

m en b e gratefull y offers his si ncer e thanks for their

val ua bl e aid .

Novnxnxn , 1 8 66 .
 C O NT E NT S .

C H AP T E R I .

T ime F irst D ivisions of T ime Various Divisions of T ime E tymo

logy of th e word C l oc k T he S tmdi al C l epsydra , or Water C locks
-

U ses of C ur iou s W a ter -C locks L i li wa ti K ing of Persia s

’

T imepiece T h e S and-G lam C andl e-C lock of A lfred the G reat

I nven tion of Wh eel -C locks C locks in E arly Monast eries F irst
C loc ks i n E ngland C lock of the O ld C a thedral of S t Paul . .

L on don — A greemen t rela ting to — Paul s Jacks — C lock in th e

’

N ew C ath ed ral T raditi ona l S tory relating to — T he O ld C lock

a W
t es tm inster — S ir R alph D e H engham s F ine — T h e K eeper of
’

the C lock G rea t T om F irst C lock a t C anterbury C l ock at

S t A ndrew s, C anterbury
’
F irs t Portabl e C locks Poetical refer
ence to Bohemian C lock E xeter C a thedral C lock Dante s ’

C lock S t A lban s A bbey C lock R icha rd de W al

’
reference to a .

—
C l ock Wels h Bard abuses a C lock — F roimar t s
’
reference to a

C lock —C lock “ Dover C astle Page 1

C H A PT E R I I .

S trasburg C ath edral C l ock Mechanica l Performances of R a tisbon

C locks Ge noa C lock Bologna C lock C harles V s C l ock at Paris
’
.

— Monta rgis C lock S ens C lock E d ward I I I and th e Dutch .

C lockmakers H is C harter to them — S p ire C lock — C locks men

tioned i n E arl y R ecord s in British Museu m S eville C lock —W al bers
wick C lock N uremberg C l ock C locks at S t Mary s, O xford
.
’

A uxerre C lock Dunstable Priory C lock C locks first used for

As tron om i ca l ur
p p oses W ig to ft C l ock V en ice C l ock — Prag ue
C ard i al W l y C k C l ock at S t Ma ry s Pri ory,
’
C lock l
’
-
n o se s oc

N
.

H untingd on uremberg C l ocks — H enry VI I I 8 C locks — A nne

’
.

Boleyn s C l ock C locks at th e Palace a t W estmi nster in 1 542 L on

'
vi CO NT E NT S .

go in g T wel ve Month s C lock goi ng O ne H u ndred Years C loc k

found n ear R o ston y Paris C lockma kers cha rter ed C lock of S t .

W
Ma rgaret s . estminster E d ward VI s C l ockma ker
’
H is gi ft of a
.
’

C l ock to S ir Joh n C heke G ifts of C locks to uee n Ma ry T ych o Q

Brah e s C loc k T able C loc ks A rchbis hop Pa rker s C loc k E arl
' '

of Le ic ester s C loc k a t K en il worth

’
M oest li n C l ock al en c i e n nes V
C locks Perpetual C lepsyd ra p mj ec ted iscovery of th e Pend u D
—
l um G alileo C h ris tia n H u ygens R ic hard H arris Joh n F ro
men tel H uygen s C lock R udol ph IL s C l oc k L a mbet h C l oc k
’ '

— Ba rtholome w ewsa m N Q
ueen E lizabe th s C l ockma ker
. C urio us
'

W
C l ock a t hi te ha l l Palace Bequests of C locks C l ock at G las to n
bu r — E arl of E ss ex s C l ock
y C urious Mecha nical C loc k of Pope
’

S ixtus V and
. ill ia m I W L u bec k C l oc k
. G erman C loc ks
W hi msical itics o f — A ugs burg C l oc ks F ore ign C locks i n S outh
R em i gt M m G rea t W igs to n C lock — C l o k at S t Joh n s
’
-
n o n useu c
.

C a th edral . L yons S hakspeare and C locks 42

C H APT E R I I I .

C urious G ri ffi n C lock Water-C lock F rankfort C lock James I s .

’

C lockmakers C lock a S urna me Dutc h Musica l C lock F o reign

in L ond on C harl es I c harte rs th e C lockma kers
’

0 100k .

C ompa ny Fa r]y H istory of the C ompa ny C l ock of S t Mar gar et s,

'

W es tminster C loc k at A ugsburg C lock in L o n d on Pa gea n t

C lock in a Je sui ts C oll ege
’
Venice C lock S treets named from
C locks C lock whi ch reg ula ted th e ti me o f C harl es L s E xec u tion
’

O ld est C lock i n A me rica O l i ver C romwell s C l ock C harles I I s

’ ’
.

( l ift of a C lock C lock in K end al Mus eum

’
E vel yn s E n tries
about C locks Bal l or Bul l et C locks Pepys sees curio us C locks
I llv montary, or E a rth A i r, F ire and Wa ter C l ocks
'
, ,
F ul ha m C loc k
S i r Ed ward L a ke s G i ft of a C lock A laru m C lock me ntioned in a
'

C harles I L s C l ocks
’
S ta te l apc r
’
Pepys sees a c uriou s C l ockwork
C o s mo l l l s R e cord o f a C l ock S t Duns te n s C loc k — I ts M e
’ ’
. .

c h anic al F ig ures C lock at Bris tol B nnett s Mecha nica l C l ock

'
e

F igures S ir Ma tth ew H a l e s C lock Mi l ton s L ines for a C lock

' '

C are Dryd en s R eference to a C lock Duch ess of G louce ster s

’ '

S triking C lock C lock by T omp ion C lock a t Windsor C as tl e

C lockmakers T okens G rol l ier s C loc ks I ncli ned P l ane C l ocks
’ ’

C l oc k m en ti on ed i n a S a ti r ica l P oem — Dc rham s A r tifi cia l C lock

'

maker Mecha nical C lock mad e i n compl imen t to L oui s X I V .

Versail les C lock Maria A nto inette s C lock C lock of th e K in g s ’ ’

Death C lock at S t C loud . 85

 CONTE NT S . Vl i

E qua ti on C lock Mean T ime — C lock at War wick C locks in S outh

K ensing ton Museu m -
R och ester C l ock Bis hop R u m at a G ifts of
’

C l ocks Prior s Verses on a C l ock

’
Bish op H a ll s C lock
’

C hris
tO ph er Pinch beck a nd h is wond erful C l ocks C ri pplega te C l ock
T ra nsi t C l oc k S idereal T ime G eorge G ra ham I mprovemen ts
in th e P en d ul u m H ogar th s Masqu era d e C l ock
'
C lock L a mp
Ba m pto n C l ock M usica l C locks C l ocks a t K nole A utoma to n
tell i ng th e H ours M usica l and A stro nomical C lock Derby C l ock
J oh n W hi te h urs t C l ock I nsc riptions Marquis of Worcester s
Bal l C lock N igh t S an d C l ock York Ca th edml C locks John
E lli co tt H orse G uard s C lock T h e E sca pement of a C lock
I nfa n ts
’
N urse ry C l ock R ep ea tin g-C l ocks — V oeal C l ock C olonel
Ma gniac C lock a t R oyal A cad emy. Paris the Microcosm
Youn g s R eference to H orol ogy
’
1 18

C H AP T E R V .

A lexand er C umming W ind C l ock Ba rometer C l ocks — imi nu ti ve

D
C lock presenwd by E as t I ndi a C ompa ny to E mperor of C hina
C lockmakers E pitaphs K a y, a C lockmaker , h el ps to mak e a
’

S pinni ng Mach ine D e vere ux Bow l y James C ox, the W a tch

maker H is M useum C urious A u to mato n C locks therein T he

C hronoscOpe Perpe tual Motion C lock Je walled C loc k fo r th e
G rand S ignor E man uel S wed e n borg s
’
D
ea t h Paris C locks
Pe nd ul ums J ohn Brya nt Blind C l ockmaker Maidstone C lock
C uckoo C l ocks an d S outh S ea I sl and e rs C lock work for avalN
W ar fare C l ock at Z aragoza T h e H orologe of the F i el d s C lock
a t Pal ms C lock C us tom at H a therl eig h Novel C l ock Bem e
C lock C o blentz C lock C l ock to l ig ht a C andl e H u man or
L i vi ng C l ock T yburn G ate C lock N
or wood C lock W in ds or
C as tl e C l ock S tory of a C lock a nd a S ermon I llumi na te d C lock
D ia ls Paper C l ocks G un C l ock C a nnon C l ock C l ock to set
aW a tc h C lock to bea t ti me for M usic Dulce of York s C lock
’

D e ton a ti ngW ooden C l ock A rith meti cal C l ock Man s Mind like
’

a C l oc k C l ocks at Petemburgh E gg C lock E lectri ca l C locks

H ow to L eng the n L ife R oyal E xcha nge C lock Burning of th e
O l d E xc ha nge G eneral Pos t O ffice C lock V
C remill e ic tuall in g
O fiice C l ock R egul ator C l ock V ul liamy 1 45
 CO NT E N
TS .

C H APT E R VI .

S tollenwerk C lock at S towe S h akespeare C lock R enaimance C lock

Wooden C lock ma de by a Belgian Pean ut — C lock T i mc Ma p
O l d C locks and O ld C lockma kers — C locks in the G reat E xh i bi tion
of 1 8 5 1 A l pha C lock C lock Bed S heph erd s E lec tric C lock
’

C l ock from Par is E xh i bition of 1 8 5 5 Wes tmins ter Palace C lock

C loc k O men H uge C l ock Be lls Musica l C l ock Bed Perpetua l
C lock — C l ock L oc k — S e f Winding C ock
l - l — C ame l C lock from
Pekin — C locks i n th e I nter na tional E xh ib ition of l 8 6 2 — C lock s
w ithout D ials Dutc h C locks Dutch C lockmakers C lock
C hi mes i n th e L ow C ountri es — A ntwerp C a th ed ral C h imes Bel
g i um C l oc k s — A m e ri ca n C loc ks — T h e O ld C l o k on th e S
c
tai rs

F rench C locks Ja pa nese C locks A tm osph e ric C loc k C lock

w ith out visi ble Works C locks immrted i nto E ngla nd Proverbs
rela ti n g to C locks F o lk L ore of C locks T h e L egend of Blow
nor to n C l ock
'
T emp us F ugit 1 88

C H APT E R V I I .

In ven tion of Watc h es E tym ol ogy of the word W atch Where

Wa tches first mad e N
urem berg E m Watc h es Wa tch all eged to
h a ve belonged to Ro bert Bruc e, Ki ng of S cotla nd C harl es V and .

h is W a tc h es — Watch es in R ings — Paris C lockmake rs ob tain th e

Monopoly of maki ng Wa tch es Wa tch es in trod uccd in to E ngland
—F i rs t L ad y wh o wore a Watc h —A bbot Wh iti ng s Wa tch
’

E a rly E ngli sh Wa tc hes — H en ry V I I I s Wa tch es

.
’
— E d wa rd V I s’
.

Wat h Princess Ma ry s Watch es Watc hes of Mary ueen of

c
’
Q
S cots Dea th s H ead or S kull -sha ped Wa tch es C ollin-sh aped
’

Watch Watch found at W inch es ter S h apes and C onstr ucti on

o f E a r l y Wa tch es S triki ng W a tc h e s sto l e n from C h arl es V and .

L ou is X I . S ma ll Watches in R ings, Walkin g S ticks. and Boxes

C ruci for m Watc h es C rystal Wa tc hes S ir F rancis Dra ke s A st ro
’

l abe Q ueen E lizabe th s nu merous Wa tch es

'
Duck-shaped Watch
E ster, th e Watch maker Watch found at Del a mere H ouse,
C h esh i re Watches i n Dover Museum Watch es bequ eath ed by
W il ls —A l l usions to W atch es by S h akes pea re Ben Jonson. and .

Brome Be wi tc hed Watch S ir Walter Ra l eigh s Watch 227

'

C H AP T E R VI I I .

G uido F a wkes s
’
Watch Watc h es S ir W il liam H oward s
James L
'

s
’

Watch Prince H enry s Watc hes Davi d R a msey James I

’
.

sends a W atch to h is S ons S mal l Wa tch like a T ul ip Th e

J esuit and his Watch Mil ton s Watch Watch Seals C lock
’
 CO NT E NT S .
lx

mak ers C ompany

'
H ol l ar s R epresen ta tions of
’
atch es atch W W
foun d at L ord T roph ich en s S eat Portrai t
’
a tch es C ha rl es I s
’
W .

W a tch es — H enr ie tta Maria s G ift of a a tc h

’
V a n T romp s W ’
atch W
O liver C rom wel l s a tch es
’
WC h arles I I s
’
atc h es Pepys and . W
L ord Brouncker s
'
W
a tch W
a tch K ey gi ven b y C ha rl es I I E na .

mell ed W
a tc h es W
a tc h E na mel lers Jacin th a tch R ichl y W
O rnam en ted atc h es —
W ura bili ty of D a tch es W
ovel T r ial about N
it W
a tch A d vertisemen ts about L os t atch es D r T as wel l sW ’

N
.

W a tch W
a tch found at C h sle i h urs t — a u til u s -sh a ped a tch W
I nven tion of th e S pi ral S pr ing D r H ooks T h o mas T ompi on
.

D a ni e l u areQ E d ward B a r l ow R e p ea ti n g
-
a tc h es James W
II s .
’

W
a tch T h e A nch or E sca pemen t T ouch a tch es for th e W
Bl ind L aw relati ng to a tch es W
S im on d e C h armes 264

C H APT E R I X .

Watch J s well i ng I nvented Nicholas F accio R eturn of a L ost

Watch men ti oned in th e T atler S teel e s P roposal for a N
’
o vel

Watch G eorge I s Watch T h e O ld Pretend e r s Wa tch S i r

.
' ’

C hr ist ph er W ren s Wa tc h T h e H ori zo nta l E sc apement

’
o G ra
ham s Watch es C h ate lai ne Watch es S i r I saac N ew to n s Watch
' ’

Prince C ha rl es E d war d S tuart s Wa tch G u st vu s A dol ph us

’
a

g iv es a W a tc h W a tch m a ki ng a t C ov e nt r y A d ver tis em en t o f a

L os t Wa tch L ord G eorge L y ttlet n s L i nes wi th a Wa tch

’
o

L o rd C obham robbed o f a Watc h — Beaumarchais — L i nes on 3

Watch Perpetual Motion Watc h projec ted by th e M arquis of
Worcester Verses wi th a R epea ting Watch A S ooth saying -

Watchma ker C ou n t Bruh l s Wa tch es Watc hmaki ng S ch ools in ’

S pai n S tra n ge R ec overy of a Lost Watc h Noble Wa tch makers

C uri ous L il ip utia n Watc h presen ted to G eorge I I I T he .

Watc h S piri tua li zed T h e Moral ity of Watches 306

C H APT E R X .

N ovel W at ch presen te d h
t e K g of i n to F ra n c
e — Mrs A bington s .
’

W a tch A l manac a tch W

Mad ame d u Barri s atc h T wo
'

W
W a tch es worn a t on ce F alse a tch es W
C hinese and ead atch es D W
Mus ical W atch C h an ti ng a tc h L ege nd of a W a tch a t W
S omerse t H ouse a tc h foun d in W orth amp tonsh ire — F ines onN
W a tc h makers R oumea u s
’
a tch L ond on W
a tch ma kers in 1 7 8 1 W
T h e Ped ome ter atc h W
R a l ph G ou t atc hes i n S ou th K en W
si ngton Museu m Dr Johnson s
’
a tc h
. L una rd i s W atc h , pre
’
W
sented by G eorge I V . W
a tc h foun d in a S h ark a tc h r eferred W
to in one of C o l man s O peras
’
atch foun d a t L eeds W T a le of a
S ailor and his a tch W atch i n a S add l e W Peri lous F ea t wi th
x CO NT E NTS .

a W atch J oe G ri
-m a l d i s W a t
’
c h I r ish G ia nt s W atc h — L ines
’

on a Watc h — Watch A na c hronis m Nor wegian Peas ant s Watch ’

T alking Watch A stro nomica l Watch pre sente d to E mp eror of

R ussia Bre quct Napoleon I s Watch es E l egy and E ulogy on
.
‘

two R ival Wa c es
t h — T ra n sp ar e n t Wa tc h — A M a ker o f H ours

S ul tan A bd ul Medsc d Wa tc h
hi
'
s — Watch C ha i n 85d pres ente d to . ,

Prince A l ber t L ord Dudl ey S tua rfls Poli sh Watc h Bli nd Watc h
makers — Watches i n the G reat E xhibiti on f 185 1 T he Rose o -

Watch — Wa tches in the I nterna tional E xh ibition of 1862 —Jack

Ba il ey s Wa tch Watc h bequeathed to L ord Palmerston Watch
'

in a S nuff box British C onsti tution compared wi th a Watch

-

C H APT E R X I

Mechanical Details of Watch es Divi si ons in the Watchmaking

T rad e W a tc C
h h ai n H a i r S p g
r in — Ti c ks o f a W a tc h W a tc h
G lasses A G ood W atch malrer S wi ss Watc hes Watc hes I m
p or t
e d in t o E ngland D uties on Wa tc h es D e p rem i on of W a tch
T rad e F raud s in Watch es E p ita phs on Watchmakers Moore s
'

L ines with a Wa tc h Pro erbs on Watch es S h erida n s S trategem

’
v

to ge t a Watch W ashi ngton s S ecretary s W atch A necdote of

’ '

a L ord Mayor of L ond on U n Poisson d A vri l H ow a C lergyma n

'

g ot 9
. W a tc h fro m a T hi ef W a tc h w i th l e tte r ed Dia l H ow a
Wa tc h maker got T rad e Watc h Papers Poe try of Watch
S tands 370

C H AP T E R X I I .

T he C h ronometer Ph il ip I I I oflers a R eward for D r B ocke s S ug

' ’
. .

L d K i k di P M H lm
’
i j j E
’

g est ons or n g ar n e s ro ec t a or o es s xp eri

ment R e wa rd od s t ed by th e E nglish G overnment for Discovery
'

of L o ngi tude John H a rris on s I nvention G ra ham s A d vice

’ '

H arrison s Voyages with hi s C h ron omete rs O btains th e R eward

'

Publica tions rel ati ng to his C h ron ometer an d Voyages H is T omb

Berth ou d T h omas Mu d ge John Ar nol d T homas E arnshaw
A ppl ica tion of th e C h ro nometer I nstances of th e A d vantages of
the C h ronometer C a pta in C ook s C hronomete r Pri zes for good
’

C hron ometers Th e C h ronometer R oom at G reenwich O bservatory

Dent s C ro’
h n om ete rs — C h ron ometer R epeater C h ronometer a
892

A rvms mx
 C U R I O S I TI E S O F C L O C K S ,
ETC .

C H APT E R I .

T ime F irst Divisions of Ti me Various Divisions of T ime E tymo

l ogy of th e word C l ock — T h e S un d ia l C l epsydre , or Water-C locks
U ses of C urious Water -C locks L il i wa ti K ing of Persia s
'

T i mepiece T h e S a nd-G la ss Ca n dl e-C lock of A lfre d th e G reat

I nve ntion of Wh eel -C locks C locks i n E arl y M onasteries F irst
C l ocks in E ngl and C l ock of th e O l d C ath edral of S t Paul , .

L ond o n A greemen t rela ting to Paul s Jacks C l ock in the

’

N ew C a th edral T rad itional S tory rel ating to T he O ld C lock

at We tmin s ter
s — S ir R al ph De H en gham s Fin e
’
T h e K eep er of
th e C lock G eat T om
r F irs t C l ock a t C a ter ury
n b — C lock at
S t A ndr ew s, C an terbury F irst Portabl e C l ocks Poeti cal refer
'
.

en ces to — Boh emian C lock E xeter C athedral C l ock Dante s ’

reference to a C lock N
or wich C a th ed ra l C l ock C haucer s
'

refer en ce to a C lock S t A l ban s A bbey C lock R ichard de W al

’
.

li ng lord C o urtray C l ock Pad ua C lock G lastonbury A bbey

'

C l ock C lock at Dover C as tle .

W H I L E r ecording some of th e curiositi es oddities and , ,

an ecdotes o f th e his tory of horol ogy it is n ot our inten ,

ti on to en ter upon m er e m echani cal deta il s or technical ,

descripti ons of cl ock and watch work ; al though without ,

doubt th e m ar vell ous combinations of m echanism which

,

ha ve been m ade at various periods for th e pur pose of

measurin g time ar e am on g those curiosities ; but if
we were to atte m pt to describe th e anatom y of th e ia
str um en ta about which we ar e trea tin g we sh oul d be ,

drawn i n to a discourse that woul d be better suited to

an encycl opedi a tha n to a book for gener al r ead ers
B
2 N
DE F I I T I O NS O F TI ME .

suc h as this one isintended to be T he rea der of th ese

.

p r obabl y woul d n ot ca re to be in formed abou t

p g
a e s

the d iflerences in the constr uctio n of the escape m ent of

‘

a cl ock or watch ; but we th ink he will peruse with

interest the general description of cl ocks which d o

al m ost ev ery thi ng incl udi n g talki ng, and of wat ches
,

that chant an d con verse, and are in the for ms of

skull s, ani mals, fruits , and flo wers With these prefatory
.

remarks, wh ich are intended to con v ey so me fore n o tion

of the matte r and man ner of our subj ect, we en te r u on

p
it, ful l y assu red tha t it is in i tself m ost en terta in in g,
howev er uns kilfull y we m ay tr eat it .

Instruments or machi nes for measuri ng time being

the su bjects of this book, it may be wel l perhaps for us
to consi der what ti me is F igurativel y T im e is a wel l
.

lm own old man with a scythe, an ho ur -gl ass , a pai r of

win gs, and a v enerable bro w, on which is a solitar y
forelock ; but in the abstract, tim e is l e ss d efinable .

Johnson, deriving the word from the S axon , ti ma , and

the E rse tym, says that tim e is a m easur e of d uration
, .

T his definition is mor e si m ple and l ess phil osophical

than th at of Ar istotl e an d his sect, who described t im e
as a m ul titude of p arts of m otion Another school held
.

that it was an obje ct of im agin ati on , or an att ri bu te

g i v en to thi ng s by the m in d wh il e co nte mpl atin

g th e m
”
as enduring or ceas in g .O th ers tell us that ti me is a
”
succession of ph en om ena of the un iv erse A nd L a
.

pl ace described it as the impression which a series of

objects lea ves upon th e memory, and of which we are
”
certain the exis te nce has been s uccessi ve I n th e
.

’
Talisman we are to ld that time is seen n ot, and felt
“
n ot, and that it is but a shado wy na me, a succession of
breathings measured for th by night with the clank of a
”
bell, by day with a shadow crossing along a dial-sto ne .
 NS 3
'

F I R S T DI VI S I O O F T I ME .

An other aut hor What is time ?

as ks , Protention
tr ue but do we estim ate it by our watc hes ? Poeticall y
spea king, we m a y c all t ime th e life of n at ur e .

We ar e tol d t h at the di vi si on of th e da
y in to h om e

was first suggeste d by the x r egular e ercise of

th e bodil y
function s of a co nsecrated m onk ey called th e Gym ,

cepha l us ; but this i ndelicate stor y is pr ob abl y a m er e

anti quated error I t is sai d that am on g the earl y R o

.

mans the natura l day r eckoned fr om sunr ise to su n set

, ,

was divided in to twel ve hour s ; these hou rs of course , ,

vary in g i n l ength accordi ng to the season T he an cient .

E gyptian s Mexica ns and Persians reckoned the begin

, ,

ni ng of th e da y from sunrise I t was divid ed into four

.

inter vals determi n ed by the rising and settin g of the

,

sun an d its t wo passages over the m eridi an This was .

an arran gem en t n ot li k el y to h av e ori gin ated anywh ere

e xcept in a l ow l atitud e where the fou r di visions thus

,

form ed are n ever s ubj ect to any co nsiderable inequal ity .

When the inter val call ed a day an d contai ning twenty ,

four ho urs r eall y begi ns an d ends is r ather un certain

, ,

for som e nations b egin th e day at su nr ise some at sun ,

set som e at mid d a y an d som e at m idn ight

,
-
, I t is not .

exactl y known wh en th e pr es en t mod e of begin ni ng the

day at m idnight first cam e in to use ; but it appears to

have be en an eccl esias tical i nv enti on T he n atural da y.

obviousl y com m ences at sunr ise and e nds at sunset , ,

when the natural n ight begins ; an d thi s seems to hav e

been th e earliest system of r eckoni ng After wards the .

day and n ight becam e each divided into four parts ; an d

l ong after this the division into hours was in trodu ced
, ,

t o correspon d with the div ision of the year in to m on th s ;

an d th e first hom e wer e ther efore twelfths of the whol e

interval from th e comm encement of on e d ay to that of

the n ext ; an d pr obably th e subdivision in to twen ty four -

B 2
4 v a mov s DIV I S I O NS or T I ME .

hours arose from divid ing both the natu ral day and
n ight in to twel ve equal p arts .

W e m ay infer that hours uni forml y of sixty min utes , ,

were not used until some mechanical m eans of m ensur

ing ti me as by th e w
,
hee c l ock h ad been generall y in
l -
, ,

trod uce d ; for al though the sundial an d cl epsydra or ,

water cl ock are of great antiq uity the y formerl y re

-
, ,

presented hours of a l ength varying with the season ;

an d the l atter was adj uste d to furn is h hou rs of fift y to

seven ty m inu tes eac h in ord er to sui t the cha ngin g

,

lengths of day and n ight S o th e cl eps ydr a of th e

.

I ndi ans gives about twenty-four mi nutes to a gh ur ee ,

thi rty of which make twel ve hou rs or th e pe riod fro m ,

sun rise to s un set I n l ow la titudes th e difieren ce in the

'

day s length is compa rativel y insign ifica n t ; an d pro

’

babl y th e ancients got ou well en ough by settin g their

water c l ocks e very e ven ing as the modern R oma ns an d
-
,

N eapolitans us ed until l atel y to set their watches ,

n amel w h en the y hea rd th e A v e M aria bell T h ey

y , .

began t heir day h alf nu hour after sunset and coun te d

- -
,

t wenty fo ur hours
-
I n m ost parts of Ital y ordi na ry
.

cl ock tim e is now k ept ; but i n the co n v ents the old

practice of keeping ecclesiastica l tim e that is di vidin g , ,

th e day from dawn to dark in to twel v e e qual pa rts an d ,

the li ke with th e ni ght is sti ll in use I n th e summer

,
.

sol s tice at R ome the day is fifte e n hours an d six

,

minutes in l en gth and ea ch hour of th e da y is re al l y

,

seventy five min u tes l on

-
Th e n i ht on th e co ntrar y
g g .
, ,

is act uall y eight hou rs an d fifty four mi nutes long and -

,

each hour co nsists of forty fou r m inute s T he ol d cl ock

- .

faces l ike that at S t Peter s wer e di vided onl y in t o six

’

, .
,

parts inst ead of twel ve and th e hands went roun d four

,

t im es in the d ay and n ight T his cus tom of di vidi ng .

the natural d ay an d n ight in to t wel ve equal portions ,

 V A R I O U S DIV I S I O NS O F T I ME . 5

n ecessita te d th e settin g of th e
o ks every night an d cl c

morning T he hour of pri me was giv en out by strikin g

.

s ucc essi vel y t hree str oke s on the he ll of the prin cipal

church th en four th en five then one s i ngl e str ok e ; i n

, , ,

all thi rte en r epr esen ti ng our S a viour an d th e twel v e

,

Apostles The n al l th e churches set their cl ocks a nd

.

toll ed out th e hour T h e like was done every evening

.

at vesper tim e Doub tl ess t his custo m is that which is

.

O th ell o wh en h e says of C assi o

’
all ud ed to by Iago i n ,

He ll watch th e ot ol oge a do ubl e set i f drink rock

’

”
not h is cradle T h e dou bl e set m eani ng twice twel v e
.

A trav ell er C hivass o, about 1 729 tells us that h e

at ,

was pu zzl ed to recon cil e th e Italian cl ocks with th e

F ren ch a nd G erm an m ethod of computi ng t im e ; for an
h our after srm se t th ey struck one, and so progr essi vel y
t o twenty four I n som e pl aces the cl ocks str uck no
-
.

more than twel ve, in other s onl y six, beginni ng again

at on e . Nurem berg the principa l cl ocks
H e fou n d at

striki ng the ho urs fr om on e to twel v e p r ogre ssiv el y

from the risi ng of the sun and beginn ing again after ,

su n set .

I n Japan th e twen ty four hours ar e divided into twelve

-

riods of tim e , six of whi ch are appropriated to the

p e

d arkn ess an d six to th e light T h e day being cal cul ated.

fro m sunrise to su n set, th ere is a n ecessar y variation in

th e l en gth of the six day an d six n ight hour s, th e l atter
being th e l on gest in win ter , the for mer in s um mer .

T h e clocks are th erefor e al ter ed p eri odicall y to suit th e

season s of th e y ear .

Th e genera l nam e of ev ery instrum en t that in any

way m easured th e m otion of tim e was anci entl y
h or ol ogium , and thi s nam e was used wheth er it r eferred
to a sund ial , cl epsydr a, sand glas s, or cl ock
- T he .
6 E T Y MO NO F C L OC K .

et ym on of the word clock is variously state d ; thus we ,

—
ha ve the foll owing S axon clugga clucga ; G erman , , ,

klocke Armoric clock or d eck ; Irish clog ; W el sh

'

, , ,

d oc Bel gic and Danish Hoke Teuto nic glockc, ,

Fr ench clocks Latin gloczo ; C hinese 9109

'

, , It ,
.

origin al ly meant onl y a be ll for s trik ing a sound and ,

that signification it still retains in th e F ren ch l an guage .

C l o ck s even at so l ate a p eri od as the reign of J ames I

,

were often cal l ed hor ol oges Up to the fourte enth

.

cen tur y th e word cl ock was appl ie d onl y t o the bell

w h ich rung out the ho ur or certain period s dete rm ined

, ,

by th e sundial or sand glass -

O ne wr iter says that
.

t here does not a ppear a ny p assage whi ch all udes to a

cl ock by that nam e ea rl ier t han th e thi rteen th y ear of

t he re ign of H enr y V III ; but th is is a mista ke for

.
,

D r R eginal d Pecock som eti m e Bishop of C h ichester

.
, ,

in hi s work T he R e pressor of over much Blam in g of -

th e C lergy written a bout 1 44 9 distin ctl y m en tio ns a

’
, ,

cl ock . As an evi den ce of the truth of an argument

based upo n the fa ct th at express mention is n ot made
in S cr iptur e of m an y things wh ich are l awful l y u sed i n
the ser vice of God h e says :, I n al Holi S cr ipture it is
n ot expressid bi bidd in g counseiling or witness ing
, , ,

or bi e ni ensaumbl ing of persoon

men sc ulmake a nd vse cl ockis forto kn ows the

h de
houris of the dai and n ygt ; for thou in eel dist da ice,
a nd then in S cr iptur e m ensioun is mead of orol ogie,

schewin th houris of th e dai bi scha dew m aad hi th e

g e

su nn e in a cercl e , ce rtis n euere sane in l ate daies was

eny cl ok te lling the ho uris of th e dai and n gt bi p eise

y
and bi st rok e , and open it is that n ou wh ere in Holi S cri p
”
ture is expresse m ensioun m ad of eny suche Lydgate , .

who was born about 1 375 , and di ed about 1 46 1 , says in

his prol ogue to the S torys of T hebes, I will myself
’
8 C U R I O U S WA TE R -C L OC K S .

kind, th e water issued drop by drop through a small

hole in the vessel that contained it, and fell into a
receiver, in whi ch some light fl oatin g body mark ed the

height of the water as it rose, a nd by these m ean s the

time that h a d el a psed
. I n a has re li ef of th e date of
-

th e Lo wer E mpire, figuring the Hi ppodr ome in Con

stantin opl e, a cl epsyd ra in the shape of an ovifor m

vas e a ppears . I t is very simpl y m ou nted , being tra

v erse d by an ax is , an d turned with a crook ed handl e .

By this contrivan ce the instantaneous invers ion of the

vase was sec ur ed , a nd the conten ts esca p ing in a certain

definite ti me showed the nu mber of minute s which were

taken up by eac h missus, or course .

Vitruvius tells us of the cons truction of a clepsydr a,

which, bes ides th e hou rs, tol d the m oon s age, th e
’

zodiacal sign for the m ont h, and several o the r thi ngs ;

in fact it was a regul ar astron omica l cl ock H is detail s

.

now r ead som ewhat obscure an d com pl ica te d ; but the

principle was that a float, as it mov ed up wards by

means of a ver tical col u mn fixed in it dr ove differ en t
,

sets of cog whee ls, which im pel l ed in their turn other

-

sets, by means of whi ch figur es were m ad e to move,

obelisks to t wirl r ou nd, pebbl es to be di s charge d, trum

t t o und, an d m an y oth er tricks to be put in to

p e s o s

acti on. T he admi ssion pi pe for the wate r was made

either of gol d , or a p erfora ted gem , in or de r that i t

might not wear away or be liabl e to get foul I n other

.

cl epsydr ae th e lo wer ves sel had a gradua ted scal e

marked u pon its side, and th e ris ing surface of the
water, as the bottom vessel fil led , in di cated the hours
upon th e scal e . S ometimes floats were placed upon
the water, and commu ni cated with wheels, which
thereby worked h ands u pon the faces of dials ; or were
made to support human figures, which poin te d with
 C U R I O U S W A T E R -C L O C KS . 9

wan ds to num ers u

b pon vertical scales as the water
rose. I n oth er water cl ocks the in genuity of th e
makers was brou ght into pl ay and the fluid flowed as ,

tea rs from the eyes of a utomata These water cl ocks

.
-

sel dom i ndi cated th e tr u e time of the d ay for th ey h ad ,

t wo gr eat defects : th e on e bei n g that the wate r ran ,

out with gr eater or l ess facili ty as th e atm osph er e was

m or e or l ess den se ; and th e other that th e water ,

flo wed q uicker when it had n earl y run out than when

first per mi tted to flow .

By th e Egyptian s (who m ade water cl ocks in the -

forms of apes u ri nating) clepsydra?) wer e used to m ea

s ure th e m oti on s of the stars T he se cal led Templ e
.
-

of th e Wi nds at Athens was a cl epsydra on a l ar ge

scal e a nd is sai d to hav e been the chron om eter an d

,

weath e r gui de of Ath en s

-
C tesi bi us of Al exa n dri a a
.
, ,

m echanician skill ed in hydrauli cs t wo cen tur ies befor e

the C hristian era is stated to have in vente d cl epsydr a
,

to mar k the progressiv e ste ps of ti m e an d n ot m er el y ,

th e l apse of a fix e d peri od H e constr ucte d on e in

.

which the fal l of wate r tur ne d som e to othed wheels ,

which gave m oti on to a col u mn th e water ther eby

r aise d or l ower ed a small statu e th at poin te d wi th a ,

tr un cheon to th e m onth s an d hours engra v ed u pon

th e c olu mn . An othe r cl epsydra al so in v ented by ,

hi m was a cyli ndri cal v essel filled wi th water bea ring

, ,

a float l oosel y fittin g its in terior out of whi ch r ose a

“

vertical gauge m ark ed with the hours which by its ,

rad ual ascent as th e wat er entered th rough a sm all

g
apertur e i n to the cylin d er showed the passi ng a way of
,

the d ay with tol erabl e accu racy I n an other horol ogi um

.

of this kin d a dial pa i nted with a r epresen tation of th e

,

worl d an d th e zodiac was trav ersed by an axis on whi ch

, ,

was w o un d a fl exi bl e b rass ch a in suppo r tin g by i

,
ts on e
10 C U R I OU S WA T E R -C LO C KS .

e nd a float , and on the

balance weight equal to
other a

tha t of th e floa t A s th e l atter r ose wi th the water

.
,

the bal an ce weight d escendi ng u nwound the cha in and

made the d ial revol v e I t woul d seem that som e clep
.

syd rre h ad a regul ar dia l fa ce and one ha nd s et in ,

motion by a string and floa t simi lar to the index in our ,

wheel barom eters

-
.

C lepsydras were introduced into R o me about one

hundred and fifty seven years before t he C h ristian era ;
-

and by Pomp ey th eir u se w as com mand ed i n the R om an

j udicial courts to regulate the lawyers in their plead

”
ings . This says an ancient writer was to preven t
, ,

babbl in g ; that su ch as spake ought to be brief in their

”
speec hes . These clocks were very simple in their
ar ran gem ent be in g m er e vas es that we re in ve rted by
,

an a ttendant Pliny incidentally m entions that each

.

m arked th e third of an hour Th is custo m s upplies .

Martial with a hum oro us al l usion where descr ibing a , ,

dull decl aimer r epea tedly m oiste ni ng his throat with

a glass of wate r d uri ng th e progress of h i s en dl ess

ha rangue he suggests that it woul d be an equal relief

,

both to himself and to the audience if he were to d rink ,

e ve r y tim e out of the cl epsydra its elf .

Th e R omans h ad vari ous kinds of cl eps ydra which ,

ma rk ed the ho urs i n different wa ys They calle d the .

ins trument horol ogium hibernum or winte r cl ock and , ,

sometim es al so horo l o gium noctur num or n igh t cl ock , ,

in opposition to the sun dial s which were of li ttl e use ,

in th e winter and of no use i n th e night

, .

Jul ius C wsar when he in vaded th e shores of our

,

isla n d in the year 5 5 n c is sai d to ha ve found a . .

,

wate r cl o ck i n use am ong th e nati ves ; a nd by the hel p

-

of it to hav e observed that th e sum mer n ights i n B ritai n

were shorter than those of Ital y That water cl ocks .

-
 S T OR Y OF L I LI W A T I . I1

were earlin India there is good p resumption

y use d
aflord ed th e arithm etical tr eatis e of one Bh ascara
by
'

Acharya, wr itten in th e twelfth century O f the .

daugh ter of this l earn ed Indian it had been predicted

that sh e shoul d di e u nm a r ried H er father r esol v ed, if .

possible, to avert so hars h a fate Ha vi ng m ade a .

choice of a husban d for h er, a nd obtai ned an astr ological

d etermination of a l ucky hou r, he placed the young

damsel , L iliwati, ad orn ed as a b ride, n ear th e water ,

clock, to wait a nd watc h for the a uspici o us hour But .

i n vai n, for it passe d u nobser ved ; an d on l ooki ng to th e

cl c
o k wh ich shoul d ha ve prevented such a m ischance ,

the m ai den foun d that a pearl whi ch h ad become d e

tach ed from h er d ress had fal l en into the water a nd ,

cl ose d th e ope ning thr ough which i t shoul d h ave flo wed .

H er fa ther thus disappointed sought to con sol e his

, ,

chil d by saying to h er I will write a book in you r

,
”
n am e wh ich shal l r emain to th e l atest tim e
, This h e .

did and L ili wati is a Work n ow kn own to Hin du

,

sc hol a rs T h e Brah m ins of I ndia who still divide the

.
,

na tu ral d ay i n to six ty hours m easure tim e by th e r un ,

ni ng of water by m eans of a c opper bowl with a hol e

,

in it This vessel th ey leave floati ng on th e wa ter an d

.
,

when it is full th ey e mpty it and strike th e hour of th e ,

day or night u pon it .

I n course of ti me th e water cl ocks be ca m e l ess sim pl e-

in their constr uction an d by th e addition of some

,

m echa nism they were m ade to p erform many m ar vel

l ous thi ngs I n th e y ear 8 00 the King of Persia
.
, ,

Abdalla or in th e year 807 th e Ki n g of Persia Har oun

, , ,

al Ra schi d sen t by two m onk s of J em sal em to the

-
, , ,

E mperor C harlem agn e a ti me piece which presen ted -

,

th e first r udi ments of a stri king cl ock Accor din g to -

.

Abbot E ginhart who was an eye witn ess of it twel ve

,
-
,
I2 KI NG OF PE R S I A S T I ME PIE C E
’
.

figures of horsem en wh en the twel ve hours were com

pl ated issued out of t wel ve wi ndows in this horol oge,
whic h u ntil th en st ood ope n , a nd returning again shut
th e win do ws after them as they marched back This .

appears to hav e b een o n l y w e cl ock, curiousl y con

a a t r-

st r ucted of brass T he hours were n ote d by the soun d

.

in g of ym bal an d th e striking of the hours was

a c ,

managed by the fall of twel ve brass bal ls on a bell or

bell s placed beneath th em I t is r ecorded that this
.

clock h ad m an y oth er cu rious m ech anisms and was ,

r ega rd ed as a gr eat n ov e l ty i n E ur ope .

F abyan relates on the authority of G aguin th at

, ,

am on g the prese nts se nt i n 8 07 to C harl emagne by th e

K ing of Pe rsia was an horol oge of a cl ocke of l aten

,

of a wo n der artyf ycyall m akyn g that at eu er y cu re of ,

the days an d n ygh te when the sayd cl ocke shul d str yke
, ,

i mages on horse backs apperyd out of sond ry pl aces ,

”
and aftir d epartid agayn by m eans of certayn e v yces .

R ecord wri ting in 96 0 says this instrumen t was a clep

, ,

sydr a . To su ch a device H erman seems to all ude when

he says S ome for a tryfull pl ey the deu yll i n the
,
”
orl age ; i ali qui
n n u gis t r agedi es a gun t .

G ifiord, in his Histor y of Fran ce, th us descri bes

' ’

C harl emagne s clock :

’
But what particul arl y att racte d
th e atten tion of th e curi ous, was a cl ock wor k ed by
water Th e dial was com posed of twel ve sm al l doors,
.

wh ich r epresente d th e divi sion of the hours ; eac h door

open ed at the hour it was in tended to represe nt, and
ou t of it cam e the sam e n u mb er of littl e bal l s, w h ich

fell one by on e, at equal d is tances of time, on a brass

drum I t might be to l d by the eye what hour it was
.

by the number of doors that were open ; and by th e

car, by th e numb er of bal ls th at fell When it was .

t wel ve o cl ock, twel v e horsem en in miniat ure issu ed

’
 T HE S A ND GL AS S - . CA N
DL C LO C K
E - . 13

forth at the sam e tim 0, an d marching o

r un d the dial ,
s u t all
h th e doors .

By thi s tim e the R oman s had l earned to make

soun din g cle s drm ; an d l ater stil l Lu cian describes
p y ,

am ong the n um erous c on v eni en ces of certa i n n ewl y

buil t baths an horol ogi um that proclaim ed the hour by

,

m eans of a roaring soun d Thi s soun d was n o dou bt

.

produced by hydraulic pressur e u pon the air contained

in a cupol a with pipes attac hed to it .

T he hour glass in whi ch san d took the pl ace of wate r

-
, ,

was a m odi fica tion of the clepsydra These tim e mea .

-

sur ers were call ed c l epsam mia an d were in use before ,

the days of Jerome (A D 331 who is usuall y

. .

described in his pictur es at his study with a clock

C an dle c l ocks wer e am on g the various methods whi ch

«

were adopted by m en in past ages to m eas ure and

appor ti on their t im e Accordi ng to A sser , A lfred the
.

G reat, when a fugitive m his own country, v owed that

if he shou ld be r estored to hi s kin gdom again h e woul d
devote a third of his time to th e servi ce of God This .

vow h e after wards fu lfil l ed by appropriating eight hours

of th e day to ac ts of rel igi on , eight to pu blic business,

an d as m an y to sl eep , st udy, and refreshm en t To .

measur e an d rightly d ivide his time, b e adopted th e

foll owing sim pl e expedient : be pr ocured as m uch wax
as weighed se venty two penn yweights, whi ch he com
-

mandad to be made in to six ca ndl es, each t welve inches

in length, with the di visi ons of inches distinctl y marked
upon i t . These being lighted one afte r another regu
la rly, burnt four hour s each, at th e rate of an inch for
ever y twenty mi nutes Thus the six can dl es lasted
.

twenty four hour s

- . n l
T he te nding of these ca d e cl ocks
-

he confided to one of his domestic cha plains, wh o con

I4 CA NDL E C L OC K O F A LFRE D THE G R E A T
- .

sta ntl y from ti me to time gave him notice of their

w asting . But wh en the winds blew, the air, r ushin g
i n t hrough th e doors , win dows, and crevic es of his r ude
habitation, ca used his ca ndl es to gutter , and , by farm ing
th e flam e, to burn faster T he ingeni ous ki ng, in order
.

to rem ed y this se rious in con venience, caused some fine

white horn to be scraped so th in as to be trans parent,
which h e l et i nto cl ose fram es of wood ; and in these
prim tive l anthorns his wax clocks bur nt ste adil y in al l
i -

Th e E ul ogium Hi storiar a m un der the

’
weathers . .

date 8 78, tel ls this story as foll ows Iste A l ur edus

diem et noctem in xxiiii horis di videbat, secun dum
Bedam, per ca ndela m ard en tem in capel la sua di e at
o

n octe. O cto enim horas in l abore corporali circa regni

n egotia, octo in l egendo e t acri ban do et d ocen d o, quia

vi r lite ratus in scientia , octo in orationi bus faciend is et

”
in el ee m osinis .

I t is impossible to state with accuracy the tim e when

wh eel -cl ocks were first invented, and com menced to
h i
supers ed e t e an c e t t n im e m easurem
- Ingenious m en
.

of sev eral centuri es, fr om A rchim ed es, two h undred

years B 0 , to Wal lin gford, at th e comm en cement of the

. .

fourteenth cen tu ry, ha ve been named as the in ventors

of the cl ock .

R o berts, in his Disserta tion on th e Hi story of the

Antient British C hurch append ed to his work T he
C hr on icl e of the Kin gs of Britain, tells us that in
’

th e Book of L and afl ther e is a pass age respe cting th e

'

pil grimages to Jerusal em of the three bishops, S t .

D avid , S t T eil avus, and S t Patem us, i n th e fifth and

. .

si x th centuries ; which passage is most cur ious, n ot onl y

with respect to th e pr el ates themsel ves, but also as

ivi a v ery earl y n otice of th e use of a cl ock I t
g n
g .

occurs in the life of Teil o, in which, after ha vin g sta ted

16 I NV E NT I O Nor WH EE L -C L OC KS .

yea re,606, dyed 8 G regor y , surnam ed th e G reat,

.

being the third yeere of Focas, 5 9 E mperoure of the

R oma nes, an d after hi m S abin ianus succee d ed, being
the 6 3 PO pe om manded cl ocks an d di als to be set
: he c
"
u p i n chur ch es to disti ngu ish the houres of the day .

But wh ile rea d ing th ese statements we must re mem ber ,

th e fac t that Alfr ed t he G rea t as before record ed used , ,

can dl es for ti me measu res about 26 6 years a fte r th e

-

p e ri od fi x ed by S to w for t h e in trod uct ion of cl ocks .

Again the first cl ock is said to have been sent by P0pe

,

Paul I to Pepin King of F rance i n 756 ; and we are

.
, ,

a lso tol d t hat cl ocks were first mad e t o strike by the

Arabians in 8 01 an d first placed in churches in 91 3

, .

Baba n a na Maurus is said to have se nt a cl ock an d a ,

bell to a friend about the year 840 The hon our of th e .

invention of a wh eel cl ock is als o given to Pacificus

-
,

A rchdeacon of V e ro na wh o died i n th e middl e of the

,

ninth centur y G er bert a Benedictine m onk of Fl eury

.
, ,

afterwa rds Pope S yl v ester II has simil ar credi t about

.
,

the y ear 1 000 W illi am of Mal mesbur y spea ks of this

.

prel ate s horologium arte mechanics composi tum

’“

but his claim to the in v ention of clocks is disputed by

D itmar of Mersebur g who state s that the horo l oge
,

which G erber t pl aced in his cathed ral was onl y a kin d

of sun dial .

I t is sai d but upon doubtful authority that cl ocks

, ,

were kn own in G eneva i n th e nin th ce ntur y and that ,

the art of manufacturing th em was imported ther e from

G erman y T h e hell or sounding part of the machi n e
.

was add ed some th e afte r ; an d in the eleventh centur y

cl ock s were n ot un co mmon Howev er this ma y be it
.
,

s eem s tol erabl y certain that the trad e of cl oc k a nd

watchmak i ng in S witzerlan d is of cons idera bl e an ti

u
q y i t ; an d it has re m ain ed u n til n ow as a stapl e b ra n ch
 C LO C KS I NEA R LY MO NA S T E RI ES . 17

of that o y s manufactur es I n th e seventeenth

c un tr
’
.

centur y som e
, S wiss work men constructed wooden
cl ocks wit h weights after the m od e l of th e pa rish
,

cl ock which was pl aced in th e church of Locl e in th e

year 1 6 30 But we shall ha v e occasion hereafter to

.

re fer to S wiss horol ogy i n treatin g of the curiosities

It see ms that cl cks

o m o ved by weigh ts and wheels
began to be use d in the m onasteri es of E ur ope abou t
the el e en t
v h centur yp k of
. W rite rs of this age s ea

horol oges in such a mann er as to sho w that they were

well known an d that their cons tr uction was no myster y
, .

Ne vertheless in 1 1 08 the sacrista n of the m onastery of

C luny went out to observe the stars in order to kn ow
the t im e when to a wak en the m o n ks to p rayer .

A l vanus an ol d divine disputing against those who

, ,
’
deny th e soul s existence and adducing various argu ,

ments in pr oof thereof thus deals with one that might ,

be used against him Neither do the motions of those

cl ocks which a re moved by water or we ights give you

u n easin ess both kin ds of which m ove bu t for a shor t

,

and m od erate tim e requ ire fr e qu en t repair a n d the

, ,

perfect skill of the astron om er who has a th or ough

kn owl edge of hi s art ; but in the bod ies of animals a nd
vegetables th e motive power is entirely internal which ,

m oderate s and r egulates th e mov em ent of their parts

”
an d r en d ers i t al ways perfect T he con venienc e of .

cl ocks of which for a l ong ti me th e mo nasteries we re

,

i n al most excl usive posse ssi on was gradual ly appr e ,

cis ted by those who wer e in ci vil autho rity and public ,

cl ock s one by on e cam e in to use .

W illi am the S acrist gave to S hel born in the twelfth -

centur y O relogium insigne ( S he rbom C artul ar y ,

in the possess ion of S ir Tho mas Phil l ips) ; bu t pro

0
18 FI R S T W H E E L -C L O CK I NE NGLA ND .

bab y it was ot a whe

l n el -cl
ock T he horol ogium , or
.

al a ru m , th e fal l of wh ich be fore the hour of m atins

v th a larm of th e con fla rati on of the church

g a e e g
of B ur y, in 1 198 , as descr ibed by Joce lin d e B ra ke

l on d a, appears by the context to ha ve been a kind of

cl e ps yd ra .

We now com e to a cons ideratio n of the first of

the wheel l ocks -c that were se en in E ngland I n the .

C athed ra l London
’
C o mpota s Brac er ii o f S t Pa ul s .
, ,

for th e y ear 1 28 6 , th e all owances to Ba r thol omo

”
O rol ogiario, th e cl ock k eepe r, are ente red , n am e l y, of
-

bre ad, at th e rate of a l oa f da il y for three-quar te rs of a

,

yea r and e ight days t wo hundred an d eighty-on e panes

, .

A nd we also find the rein an item , Bartholom or ol ogi,

’ ’

po st ad ve ntum W ill ielm i d e Pikewell , xxi ii bol lae, or

”
.

bottaa, th at is botta , a l iquid meas ure, p robab l y of beer .

This tends to show tha t th e C athedra l had a cl ock at a

very early time T he following agree ment in u n polished
.

F r ench , d ated Novem be r 22nd, 1 314 , was en te red into

between th e D ean a n d C hapte r of S t Paul s, an d W al ter .
’

”
t he O rgoner, of S ou thwark , rela ting to a clock in the
c hurc h at that ti m e
C este ende nture tes moigne, qe con v en uz est
par cn tr e l e D ea n et l e C hap itre d e l e lis e d e S ei nt
g
Pool de Londr es d une part e t W anter L orgoner de
, ,

S uth werke d entre part c est asse ver qu l e d it W ante r

, , ,

ferra une dyal e n l orloge de m esm e l egl is e 0 d rooss ,

( r ou es ,w h ee l s) et t o tes m an er es d e u s tim e n tz a ppar

tenan tz al d it Dyal e t a u to urn er d el A ngel par a m un t

,

(p a r- a m o , )
nt en hau t l orl o e iss in t
g q e
, l o d i t O r l og e s o i t
bon et cov e nabl e et profitable a m onstrer l es honres de
jour et de nuyt a durer sa untz d cfaute c t en cas qe ,

C o ttonian C harter , xxi , 24 . .

 C L OC K O F O LD S T . PA U L S
’
. 19

defaute soit trov e apr es ces hon res en l e dit O rl oge, l e

dit W auter se obl ige par ceste en d enture de fai r e l es
adr esces ( repa irs) tote foiz, qua nt il s err a garn i par

les m in istres d e l eglis e E t pur ceste over aign e bien et

.

l eument parfai re et acomplir , l es avan t ditz D ean

et C ha pi t re l uy ferron t pay er sis l ivr es deste rlin ges,

cest assa ver, o mm encem ent cessaun t soutz et

eu c ,

quant l e Dyal serr a pr est d e m ettr e su s tr ent souz , ,

e t a l a par fesau n ce d e tote l ov ereyne cast assa ver a la , .

utnzeme de P a ske p r eschetn a ventr ( i nte rli n ed) tr ent

g ,

soutz . E t l s d it W an ter tr overa a ses cousta ge s ferr e ,

arr esm e (airain b r ass ) et totes maner e da utre choses

,

a l a d it ove re yn e pa r fayre e t av e r a d e v e r e l u
, y l es

v en z us tim entz qe n e vol un t (v alent ) pl us ser vir Et .

ur cel e ov ereyn e faire bien et l e um ont l e dit W ant er

p
se i obl ige et s es h eirs et ses exec utour s et tou z ces b ien s .

E t pur seurte d e cel e overeyn e parfayr e bien et l eu

m en t N
, ichol e Peau tr er de L odegate S teph en e P ea u ,

tr er d el C un ditt e Joha n n e B a rbi r S ergeaun t de m esne

, ,

l egl is e Thomas Barn eby ar cher sur l e Poun t d e

, ,

Lon dres son nt deven u z ses plegges et soi obl igent et

, ,

l our h eirs et l our executours et touz lour biens ou qil z ,

soie nt trove tz E n test moignau nce d e q uel e chose a l

.

u ne partie de ceste en d e n tu r e d e v ers l e dit Wante r l e

°

di t D ean et l e C hapitre un t m is l ou r seal s a l autre ,

partie d e vers eaus l esse l es d itz W anter Nichol e et

, ,

S teph ene Johan et Thomas ount mis l our seal s

, , D one .

a L oun d res l e S a m adi l e jou r d e S e in t Ed mu n d l e R oi

,

e t Ma rtir e Ia n du r egne l e R o i Ed ward tierz del con

,
”
queste dyssui ttim e .

I n r efer ence to the m aterial s m entioned in this agree

m en t we may add th at iron and steel wer e us ed for the
,

wh eels an d fram es of cl ocks un til to war ds the en d of

th e sixte enth cen tur y ; and th e blacksm iths were in
o 2
20 PA U L S J A C K S
’
.

earl y times th e mak ers of them, as th eir mate rials

req ui re d heavy forging .

I n Dugdale s History of S t Paul s C athed ral 1 658

’ ’ ’
.
, ,

and i n S trype s edi tion of S to w reference is mad e to

’

the dial bel ongin g to th e cl ock t here : S o me wha t

a bov e the stonework of the ste e pl e was a fair dial ; for ,

which there was ord er tak en in the 18 th of Edward III .

,

that it shoul d be made wi th all spl endor ima gi na bl e .

Whi ch was accord ingly done ; ha ving the i mage of an

”
angel pointin to th e hour bo th of the da y and nig h t
g .

I t m ay be concluded that a cl ock had existed in S t .

Paul s som e time previous to th e date of the ag reement

’

iv n above beca use W al te r was pe rmi tted to take for

g e ,

himself the old works (usti ments ) th en no l onger ser

vice abl e Probabl y the clock for wh ich he cons tructed
.
,
”
u ne dyal may have pr ev iousl y be en one whi ch stru ck
,

the ho urs but was not fur nished wi th a face a condi tion
, ,

that was not un co mm on in an cient cl ocks .

”
T he cl ock in old S t Paul s writes Miss Hac kett
’
.
,

in 1 8 34 was stru ck by figures like those la te l y

, ,

r em oved wh ich so m u ch attrac ted the n otice of s tr angers

,

at S t D unsta n s
. This ancient horologe had given
’
.

n am e to on e of the aisl es of th e ca thed ral befor e t he

year 1 298 ; and with the exception perhaps of one at , ,

C ant erb ury is the first str ictl y mechan ical tim epiece
,
”
r ecor ded i n t he an nals of cl o ck work Evidentl y the .

old ca the dral had a uto mato n figur es which str uck the ,

quarters on the cl ock ; and D ecker in hi s G ull s ,

’

’ ”
Hom bock call s them Paul s Jacks
,
’
H e wr iting in .
,

1 6 09 says
, T he G reat D ial is your last monum en t ;
,

wher e besto w so me half of th e th ree score m in u te s to

obse rve th e sau cin ess of th e J ac ks that are a bov e th e

Man in the Moon there ; th e strangen ess of their m otion

”
will qu it your l abour A nd agai n h e says . But , , ,
 C L OC K O F NE W ST . PA U L S
’
. 21

ho wsoever if Paul s Jacks be once up with their el bo ws

’
,

a nd quar rel l in t t ik e el even ; as soo n as e ver th e

g o s r

cl ock has par te d th em and e n ded the fra y wit h h is

,

h ammer l et n ot the Duke s galler y contain you any

,
’

”
l onger .

I t see ms that it was forme rl y not un common for

church e s an d m ar k et houses t o hav e au to m ata to st ri ke

the h ours the u sual n ame for wh ich was Jacks 0 th

’ ’

,
”
cl ock house
- Jack being a contemptuous word for a
,

ser vi l e m en ial S h akspeare in hi s R ichard II makes

’
. .

th e ki n g say
”
stand fooling here, h is Jack the clock
’
Whil e I 0 .

A nd in th e sam e au t R ichard III is the foll owin g

’ ’
hor s .

pas sage
B ucki ngha m . W hy let it ( a clock) s trike ?

K i ng R icha rd . Because that like a Jack thou keep st th e stroke

, ,
’

Betwixt the begging and my m edita tion ”

.

Edward S harpman in his com edy T he F l eire thus , ,

’

m en ti ons su ch an i mage : Their tongues ar e l ik e a ,

”
Jack 0 th cl ock still in l abour
’ ’
,
.

Th e bui ldi ng of th e press nt ca thedral of S t Paul s

’
.

was co mm en ce d in the year 1 6 75 I n a ki nd of n e ws .

paper cal led T he Affairs of th e W orld an d published

, ,
’

i n O cto be r 1 700 is the foll o wing notice : Mr Tompion

, , .
,

the fa m ous watchmaker in Fl ee t S tre et is mak ing a ,

’
cl ock for S t Paul s C ath edral wh ich it is sai d wil l go
.
,

on e hun dred y ears wi thout win di ng u p ; wi ll cost

or an d be far finer than th e fam ous cl ock at

S tras burg This proj ect was n ot however carried ou t

.
, , .

T h e present cl ock at S t Paul s is rem arkabl e for the

’
.

m agni tude of its wheels and the fineness of its works , .

I t was m ade by Lang Bradl e y in 1 708 at a cost of ,

3001 I t has two di al plates one south and the other

.
, ,
22 C LOC K O F NE W S T PA U L S
.
’
.

west . E ach is between fifty and si xty feet in circ um

feren ce O ne of them was des cribed i n 1 844 as bein g
.

th e largest i n this cou n try tha t was furnished with a

minute hand
- T he hour n um er als are a l ittl e over t wo
.
-

feet in heigh t T h e m nu te s tr okes of th e dial are

i .
-

about eight i nch e s i n l engt h T he m inute h an ds are .

-

abo ut ei ht or n in e fee t l o n g, a nd weigh se ven ty five

g
-

pounds each , and the ho ur ha nds are between five and -

six feet l ong, and we igh fo rty fou r pou nds e ac h

-
The .

pendulum is sixteen feet l ong and its bob w eighs one ,

hundred and eighty pounds ; bu t it is s uspended by a

spri ng no thicker tha n a shil l ing I ts beat is t wo .

secon ds, th at is, a dead hea t of th irty to a m in ute

instead of sixty T h e cl ock goes eight days, and st rikes

.

the hour on the great b ell , which is suspen ded about

for ty feet from th e floor The h ammer l ies on the .

outside brim of the bell has a large head weighs one , ,

hundred and forty five pounds is dra wn by a wire at

-
.

th e b ack part of the cl ock work an d fal ls aga in by its ,

o wn weight u pon th e bell T he cl apper weighs one .

hundred an d eighty pou nds T h e diam eter of the bel l .

is ten feet ; i ts weight i s about one h un dred and two

hun dr ed weights and it is inscribed R ich ard Phelps
,

m ade me Below this hell are two sm all er ones

, ,

on which th e clock strikes th e qu arte rs The l arger of .

th ese weighs t wenty four hun d red weights two qua rte rs
-
, ,

and t wenty-five po und s ; th e small e r twel ve hun dred ,

weights two quarters and n i ne pounds

, , .

Mr T R eid in hi s treatise on cl ock and watch m ak ing

. .
,
-
,

observes that Height or l ength of fal l for the cl ock

weights and soun ding boa rds for the bells wer e m uch-

attended to wh en bui ldin sp ires for an cien t chu rches

g .

An instance of this is se en in S ir C hr istoph er \Vren s

’

architecture of the cathedral ch urch of S t Paul s wher e

’
.
,
24 O LD C L O C K A T WE S T MI NS TE R .

plate to satisfy the worl d of the truth of a story which

,

has been m uch doubted though he had o ften confir med

,

it to m any gentl emen and a few days befor e his death

,

told it to several of his n eighbours H e enjoyed his .

sight and m em o ry to the day of his dea Th e sa me

sto ry is told in Eas ton s H uman Longevity 1 799 ;
’

,
’

but the age of the soldier is there gi ve n as 1 05 In .

an anon ym ous vol ume of poems en title d W ee ds of ,

Parnassus by T im othy S crib ble publ ished at R oches

,
’
,
~

’
ter i n 1 774 we find one call ed A Tri p to W indsor
, ,

in whi ch th e author says

The te rms w al k w e wi th surprise beh old,
O f w hich the guides hav e oft the s to ry to ld
H atfield , accused of sleeping on his post,
H eard Paul s bell soundi ng or h is li fe had los t ”
’
.

A writer in 1 775 , in refere nce to this cir cu m stance,

y
sa s, T he fir st t im e I heard it was at W indsor, before
S t Paul s had a cl ock , when th e sol di er s pl ea was said
’ ’
.

to be that T om of W est min ster str uck thi rteen in st ea d

of t wel ve at the hour when h e ought to ha v e been

reli e ved I t is not l on g sin ce a newspaper m entioned

.

”
the d eath of one who said h e was the m an About .

th e beginni ng of th e eighteenth centur y the W estmi n

’
ster bel l was re m oved to S t Paul s ; an d th e cl ock tower
.
-

i n whi ch th e bel l was originall y pl aced an d m ust ,

have be en wh en the sentinel heard it was removed in ,

1 71 5 .

Th e rea er d wi ll rem em
ber that the first date whi ch
we gave in r eferen ce to the cl ock at S t Paul s was the
’
.

year 1 28 6 I t seems that short ly afte r that tim e W est

. e

minster also was provided with a publ ic cl ock I n the .

s ixteen th or seventee nth yea r of the r eign of E d war d I .

,

1 28 8 or 1 28 9 t hat k ing fou nd i t n ecem ry t o pr ose

,

cute his j udges for t h eir corr uption an d malp ract i ces .
 sm RA L PH DE H E NGHA M S ’
FI NE . 25

Among the j ustices punished was

who were thus
S ir R a lph de H engham C hi ef Just ice of the Ki ng s
’

Bench who is said to h ave been fined seven thousand

,

marks a ver y l a rge sum in those days when the an nual

, ,

salar y of a chief j us ti ce was onl y sixty m arks Th e .

char ge against H en gh am wh o was a v ery l ea r ned j udge

, ,

and who wrote t wo excell ent tr ea tises of l egal pr actice ,

was onl y according to a tradi tion current in th e tim e of

,

R ichar d III hi s al te ri ng out of mere compassion a

.
, , ,

fine which was set u pon a v ery poor m an fr om thirte en ,

shillings and fourpen ce to six shil lin gs and eightpe nce ,

for which h e was fined eigh t hun dred m arks a mor e ,

probable sum than seven thousand There is an .

a ppendi x to t his traditi on whi ch was r em em ber ed by

,

Justice S outh cote in the reign of Elizabeth that with ,

this fin e of H engham a cl ock house was bui lt at West -

mi nster and furn ished with a cl ock that coul d be h ear d

,

at West minste r Hall S trype s S tow says C atlyn

’
.
, ,

C hi ef Justioe of the King s Ben ch in th e reign of

’

Q u een E liza b et h woul d h a v e,or d er e d a r azu re o f a

roll ; S ou th cote bein g one of th e j udges of that cour t

, ,

utterl y deni ed to assent to it and sa id openl y that he , ,

”
mea nt n ot to buil d a cl ock hous e - .

I n th e latter half of the fourteenth centu ry about ,

r —
th e yea 1 36 5 6 Edward III caused a cl ock tower of
, .
-

ston e to be er ected at W e stm ins ter in th e cou rtyar d ,

O pposite th e Pal ac e or H al l before the entr y ther eto , ,

and n e ar the si te of the p resent cl oc k tower of the -

Houses of Parliam ent This buil din g contained a

.

cl ock which stru ck ev ery hour on a gr eat hel l to be

, ,

heard into th e hall in si ttin g ti me of th e courts an d -

,

the same cl ock in a cal m m igh t be heard in the Ci t y of

Lon don The tower also contained other large bells
. ,

whi ch as S tow tells us were usuall y rung at coronati ons

, , ,
23 O L D C LO C K A T W E S T MI NS T E R .

triumphs, the fu nerals pri nces and their obits O f of , .

th ese bells m en fabled that their ringing sou red all the
d rink in the to wn H en ce we may infer that their
.

sound was as doleful as th at of Big Ben before he was

crack ed .

I n a n Issu e R oll of the forty fourth year of the reign

of Ed war d II I 1 371 we find a r ecord of the pa ym ent
.
, ,

of two poun ds To John Nicole keeper of the great

, ,

cl ock of the Lord the Ki ng within th e Pa lace at West ,

minster takin g per day sixpence for his wages for the
,
”
custody of th e cl ock aforesaid This was for eighty .

days fr om 24th O ctober to 1 1th Jan uary Hen ry IV

, . .

also appoin ted a cloc km aker with a sal ary to keep , ,

this cl oc k in order Frequent men tion is made of

.

”
horol ogii R egis infra palatiu m W estm in the Patent .

R olls of Henry V I n the first yea r of his reign 1 4 1 3

.
, ,

ar e e n tries r el atin
g to t h e k e epe r H en B r eton ,
.
,
”
val ectus ca m er e R egis Am ong the effects of Henry .

“j
V enumerated in 1 428 was
.
, orlage fait al manere , ,
’
d nu nief l argen t preis par estim ation In
,
’ ’

, .

From accounts of the expenses of m aintaining the

Westminster cl ock an d the bells in a state of effi ciency ,

for thr ee successiv e y ears name ly the four th fifth and , , , ,

six th of th e r e ign of H en r y VI it appears t hat .

,

Thomas a cl ockmaker received 133 4d a-yea r as his

, ,
. .

salary for the gen eral su p er in tend e nce of i t ; and al so

8 3 for m aki ng the sail when i t was b rok en 6s 8 d for
.
, . .

amending th e sprin g of th e b ar rel 1 2d for the wire of , .

the stobil an d 7a for am en ding the n ut an d spin dle

, . .

H e was m or eover paid for t wo great ropes th e one

, , ,

weighin g fifty two pounds and th e other forty nine

-
,
-

pounds at the rate of three halfpe nce a pound ; also

,

for two ropes of thread for the li ttl e weight 2a ; and ,

for boar ds laths and mats whi ch were bought for to

, , ,
 C L OC K KE E PE RS A ND S E T TE R S . 27

st op the win d fr om th e said cl ock 22d I t is said that , .

Henry V I gav e the k eepin g of this cl ock with the

.
,

tower cal led the cl ock house and th e appurte nan ces
,
-
, ,

to W illiam Warby or W al s by Dean of St S tephen s

’

, , .
,

togeth er with sixpence pe r day remun er ation to be

receive d at th e exchequer These items of cost afiord
'

us a glim pse of wh at th e ol d W estm i nster cl ock was ;

a nd we d ar esay that it was put up set agoin g and kept , ,

m ov ing at far less cost and much m ore expeditious ly

, ,

than th e prese nt cl ock whose form er silen ce and i m

,

m ovabili ty h a ve been the subj ect of m an y a smart joke .

I n the Acts of the Privy C ouncil i n 6 Henry VI .

,
”
1 428 ar e accoun ts of r epairs don e to the
, orel e e
g ,

which suppl y som e curious ter m s of the craft .

I n conseq uence of the im perfection s in th e constr uc

ti on of th e earl y cl ocks th ey were eas ily d eranged ; an d
therefor e it became n ecessary that a cust os and setter
shoul d be attached to a cl oc k establis h m ent Th e .

orl agere see ms to h ave been th e keepe r of a cl ock ; but

s o metim es a cl oc kmaker was so ca ll ed I n th e v ersion .

of V egec ius attri buted to T r evisa dir ections are giv en

, ,

for watch and ward when an ar m y is encam ped ,

especiall y for th e out watch by ni ght- wh iche m ust be ,

d eparted e in fou re quarters of ye nyght th e whiche ,

qu arters m ost be departeds by the orl agers .

S hak espeare wh o all o wed v ery littl e to escape h is

,

n otice m akes F aul conbri dge tell K i ng J ohn that O l d

,

Tim e is a cl ock setter A n excerpt from a manuscript

.

treatise on m oral s in Lincoln C ath ed ral shows th at the

office coul d be h el d by a fe mal e G el oysye sall e k epe
.

th e orol oge and salle wakkyn e th e oth er l ad yse and make

,
”
them at ely to ryse a passage which in forms us that
,

hor ol oge keeping was a responsibl e situati on and appa

-
,

t outl y i t was not lightl y given A t a much l ater period

.
28 C LOCK K E EPE R S A ND ss r r s ns
' '
.

this office was h eld by royal appointm ent Queen E liza . !

beth Prince H enry Ja m es I a nd C h arl es I h ad e ach

, ,
.
, .
,

her and his clockm aker a nd cl ockse tter Be n Jonson in .

his Masqu e of Pan s Ann iversary pl ayed before J ames

’ ’

I in 1 6 24 makes Fencer say

.
,
There is annexed a
cl ock k eeper a grav e person as T im e himself w ho is to
-
, ,

se e that they all ke ep tim e to a nick (or what S h ake

spea re calls a a r o the cl ock

j d m ov e eve ry el bo w
‘ ’
an

in or der every kn ee i n co mpass ; h e 18 to wind them up

, ,
”
and d raw them do wn as he sees cause ( l ockm akers
‘
.
,

a nd k eepe rs are n am ed i n a li st o f the artifice rs wh o

followed th e re m ains of Ja mes I at h is fu n eral i n 1 625 . .

I n the C er em onial d E spagne th e watch maker of th e

’

co urt is e nu m er ated a s a n o ffi cer of th e ho usehol d H is .

p ya w as e igh t pl aces d ai ly or twenty ni n e t housa n d two

,
-

hundred mara vedis yearl y ; and h e m ad e a sepa rate

ch arge for all wo rk don e for his m aj esty an d th e hou se

h ol d . This was at the l atter part of th e seventeenth ,

or the beginn i ng of th e eigh teen th ce ntury .

A writer in 1 6 92 says We crossed the Palace yard , ,

on th e east end of which l ay th e relics of W estmi ns t er

”
clock-house i n a co nfused h eap
, T h e b uil ding h ad .

be en d em olish ed by the R oun dhea d mob forty years

before I t continued in a r uin ous state un til 1 715 when
.
,

i t was r em oved as we have before sta ted O n th e side

of N
, .

ew Palace Y ard wh ich was opposite to W e stminster

,

Hall and in the second ped im ent of the buildings fr om

,

th e Tha mes a dial was after wards i nserted with this

,
”
motto on it Discite j ustiam m oniti which r elated to
, ,

the fine imposed on Ra lph D e H engha m T his dial .

,

accordi ng to S pe ed seems to hav e been pl aced exac tl y

,

where th e cl ock house sto od T he bell ca ll ed great

-
.

T o m of Westm inster hung in a strong cl ock to wer of -

stone over against the great door of Westminste r

,
 FI R S T C L OC K A T C A NT E R BU R Y . 29

Hall says Grose ; and about the beginning of the

,

eigh teent h cen tu ry it was grante d to S t Pa ul s whither

’
.
,

it was r em oved an d sto od und er a shed in th e chu rch

,

yard m an y years before the ste eple was cl ear ed of the

T he W est
”
sca ffoldi ng an d fitted for su ch an o rn am ent
, .

m inster cl ock ho use was engrav ed by H oll er ; and it is

-

also r epr esented in th e Mirr or

’
v ol xi p 36 9
, .
, . .

I t is by m an y writers said that th e two first clocks

,

known in E nglan d wer e Westm in ster cl ock and an oth er

at C an terbu r y ; but wi thou t doubt the on e at S t Pau l s
’
.

preceded both of these A new great clock for C ante r

.

b ur y C athed ral is m en tioned to have been put up in th e

year 1292 in the tim e of Henr y III and to have cost
, .
,

301 Thus D ar t in h is H isto ry of C anterbur y C athe

.
, ,

dral has given fr om a manuscript in th e C otton Library

,
’

th e foll owin g extract : Anno 1 292 Novum orologium ,

magn um in eccles1a (C antuariensi) pretiu m F or a

n ew l arge cl ock for th e ch ur ch (of C an ter b ury) th e sum

of 301 T he quali fying wor d m agnum here intr o

.

d uced seems to indicate that there were sm all cl ock s

a lso used at this period ; and i t is probabl e th a t the re

th en were instan ces of the pr ivate exertion of m echanical

n ius in const r ucti ng horol ogica l m ac hi n es
g e .

I n 1 31 6 Prior H enr y de E st ria bought five bel ls for

,

C anter bury C athed ral wh ereof one weighi ng

, ,

pounds was call ed Bell Tho mas and was placed in th e

, ,

at cl ock house Th
- r ee oth ers were set u
p in a new
g re .

l ong cl ock house buil t about that tim e

-
S om n er in his .
,
’
Antiquities of C an ter bur y 1 640 m ak es no m ention
, ,

of so earl y a cl ock as that n a m ed a bov e b ein g at th at

city . H e is very el aborate and ex act in hi s statem ents ,

and th erefor e i t is n o ticeabl e th at if su ch a cl ock had

been erected there th e fact escaped his atten tion But .

he records that William Benet who was m ayor of C an ,

30 FI R S T PO RTA B L E cnocxs .

terbu ry in 1 45 0, a nd who
been various tim es before had
o ne of the bailiffs of t hat city by his wil l ga v e to the ,

rson an d wardens of S t An drew s ch urc h th e re 48 4d

’

p e . . .

er a nnu m to keep a n d m ai nta in th e clock for e ver

p , .

This i ncident sho ws that the publi c utility of cl ocks

began to be appreciated at that tim e T he fate of the .

clock a t S t A ndre w s d oes n ot appear ; but we find tha t

’
.

se veral par ishion ers of C an terbur y bequeathed m o ney at

th e end of the fifteen th ce n tury for th e making of a n ew

ste epl e to that ch urc h the whol e of which bu il di ng was
,

pul l ed down about the y ear 1 7 64 T he gift of a clock .

to a church was a ncien tly dee m ed to be a m ost im port

an t ben efaction .

T he time when cl ocks wer e ren dered po rtabl e cann ot

be pr ecisel y deter mi ned Before such ones coul d be .

m ade the substitution of th e m a in spring for a w eight

, ,

as t he m oving po wer mus t ha v e tak en pla ce , T h e firs t .

distinct m ent ion of a clock as a piece of household fur u

n iture o ccurs in a po e m en titl ed t he R o mau n t de l a ,

R os e w ritte n by J ea n d e Me u m about the y ear 1 305

’

, ,

i n which c er ta in h al l an d cham ber st rik ing cl oc ks are

n amed as r in i n
g g ga a in a n d d ri v en by w h e el w o r k :
,
-

E t pu is fait sonner ses orl og cs

Par se s sa l lcs at pa r s es logos,
A 10 98 trop au btillcm ent
”
De pa rd u mble mou vemen t .

Whi ch has been thus tran sl ated

A nd th en h e m ade his clocks s trike
I n his h a l ls and i n h is cham bers ,
W i th w heel s v ery s ub tily con triv ed
W ith a co n tinu ing movem en t .
”

In a m etrical omance of S ir Degrevan t preser ved

r ,

am n o th manuscripts in th e public library of C am

g e
32 BO H E MI A NC L O C K .

that tyl l I paye him

This kl ok is my L ord ys Arche
.

”
bysshO pis but l ate n ot h im wote of it
, .

I n a work entitl ed I nteres ting Pa pers rela tin g to

th e H istory of F rance from the T im e of Louis XI to .

t hat of Lou is X VI I L i s the foll o wing e n try of th e

’

for mer peri od April 4th 1 48 0 , To Joh n of Paris clock

, ,

maker the su m of 161 Os 1 0d ordered for him by th e

, . . .
,

said l ord in th e mon th of March for a cl ock w hich h as ,

a dial pl ate a nd which sou nds th e ho urs ga rn ish ed with

-
, ,

all that appe r ta ins to it and which the sa id l or d ca used

,

to be ta ken an d bo ught that he might carry it with ,

”
hi m to e very place whith er h e m ight go .

The S ociety of Antiquar ies of Englan d is in posses

sion of on e of th e ol d est of these portabl e cl ock s in

this countr y in a perfect s tate I t was prese nte d to .

th em in th e year 1 8 08 by H enr y P ec kett of C om pton ,

S treet S oho having been purchas ed by hi m in 1 777

, , .

T h e follo win g inscri ption in Bohem ian on the ba rrel ,

of the cl o ck r ecor ds tha t it was made in the yea r 1 5 25

,

by Jacob Z ech :
Is a m
. . Ma s on MI C E I A CO B ZE cn xv Pa m Is r Ba a Du '
n n
za u r 1 5 25 .

Year when made me Jacob Zech at Prague is true when cou n ted

I t was originall y made for S igism un d L , K ing of

Poland, and p resen ted by hi m to Bona S forzal us T he .

body is enclosed in a circular cas e or box of gilt brass,

m eas ur ing ni ne in ches a d h ee qua r te rs in diam eter
n t r -

by fi ve inches in h eight Both the design and the .

workm anship of this case are in excell en t taste , an d

th e bol d foli ated d ecora ti ons aro und its sid es are fin e ly
fin ish ed This astron om ical cl ock has ar moria l bearings,
.

a n d a di al on the upp er su r face .

There is a curi us cl c
o o k still to be seen in the o h
n rt
 E XE T E R C L O C K . DA NTE . 33

tower of
Exete r C athedral which is state d to ha ve ,

been presente d by Bishop C ourtenay i n 1 48 0 ; but it “

is certain that a cl ock ex isted t here much ear li er than

that tim e ; for we find in the patent roll s of the
el e ve nt h year of the r ei n of Edwar d I L 1 31 8 a rant
g g , ,

to R ob Fitzwal ter O f l ands in Penn in gto n for th e ser vice

.

of re pa ir in th e o r an and th e cl oc k in the ca th edral

g g
of Exe ter : R con cess Ro b Fitz W alter tenem in
. . . .

Pennington pro ser vitio pul sand i ca m panas et r eparandi

o r an s e t ho rol o ia in eccl es Exon I n th p r esen t
g g e . .

cl ock th e ear th is r ep res ented by a l obe in th e centr e

g ,

a nd the su n by a fleur d e lis whic h as i t da ily r evol ve s

- -
, ,

r oun d the earth points out the hours ; while a ball

, ,

pain ted black and whi te represents the m oon s phases ,

’

by tur nin g on its axis I n 1 76 0 som e additional works

.

were added to thi s cl ock to show th e m i nutes Under .

it are i n scribed these words Pereun t et I m pu tantu r ,

”
ao horse
. .

S triking cl ocks were n ot uncom m on i n Ital y in th e

ear l y pa rt of the fou rte en th century ; th ey w ere also

wh ee l ed cl ocks for D ante who was bo rn in 1 26 5 an d

, ,

died in 1 321 com par es the ci rcling dan ce of the re

,

oicin p rits in Para dis e to th e a d moni ti on s of a cl ock

j g S i
T hence as the cl ock w h ich chimed
A t th e h our that th e s pouse of I d io
”
rose .

Or , acc r o din g to Wr ight , an ot erh tr ansl ator

T hen l ike a clock that su mmons us aw ay ;
Wh at tim e the s pouse of God , at ma tin h our, I

H as tes to h er h usband , for h is l ove to pray ;

A nd one part u r g
es on th e other , sound in
g
T in, tin, in note s so s w eet, that by i ts power
T he soul is th ri l led , w i th pious lov e abounding .

S o I beheld th at glori ous circle mov e,

A nd w ith su ch s weet accord and harmony,
T ake u p th e song of praise , as none can prove,
”
S ave w here is j oy through all e terni ty .
34 NO R WI C H C A TH E DR A L C L O C K .

Num erous oti ces of cl ocks are conta ined in the

n

S acrist s R ol ls pres erv ed am on g th e ar chives of the

’

D ean a nd C hapte r at Nor wich T he earliest is in .

1 332 —
Horol og I n uno plate de metall o empto ’
.

iv d oh in sound em pto xv i d in fact ur a v ym agi num

. . .
,
’
. . .

xx 3 Item garcioni facienti capit i ij a I n sti pe ndiis

. .
,
’
.

magistri R o berti xx An dr e w and R oger carp en

.
,

ters are also m ention ed as h av in g been e m pl oyed at

,

th is pe riod T he to ta l of the expendi tur e be twee n

.

Michael mas and C hristmas amounted to 4 1 1 9s 8 4d . . .

I n t he C ompotus O f 1 323 and of 1 325 m any en tries ,

occur u nde r the head O rologium I t appe ars tha t t his .

orol og ium was a n el a borate p iec e of m e c hanis m fur ,

n ish ed with m an y pa i n te d im a es w h ich n o dou bt

g ,

per formed curious e volu tions Ther e was a set of .

twenty four sma ll im a es t h e work O f M aster Adam

-
g , ,

t he scu lptor probabl y personatin g t he hou rs of th e da y

,

an d n i ht T h w l o t h i t y i m d b tl
g er e . e r e a s r a g e s o u es s ,

repr ese n tin th d f t h m o t h d p ai n t d n d

g e a y s o e n ; a n e a

g il d e d p l a t e s p or tr a y in
g th e s u n a n d m oo n A p a i n te d .

pr oc ession of monks for m ed part O f the m echan ica l

pagea ntry A la rge m eta l plate for the dial was pro
.

cure d from Lo n do n appar e n tl y with some difii cul ty

, ,

n um erou s m essa es ha vin b n de spa tched there re

g g e e

la ting to it by var iou s gar ci on es This plate whi ch .

,

weighe d ei hty se ven poun ds was e vid e n tl y a com pli

g
-
,

os te d an d v er y e l abor at el y e n ra ved wo r k T h e con

g .

str uc tio n was atten de d with m an d i ffi ul ti es ; M aster

y c

R o be rt de T urri fail ed in th e atte m pt and two ar ti ,

ficers fr om Lon don wh o su cceede d h im wer e als o un

su ccessful T he works appear to ha ve been in p rogrem
.

duri ng three years an d besides th e cost of ir on work , ,

”
brass copper and latoun a cons iderable sum was ex
, , ,

pen ded in carpenter s work decorations in colours ’

, ,
 C HA U C E R A ND C L OC K S .
35 .

h d with gol d an d sil v er l eaf an d other things

enri c e ,
.

T wo hundr ed pieces of C aen ston e an d ten of G obetz

ston e wer e u sed pr obabl y for th e bas e on whi ch th e
,

cl ock was fix ed .

Tha t cl ocks were in use in E ngl an d at this tim e m ay

be readi ly inferr ed from a cou pl et by C ha ucer who w as ,

born in 1 328 an d died in 1 400 and wh o all u din g to , ,

th e cock says ,

F u ll sikerer w as h is crowing in h i s loge

T han h is a clock or a ny abbey ot ologe ”
.

F u ll surer ( or as cer tain ) w as h is crow ing in h is roosting place

As a bell ( regu larl y tolled ) or an a bbey clock .

Al most al l th e m onasteries throughout the cou ntry had

a cl ock when C hau cer wr ote nam el y at th e cl ose of th e , ,

four teen th cen tur y .

S t A l bs n s Abbey was for several centuri es possessed

’
.

O f a fin e as tr on om ica l cl ock which was m ad e at r eat

g ,

cost an d with superi or skill an d ingen ui t y by R i chard

, ,

d e Wal lingfor d th e son of a bl a cksmi th of that town

, ,

who attain ed to great pr oficien cy in scien ce at O xford ,

and in after tim es for h is l earni n g was m ad e abbot of

-
, ,

S t A l bs n s (1 326 T his cl ock appears to have

’
.

been in going order in the ti m e of Henr y VI II when ,

it is m en ti on e d by L el an d Tr eatise d e S cri ptoribus

Britannicis wh o sa w it and d escr ibed it as fol l ows ,

C um jam per ampl as l icebat fortun es v ol ui t ill ustri ,

al i qu o opere non m od b in genii v eru m etiam eruditionis , ,

ac ar ti s excel l entis m ir acul um osten d er e, E rgo ta lem .

h orol ogn fabri cam m agn o l abor e m ajor e sum ptu arte
, , ,

v erb m ax im 6 compe git qual em n on habet tots Eur opa

, ,

m es opin i on e secun dum ; sive quis cursum solis ac

l unaa se u fixa s id era notet sive iter um m aris in cr e m ents
, ,
”
et d ecr em en ts Without doubt Leland was right when
.

D 2
36 S T A L BA
. NS ‘
A BBE Y C L O C K .

he expresse d his O pin ion that such a clock as this on e

existed no wh e re else in Europe I t was a mi rac le o f .

a rt , and by it we re n ote d the course of the sun a n d

m oon, the r isin g an d setting of the pl anets and fix ed

st ars, t he e bb an d flow of the tide, and in shor t, th e

figur es, ope rat ions , a nd effects of all the heav e nl y

bodies W hen the abbot supposed his life to be dra w
.

ing to a cl ose, he wrote a book of dir ections for k eepi n g

t his piece of mechanism in order : N e tam ins ig nia

mach ina vil esceret errore m onachorum aut incogni to ,

”
structu rae or di n e sil escere t so t hat it might no t be ,

come de ra nge d by t h e ca r el ess or in expe rie nced m on ks

”
in after tim es - T his m a chin e
. says Lel an d
“
if I , ,

r eme m b er ri ght was cal l ed by th e in vento r

, A lbion
ll by B p robabl y it w as na m ed in honour of
( a ut
t he pa tron saint of the m on ast ery whose nam e was ,

ancientl y spe l t A l bon e I t is said that the a bbot h ad

.

begun ea rly in li fe to co nstruct this cl ock and the n ,

n egl ected it ; but be r esu m ed hi s work thr ou h the en

g
cou rage m en t of Ed ward III gi ven by him whe n at th e .

abbey on a vis it T he royal exhortati on m ad e th e abbo t

.

very dil igent in the execution for h e would say Thoug h , ,

the abbey wan ts r epa ir s my succe ssors m ay be abl e to ,

build walls and m en d tilin gs but n on e I beh ave except , , ,

”
myself can e ver finish thi s cl ock
,
However it is said .
,

th at it was co m pl ete d by Laur en ce S tokes in th e tim e ,

o f Abbot de la Mer e 1 350 1 396 R e p resentat ions of

,
- .

the m ak er ( wh o di ed on J un e 10th 1 334) an d of hi s ,

cl ock m a be n in C ott MS S C l s ud E iv an d Nero

y se e

D vii an d it is referred to in N
. . . .
,

e wcom e s H isto r y of
’
. .
,

S t A l ban s p 230 and C l utter buck s Histor y of

’ ’ ’
. .
, ,

Hertfordshir e vol i p 28 ’
, . .
, . .

C ourtra y possessed a famous cl ock which stru ck the ,

h ours and was r em arkable for its m echanism ; but this

,
 N
C O U R T R A Y A D PA DU A C L O C K S . 37

fine in strument ex cited th e cupidi ty of a milita ry con

u eror, an d, as F ro issart tel ls us, du rin th y a r 1 332,
q g e e

Philipe le H ardi, Duke of Burgun dy, carried it away,

an d se t it u in th e t o wn f D i o n , in his o wn duchy
p o j .

A publi c cl ock was er ected at Padua in th e first hal f

of th e fourteen th centu ry (th e dates ar e variousl y giv en ,

1 334, 1 34 4, and at th e expe nse of Hubert, P rin ce

” “
of C ar rara . H e caus ed, says an ol d writer, to be
buil t at the top of the to wer a cl ock, in which during
d ay and n ight th e twen ty four hour s poin ted themsel ves
-

”
ou t. I t is stated to h ave been made by J ohn de
Dondis, who was m ore fr equentl y distin guished by the
appell ation O f M aitr e J eban des O rl o es, an as tr onom er
g
in the ser vice of G al eazzo Vis co nti , C ou n t of Vertus .

Don dis in vented a m ovin g spher e, or cel estial cl ock,

whi ch was regarded as the won der of his age . I t wa s
com posed of an in fini te n um ber of circl es and wh eel s,

v er n ed by a sin l e bala n ce , and pr eserve d suc h a

g o
g
regul ar m otion , th at at an hou r of th e da y or ni ght th e
y
d ifferent points of space occupied by th e cel estial bodi es
mi g ht be distinguis hed I t was m ad e of ceppe r ; an d
.

Dondis, who was no l ess skilful as a m echanic than as

an as t ronom er, e mpl oy ed twenty years in br i nging it to

p e rfec ti on
. H i s fa m ily we n t by th e n a m e of H oro lo
gi u s

or Horol ogi a .

O n e of the oldest cl ocks of English manufacture now

in existence was made about th e year 1 335 (some say
1 340) by Peter Lightfoot, an ingenious m on k, of
G lastonbury Abbey, for and at the expens e of hi s
su perior , Adam de S odb ury, who was promoted to the

Abbacy of G lastonbur y in 1 322, and di ed in 1 335 .

Thi s ancient and compli cated piece of machinery was,

ac co r ding to Wi ll ia m of W orcester, origin all y in the

south transep t of the abbey church ; but it was r emoved

 38 GLAS T O NB U R Y C LOC K .

with its appendages fro m th ence to Wells C a th ed ra l

al l

at the ti m e of the dissol uti on of t he m ona ste ry in th e

r e ign of Henry VII I , wher e in a n old cha pel in the

.

o h
n rt transept it s till T h e face of the dial is
rema ins .

s ix fe et s ix i nches in d ia mete r, an d conta in ed in a

s quare fram e, the S pan drils of whi ch a re fill ed wi th

a ngel s hol d in i n their hand s th e h ead of a m an Th

g e .

o ute r c ir cle is pai nted bl ue, with i l t t rs sca ttered

g s a

over it, an d is divided into twenty four parts, co rr e

-

spond in g with th e twen ty fo ur hours of th e d ay an d

-

n i ht, in two di v isions of t wel ve hou rs eac h T h

g e .

hora ry nu mbers are pa inte d in old E nglish cha racte rs

o n cir cular ta bl ets , and m ark t he hou rs fro m t wel ve at

n oon to midn i ht, an d from th ence to t welve a t m id

g ~

d ay again T he hour index, a large gil t sta r, is a tta ched

.
-

to the machi nery behi nd a se co nd circl e, which co n ceals

al l except the in dex O n ,this second circl e are m arked
.

t h e min utes, indi cate d by a smal l er sta r A thi rd a nd .

l esser circl e con tains the n u mbe r of the d ay of the

m onth, whi ch is m arked by a poin t atta ched to a small
C ircula r ope ning in th e pl a te, thr ough whi ch th e phas es

o f the m oon are shown Around this apertur e is an

.

i nscription, not v ery intell igible, whi ch on e au thor

reads as Ab hinc m onstrat m icro ericus
”
arch ery pung, m eani ng probabl y that in this mi crocosm

were d isp layed all the wond ers of th e vas t s idereal

h emi sphere But later authors are of opin ion that th e
.

i nscri ption is an h exam eter verse, and al though to

e xpl ain i t co mpletel y m ay be di fficult , th ey r ea d i t

thus Pun ctus ab hinc monstrat micro sidericus

ar cu s .I t is th en onl y th e word m icr o whi ch is un
intell igibl e, an d that m ay be in corr ectly d eciphered .

O n th e opposite side of the dial plate is a cir cl e, in

which is a femal e figure, with th e motto S emper
40 WE LS H BAR D A ND C LO C K .

earl y a period in which th e m onks par ticul arl y ex

,

cel le d . Afte r going for nearl y five centuri es the works ,

were foun d to be so c om pl etel y worn out that a bout ,

the year 1 835 they wer e re placed by a new t rain m ad e ,

by Thwaites and R e id of C lerkenwell T h e curious , .

ol d face or dial pl ate a nd the an tiq ue figures of th e

-

knights on horseba ck were care fully ad apte d to th e n ew

body and th e latter stil l m ay be seen ti lting as O f O ld
, .

Phelps giv es a col oured en graving of th is clock in his

History of S omersetshire vol ii p 6 6 it is also ,
’
. .
, .

depict e d i n W ar ner s Histor of G lastonbury pl ix

’ ’

y
. .
,

an d th ere rs an accou nt of i t i n C ol li nso n 9 Histo ry of

’ ‘

S om erset v ol I I p 254 v ol I ii p 399 ; and in th e

’
. . . .
, , .
,

G entl em an s Magazine vol x cvi part 2 p 399 ; a n d

.
,
’ ’
. .
, , , .

in the sam e m agazine 1 8 30 v ol c pa rt 2 p 6 32 , , . .

, , . .

About th e year 1 340 Ds fydd ap G wvil ym a fam ous , ,

W el sh bard thus abuse s a cl ock for d istur bing him in

,

a d eli cious drea m C on fusion to the bla ck faced -

cl ock by th e sid e of th e ban k that a woke m e ! May its

h ead its tongue its pair of ropes an d its wheels
, , ,

mo ul der ; l ik ewise its weights of d ull ar d bal ls its ,

orifi ces its ha mmer its duck s quac king as if ant icipa
, ,
’

t in g da y an d i ts ev er r estl ess wor ks

, This t urbulent .

cl ock c l ack s ri di cul ou s soun ds l ik e a dru n ke n co bbl er ,

— s cobbl er too in appearance C unning and false

, , .

bl in d gut ! T he yel pin g of a dog in a pan ec hoed !

T he ceasel ess chatter of a cl oiste r ? A gloom y m ill
i nd in away th e ni gh t !
g r g
About the time when th e foregoing was written ,

F roissar t then a youthful poet com posed his Horol oge

, ,

Amoureuse I n this poem which is one of the ea rliest

.
’
,

o f his pr od uc ti ons, h e m akes som e h igh l y compl imen

tar y al lusi ons to a clock som e of which are tr anslated ,

thus
 F R OI S S A R T A ND C LO CKS .
41

The clock is, i f ri gh tl y considered,

A machine v er y fair and v ery famous,
A nd i t is al so pleasan t and profitabl e ;
F or nigh t and day i t sh ows us the h ours ;
By th e sub til ty i t comprises,
I n the absence ev en of th e sun,
O n w hi ch accoun t we ough t th e more to prize i t,
W hich other ins trumen ts do not do,
H ow ev er they may be m ad e by art an d by com pass ;
T herefore I h old h i m for valiant and wise
W ho fi rs t fou nd the u se of i t ;
W hen by h is sense h e began an d made
A thing so noble and of such grea t profit
”
.

There is now at Dover C astl e nearl y entir e

, ,

unsophis ticated ol d tim epiece bea ring the date

,

the yea r 1 348 and the initials R L

, united as
. .
,

m on ogra m
.
 C H A PTE R II .

S trasburg C ath ed ral C lock Mechanical Performances of R atisbon

C ha rles V s C l ock a t Paris
'
C locks G en oa C loc k Bol og na C lock .

Montargis C l ock S ens C lock E d ward 1 11 and th e Du tch .

C lockmakers H is C h arte r to th em S p ir e C lock C l oc ks men

tion ed in Ea rly R ecords in Bri tis h Mus e um - —
S e i lle C l ock W a l bers
v

wick C lock Nuremberg C lock C locks at S t Mary s, O xford .

’

A uxerre C lock Dun stabl e Pri ory C lock C loc ks first used for A s
tro nomical purposes Wigto ft C lock -Venice C l ock Prag ue C lock
Ca r di na l W ol sey
’
s C l ock — C l oc k a t S t M a ry
. s P ri o r
'

y, H u n tin g
d on N
uremberg C l ocks H e nry V I I I s C loc ks
.
’
A nne Bo leyn s
’

C l ock C locks a t the Palace at W e s tmins te r i n 1 542 L ongitude

C l ock proposed S ir T homas More s C l oc k
'

Da le A bb y C lock e

H ampton C ourt Pala ce C lock Verses there on C l ock going

T wel ve Mon ths C l ock goin g O n e H u n d re d Y ea rs — C lo c k fo u n d
n ear R oyston Paris C lockmak ers cha rtered C l ock of S t Mar .

g a ret s
'

, W e s m
t in s te r Ed w a rd V l s
. C
’
loc k m a k er H is g i ft o f a

C lock to S ir John C hoke G ifts of C locks to ueen Mar y Q T yc ho

Brah e s C lock A rch bis h op Parker s C lock
’
T able C locks E ar l
'

of L e ices ter s C lock a t K enil worth Moestl in C loc k Va l encie nnes

'

C locks Perpetu al C l epsyd m proj ected Discovery O f the Pendu

l um Gal il eo C h risti a n H uygens R ich ard H a rris J oh n F I O
mentc l H uygens C l ock R udol ph I I s C l ock L a mbeth C lock
' ’

N
.

Bartholomew awsam ue en E lizabe th s C lockms ker — C u rious

Q '

C l ock at Wh ite hall Palac e Bequests of C l ocks C lock a t G laston

bury E arl of E ssex s C lock C urious Mec h anica l C loc k of Pope
'

S ixtus V and W ill iam I

. . L ubeck C lock G erman C locks
Wh i msicali ties of A ugsbu rg C locks F orei gn C locks in S ou th
K ens ingto n Museum G rea t Wigston C lock 01001: a t S t John s
’
.

C ath ed ral , L yons S hakespear e and C locks .

A T S tras burg C athedral , in F r an ce ( which town was

c ele br ate d fo r havi ng e xt en ded t he a rt of clockw or k

beyond th e m ere record of the hou rs of th e day) , is a

fam ous astrono mica l c lock, about t wenty feet high,
which is a m ost ingenious, el a bor ate , and exq uisite
piece of m echanica l art This m onster clock was .

preceded by another of simil ar extraordin ary work

 S T RA S B U R G C L OC K . 43

manship, that was begun in 135 2, and was placed in

th e to wer of th e ca thedral in 1 370 I t is said that th e
.

onl y existin g portio n of the origin al cl oc k is a cock,

upon th e l eft p erpendicular orna ment of th e machin e,

whi ch, u pon th e hourl y chimi ng of th e bells , used fr om

the time of i ts constructi on to flap i ts win gs, stretch
out its neck, an d cro w sev er al tim es T he pr es ent
.

cl ock was r em odell ed from the first on e by C onr ad us

D asypod ius, P rofessor of Mathematics at S trasb ur g,

who began h is l abours on it in 1 5 7 1 , a n d re placed the
cl ock com pl ete in th e south tra nsept of th e cathedr al

in 1 5 74 . H e appears to ha ve taken several jou rneys to

em pl oy and to consul t with the m ost cl ever workm en
in G er m an y about this clock, th e wheel s and movements
of wh ich were made by th e t wo H abrechts , n ati ves of

S chafi h ause n I n 1 58 0 he p ubl ished, in thin quarto,

'

h is treatise, H orologii As tr onomi ci s rgentorati in

sum m o T e mple erecti desc ripti o
’
.

I t is relate d that the original artisan of the cl ock

became bli nd befor e h e h ad com pl eted his work, but
that h e finished it notwithstanding his infirmity I nglis ,.

i n his Tyrol , says

‘
There I s a curious circumstance
conn ecte d wit h th e cl ock in S tras b ur g C ath ed ral , it is

of ver y com pl icated and d eli cate workm anship, an d th e

artisan who contrived and mad e it becoming blin d

before he had termin ated his labour, it becam e a

quest ion of some difiicul ty and of much i mportan ce
h ow the work was to be com pl eted ; th e public
a ut horities engaged oth er m echani cs, but th ey being

ignorant of the design upon whi ch the whole was

mean t to be constructed, were unable to proceed , and
the blin d artisan, anxi ous to rea p all the honour hi m
self, n ot wil l ing that others sho ul d have the credi t of

fini shing that whi ch their geni us co ul d not ha ve

44 S T R A S B U R G C LO C K.

ena bled them to begin refused to communicate any ,

in for mation but o ffe red to c ompl ete the work bl in d as

, ,

he was ; and this ver y won derful an d i ngen ious piece

of m ech a nis m n ow re m ai ns n ot on l y a m onu m ent of

the genius of th e maker but a curiou s ill ustration ,

of the power of ha bit as well as of th e s e n te nces

com mun ica ted to one se nse by th e deprivation of

”
an oth er .

T he m ovem ents of th is cl ock h ave been thus

d escribed H erein nine th ings are to be considered ,

wh ereof e ight are in th e wall ; th e n inth (and that the

m ost wond e rful ) stands on the ground three feet from
the wal l This is a great glob e of the h eav ens perfec tl y
. ,

desc ri bed in which are three m otion s : on e of the great

, ,

g l ob e, w h ic h d i s p l a ys th e w h ol e h ea v e ns, an d m ov es

abou t fro m the eas t to th e west in twe nty four h ours ; -

th e secon d is of the sun which runs t hrough th e signs

,

th ere descr ibed o n ce ev er y year ; the th ird is of the

moon wh ich runs her co urse in twen ty eight da ys S O
,
-
.

that in this gl obe you m ay vi ew t h e m otions of the

whol e heav ens th e m otions of the sun an d m oon e v ery
, ,

minu te of an hour th e ri sing and fal ling of e ver y star

,

( a m o n
gst w h i ch s ta r s a r e th e m ak ers o f th is w or k ,

Dassipodius and W ol kinsteni us) d escribed T h e in

'

str uments of th ese m otions are h id in the body of a

pel ican wh ich is portraited u nd er th e gl obe Th e pole

,
.

is l ifted up to the e le vation of S trasburg and noted by ,

a fair star m ade of brass ; t h e zeni th is declared by

an gel pl a ced in the midst O f th e m eridian The secon d .

thing to be obser ved ( wh ich is the first on the wa ll) are

t wo gre at circl es one within a n other the on e eight ,

feet th e oth er n in e feet b road ; th e o utmost m oves

,

fr om the n orth to th e south O n ce in a year and bath ,

two angels one on the n orth side whi ch points every

, ,
 S T R A S BU R G C L OC K . 45

day in th e week ; th e other on the south side, which

points what da y shall be on e half year after The-
.

in ner circl e m oves from sou th to n orth once in a

h un dred yea rs and bath ma n y thin gs descri bed about
,

it ; as th e y ear O f th e wor ld , th e y ear of our Lord, the

c ircle of th e s un , the pr ogress ion s of e qu i n octi al s , with

th e chan ge of the cel estial points , which thi ngs fa ll out

by th e m otio ns which are call ed trepidations ; th e leap
year, the m ovable feasts, and the dominica l l etter, or
g o l d e n n u m be r, as it tu rns eve ry yea r Th
. er e i s an

i mm o vabl e in d ex, whi ch encl oses for every yea r all

these thin gs wi thin i t ; the l ower par t of whi ch in dex is
join ed to an other r ou n d circl e whi ch is imm ovabl e,
wherein the pr ovin ce of Als atia is fair l y descri bed, and
th e c ity of S tr asbur g . O n both sid es of the circl es,
on th e wall , th e e cl ipses O f th e sun a n d m oon are,

which ar e to com e for m any y ears, even so m any as th e

wall mi ght con tai n . Th e thi rd thing, a littl e above
t his, is a weekl y m o ti on of th e pl anets, as the y nam e
t he da y ; as on S u nda y, the sun is drawn about in his
c hariot, accor dingl y as th e day is spen t ; and so drawn

i n to an other pl ac e, that befo re h e be full in , you have

Mon day ; that is the m oon clear forth , and the horses
of Mars ch a riot pu ttin g forth th ei r h eads ; a nd so it is
’

for e v er y da y in the week . O n this si de th er e are

n othi ng but dum b p ictu res to gam is h the wall . T he
fo ur th th ing is a dial for the min utes of the hour , so
t hat you see every minute pas s . T wo beautiful pictures
of t wo chil dr en a re join ed to either side of this ; h e on

the north si de hath a sceptr e in h is hand, an d when the

clock strikes, h e ord erl y tell s e v e r y stroke ; h e on
- la
the south sid e ha th an hour g ss i n hi s han d whic h .

runs j ust with th e cl ock , an d whe n th e cl ock hath

str uck, h e turns his gl ass . T he first thin g above th e

46 S T R A S BU R G C L O C K .

—
minu te dial is a dial for the hour , conta in ing the half
parts a lso ; the outerm ost circu m feren ce contains the
h ours ; but within it is a curious an d per fect as trolabe ,
wh ereby is sho wn th e m otion of ever y planet, his aspe ct ,
a nd i n wh a t sign , wha t degree, a n d wha t hour , e very

one is i n e ve ry hour of the day ; th e oppos itio n l ike

of th e sun a nd m oo n , an d th e he ad and ta il of th e

dragon A nd beca use the night darkens not the sun ,

.

n or th e day th e m oon , or o ther pl a nets , therefore the i r

cou rses ar e h er e ex actl y see n at al l tim es . T he sixth

thi n g is a circl e, wh er ein are the t wo signs O f th e m oon s
’

ris in g a n d fall in g ; at two hol low p l ac es it is s ee n at

wh at sta te sh e i s ; an d h er age is declared by an index ,

which is wholl y turned abou t on ce in ever y m onth .

T he seven th thin g con sists of four l ittl e bel ls ,

w h e reon th e quarte rs of th e hou r a re str uck ; at the
fir st qua rte r com es forth a littl e boy , an d s trikes
th e first h el l with an appl e, a n d so goes a nd sta ys
at th e fou r th b ell u ntil the n ex t qu a rter ; then c omes a

lusty you th, and he with a d art strik es t wo bells, and

su cceeds in to th e pl ace of th e chi l d at th e third com es

forth a m an i h arm s, with a hal be rt in his h and , and

- -

strik es th ree bel ls ; h e succeeds i n to th e pl ac e of th e

youth ; at the fourth quarter, comes an O l d m an wi th a

sta ff, h av i ng a cr ook at the en d ; a nd h e with m u ch ad o,

b eing O l d, strikes the four be l ls, an d stands at th e

fo urth quar te r , u ntil the n ext qu arter ; im m ediatel y to
str ike th e cl oc k com es D eath in a r oo m abov e the

others, for this is th e eighth thing ; and th is , under

sta n d , th at a t each q uart er h e c o m es for th to ca tc h

each of th ose for mer a es a wa y wi th him ; bu t at th e

g
contr ary s ide, i n th e sa m e room where h e is , com es

forth C hrist a nd drives h im in ; bu t wh en the las t

qua rter is hear d, C hrist gi ves hi m l eav e to go to th e
48 S T R A S BU R G C L O C K .

E aster - d ay, and all the other feasts, and the domin ica l
l etter ; and the thi rd part h ath the geographica l d escrip
tio n of all G erma ny, and par ticul arl y of S tras burg, an d
the names of th e inv entor and the workmen .I n th e
m iddle frame of the cl ock is an astrolabe, showi ng th e
si gn in which each pl an et is e very da ; nd t h
y a e re ar e

stat ues of the sev en pla nets u on a circula r plate o f

p
iron ; so that every day th e pl anet that r ules th e d ay
comes fo rth, the rest being hid within the frames till

t h ey co me out of course at the ir day, as the sun upon

S unday, and so for all the week . There is a terrestria l
g l ob e, w h ic h sh ows the q uart er , th e h al f-ho ur , an d th e

mi nutes . There is a figure of a h uman skull , and ‘

statu es of two boy s, whe reof one turns the hour glass -

when the cl ock hath str uck, and the other pu ts forth
the r od in his han d at each st roke of t he cl ock More .

over, there are statues of S pring, S ummer, Autum n , and

Winter, and many observations of the moon I n the .

uppe r part of the cl ock are four old men s statues,

’

which strik e the quarters of the hour Th e statue of

.

Death com es out at each quarter to strike, but is d ri ven

back by the statue of C hr ist, with a S pea r in his hand,
for thr ee quarters ; but in the fourth quar ter D eath
str ikes th e hour with th e bon e i n his han d , an d th en

th e ch imes so und . O n th e top of the cl ock is th e

i mage of a cock, which twice in a day crows aloud and
cl ap s his wings . Besides, this clock is decked with
m any rare pictures, and bein g on the in side of the
chu rch, carrie s ano ther frame to the outside of th e walls,

wh er eo n the hours of the sun, the courses of the m oon,

the l en gth of the day, and such other things are set
out with much art .

I n 1 6 1 7 was pu blished at S trasburg, quar to, in

G erman, a description of th e cathedral and cl ock
 R A TI S B O NC LO C K . 49

of that city . I n on e or more of th e years 1 6 25, 16 30,

and 1 64 0, for th e dates ar e various l y iv en t he l atter
g ,

was str uck by lightn ing, a fter which i t r em ained for a

l ong tim e out of goin g order Dr Dibdi n, who saw it
. .

in 1 8 1 8 , says it was then whol l y out of order I n the .

sec ond q uarter of th e pres ent centur y it was rep air ed ,

a fter about fifty years usel essn ess , by J B S ch wil ue,

’
.
g .

a watchm aker of S trasbur , wh o l abour ed four years

g
u pon it, n a mel y, from 1 8 38 to 1 842 T he cockcrow,
.

which h ad been m ute since 1 78 9, was r epr oduced ; an d

m echanism added by which at m idn ight, on D ecem ber
3l st, th e m ovable feas ts ranged them selv es in th e
cal enda r, an d in the su ccessi on th ey woul d appear in

d uring the next year .I n 1 8 43 thi s cl ock was exhibited

to th e S c ientific C ongress hel d at S tras bur g, an d it
’
excited consid erabl e interest Forbes, in his Physician s
.

Holiday, 1 8 52, in refer ence to S tras burg C athedral ,

’

sa ys : W e did not fa il, of course, to atten d at t wel ve

o cl ock, to witn ess the wo nderful perfo r man ce of the
’

famous clock, whi ch is certai nl y a very in gen ious piece

of m ech anism, but rath er too l udi cro us i n its effect for

i ts sol e mn locali ty. A g rea t crowd was coll ected to see

th e sho w an d h ear th e cock, whi ch cro wed m arv ell ou sl y
”
well for a bird who se l ungs are a pair of b ellows Th e .

c l o ck is r epresented in th e Mirror, 1 824, vol iii , p

’
. . .

’
209 ; a nd in the Il l ustrated London N e ws, Janu ar y
28 th, 1 8 4 3; and se veral e ngravin gs of it have been
ubli shed at S trs sbur
p g .

I n th e h all of the Prin ces C oll ege at R atisbon , i n

’ ‘

1 731 , sto od a clock , made after th e m odel of the one in

S tr asburg C athedral . T h e qua rters wer e struck by
sev eral figur es ; a nd e ver y hour the thr ee k ings m ade

their appearance an d paid their ad oration to the Vir gin

Mar y and her S on, while the cock that was pl aced over
I:
 C H ARLE S V PA RI S C LOCK
’
. s .

th em o wed Upon one of the four sides of an o l d

cr . ,

s hort sq ua re G othi c to wer in R a tisbon is a c ur i o u s

,

an cie nt clock s upported by human fi ur es

, g .

John Visconti Archb ishop of Milan set up a cl o c k

, ,

at G en oa in 1353 I t is supposed to have bee n a sp r i n g

.

or wh eel cl ock a nd m ade afte r the pattern of th at o f

,

Padua before m entioned by us T he first cl ock a t .

Bologna was fixed up in 1356 About the year 136 4 .

or 1 370
(proba bl y the l a tter) C h arl es V of F ran c e
,
.

ca used a great strik in g clock to be pl aced in th e to w e r

of his p al a ce b H en ry d e Vick o m C h a rl es d e
y , (s e sa y
Wyck) s c lockm aker whom he invited fr om G erman y
, ,

because there was no artist of the kind in Paris T h e .

princi ples upon which this cl ock was constructed we re

m ainly the sa m e as th ose of th e cl ocks of thi s d ay ;
ther e was a mov ing an d al so a regulating po wer T he .

form er was a weight hun g to a co rd woun d ro un d a ,

barrel the un winding of which by the fa ll of th e

,

we ight gave motion to a train of wheel s t hat m ove d

the h a nds ro und the d ial T he regula ting power was a
.

balance wheel swin ging backwards and forwards afte r

-
,

the m a nn er of th e wa tc h bal a nce T h e m ake r appears

-
.

to h a ve b een an i nge n ious m an who combined in to on e ,

m achi ne the inv en tions of th e past t ime Th e Tour de .

l H orloge of the Pal ais d e J ustice Pa ris contains this

’

, ,

fa mous clock which wa s the first of th e ki n d tha t the

,

Pa risians had seen C harl es V appointed an ofii cer

. . ,

w ith a sal ar y to k ee p this m achine i n order

, A littl e .

tim e afte r this cl ock was cons tru cte d anoth er was m ad e
by a French man and put up at Montargis wi th th e
, ,

fol lowin g inscription C harles l o Quin t m e fit par

”
Jean de Jouven ce C harles the Fifth cause d me to be
,

made by J ean of Jouven ce S o me years after anoth er

.

cl ock was ut up at the cs th edral of S ens wh en the

p ,
 E DWA R D 111 A . ND C L O C KS . 51

king p d aih on e- al f of
the exp en se of a wood en case in
wh ich it was enclosed .

I n 1 36 8 Edward III who judging from his acts

, .
, ,

h ad a li kin g for m ech anica l art invited over fr om D elft ,

to E nglan d th ree D utch cl oc km ak ers to whom h e ,

ran ted by hi s l ette rs patent in th e fo rt o d y

g ,
y sec n ear ,
-

o f h is r ei n safe con d uct and pr ot e ction for on e

g ,
year

to ca rry on for their own pr o fit their l awful emp loy

, ,

m en t R ym er in his F eoda ra gives a copy of this

’
.
, ,

documen t as foll ows

I . D 1 368
. . A n 42, E 3
. . . Pat 42 . . E 3, p 1 ,
. . M 15
. .

R ex omnibus Ball ivis F idelibus su is , tam infra L ibertatea, qahm

extra , ad quos &c S a lu te m . .

S cia tis quOd suscepim us in Prote ctionem Defensionem nos trum,

n ec non in sa l v u m sec urum C on d uct um nos trum , J ohannem U ne

n anr, W i l lielm um U neman ( si c) , 85 JC h an ncm Lietuyt, de Delft,

O rlogiers , veniend o in R egnum nos tru m , A rtificio suo praedicto in

e od cm c uo u tendo ;

E t ideo v ob is mandamus quod ipsos , Joh annem, W ill iel mu m,

Joh annem, infra Dist rictus v es tros v eniend o, 85 A rtificio su o
p ra d i c to u tcn do, M anu teneatis , P rotega tis D efends tis, non

in fe rentes eis , v el , quan tum in v obis es t, a b al iis i n terri permittentes

in Pcrson is, Bon is, 85 R ebu s suis q u ibu scu mq ue, I nj uriam, Moles
t iam , V iol en tis m , Dam pnum , s u t G ra v amen :
E t, s i q uid ei s foris fac tum v el i nj uria tum fu erit, id eis sine
di latione debi te corrigi reforms ri facia ti s ; ita tamen q uod pra d icti, c

Jo ha mres , W i ll ielmus, Johannes, erga 08 N

Popul um nostrurn ,
bent fidel ite r se gers nt, 85 A r ti ficio Bono Legs li perutan tur .

I n cuj us, &c , per unum A nnu m d uratu ras

. .

T cs te R ege s pud W es tmons s te riu m quarto d ie Man .

”

No doubt the kin g foun d it n ecessar y to inv ite ski lled

artifice rs from abr oad in co nse qu en ce of cl ocks com ing
,

into gene ral u se and O f th e p aucity of good n ati ve wor k

,

men an d of there bei ng ma ny m ere pretenders to th e

,

art of cl ockmaki ng.

52 DU KE O F O RLEA NS ’
C L OC K .

Lehmann in forms us th at th ere was a cl ock at S pir e

in 1395 .

In certain earl y documents preserved in th e Britis h

Museum cl ocks are mention ed as fol l ows : Un der da te
,

May 13th 1 396 Jehan de Men el ix mas ter of the

, , ,

works to the D uke of O rl eans ce rtified tha t T hi n oma n ,

”
Ro geret constell ier et o uvri er d e forge
,
had m ad e ,

le R e loige (H orl oge) de C hasteaun euf cestassavoir les , ,

mouvemens roes et r oez et apparten an di t R el oige

’

, , ,
”
excepté la C l oich e for th e sum of thir ty si x gold
,
-

c rowns . Under date December 1 396 Pierre l o Queux , , ,

”
O rlaugeur ackn o wl edged the rece ipt of th irty gol d
,

cro wns s t eighteen sol z e ach from G od e firoy l e Fe vr e

'

, , ,

val et of the chamber of the D uke of O rl eans pour l a ,

”
vente d e trois A uloiges U nder date O cto ber 7th 1 397 .
, ,
”
Ro bert Dorigny fevr e ackn owledged the receipt of
, ,

n ine li vres tournois pour avoir descen di et mis par

membres le m ouvem en t de l orloge qui estoit en l ostel
’ ’

d e Mons 19 Due a Asniere et ycell u i conduit et fait

.
,
”
adm ener a ses fra iz a Vil l ers C oster et by order of the ,

D uchess Under date August 9th 1 401 J ehan Dal e

.
, ,

maige serrurier of Paris ackn owl edged th e receipt

, , ,

of s ixty six sols Pari s fr om the re ceiv er of th e fin ances

-
,

of th e Du chess of O rl ea ns pour un mouvement on ,

petite O rloge s chaté de lui pour mettre en la cham bre

”
d e m a d ite D ame Under date Decem ber 1 9th 1 407
.
, ,
”
J eh an L iebourc faiseu r d O rl oges at Paris acknow
,
’

, ,

l edged the receipt of fifty five sol z to ur nois from the -

r eceiv er gen eral O f th e C onte d A n oul esm e p d x ’

-
g o u r eu ,

r l ui mis es pour l O rl o e de m on
’
r o es e t a utre s choses
pa g
”
d it S eign eur .

T h e first cl ock i n S pain was set u p in th e cathe

seen

dral of S evil le in 1 400 C a rp entier, in h is supplem ent .

to D u C ange, cites a d ecision of the Parliament of Paris

 WA L BE RS WI C K C L OC K .
53

in 1 41 3, in which Henr y Bye, one of th e parties, is

s tyl ed H orologis tori s et custod is sen guberna tor is horo
”
logii pal atii n ostri Par isi us .

By th e churchws r dens accou nts for Wal berswick,

’

S ufiolk, we fi nd that i n 1 45 1 , the sum of el even pence

’

was Payd to the c lock m aker and in the n ext fol

l o win g yea r th e su m of l 2a 8d was also pai d to him . . .

I n 14 95 the churchws rd ens Payd J ohn Payn , of S outh

w ol d, the smyt h for a n ew cl oke, 6s This ite m .

i nterestingl y i ll ustrates th e cost of ea rl y cl ocks, and

s hows that a smith was th e sell er of th e one in question .

T h e works of earl y cl ocks wer e gen erall y forged by

s m iths, who wer e in fac t th e cl ockm ak ers of that d ay .

Probabl y th e Walbers wick cl ock that cost on l y 68 8 d , . .

,

was a n inferior on e an d soon get ou t of order for we , ,

find that the ch urch ws rd ens in 1 499 Payd to Nichol as

S ch rebbys for the cloke th e se veral sums of I t 1 38 4d . . .
,

68 8 d .
, l l 2s ,. an d 1 3s 4d . .

Ni N
.

r rn be rg or berg had a cl ock in 1 462 u rem

'

T he wil l of John Be r et of B ury S t Edmun d s dated

’
, .
,
“
in 1 4 6 3 con tains th e foll o wi ng bequ es t
, I tm I wil ,

v n d be w t h rl t th S xt f S n t
y e e a q e e y e e
y o e e ey n o ey
Mar ie chi rche viijs to ke ep the cl okke ta ke hede to .
,

the chymes wyn de vp th e peys an d th e pl u mmys as

,
” ”
ofi e as n ed e i s T h e peya a n d th e pl um mys were
.

t he greater and l ess er weights ( th e l atter bein g probabl y

formed of l ead ) fr om the F rench poid s and pl om bs
, .

I n th e Proctors Acco unts for 1 4 6 9 of S t M ary s at

’ ’
.
,
”
O xfo rd is this item
, Pro custodis h oril ogij vjs viijd , . .

”
A nd in 1 473 Pr o custodis h ori logij iiijs
, I n 1 523 , .
,

S t Mar y s was fu rnished wi th a cl ock out of fines im

’
.
,

ed ou the n egl igent stud ents of th at u ni v ers ity I n

p os .

t he V ice C ha nce ll o r s accoun ts fr om 1 5 50 to 1 5 54 is an

’
-

i te m of l l 143 paid to Thomas Mas ey for m endinge

.
,
54 WI G T O FT C L OC K .

of St . Maryes cl och e 25 Junn , ,

travell ings (w o rkin ) b
g y
th e p s ace of t wo weekes th ereon and te n pen ce we re

als o pa id l ock to the sam e m ach in e

for a .

A t th e close of the fiftee nth centu ry , m an y of th e

princi pal cities of E urope were withou t public cl oc ks,
whi ch coul d be procured only at great expense O f this .

we h ave an i nstan ce in th e ci ty of A uxerre , the m agis

tr ates of wh ich p lace, in the y ea r 1 48 3, ord ered a cloc k
to be m ad e ; bu t fin d ing that it wou ld cost a l arger sum
of m on ey t ha n th at wh ich th e y c ons id er ed th e y ha d

au tho rity to d ispo se of, th e y applied to C harl es VII I to .

al low th e m to dra w u pon the pu bli c fun ds for t h e pur pose .

I n th e D un stable Priory is this item

an nal s of
”
In 1 48 3 made a clock o ver th e pul pit
, I n earl y .

da ys an hour glass was us ed as a tim e measurer in

- -

chu rch es and occ as io nall y the priest h ad a wa tch foun d

,

hi m by h is paris h .

S O early as 1 48 4 W al ther and afte r him the Lan d

, ,

v e of H esse made use of a ba lan ce cl ock for astro -

g r a ,

nomi cal pur p oses .

I n th e ch urch ws rdens accounts for W igto ft n ear

’
,

Boston Lincolnsh ir e und er date 1 48 4 we find an

, , ,

Item paide to R io A n ngel l for kepyng of (that is

, .
,

l ooking after or m an aging) th e elok 3s 4d Item , . .

,

paide for dr essyng of the clok l 0d Item pai d ,

.
,
’
to R ob t Pan l yn for di ston e fem bl e (fembl e or fim
bl e a kind of fin e or fem al e hemp) for l ynes to cl oc k
,

pl umes ( pl um bs or l ead weights) and for m aky ng of ,

t he sa m e fem bl e 5d an d Item paide for n e il es to

, .
,

th e sa id cl ok I d I n th e sam e accou n ts for 1 5 1 1 is

, .

“
an I tm paid for i l y n e for ye cl oc ke 3d
, an d a , .

s imilar i tem occurs in 1 5 1 9 I n 15 23 I tm payd to

“
.
, ,
”
th e cloke maker l s I n 1 5 25 “
,I tm payd to th e
.
, ,
”
cl ok e mak er 5a
”
an d I tm for clok m eynddyng 4s
, , , , .
56 NU R E MBER G CL OC K S .

th e ca nons of th e Pri ory ofS t Mary, Huntingdon, for

.

th e years 1 5 1 7 and 15 1 8 , is the fol lowing : Ite m , s ix

bells of a tune, and a cl oc k bell , whereof the deepnes
”
and bred th appeareth by the i n vento ry .

Nuremberg has from the earliest tim cs been famous

for its manufacture of horol ogical instrum ents, as we
shall ha ve occasion to sh ow d urin g th e progres s of ou r

histor y I n the tr eas ury at V ienna are many curious

.

cl ocks and watc hes of e arl y Nurembe rg m ake At .

a m eeting of th e Ar chmologi cal Inst itute , hel d on

Dece m ber 3rd, 1 8 5 2, Mr O ctavius Morgan whose

.
.

coll ection of ti e k eeping mach in es is v er y c hoice and

m -

ex te n s iv e, exh ibite d a ta b l e-c l ock w h i ch wa s fa br icated

at th at city about 1 5 25 5 0 A t a m eeti n g of t his

- .

institute hel d at G l ouceste r in Jul y, 1 8 60 be d ispl ayed a ,

cl ock or orrery cons tr ucted on th e Ptol emai c system, the

date of it being about 1 5 40 A t a meeting of the same

.

i nstitute, h el d on D ecember 7th , 18 5 5, the sa me gen

tlem an exhi bited a cl ock in th e for m of an hexago nd
tem pl e, and bearing the date 1545 . A t a m eeting of
th e S ociety of An tiqu ar ies, h eld on March 1 st, 1 85 5,
Mr M rg
. o an e xh ib ite d a c yl in dr ics l or d ru m - h p
s a ed
ta b l e -cl ock O f sil ver gil t , rese mbl in
g th e Bohemian

cl ock in th e S ocie ty s col lection, to whi ch we have

’

before referred, in form and constr uction, and pro

babl y of the same date The m ovement was entirely
.

of steel , quite original a nd in pe rfect con d iti o n

, The .

hand r evol ved once in twenty four hours, and the hours
-

were nu mbered from o ne to twenty fo ur - There were

.

also on the face revol ving d iscs and in di ces, showi n

g
the course of th e sun an d m oon thr ough th e zodi ac,
an d th e age and ph as es of the m oon .A mark at the
bottom showed it to have been made at Nurember g .

N umerous entries rel ating to cl ocks and watches,

 N
H E R Y VII I .
’
s C L OC KS .
57

whi ch l atter d cl ocks occur in the accounts of

are call e ,

the Privy P urse Expenses of Hen ry VIII from 1 5 29

‘
.
,

to edi ted by S ir H ar ri s N icolas The kin g .

a ppea rs to have patronized forei n ar ti sans onl y

g ,
W e

find cited pa yments to Nich olas th e astr on om er for , ,

m end ing a cl ock This was doubtless Nichol as C ratzer

. ,
”
a Ba varian devis er of king s hor ol ogies of whom
,
'

n otices will be seen in th e third series of O riginal

Le tte rs edited by S ir H Ellis and s detailed account
,
’
.
,

by Ad miral S myt h in th e A r chaeologia vol xxxiii

’

,
. .
,

1 4 Mo y w l p i d t A n thon y f r a cl oc k in
p. . n e a s a so a o o

o the
“
a case of
g o l d I n J u l y 15 30
. 1 51 we re, p a i d t , .

”
F ren chman who sol d the ki ng ij cl ocks at O king .

I n the following month was paid to a F renchman

call e d Dr ulard r ii d al ls and a cl okk for th e king s
’
y fo j y
”
g race a,n ot h e r su m o f 15 1 I n D ec em b er .of the

sam e y ear more cl ocks were supplied to the king ;

1 91 1 6s 8 d being
. . paid to Vincent K eney clok
.
,

maker for xj cl okks and diall s

, Fro m the fact that .

th e king ordered and paid for so m an y cl ocks and

watc hes in th e space of only a few m onths we may ,

assume that som e of them were inte nded as presen ts

to be given by him About a year l ater namel y in

.
, ,

January 1 532 were paid out of th e king s private purse

, ,
’

to th e Fr en ch cl okm ak er for ij cl okks xxx corons

”
o ns) an d a reward s of xx corons in all l v corons
( cr w , ,
.

O n March 1 5th in the sam e y ear were paid to one

”
L ycile a widows for vij cloke cases xxv s a pece
, , , . . .

of I ron wi th son dr y dores of copper

“
An other cl ock ,
”
ven showin h w t h do th e bb e and flo ws
g r a g o s e see e ,

claims n otice as it may ha ve been the as tron omical

,

clock constructed and presented to Henry by John

Poyns t Bishop of Winchester of whom God wi n relates

, ,
58 A NNE BOL E Y NS ’
C LO C K .

Math ematicar um porro scientiar um ad miracul um

us que peritus Henrico octavo dicitur horologium fabri
,

cass e qu od non sol um ho ras v ul gares os ten deret se d

, ,

diem etiam mensis m utationes l unares et fiuxus atqu e

, ,
”
r efinxus maris te m pora .

A mo ng the m any i nteresting obj ects of antiquity

whi ch were coll ected by Horace Wal pol e and 10dgod ,

in his sham castle at S tra wberry Hill was a handsome ,

li ttle clock of brass ( by mista ke someti m es said to ha ve

been sil ver gilt) which had been pre sented by Henry
,

VIII to A nn e Bol eyn upon their marriage in 1 5 32

. .

I t was given to Walpol e by Lady E li zabet h Germaine .

A t th e S trawberr y Hill sal e this famo us cl ock was

purchased by Queen Victoria for 1 1 01 5a and it is .
,

now at Windsor C astl e an d in goi ng order I t is

, .

ri chl y chas ed and en graved and or na m en ted with fieurs ,

d e lis and other thi n gs

- O n the to p is placed a li on
.

bearin g th e arms O f E ngland The weights ar e chased .

with the i nitials of H enry and Anne within tru e l ove rs

’

”
kn ots O ne bears the inscription Th e most happys
.
, ,

the oth er the royal m otto

, Th e cl ock has been re .

paired ; th e interior wheel s are now al l of brass and the ,

whol e train is of com pa rati vel y r ecent da te ; while from

t he style of th e m echan ism and the a daption for a
p e n d ul u m an in feren ce ma
y be d ra wn th at th e repai r

took pl ace about th e year 1 6 8 0 This cl ock will be .

foun d figured in th e A rchaeol ogis

’
v ol xxxi v ; in , . .

S ha w s Dresses and D ecorations

’
an d in K ni ht s
’

g
London vol iii p 1 60
’
, . .
, . .

I n a R oyal Househol d Book temp H enr y V I II and , . .

E dward V I preserved am ong the R ecords of the C ourt

.
,

of Augmentations n ow deposi te d at th e R olls are in

, ,

ventories of cer tain val uabl e effects bel on in t H y

g g o e n r
 WE S TMI NS T E R PAL A C E C L OC KS . 59

VIII in th e pal ace at Westm inster in 1 542

. Amon g .

t he effects were the foll o wing cl ocks

Item, oone C locks of ir on with a case of glasse, the
fra m e of the same case being iron gilt with iij pl um ettes
of l ed an d two bell es whi ch e str yke th th e qu arter and

h alf of hower an .

Ite m oon s L s rum or Watch of iron the case bein g ,

like wi se iron gilt with t wo pl um ettes of l ed

, .

Item oons C l ocks of copper and gil t with a m an

, ,

in th e toppe of the sam e of li k e copper holdi n g the ,

King his a rmes sett in sil ver an d gilt stand ing upon a ,

fote of waln uttr e garnishid with xij pill our s of li ke

wod de .

“
Item , C
oone l o ck s of i r o n w i th a L s r um t o t h e

sam e, with th e Ki n es a rm e s crown d upon the sam e,

g y
with iij cou nterpoyses of C opper , two of them wr yth en
a n d gi lt, an d th e ii d e pl a yn e an d n o tt gil t, wi th iij
j . .

smal l er c ou n ter poyses of l ik e copper an d gil t .

Ite m, oons C locks of ir on havin g dores of copper and

not gil t, wi th iij bell es an d t wo men th at stryketh the
.

hower, and upon th e top of th e bell an egle gilt sett

u pon a case of ir on colouri d red, wit h iij e at pl om etts s
.
g r

of copper and ii l p ettes to the same, an d th e

j sm. a e l u m
sam e cl ock ha v ing th e chain gs of th e m oon e upo n i t .

Item oons C locks of copper an d gilt, with a chym e

,

to the sam e, showin g all th e d aies of the yer e an d th e

l a n tt es with iij m ovin d i ll t th e sam e, con e of
p e , .
g e es o

t h em beyn g sil ver s n n am ul ed bl ews and the 10 3 signes .

i
g , l t w i t h th r e g re at c o u n t er
p y
o se s of c opp e r il
g , t an d
iij v ery sm al e counterpoyses of like copper gil t
. .

Item , oons C l ocks of copper an d gilt, wi th a chym e

to th e sam e at th e h alf hower, having th e chaings of
th e moons , th e K in ges armes graven upon the ij dores, .
60 S IR T H O MA S MO R E S C LO C K
’
.

with iij gr eat plum ettes of c opper il

g , t engra en v with
t he K inges an d Queue Annes l etters, an d t wo sm al e

plumettes l ike o ilt an d t he iij d e wre then all

ac rns g , .

g il t
Item oons roun ds C locks of iron with sond ry dores
, ,

of c0 pper gra ven sho wing h ows th e see doth e e bbe an d

,

flows with a cas e of glasse sett in iron gilt stan ding

, ,

upon a foote or case of wodde wi th iij grea t counte r , .

poyses and two smal e of copper and the iij de smal e , .

oon e being of led .

Item oons C l ocks of ir on with a la rum to the

, ,

sam e stryki n g bu tt oons stroke at the hal f hower with

, ,

a case of gl asse sett in iron gilte a nd pa yn tid with iij ,

g r ea t a nd i ij s m al e p l om e tte s of l ed .

I tem oone C l ocks of ir on garnisshid with copper

,

and gilt with a G e orge u pon th e top of the same

, ,
”
whic h C lo ck s goyth withowte an y counterpoys e .

S ir An thony D enny to whose charge th e efiects en u

’

merate d abov e were entrus ted as keeper of th e pal ace at ,

Westminster in 1 542 appears to have presented to ,

Henry VIII a very sin gul ar clock as a n ew year s gifl

.
’
.

I t was design ed by Hol bein whos e drawin g pur chased , ,

by Horace Walpol e at the sale of Mariette s collection ’

was exh ibite d to th e S ociety of Anti qua ries by Mr .

G raves i n 1 8 48 I t had on its su mmit a cl ock driven

.

by wheel wo rk bel o w which were before and after noon

,

dials showin g time by shadows ; and be neath them was

,

a cl epsydr a indicatin g th e qu arters of an hour by means

,

of a fluid .

G em ma F risina preposed th e use O f a portable cl ock

for ascertaining the l ongitude at sea about the yea r
1 530 .

At Waterton Hall is the cl c o k which S ir Thomas

More , who was b eheaded in 1535 , us e d in his study .
 H A MPT O NCOU RT C L O C K . 61

A deeply interestin g picture from Holbein s design ’

although not fro m his han d an d n ow belon in

g g t o Mr , .

C harl es Winn of Yorksh ir e re pr esen ts th e fam il y of

, ,

S ir Th omas in h is house at C h elsea of which E ras mus ,

has l eft us such a charmin g description Members of .

his fam ily are grouped upon the r ush es in th e pl easant

ga ll er y wi th its traverse or cross r oom and o ver the
, ,

chan cel lor s head han s hi s fem ous cl ock h ich still
’

g w ,

k eeps time .

Pilkington in his Hi story of Dal e Abbey Derby

,
’
,

shire sa ys the
, , when Joh n S taunton and the other
monks su rr en der ed the abbey in 1 539 the abbey clo ck ,

sol d for six sh illi n s

g .

At Ham pton C ourt Pal ace over th e gateway in th e ,

secon d qua drangle of that por tion of t he buil d in g

which was erected by C a r din al Wolsey facin g the eas t , ,

were the di al an d works O f an ol d astr ono m ical clock ,

wh ich ha d en graven on it the in itials of th e m ak er ,

N O and th e date of its construction 1 540 Th is

. .
, , .

cl ock wh en en tire sho wed the twel v e signs of the

zodi ac with th e ris in nd settin g of the sun the re

, g a ,

vol utions O f th e pl anets the v arious phases of th e ,

moon and other th ings

, I t is said to ha ve been one of
.

the firs t of this kind fabricated in E nglan d an d the ,

oldest untouch ed cl ock in this cou n try th at went tol er

abl y wel l I t appears that in 1575 a paym ent was

.

m ade To G eorge G aver serj ea nts pain te r for pa intin g, ,

th e great di al at H am pton C o urt con ta in ing th e ho wr es ,

of the day an d night th e cou rse of th e so nn e and mon e

, ,

the xij signes with th e charac ters of vij plan e te s ,

en vir oned in to a circl e th e sea shi pp ee an d te rritories ;

, , ,

and on the oth er si de cer tian badges of the croun e all ,

wrought in oil col ours as vermilion &c and guil d s d , , .

,

with fine goul ds ; for cl ensinge the sconde diall contg .

 H A MPT O NC O U R T C LO C K .

the bo wers of the dai s , h alf-h owers an d quarte rs , and

in divers places he r mat trio of nam e and sondr ie h er '

,

m at badges wrough t l ike wi se in oyle colours and

‘
,
”
uil ds d wi th fin e go ul ds
g .

A d escription of Hampton C ourt in 1 6 49 te ll s us ,

that in th e c l ock cas e u po n th e G rea t H all there is

-
, ,

on e l a r ge b ell an d a cl ock u nder it v e ry useful for t he

, ,

whol e house h av i ng a fa ir d ial or fin ge r u pon the end

,
”
of the sa id G reat Hal l facin g i nto the G r ea t C ou r t , .

This cl ock was repa ir e d by Lang Bra dl e y of F en ,

chu rch S tr ee t in 1 7 1 1 Un der the date 1 742 we r ead

, .

in r eferen ce to H am pton C ou rt that O ve r th e porta l ,

of th e secon d q u a d ran gl e is a beau tiful as tr on o mi ca l

cl ock th e workm an ship and co ntr ivan ce of the l ate cel e

’

br ated Tom pion on which a re cu ri ou sl y r epr esen ted the

,

r isin a nd settin f t h u n h is rad ua l p r o ression

g g o e s g g ,

th rou gh th e twel v e signs o f th e zodiac t he v ari ous ,

phases of the m oon an d o th er such e m blem atical ,

a m use m ents es j ustl y m ak e i t th e O bj e ct o f u n ive rsal

”
a d m ira tion T his statem e nt is assum ed to be in correct
.

so far a s it r el ate s to Tom pion ; a lt hou gh G r oss i n his ,

An tiquities vol iii p 1 4 5 m ake s the sam e sta tem en t

,
’
. .
,
.
,

as t o t h e constr uctor I t seem s th at the clock was a gain

.

r ep air ed an d al ter e d b e twe e n th e y ea rs 1 76 0 an d 1 800 .

F urth er p articulars r el atin g to it wil l be foun d in the

Mir ror vol xxvrI p 302 T he presen t cloc k was
’
, . .
, . .

m ade by V u llia my an d was brought from the late ,

Buckingham Palace an d put up here in 1 8 35 G P R , . . . .

Jam es th e n ovel ist wrote the foll o wing li nes on the

, ,

old cl ock wi tho ut ha nds at Ha m pton C o ur t

Memento of the g by hours, one-

'

Dos t thou reca l l alone the pas t

W h y s tand s t thou silent midst these to wers,
' ’

W hen time sti ll files so fast ?

64 C LO C KS GO I NG LO NG TI ME .

I n th e bedroom of W illiam I I I at H ampton C o u r t .

Palace is a clock which stands at th e head of th e bed ,

and was m ad e by D ani el Qu are I t is in sha pe lik e .

th e ol d tall eight-d ay cl ocks, an d is decorated at the t op

wi th gil t figures I t goes t wel ve m onths wi thout
. re

quiri ng winding up .

I n T he Times newspaper, Febr uar y, 1 827, an adv e r

tisem ent app ear ed for th e sal e of a v al u abl e a n d
”
curious cl ock for 201 , to go for twel ve m onths It .

state d th at only three of these rare cl ocks were ev er

made nam el y one at Ham pton C ourt one in a n ob l e
, , ,

ms n s famil y and th e oth er at the advertiser s

’ ’

, .

Babbage in his E conomy of Manufactur es 1 8 35

, ,
’
,

tells us th at the extend ing the tim e of the action o f

for ces is one of the m ost common an d m ost useful
of th e em pl oym ents of m achi nery T h e half m inu te .
-

whi ch we d a il y devote to th e win ding up of our watc h es

is an ex er tion of l abour al most i nsensibl e ; yet by th e ,

a id of a fe w wh eel s its effect is spr ea d ov er the w hol e

,

t wenty four hours

- I n our cl ocks th is exten sion of th e
.
,

time of a ctio n of th e or igi nal fo rce im pressed is ca rri e d

sti ll furth er ; the better ki nd u sual ly r eq ui re wi ndin g u p -

once in eight days an d some are occas ion all y m ade

,
”
to con tinue in action dur in g a m onth a n d ev en a year , .

E arl y in the l ast ce ntury a t the Palazzo d i C olonns at

R o m e was a portable cl ock which was woun d up onl y ,

on ce a year an d sho wed th e hour of the day th e m onth

, , ,

th e y ea r an d other things
,
T he Marquis of Bute had .

at L u to n Park Bedfor d a cloc k which was co ntri ved to

, ,

r one h undred years I S r John M oor e s accou nt

’

g o fo n i .

“
of h is l a rge sph ere going cl ock work - Math C om .

we read th at it m ad e a r e vol ution of on ce in

seven te en tho usan d on e h und red years by m eans of six ,

wheels an d five pin ions for th e su n s apogeum

’

, .
 C L OC K F OU ND AT R O YS T O N . 65

A t a mee ting of the C ambridge An ti quarian S oci ety,

h el d on N
ovember 29th , 1 8 47, Pr ofessor Wil lis ma de

s ome remarks on a cl ock which had be en found in an

O ld hous e n ear R oyston ; bu t which was th en in th e

m us eum of the society for which it had been purchas ed

,

by th e private subscription of a fe w O f the members .

H e consider ed it to have been m ade in the time of

H enry VII I but not in E ngland The works having
.
, .
,

an escapem ent an d pe ndul um coul d n ot ha ve been of ,

t hat d ate since a pen dul um was first applied to clocks

,

i n the latter hal f of th e seventeenth century Th e case .

was i n th e form of a tower with corner pinnac l es The .

parapet of the sides was om s ms nted with what is termed

fla mboyant tracery form ed of pierce d work O n each .

sid e of the fac e was a p il e of buttresses s upportin n

g a

ogee arch enclosing the cl ock face the space between -

,

whi ch an d th e ar ch was fill ed up by a mass of most

beautiful stumped tracery A s stumped tracery was not
.

use d in Engl an d or France the P rofessor supposed the

,

cl ock was m ade in G erm an y probabl y at Nur emberg

, .

I n the year 1 544 the C orporation of Master C l ock

ma kers of Paris obtained from Francis I a statute in .

their fa vour forbiddin g any one who was not an ad mi tted

,

ma ster to make cl ocks watc hes or al arums large or small

, , , .

I n the accoun ts of the C ha mb erl ain of Norwich among ,

charges for th e cel ebration of th e exequies of Henr y VIII .

“
i n 1 5 47 a pa yment appears to the C larks O f C ryste church
, ,

for ryngyn g the cl ocher bells T he belfr y or bell house

.
-

was sometim es ca ll ed the clochier an d the clokerre .

I n the chur chws rdens accounts of S t Margaret s

’ ’
.
,

W estminste r un der date 1 548 is the foll owing item

, ,

Al so paid to the said John Iver y for the keeping of

the v a cl ock and viii a cl ock for half a yere and hal f
,
”
a q uarter ended at the same feast 1 68 8d , . .
66 E DWA RD VI . G I V ES A C L OC K .

W e find in an account of the O rdenarys Ps ym entes

in S ep t 3 E d w . 15 5 0 m ade on be hal f of the
.
,

king the foll owing Ite m to A ll aine Bawdyson clocks

, ,

ma ker by vertue of th e K s warra nt under hi s prevye

,
.

si gnet dated at the pe laice of Westm t he thu rde d ays

' ~

o f April ] A
“
R egis E d war di sexti ii the wages or
fee of viij by d ays wh ich S ebastian L ysne y cl ocks ,

maker l ate enjoyed &c xij iiij

,
‘i
.
‘

I n the C al e ndar o f S ta te Papers temp E d ward VI

’
, . .
,

we fin d und er d ate D ece m ber 25 th 1 5 5 1 a l etter

, , ,

writte n at Paris by S ir William Pickerin g to S ir W il l iam

C ecil i n wh ich th e wr iter refers to a book en ti tl ed
,
’
L H orloge de P rin ces
’
.

S trype in h is Life of S ir John C heke S ecreta ry of

’

, ,

S tate in the time of Edwar d V I and wh o di ed in .

,

1 5 5 7 m entions that am ong other presents bestowed

,

on him by the ki ng was his o wn cl ock which after h is ,

d eath came into the poss ession of Dr Edwi n S andys .

,

Bishop of W orcester (afte rwards Archbishop of York and ,

fath er of G eorge S andys th e poet) who in 1 5 6 3 gave it

, ,

as a n e w y ear s gift to S ir Wil li a m C e cil the S ec r eta r y

’
-
, ,

a fte rwards Lord Bu rghle y S trype wr iting in 1 705 .

, ,

says : A n d a mong the r e st of these greater G ifts of the

K ing I m ust n ot forget the m ent ion of on e sm all e r a
, ,

token yet of the Lo ve h e had for him ; and that was of

h is O wn C l ock by wh ich tis probable his Maj esty with
’

his schoolm aste r had studied ma n y an Hour This .

C l oc k which he gave him I can trace for two or t hree ,

r e m ov es From C heke it ca m e whether by G ift or

.
,

oth e r wise into th e hands of Dr Ed win S an dys who

, .
, ,

being Bis hop of W orcester in the begin ning of Q .

E lizabeth about th e y ear 1 5 6 3 m ade a N

, e w Y ear s ,
’

Gift of this old C l ock to C ecyl the S ecr eta r y which he ,

sai d he was sure h e woul d the r ather accept beca use it ,

 QU E E NMAR Y S ’
C L O C KS .
67

was his old Master s of happy Mem ory King Edward

’
, ,
”
a nd afte r, his l oving an d kind brother s
’
.

E llis, in his O riginal Letters, gives us a copy of the

’

epist le which S an dys wr ote to C ecil with the cl ock , on

Decem ber 28th, 1 5 6 3 The following extract will show

.

with what grace th e B ishop m ad e hi s gift S uche ys

the barreuses of this C oun trie th at yt bringith n othi ng
forth fitt to rem ember youe withall, and th erfor I am
bold to present youe with an olde C l ock, in the stead of
a Ne w ears
y if
g , t whi ch I tr ust ye will th e rath er a cc ept
beca use yt was your olde m asters of happy memorie
K ing Ed ward s, and afterwards your l ovinge and l earned
’

brother s Mr C heekes ; and syn cs , hys wh o thinkith

’
.

”
himself in many r espectes most boun den unto yous .

I n A Books of F ees an d O ffices, pri me di e Augusti

h
’
ann o p Rrime
e gi n e M ari e, 1 5 53,
p r eser ved in t e

l ibra ry of D ul wich C oll ege, is an enumers tion of s rti

ficers of v arious kinds, an d among them we find a
C l ock s keper , John de Moylym, and a cl ockemaker,
”

N icholas U rse we
”
.

In year s gifts presented to Queen

’
an acc un t of n ew o -

Mary on Jan uary 1 st in the thir d and fourth years of

,

h er r eign 1 55 6 we find th e foll owing :

, , By Nicholas
Vrain a fairs cl oke in a case coner with bl ake v ellet ;
, , ,

and By Joh n Demol yn a cloke with a lam bs on it of ,

”
C opper u i lt All o win f r the ca pri ces of an ci en t
g , .
g o

orthography we conclu de that these two donors were

,

th e sam e identi cal persons as those m entioned in the

last paragraph and were also skill ed horologists settled
,

in England N icholas U rses u is nam ed in certain state

.

Q li
’

p a p ers u n,d e r d a tes 1 5 7 2 an d 15 90 a s uee n E zabeth s ,

cl oc km aker
‘
.

I n 1 5 6 0 Tycho Brahe possessed four cl ocks whi ch ,

Vida page 74 .
68 E A RL O F L E I C E S TE R S C LO C K
’
.

indicated hours, minutes, and seconds ; th e l argest had

but th ree wheels, the diameter of one of them being
three feet, and containing twel ve hundred teeth, a proof
of the im erfect state of cl ockw or k at t hat period
p .

Brah e also observed ir regularities in his clocks dependent

u
pon chan es
g in the atmosphere .

A t a mseting of the Archae ological Institute hel d on

Jun e 3rd, 1 8 53, Mr 0 Morgan exhibite d a table -clock
. .

of about 1 —
5 6 0 8 0 ; and at a m eetin g of th e sam e In sti
tute, hel d on J an uar y 3rd , 1 8 5 1 , Mr N T Wethere ll
’

. . .

exhibited a h exa go al tabl e c ock of the latter part of

n - l

th e reign of E lizabeth, the wor ks of which were formed

of b rass .

I n the S outh R em ingto n Museum is a cl ock in gilt

bronze, with a perforated case, supporte d on a bal uster
shaped stem with chi selled car tou che orna m en ts T he .

sum mi t is su rm unte
d by a palm tree in gil t bronze
o - .

I t is of Ital ian work about 1 570 T he enti re height is

, .

seven inches I t was purc hased for 1 01

. .

I n a brief of th e goods bequeathed by Archbishop

Parker by hi s wil l dated April 5th 1575 we fin d a
, , ,

cl ock or watch v al ued at 5 41 4c o th e B ishop of

'
, gi ven t . .
,

E l y baculum meum de cannfi In dies qui hor ol ogi um

, ,

Q ueen Elizabeth s favourite the Earl

’
Leicester
, of ,

who spa red n o expense in the adornm ent an d im prove

m ent of hi s prin cel y seat of K eml worth caused a
'

stri king clock to be pl aced in th e C aesar tower the ,

oldest portion of that castle This clock as we gather .

,

from a contemporary descri ption of it had two dials , ,

on e facin th d th o th t th w f l
g sou an e , er e as ; ey ere o ar
ge

size and coated wi th a li ht blu e colour havin t

-h
, g g e ,

figur es gil t Th e clock bell was good and shrill ; but

.
-

”
we are tol d that it sang not a note all the time that
 C L OC K A T KE NI L WO R TH . 69

Q ueen Elizabeth was a guest of the E arl, in the summ er

of The in str um ent was stopped, an d the hands

1 5 75 .

of both di al s remai n ed pointin g at two o cl ock Lane ’

.

ham, wri tin g at the time, gives t he foll owing accoun t of

th e event : Too dyalz ny un to the battilm ents ar set
al ofl; u pon too of th e sidsz of C aezar s Tour ; on e east
’

thooths r scouth ; for so ston d they best, to shea w the .

h oourz to th e tooun and cuntree : both fayr e, large , and

rich, by byse for gro un d, an d gool d for l s tts r z, whearby

t hey glitt er cons picu ous a great wey of The clo bell ,k
.
-

that iz good h
an d s r ill , waz comm aun ded to sil ens at

first, and indeeds sang not a n ote all the whil e her
H ighnes waz th ear ; the clok stood allso still withall .

But mar k now, whith er wear it by chauns, by constel

lation of starz, or by fats l appoyntm ent (if fatez and
stat z do deal with di alz) , thus waz it in d eeds T he .

handz of both th e tablz stood firm and fast, all weyz

”
pointing too j ust too a cl ok, still at too a clok .

I n 15 77, Moestlin had a cl ock which made two

thousand five hun dred and t wenty eight beats in an
-

hour ; and by counting th e number of beats made

dur ing th e ti me of the sun s passage over a m eridian ,
’

the sun s diameter was deter min ed to be 34

’ '

Mongez, in his Histoire de l a R ein e Marguerite de

Valois, tells us that in 1 5 77 the town of Valenciennes
’

was ornée d édificss som ptueux, de fontain es agréabl es

’

’
s t d horl oges av ec d es carill on s, q ui a vec u n s in dustri e

p r op re a u x All em an ds, n a d onn o ie n t p as pe u d e m er

v eill es 5 n os Fr an ois, ne l s ur estant commun de voir

c
des horloges repr esenter un e agréabl e musique de voix
a v ec au tant de fortes de personn es u e l s petit chastsa u
q
q on a l oit voir eu fauxbourg S a
u
’
l in t -G r m ain
e .

’
I n the C al endar of S tate Papers, ta np Elizabeth, .

under date April , 1 582, we find a not e of things con

70 PE NDU L U M INV E NT E D .

s id ere d of by T homas Bedwell among which was an ,

idea to make a clock to go by water continuall y without

setting This no doubt was some invento r s crochet in
.
, ,
’

the air about a perpetual cl epsydra ; but i t does n ot

a ppear th at the auth oriti es fostered it .

O ne of the most importa nt discoveries in re lati on to

th e history of cl ocks beca use upon it their accuracy
,

m ai nl y depends was tha t of th e isochr onism of th e

,

pendul um which G alileo the famous astronomer in

, , ,

1 5 8 2 when a stud en t of m edi cine at the Uni versity of

,

Pisa happened to make whil e engaged in th e C athedral

,

of that city in the con te m plation of the la m ps w hich

s wu n by hains fr om th e roof H ob v d th t th i
g c e s er e a e r .

oscill ations whether great or sm all were perform ed in

, ,

equal times ; the tru th of whi ch impor tant fac t he

tested by the beats of his own pul se H e afte rwards d is .

c over ed that the sh orts r th e pe ndul um the l ess was the

i —
t ime of its v bration a fact which was ul ti mate l y
demonstrated by S ir Isaac Newton A pendul um of .

thi rty nine inches and two tenths will oscillate on ce in

- -

a sec ond precisel y in th e la titu de of Lon don ; but th e

pendulu m of a cl ock adj uste d to time in that place

r equi res to be l engthe ned if taken n earer eithe r of the

pol es or shortened if taken to wards the equator

, .

T he first use th at th e young ph il osopher G al ileo made of

his di scovery was to ascertain the rate and variations
of the h uman puls e I ts appli ca tion to cl ockwork was
.

an after thought for whi ch he has not the cr edi t ; th e

-
,

merit of the in vention of pendul um c l ocks being -

c om m onl y attributed to C hr is tian Huy ens l v

g a c e er ,

Dutchman about 1 6 57 A pendulum clock was how

, .
-
,

e v er made by R ich ard H arris a London ar tist for S t

, , , .

Paul s church C ovent Garden in 1 6 41 or 1 642 ; Ini go

’

, ,

Jones the architect of this church ha ving been in Ital y

. ,
72 H U YGE NS ’
CL OC K .

Arabs were ac uainteq d with the fact that a pendul ons

body wh en
, set in m oti on mad e t wo hundred oscilla
,

tions in a g iv en t i m e, a n d t h at th e t h e w as e x ac tl y
d oubl ed when it had m ad e four hundred .

S oon after the appl ication of the pendul um to cl ocks ,

the idea of G emma F risina, to which we have re fer red
at page 6 0, was atte m pted to be realized by Hu ygens

in th e construction of a m arine cl ock, to ascertain t he

l ongi tude . H e also discovered that its pendul um
vibrate d sl ower as i t approach ed th e equ ato r which .

fact l ed the way to the subse quent discovery, that th e

earth is not a gl obe, bu t an obl ate spheroid The ew
. N
York Independent for Decem ber 1 5 th, 18 5 9, makes
th e foll owin g state ment re lative to a clock wi th a pen
dul um made by Huygens T he Hartford T im es
says that a watc hmaker in that city has re pa ire d and

set in running order a G erman cl ock more than two

centur ies ol d . I t was built by H uyghens , somewh ere

about the year 1 640 (F ) , a n d tho u gh i t h as n ot r un f o r

m ore than hal f a c entury, is now k eeping good time,

- -

and may l ast an other two ce n turies I t was foun d by

.

the artist, C hurch, in the pomession of a Dutch fa mil y

in Nova S cotia, while h e was off on his icebe rg sketch
ing expedi tion I n that famil y it had bee n handed
.

down from fath er to son for generations This is one .

of the v ery first cl ock s ev er m ade with a pe ndul o m .

T he acti on of th e pendul u m on t he wheel -is not di rect

by m eans of a pallet, as in the mod ern cl ocks, but
operates by a vertical bar with snugs on it, catc hing
.
’

into the teeth at each oscill ation of the pen dul um T he .

l
c o kc strikes for the half hour and hour , and is woun d
-

by means of an endless chain I t has an open frame of .

black, ancien t oak, exposing the works, which are

”
of brass and nicel y finished .
 R U DOL PH II .
’
s C L OC K . 73

I n the S outh K s nsington Museum is an astronomical

cl ock, wh ich was made by G eor e R o ll et an d John
g
R einhold, of Augsburg, in 1 584, and is said to have
been constr ucted for th e G erman E mperor R udolph II .

This in strument, whi ch was presented to the Museum

by Mr R Gofi, cons ists of gilt metal in the form of a
'

. .

c el estial gl obe, inscri bed with the signs of the zodi ac

a nd other astron omical figures O n an orb bel o w the

.

g l ob e is en
gra ved t h e i m peri al t wo-h ea d ed ea l
g ,e

crowned ; an d the globe itself bears in Latin the names

of the m akers, with th e da te Th e whole is about six

.

teen in ches in height, an d the gl obe is seven i nches and

a half i n d ia meter This cl ock is engraved i n the
.

Ill us trated London News of Ap ril 7th 18 6 6 p 336 , , . .

I n All en s History of La mbeth we find the fol low

’

ing as some of the prin cipal items respectin g the cl ock

’
wardens books
1 58 5 A greed that H oll oway sh al l h av e iiiis a y ears for oyle, for
. .

the clocks , and bel ls , and for candle to the clocks .

1 599 Payd to L owis Smalls , for keping the clocks , hi s wages,

.

1 28
.

1 605 T o S mal ls, for keping the cl ocks , 1 68

. .

1 632 Payd for a new clock for the chu rch , 51

. .

T he will of Barthol om ew Newsam, of the S trand,

cl ockmttker , d a ted in 1586 , a co py w her eof is giv en in

th e Histor y of C l erkenwel l, by Pin ks an d “food , con

’

tain s som e curious an d in te resting bequ ests of cl oc ks and

t he to ols for m akin g them The testator gav e to his
.

appren tice his seconds cl ock s to a relative, his

“
best v ice, save one a beckhorne to stand upon hord e, a
rea t fore ha mm er, and to (two) han d ha mmers, a grete
g
l ongs Mckhorn e in m y backs shoppe ; a nd all th e rest
of my to ol es I give un to Edward N ewsom , my sonn e,
74 QU E E NE L I ZA BE T H S C L OC KMA K ER
’
.

with condicon become a cl ockmaker as I am

tha t he ,

f n o t I wil l the fo resai d tool es to be soul d by m y

y
”
ec utors H e ga ve to a frien d a sonn e dyall of copper
.

g y l to t o an o ther one cr ista ll j e wel l wi th a wa tchs

,

in i t garni shed with goul ds

, to an o ther one wa tch ,

gy l te t o sh ew e the how er t o an other a s trickinge ,

cl o cks in a silken pu rs e and a sonn e dyall to stands

,
“
u ppon a post in his gard en ; a nd to an other a ,

chamber cl ocks of fyve ma rkes p ri ce We find in the .

C alendar of S tate Pa pers of th e ti me o f Quee n E liza

’

beth a grant in 15 72 to B N ( who no doubt was

, . .

Barthol omew Newsam) of the ofiice of cl ockm aker to

th e qu e en in rev ersion a fter the death or surren der of
N V (probabl y Nicholas U rses u) I n the sam e C alen
. . .

dar is a l etter dated August 5 th 1 5 8 3 from Bartd mew , ,

Newsham to S ir Francis W als yngha m desiring hi m to ,

favour the writer s p etition to h er maj esty for the aug

’

m en tin g a certain te rm of year s wherein he had moved

S ir Phili p S ydney to spea k to him A nd un der date .

15 90 we fin d a gran t to Barthol om ew Ne wsha m of the

,

office of cl ockm aker to th e queen in place of N ichol as

W e learn from Queen Elizabeth s

’
U r seau deceas ed ,
‘
.

household accounts that sh e ha d i n her service a cl ock

maker who was receiving an ann ual fee of I S L ; and a
,

cl ock k eeper wh o was r ecei ving 1 21 1 3s 4d per annum

-
, . . . .

H entzner who wr ote in the time of E li za beth tells

, ,

us that that queen had i n h er pal ace at W hi te hall a ,

piece of cl ockwork consisting of an ZEthiop ri di ng

,

upon a rhin oceros wi th four a ttenda nts wh o all make

, ,

their obeisance wh en it strikes th e hour ; these are all

”
u t into m otion by windi n th m hi n
p u
g p e ac e .

We ha ve another example of the testamentary gift of

a cl ock in th e will of Henr y S tokes of Tum m il l S treet , ,
 C L O C K O F PO PE S I XT U S V . 75

C l erkenwell , dated D ec ember 23rd, 1 58 6 , who th ereby

ga v e to R obert S to k es his bes ts cl ocks .

I n the chu rch warde ns acco unts of the parish of S t

’
.

John th e Bapti st, Glastonbury, accordi ng to W arner, in

h is Histo ry of that C i ty , and under date 1 588 , appear
th e foll owin g i te ms A lso we recevs d of th e old Ward
in gs wch they collected towardss a cl ocks , xxs W e did .

O n the horologe of the E arl of E ssex and E we, now

in existence , th e name of the maker is thus engra ved :
J ames K yn vyn fecit .

A t a m eeting of th e R oyal S ociety h el d in March,

18 48 , a cl ock constru cted by Isaac H abrech t i n 1 58 9
was exhi bite d . This ingenious piece of workman shi p
was for m ore than two centuris e in the possessi on of the
cour t of the Popes of R ome ; an d was subseque ntly th e

property of Willi am L , Ki ng of the Netherlands, who

a uthorized O dev aer s , th e an tiqu ary, to in vestigate ev er y

thi ng con cerni ng it, and to give a description of it,

whi ch h e d id in wr iting I t was exhi bited in E ngland
.

in 1 8 50, an d after wards

Mr 0 Morgan
. . .

The entire fabric bears d ecided pr oof of h avin g been

roduce d by m anual la bou r, without an other ass ista nce
p y
t han the ben ch of the turner and th e fil e I t had the
.

i
anc e tn m o ti ve-
power ; the pendulu m bei ng a later in
v ention, wh ich has since been added to this clock T he .

d esign con sists of a tower, divided in to th ree sto ries,

with doors of strong l y gil t copper , tasteful l y ch ased an d
ornamented, and s upporte d by twel ve colu mns of th e

sam e m eta l. I n front of th e l o wer story, with in a square

c hamber , is a large dial plate, which m oves ro un d its

whol e circuit onl y once a y ear ; it sh ows also the date

of th e month, and all the C athol ic feasts and holy days
76 C L OC K O F PO PE S I XTL S V
'

thr oughout the year I n the centre is a sma ll pl ate

. ,

v ery cur io usl y chas e d representi ng the twel ve sig ns o f

,

th e zodiac with the sun and m oon pursuing their cours e

, ,

so that at one glance can be ascerta in ed in wha t sign

of the zodiac they are at th e time Within this circle is .

a smal l gl obe poin ting out the proper ph as es an d as pects

,

of the moon ; and within all this ar e the fix ed stars

setting namel y th e S er pen t O rion the G rea t Bea r

, , , , ,

C asseiopeia and others , T h e four corn ers of thi s cham

.

her are emblematical ly engraved wi th the nam es of thos e

na tions wh o hav e conq u er ed kin gdoms at an ear l y pe riod .

I n front of the secon d story are th e min utes and

minute hand and on each side are two sil ver figure s on e
-
, ,

hand of these figures poin ting to the minute s th e other ,

ha nd being set in m otion by mechanism ; during th e

st riki ng of th e cl ock th e on e figu re turns th e hour gl ass
,
-
,

as an embl em of tim e and th e oth er wiel ds the sickl e of

,

death Above each of the figures is a Latin verse : and

.

i n th e middle of th e plate is a simpl e yet correctl y ma

thema tical r epr esen tatio n of h ow th e gl obular form of
the earth is p erceptible to th e eye Above the m inute .
,

hand describes a circuit of twen ty four hours each half -

,

of the dial plate con ta in in

- t w l v hou ; th d ho
g e e r s e a
y u r s

being marked with the image of th e sun an d the hours ,

of th e night with the image of the m oon O n the four .

cor n ers of th e d ial plate are en grav ed the four seasons

-

of th e year .

T he thir d story al so consists of four divi sions which ,

proj ect in the m anner of a balcony R ound the cen tre .

of th e l ower di vi sion m ove se ven si lv er fi ures of hea then

g
g od s
, in cha r iots r epr esen tin
g t
,h e se v e n da ys of t he

week ; every deity m akes its appearan ce once in seven

days exactl y in front where it remains for twenty four
, ,
-

hours when it is relieved by the n ext I n the centre of

, .
 C L O C K O F POPE S I XT U S V . 77

th e secon d di vision is an image

Virgi n holding of the ,

h er son Jesus in her arm s ; t wo angels are seen placing

c ro wns and ga rla nds on h er head ; and d ur in th
g e p e r
form ance of the bell s se veral angels appear m aki n g their
obeisan cs before th e im age of Mary and th e S aviour .

Within the centre of the third di visi on is a metal hell

hanging on a gil t plate of copper on whi ch is repre ,

sente d the j udgm ent d ay R oun d this metal plate

.

m ove four sil ver figures set in moti on by m echanism

, ,

r epr esen ti n g the four states of soci al life These images .

point out the quar ters of the hour by stri king the hell ;
the first quarte r is represente d by a youth the second ,

by a grave citizen the third by a R oman soldi er and

, ,

the fourth by a pri est I n the fourth di visi on is like

.

wis e a m etal hell on the sides of which are chambers ;

,

on th e l eft side is th e r epresentati on of D eath

p ro ,

cl aimin g th e hours of day and night by st riking the

bell ; above it is seen a Latin inscri ption from R omans , ,

cha pte r vii verse 23rd

.
, A t the right si de is the image
.

of the S aviour steppin g forward with the gl obe i n his

, ,
.

hand and above it the cross This figure proceeds

, .
,

every two mi n utes in a sl ow mann er and then for a

, , ,

moment hides itself from view ; above it is a Lati n

,

ve rse from the prophet Hosea chapter xiii These

, .

t wo figures are of massi ve sil ver Behind the hell is .

inscri bed the name of the artist and the date 1 58 9 , .

T he whol e is covered with copper beautifully worked ,

in fil agree on the extreme top is stati oned a sil ver cock ,

which at th e cl ose of the chimin g of th e bell s spreads

its wi ngs op ens its beak an d crows ; after whi ch it re
, ,

s um es its former pos ition O n the side doors are painted

.

and gil t figur es of th e Virtues with flowers obelisks , , ,

an d ot her ornaments ; and wi thin are figures of the

78 L U BE C K C LOC K .

en gra e v d by the pupils of the m aker The cl ock stands .

about four feet h igh in depend ent of the ped estal

, I t is .

sai d to h ave be en m ade by H abre cht for Pops S ixtus V

and in many re sp ects i t r esembl es th e fam ou s S tras

burg clock O f whi ch it is ev identl y a model sin ce it

, ,

performs all the feats of that cl ock .

T he ol d church at Lu beck i s considered to contain

one of the most in gen iou s sp eci m ens of earl y cl ock work

tha t has been pr es erved I t represents the chan ges of

.

the heaven l y bodies u n til the year 1 8 75 an d when it

strik es twel v e a n u m ber of autom aton figur es a re set in

moti on ; the Electors of G erm an y enter from a small

side doo r and perfor m the cerem ony of i naugurati n
-
, g
the E m peror who is seated upon a thr on e i n fron t
, .

Another door is then opened and C hrist appears when, , ,

a fter receivi ng his ben edi cti on th e whol e ca valca d e

,

r e tir es am ids t a flouri sh of tr u mp ets by a choir of

angels . O n each side ar e has reliefs ill u strative of pas

-

sages in th e life of our S aviour I n th at of the last.

s upper a m ouse is seen peeping fr om ben eath th e whi te

table cl oth and this anim al represents the arm orial

-
,

bearin gs of the on ce puissant Lubeck .

The G er m ans wh o wer e fro m the earl iest times

,

famous for their horol ogi cal skill were chi efly empl oyed ,

in the m anufactur e of cl ocks in E nglan d d uring th e

six teenth century ; but their wor k doe s n ot appear to

h ave been of m uch a ccount or S hak espeare woul d not

,

have made Biron say that a woman was

likeGerman cl ock,
a

S till a repairi ng, ever ou t of frame,

”
A nd nev er going arigh t .

T he E nglish an d the Augsburgers became famous

for their cl ocks a nd watches and m ade many of the
,
 AU G SBU RG C L OC K S .

Al so an A ugsburg cl ock in m etal gil t, with a square

pavili on shaped cas e, dom ed top, an d cover sur moun te d
-

by a statuette of H ercul es and the Lion T he case is .

ri chly chased a nd e ngra e b q ornaments

v d with a ra es u e ,

frui ts a nd flo wers
, I t has a di al on both sides
. I ts .

height is fourteen inches and a half its width e ight ,

inches and a quar te r and its diameter seven in ches ,

and a half I t is of th e sixteenth century ; an d was

.

purchased at the Bem al sal e for 191 1 03 A lso an . .

Augsburg cl ock in m etal gilt in a pavili on s h aped case ,

-

with two dia ls A t the summ it is a female all egorica l

.

statuette standing on a gl obe T he angl es of th e case.

are decorate d with sea hor ses This cl ock is of the

-
.

sixteen th century I ts height is thirteen in ches and a

.

hal f its width eight inches and its diameter six inches
, , .

I t was purcha sed at th e Berna l sal e for 901 Als o an .

Augsburg cl ock upheld by a figure of Atlas on a richl y

,

engra v ed and perforated v ase ; th e upper part s ub

m ounted by a sma l ler di sc s haped case and a small -

femal e statu ette T he h eight is fifteen inches and a

.

half and th e diameter of the large disc is six in ches

,

and one eig hth - I t was pur chased for 301 .

Viscoun t Hawarden has a cylindrical gil t timepiece ,

ornamented with arabesques strapwork and fig ures , , .

I t rests on three l egs composed of masks and goats

’
,

feet I t is of the sixteenth centur y and A ugsburg

.
,

work Mr A Barker possesses a gil t metal Augsburg

. . .

cl oc k of th e same date squar e in shape with columns , ,

at the a n l es and a dom e p erforated to p Al s o a squar e

‘

g .
,

gil t A u g shur g cl oc k w ith pil aste rs a

, t th e an g l es c u po la ,

top engraved with scr olls

, A n d a square gil t tabl e
.
,
~

cl ock restin fo k ob f th v t th
, g o n u r n s o e se e n e e n ,

cent ur y .

A t G oodrich C ourt is a curious tab e cl ock of German

l -
 L YO NS C A T H E DR A L C LO C K . 81

manufacture, the en gra vings of th e o which c stum e on

sho w it to be of th e ti me O f Queen Elizabeth I t has .

two bells, one to strike the hours and th e oth er the ,

quarters Besides the larger front dial it has two

.
,

small er on ce on e with th e twel ve an d th e other with

, ,

the twenty four hours ; each h avin g indices that m ove

-

at th e sam e ti me as th e hand s of th e l arge r on e At .

th e sides are dial s to show how m an y ti mes th e grea ter

bell has struck th e hours and what quarter the sm aller ,

one . A t the back is an astr ol abe surroun ded by a

circl e of the twen ty four ho urs and an index for astr o
-
,

nom ical purposes T he pendul um works outside The

. .

whol e is abo u t fourteen inch es in height an d is of ,

metal partl y gilt and partly sil vered .

I n the church ward ens accoun ts for G reat Wigston

’
,

Leiceste rsh ire we find under date 15 93 an item as

, , ,

foll o ws Mr Law s free gift to the new cl ock

.
’
,

I n si mil ar accounts for G reat Marl o w Bucks u nder , ,

date 1 5 96 is an Item agrs d for the bells an d sallett

, ,

sal ad) oy le for th e cl o ck s 4d

( , .

I n an aisl e near the choir of th e C athedr al of S t .

John a t Lyons is a very curious cl ock on th e top of

, , ,

whic h stan ds a cock t hat e very three hours claps his

,

wings and crows th rice I n a gall ery un d er neath a

.
,

door opens on one side and out com es the Virgin Mary ,

and from a doo r on th e other sid e the an ge l G abriel ,

who meets and salutes her A t the same ti me a door .

O pens i n the alcove part out of which th e form of a ,

dove representing the Holy G host descends upon the

, ,

Virgin s head A fter this these figures r etir e an d from

’
.
,

a door i n the m iddl e co m es fort h th e figure of a

re veren d father l iftin g up his h a nd an d gi vin g his bene

,

diction to the spec tators T he days of the week are .

represented by se ven figures each of which tak es its ,

G
82 L YO NS C A T HE DRAL CLO C K .

place in a ni c e h on the morni ng of the day that it

r epresents ,
an d c n tinues o there until mid ni ght T he
.

r eatest curi sity o ov al p la te mar k ed with the

is an
g
minutes of an ho ur which are exactl y pointe d out by
,

a hand rea ching th e circu m fer ence that insensibl y ,

di lates and contracts itself duri ng the revol ution Th is .

curious mac hine al though n ot so perfect now i n all its

,

movements as when it was originall y constr ucte d has ,

suffere d but li ttl e inj ur y d urin

g a l o ng course of years ,

o wing to the care and skill of those who were appoin ted
to l ook after it I t appears fr om an inscri p tion on th e
.

cl ock its el f that it was repair ed a nd im pro ved by one

Morrison in 1 6 6 1 ; but it was contr ived l ong before

that time by N ichol as Lipp a nati ve of Bas l e who , ,

finish ed it in 1 598 when he was about thi rty years of

,

age . T he oval min ute m oti on was inven ted M S e rvi er .

,

and is of la ter date There is a trad ition that the inge

.

niou s artis t Lipp had hi s eyes put out by or der of th e

, ,

magistrates of Lyons that h e m ight not be abl e to,

make another cl ock li ke this ; but so far from t h is

being true the j ustices of Lyons engaged him to take
,

care of his own m achin e at a handso me sal ar y , Man y .

an cient cl ocks exh ibited processions of saints wh o ,

d evoutl y made obeisance to the Virgin and C hild ; an d

sca rcely a town O f any n ote u pon the C on tinen t was

without some cl ockw ork automa ta of strange concei ts

peculiar to itself But the serious vanity of the
.

mimicry was not cal cul ate d to produce any th ril l of

devotional awe or the l east impulse of veneration ; it
,

atified onl y th e sens e of seeing

g r .

S hakespeare frequently mentions cl ocks in his pl ays ,

showing th at they were t hen com mon T he fol lowi ng .

are perh aps th e m ost n oticeabl e re ferences made by

, ,

hi m to them
 N
SH AK E SPEA RE A D C L O C KS . 83

What ! I ] I lov e ] I sue ! I seek a wi fe ]

A woman, that is li ke a German clock,
S till a repairing, ever ou t of frame,
”
A n d never going arigh t .

Love s L a bour s Lost, a iii

’
’
. .
, s. 1 .

When sheph erds pi pe on oaten straws ,

”
A nd merry la rks are pl ou gh men s cl ocks
’
.

L ove s La bour 3 L ost, a. v

’ ’
.
, s . 2 .

I pray you , what is t o clock

’ ’

Y ou should ask me, wh at tim e 0 day ;

’

’
T h ere s no clock in th e forest .

Then there is no true lover in the forest ; else sighi ng

every minu te, and groaning every hour, w ould
”
detect the lazy foot of time, as well as a clock .

As

F or hath time mad e m e his numb ring clock ;

’
now

My thou ghts are mi nute s, and wi th sighs they jar

Th eir watches on to mine ey es, the outward watch,
Whereto my finger, l ike a dial s point,
’

18 pointing sti ll , in cleansi ng th em from tears

N
.

ow , sir, th e sound th a t tell s what h our it is

A re clamorous groans, that strike upon my h eart,

Whi ch is the hell . S o sigh s, and tears, and groans,
S how minutes, times, and hours ; but my tim e
R uns posting on in Boli ngbroke s proud j oy,
’

”
W hile I stand fool ing here, hi s Jack o the clock
’
.

R icha rd I L , a v , s 5 . . . .

Drayton, in his Mosea. speaks of

‘ ’

T he cook, the coun try h orol oge, that rings

”
T h e ch eerful warni ng to th e sun s awake
’
.

T his pan gs seems to h ave furnish ed an id ea to C unningham, who in

on e of h i s Pas tora ls myn :
’

I n the barn th e tenant cock ,

C lose to Partl et perch d on high,
’

Briskly crows, (the sheph erd s clock 1)

'

”
Jocu nd that th e morni ng s nigh
’
.

-mech anical h
An t
o h e r non orol og e provid ed by nature is th e down y
”
head of th e dandeli on in seed, call ed a clock, and by whi ch in olden
ti mes chil d ren though t to count th e hour by observi ng how many p ufla
'

i t took to din ipa te the seed.

G 2
 S H A KE S PEA R E A D C L OC KSN .

T he last l ine has reference to some auto maton figure

which struck the hour on a publi c cl ock s hell ; for
’

instance, one of S t Paul s Jacks, to which we h a ve

’
.

r efer red at page 20 Dials as well as clocks are named

.

by S ha kespear e in his plays ; but the la tter are m ore

frequentl y mentioned .

A nd then he drew a d ial from his poke ;

A d, o
n lo k ing on i t w i th lack l
- us t
re ey ,
e

S ays, v ery w isely, I t is te n O clock

’ ’
.

A nd I did laugh , sans in te rm iss ion,

”
A n hour by h is d ial .

A:
This was probably a pocket sun dial which was an
,

articl e not un co mm on at th e ti me when th e play was

0 1 gentlem en, the time of l i fe is sh ort

T o spend that shortness basaly were too long,
I f l ife d id ride u pon a d ial s point,
’

”
S till ending at the arri val of an hour .

H enry I V , a v , s 2
. . . . .

A rch qf C ant
. .

A s many li nes close in the d ial s centre ;

’

S o many a thousand actions, once afoot,

E nd in one purpose
”
.

H en ry V, a i , . . s. 2
.

O God ! methinks it w ere a h appy l ife

T o be no better than a h omely s wain ;
T o sit u pon a bill, as I d o now ,
T o carve ou t dials quain tly, poin t by point,
T hereby to see the m inutes h ow they run
”
.

H en ry VI P ar t I I I , a u , s 5
. . . . . .
 C H AP T ER III .

C urious Grima C l ock Water-C lock F rankfort C l ock James L s ’

C lockmakers C l ock a S u rname Du tch Musical C l ock F oreign

C lockmakers in L on don C harles I charters th e C lockms kers
’
.

C ompany Ea rly H istory of the C ompany C l ock of S t Margaret 9,

’
.

Westminster C lock at A ugsburg C lock in L ond on Pageant

C lock in a Jesuits C ol l ege
’
Venice C lock S treets named from
C l ocks C lock whi ch regulated the time of C harles I s E xecuti on
‘
.

O l d est C lock in A meri ca O liver Che mws l l s C lock C harl es I I s

' ’
.

G ift of a C lock C l ock in K en dal Museum E velyn s E n tries

'

a bou t C l ocks — Bal l or Bull et C l ocks Pepys sees curi ous C l ocks
E l ementary, or E ar th , A ir, Fi r e and Wa ter C locks
, F ulham C lock
S i r E d ward L ake s G ift of a C l ock A larum C lock menti on ed in a
'

S ta te Paper Pepys sees a curious C l ockwork C harles I L s C locks

’

— C osmo I II s R ecord of a C l ock S t Dunstan s C l ock —I ts Me

.
’
.
’

chanical F igures C l ock at Bristol Bennett s Mech anical C l ock

’

Figures S ir Matthew H al e s C l ock Mil ton s L i nes for a C l ock

’ ’

C ase Dryden s R eference to a C lock Duch ess of G l ouces ter s

’ ’

S triki ng C l ock C l ock by T ompion C lock at Winds or C astl e

C lockmakers T okens
’
G rollier s C l ocks I nclined Plane C l ocks
’

C lock men tioned in a S a tirical Poem Derham s A rtifi cial C l ock ’

maker — Mechanica l C l ock mad e i n compl i ment to L ouis X I V

’
.

Versaill es C lock Maria A n toinette s C lock C lock of th e K ing a

' ’

Death C lock a t S t C l oud . .

Ar '
m eeting of th e Arch aeol ogical Institute , hel d on
a

March l st, 1 8 6 1 , an d al so at a m eeting of th e S ociety

of An ti quaries, h el d on Jun e 20th in th e sam e y ear,

Mr 0 Morgan exhibited a miniature cl ock in the form

. .

of a square tower surm oun ted by a do me, on wh ich

stood th e figure of a boy playi ng on a l u te The height .

of th e cl ock without the dom e was onl y on e in ch an d

three quarters T h e cas e was of sil ver gil t, the works

.

of ste el I t went t wel ve hou rs, struck, an d ha d an

.

ala r um Mr Morgan believed it to be of G erman

. .

work, and p laced its da te about the year 1 600 I t was .

86 C U R I O U S GRI FFI NC L OC K.

th e small est he had ever met with

stan ding cl c
o k .

A nd at a m eetin g of the same institute, hel d on Do

oe mbar 7th, 1855, th e sam e gen tl em an e xhi bited t wo

cl ocks of n ov el design an d constm ction O ne was in .

‘
was the di al The anim al constantl y roll e d
. y its e es
Whilst the m echanis m was in m ovemen t, and it opened
its month when th e qua rters stru ck , and flapped its
wings at the striki ng of the h o ur T he oth er was in
.

the form of a cruc ifix ; th e hour s were shown on a

g l obe which r evol ved on the to
p of th e c ross Th e .

date of these stra gel y shaped cl ocks was the earl y part
n -

of the sev entee nth cen tury I n th e S o uth Kensin gton

.

Museum is another cl ock arranged as a cr ucifix I t is .

of ebon y, sil ver , an d

g il t a n d enamell ed br onze I t .

is of F r ench or Fl emish manufac ture ,of th e sevente enth

century . I ts h eight is fourteen inches and a half It .

was purchas ed for 6 1 .

T h e H on W B Warren Vernon has a cl ock of gilt

. . .

m etal in the form of a t ur ret, with a pinn acl e top, u pon a

stan d of ebo ny I t has chased sil ver or n a m ents, and is
.

of th e seventeenth century, and of F ren c h m anufa ctu re .

I n th e S ou th Kensington Museum is a medal lion cl ock,

in a rock crystal case, supporte d on a bal uste r—
-
shaped

crystal ste m I t is dated 1 6 09 I ts height is seven

. .

inch es and thr ee quarte rs I t was purch ased at the

.

Bernal sal e for 1 41 Mr A J B Beresford Hope has a

. . . . .

g il t m eta l c l ock w ith c o l umns and pin n ac l es at th e

a ngl es, en gr a ved di al , an d squar e r e oussé stan d I t w

p as .

mad e at S trasburg in 1 6 14 Also a gilt metal table

.

clock of h exagon al shape , with la ss pa nel s, res tin n

g g o

six termin al figures I t is of the seventeenth cen tury

. .

I n a m anuscript of the beginning of the se ventee nth

centur y , preserved in the British Museum, and entitled
88 JA ME S L
’
s C LO C KMA K E R S .

of J ul y 1 607, . 2
l 01 — By O rd er
.
”
l 6 1 7, l st of April .
“
,

d ated 29th of March 1 6 17 T o R anulph Bul l kee per , . ,

of his Maj est y s reat clock in h is Maj esty s palace o f

’ ’

g ,

Westminster the sum of 5 6 1 1 3s 4d in full satisfaction

, . . .
,

d discharge of and for divers sums by hi m disbursed

for m ending the sai d cl ock in takin g the sam e and ,

oth er qu arter cl o ks all in pieces and repair in t h

g
c
e ,

sam e in the wheel s pu ll eys h am m ers wei hts an d i n

g , , , ,

a l l oth er par ts a nd m new han gi ng wirin n d cor din

, g a g , ,

of th e same cl ock and other necessary re pa rations th er e

,

to bel onging th e charge wher eof with his own work

, ,

man sh ip and travail therein doth am ount to th e su m ,

afor e said app earing by a note of th e particul ar de mands,

,

de live red upon his oath taken before one of the Barons ,

of his M ajesty s Exch eq uer without a ccount or i mpre st

’

to be m ad e thereof By writ dated 27th of Ma rch .

, ,

1617 . 5 6 1 1 3s 4d . I t will be obser ved that the l ast

. .

pay ment was made to R anul ph Bull W e find in an .

a cco un t of the ho useh ol d expe n ses of Pri nce H en r y in ,

”
1 6 10 E manuel Bul l the
, cl ocke ke eper m en tion ed
,
-
, .

Pr obably he was some r elation of the cl ock keeper of -

Jam es I if n ot the sa m e identical pe rson

.
, .

I n the col lection of S tate Papers of th e year 16 22 in ,

’
th e sa me kin g s r eign ther e is a warrant to pay
‘

2321 153 to D av id R am sey the k in g s clockm ak er for

’
. . , ,

re pai ring clocks at Th eobal ds O a tlands a n d West , ,

m inster and for m ak ing a ch im e of bel ls adj oin ing to

,

th e clock at Theobal ds O n the accessi on of C ha rles I . .

,

R a msey was again appointed t he ki ng s cl ockm aker

’

and was al so n om in ate d the first M aste r of th e C l ock

’
m ak ers C o mpany in the charter of incorpor ation in
1 6 31 .

Among the cur iosities of hor ol ogy is the fact that the
word cl ock has become a surname Thus we find in .
,
 C L OC K A S U R NA ME . 89

S tate Papers, temp James I , under

’
the C al endar of . .

da te May l st, 1 6 09, a - f

po wer o attorn ey fro m S ir
-

Ed wa rd Musgrave, of Hayt on, C umberl an d, to John

C l ock, of S ta pl e I nn, Middl esex , to receive on his
behalf l ent by him to the king on pri vy seal , on
J uly 31st, 1 6 04 A nd in 1 6 1 8 a m an named Pete r
.

C lock s was li ving in S t C lave s, S outh wark H e is thus

’
. .

en te red in a r etur n n ow in the S tate Paper O fii ce

Petter C l ocks ; b in T un ney ; in England 4 yeres ;

.

an d h is wyfe, tafi ety wev er ; 2 children born e in T om

'

ne T he A n nual Re gister for 1 775, te lls us of l e tters

y .

patent gran ted to Will iam C l ockworth y, for the sol e

use of a d iscover y of certain mate rials for th e m aking of

Am ong the S tate Papers of the time of J ames I .

ther e is origin al l etter date d August 4th 1 6 09

an , , ,

ad d re ssed by S ir Juli us C aesar to the cl er ks of the

S ignet req uesting them to prepare a warrant to pay

,

3001 to H ana N
. il os a D utchm cn for a clock with
, ,

m usic and m otions A nd on th e 1 7th of th e same

.

m onth S ir Julius wrote from the S tran d to S alisbur y ,

sta tin
g th a t h e was pr essed by H ans N il os for the 3001 .

for his cl ock .

I t woul d seem th at foreign artizans were at this

riod extensi vel y empl oyed in cl ocln n akin i E
p e g n n
g
la n d ; and it appears from documents whi ch are now in
t he S tate Pape r O ffice that earl y in the sevente enth ,

cen tur y ther e were in London fifteen cl ockm ak ers and

t wo watc hmakers all of whom were foreigners

, By A .

t rue C er tifica t of the Nam es of the S tr aungers resi ding

”
an d d we l lings within th e C ity of London &c taken by , .
,

dir ection of the Pri vy C oun cil by letter s date d S epte m ,

ber 7th 1 6 1 8 we find that in th e ward of Farringdon

, ,

Within was than livi ng Barnaby Mar tinot cl ock ,

 C L OC KMA KE R S C O MPA
’
NY .

m aker ; b .Paris ; 9 R oman C atholicque

in I n Port
. .

sok en ward was li vi n John G oddard clockma ker ;

g ,

l odger and servant with Iaack S unes in Boundsditch ;

b at Paris 111 Praunce heer 3 years ; a pa pist ; yet hes
.
,

hath the oath of all egiance to the k ing s supre macy and
’

doth acknowl sdg the king for his soveraigne dureing

”
his abode 111 E ng la nd ; an d 18 of the R omish chur ch .

I n the yea r 1 6 22 the cl ockm ak ers of London com

,

pla ined to James I of the great num ber and deceitful

.

tricks of foreigners practising the ir trade and begging ,

that they might n ot be pe rmi tte d to work ex cept u nder

E nglish masters and that n o foreign clocks might be
,

imported I n 1 631 th e C l ockm s kers C om pan y of

’
.

Lo ndon was incorporated by a r oyal charter dated ,

August 22nd in that year from C harl es I as The

, ,
.
,

Mas ter Wardens and F ell owshi p of the A rt of C l ock

, ,
”
mak ers of the C ity of Lo ndon T he co mpa n y had .

power by th eir charter to m a e by laws for the govern

k -

ment of al l persons using th e trade in London or within ,

ten mil es thereof an d for th e re gulation of the mann er

,

in whi ch the trad e shoul d be carried o n thro ug hout the

r eal m
. A nd in order to pr e vent the public fr o m being
inj ured by persons ma king buying selli n g trans , , ,

o ti d im porting any bad dece itful or in sufii ci ent

p r n g,an , ,

cl ocks watch es larums sundi als boxes or cases for the

, , , , ,
”
said tr ade po wers were given to the com pany by
,

th e charter to enter with a constable or other c fi cer

any ships v essel s war ehouses shops or other pla ces
, , , ,

where they shall suspect such bad and deceitful wor ks

to be m ade or kept for the purpose of sea rchi ng for ,

them an d if entran ce shoul d be denied they might

effect it by force T his right of search was constantl y

.

ex ercised unti l th e end of the cen tury T he to wn wa s .

di vided in to distri cts, periodical searches were made ,

92 C LOC K S TA T U TE S .

T h e C ompan y is strictl y a trad e one, and is govern ed

by a Master, three W ardens, and t e ty e ight Assista nts,
w n -

chosen out of the fell owship . They have no hall , their

meeti ngs being h eld a t the London Taver n, where
’

they ha ve se veral pai ntings whi ch were presen ted to

them by ol d m embers .

The C ompany has a lendin g l ibrar y , rich in Engli sh

and fore ign works on horol ogy and th e alli ed sc ien c es,

with a prin ted ca tal ogue, publi shed in 1 830; and a

ca bin et of S pecim ens of watc hes , c ontain in g m an y

rarities ; also of watc h an d cl ock work , il lus tr ati ve of

the pr ogress of horol ogy fr o m its com m encem e nt The

.

C ompan y s motto appropriatel y ru ns Tempus Re rum

’

Imper ator (Tims the G overnor of all things) .

I n the yea r 1 6 98 an A ct was passe d, 9 W ill iam 111 ,

c. 28 , for pr ote cting both the trade and th e pu bli c
against ce rtain frau dul ent im po si tion s the n practis ed

by foreigners and others T he second clause of the

.

statute r ec ited t h at reat qu antities of boxes , ca ses,

g
an d dial pl ates for cl ocks an d watches ha ve be e n ex
-

ported wi thout their m ovem ents , an d in foreign parts

mad e up wi th bad movements, and thereon s ome Lo n
d on watch makers names engrave n , and so are sold
’

abroad for E nglish work ; and al so th ere hath be e n th e

like il l practice in E nglan d by divers persons , as well as

by some profess ing th e art of cl ock and watchm aking,
as oth ers ign orant there in , in pu ttin g c oun ter feit na m es,

as also th e n ames of th e best kn o wn Lon don watc h

makers on their bad cl ocks and watches , to the great

prejudice of the buyers, and th e disreputa ti on of the
”
said art at hom e an d abr oad F or th e prev enting of
.

such i ll p ractices it was orda in e d th at n o ca se or di al

plats should be in future expo rted without the m ove

m ents, nor witho ut the maker s n ame and place of abode
’
 C L OCK A T W E S TMI NS T E R . 93

v
e ngra en on v y
e er suc h cl co k an d watch, un der a

penal ty forfeitu r e and a fin e of twenty pounds

of In .

the 27th year of th e r eign of G eorge I I , c 7, an other . .

’
cl ock an d watc h makers act was passed .

T he jou rnal of th e C lockm akers C om pan y makes

’

menti on of a cl ock which cost 31 in 1 6 36 . .

I n the church wardens accoun ts for S t Margaret s,

’ ’
.

Westminster, under date 1 6 1 7, is an Item, pa id to

Leonar d Tenant for a n ew clock and chim es and twos
,

dyals and for a barrel and pricking thereof and for

, , ,

wyers to the chi m es an d for all the ir on wor k and

,
-
,

workmanship in the setting up and finishi n g of the ,

same accord in g to an agr ee ment m ad e wit h h im in

,

that behal f being for the use of this chu rch a n d parish
, ,

A n d un der date 1 6 5 8 is an I tem to Mr F ar , .

mer for
,
m akin
g of t he n e w dia ll on th e west-e nd of
the c hurch as by his bill appeareth 1 41 1 03
, and , . .

Item to Mr Farm er for a n ew dyall at the west end

, .
,

of th e church on th e chu rchyard si d e 71 , .

I n the Monasteriologia of S tengel ius published ,

in 1 6 1 9 is an engra vi ng of the m on as ter y of Sa ints

,

Ul ri c and Afra at A ugsbur g showin g a clock with a

, , ,

bell i n a turret over it in the upper part of a buil ding

,

adj oin in g the gateway entrance .

A n account of th e Lon don Pageant given in honour

of Ja m es L in 1 6 20 tells us tha t a part of the s ho w
, ,

was a c ha riot painted ful l with hours glasses and -

sundi a lls ; the fore wh eel es were t wo gl obes and th e ,

hinder whee les wer e like two church dialls W ithi n - .

it aged Time was drawne seated u pon an hours ,

”
glasse .

I n th e S tate Paper O fii cs is an in ventory of good s

which w ere fou n d in a J esuits C ol lege in C l erken we ll ,
’

in 1 6 27—8 and among th e arti cles enumerated therein

 VE NI CE CL OC K .

are one strikeings cl c s

o k and one hangings watch
”
with an al ar um .

I n th e S outh K ensin gton Museu m is a table l ock in -c

il t bronze, the sides of whi ch ar e decorated with a ll e

g
rical figur es in relief, r e pres enting i mpersonati ons
go

of Ar ithm etic, G eom etry, M us ic, an d As trol ogy I t is .

of G erm an work, about th e yea r 1 6 40 I t was pur .

ch as ed for 6 1
.

S o earl y as the sev enteenth century there was in a

tower in th e G rand Pia zza at Ven ice, an ol d cl ock , which
n ot only pointed out the hours and their subdi vision s,

but als o exhibited th e signs of the zodi ac, wi th the

cou rses of th e sun and m oon O n certain fes tiv als , and
.

especial l y e v ery hour whil e Asce nsion fair l asted, the

statues of an angel an d the three ki ngs, or east er n magi,

mad e their appearance at a door in this cl ock and in ,

passing m ade obeisancs to the figures of th e Virgin and

C hil d place d in a niche, a nd then ret urned through
an other door on th e opposite side O n the top of the
.

tower wer e two brazen Moors, or, as Longfell ow calls

”
th em , bronze gian ts , who struck the hours with h am
m ers on a la rge bell This piece of cl ockwork re
.

sembl ed th at at Macerata ; but the images in the

former were larger .

Evelyn , in his Mem oirs, under date 1 645, records

’

that whil e he was at Ven ice he went th ro an arch

’

in to the famous Piazza of S t M arc O ve r this porch

. .

stan ds that adm irabl e cl ock , cel ebrated n ext to th at of

S trasburg for its m an y m ovements ; am ongst whi ch,

about 1 2 an d 6 , which are th e ir h oures of A ve Maria

when al l the town s are on their kn ees, com e for th the

3 Ki ngs l ed by a stem and passin g by ye image of
C hr ist in h is Moth er s armes do their reverence, and
’

en ter into ye cl c o k by an oth er doors . A t the top of

96 m m

curious piece of m echanism . O n the s ummit of the

bare sky O n eac h s ide sta nd s a savags man of I nd,

.

rasping an iron m ac e, wi th wh ich h e bea ts the h our

g
upon the bell O n a platform m idway in the buil ding ,
.

and j ust ove r the huge gol d and bl ue enam ell ed disk o f

the dial, is a ba lcon y of gil t la tt ice, surrou ding an

n
image of the Bl essed Virgi n and C hil d, who is seated
between two doors all overlaid wi th gold W henever .

the cl ock strikes , the d oor on her r igh t hand ope ns, and
an an gel with a tr u mpet in his hand steps out, h e acts

as gentlema n us her to the Three R oyal Magi, who pas s

-

before h er, just as you might do before Quee n Victoria

at a l evee , onl y tha t, inste ad of kiming hands, each

raises hi s diad em or tur ban fi om his brow , m akes a

'

g ra ce ful ob e is a n ce , a n d in s ta te l y p rocessi on re ents rs

-

the turret by the other door Th e figures are appa

.

re ntl y as la rge as li fe, a nd o us l y pp ll d n d

g g r e o a ar e e ; a
”
it reall y is a p retty pageant
—
.

A street in Venice is n amed after this O rologio a

ki nd of nomenclatur e of whi ch we ha ve another exam ple
at Ro u en , whe re the R ue d e la G r osss Horl oge, or the

stree t of the great cl ock , is so ca ll ed fr om a h u e,

g
cl ums y , anti q uated cl ock , that is att ached to th e u pper

rt of an arch ac r oss the st reet

pa .

A t Vicenza, in the Piazza de S ignori, whi ch is a

’

minified copy of the Piazza S an Marco at Venice, is

a sma ll T orr e d ell O rol o io, or cl ock to wer, somewhat
’

g
-

aft er th e styl e of the on e at the lat ter city, above

described .

The G en tl eman
’
s Magazine for 1 799 informs us of
th e death at G reen S treet on March 24 th in that year
, , ,

of Mrs F orester
.
, age d i
e gh y thr ee, the wi dow
t -
of the
 C HA R L E S I I .
’
s CLOCK . 97

the n l ate R e v Dr F Moore and the daughter of the

. . .
,

H on a n d Re v Dr Moor e
. . Th is lad y possemed at
. .

G reat Brickhi l l Bucks th e iden tical cl ock which was

, ,

at W hite hal l a t the tim e of the ex ecut ion of C ha rles I .

,

in the yea r 1 649 an d by wh ic h t he fa tal mom ent was

,

re u lated T h fi f M Fo ho y
'

g . e e ec ts o rs r es te r w er e s rtl .

after h e r d ea th dis persed by public sale .

T he Phila d el phia Libra ry claims possessi on of the

oldest cl ock in Am erica ; it wants but a few years of
bein g t wo centuries ol d I t was made in London keeps .
,

go od t i m e a,nd is sai d to ha v e b ee n o n ce o w n e d by
O li ver C ro m well .

C harl es II , according to tradition , gave to Mrs Jan e

. .

Lane a clock in m e m ory of her ser vices after the battle

of W orcester O n the cl ock was en graved the n am e of
.

Hen ricus J on es, L o ndin i ”

In or th s Li fe it is . N ’

state d that bar om ete rs wer e first m ad e an d sold by on e

Jones, a noted cl ockm ak er, in the In ner Tem ple G ate,

at th e instan ce of th e Lord K eeper G u il dford Proba bl y .

Jones was th e first E nglishman who co nstructed a

Torricellian tubs , as the baromete r was origin ally cal led
after i ts i nventor , Ev an gel ista Torricelli, wh o be tween

th e yea rs 1 64 1 an d 164 7 disc ove red the m ean s of s acer

ta in ing the wei ght of th e atmosphere by a propor tion ate
colum n of quicks il ve r .

I n the M useu m of Kend al is a n in te restin g specim en

of a cl ock, which is sai d to be on e of th e fir st ev er

made on the pend ul um principl e I t sta n ds on a .

brack et ; it has one weight s uspen ded by a cord, and

onl y one han d ; it goes t wel ve hou rs ; but by cutti ng

awa y th e floor be nea th it, it coul d be m ad e to go twenty

four . The bell for ms a dom e over the cl ock ; it has an

excell e nt soun d, an d strikes all th e hours O n each .

sid e of th e case is a brass door T he cl ock still keeps .

B
98 E VE L Y NA ND BA LL C L OC K .

correct timeO n the dial is the foll owing inscription

.

“
J C G eorge Pooll in S A ns L an e Fecit Th e
. . . .

G uift of James C ook, M aior of Ken dall, 1 6 54 to the ,

Ma ior of the same suckses iuel y T im e r an eth ; your .

”
wor k is before you 0 1d Hu m phr ey wrote one of h is
.

Pithy Papers u pon th e subj ect of this cl ock and i ts

m otto an d has thereon hu ng a m oral
, .

E velyn in h is D iary has three curious entri es

r especti n l oc k U nd e r d a te F ebru a ry 24th , 1 655
g c s . ,

“
h e sa ys :
’
I was sh ew d a table cl ock whose bal lance
was 0 11 e a ch rysta l l bal l sl idi ng on p ara l l el w ye rs

without being at a l l fixed , but r o lling from stage t o

sta ge ti ll fa ll in g on a sprin g con ce al d from sight it was
’
,

thrown e u p to the u pm ost cha nn el again s , m ad e with

a n im percepti bl e d ecl iv ity in this con tin ual vi c issi tu d e
,

of m otion prettily e n te rta in in g the e e e v e ry h al fs

y
m inu te, and th e n ext h a l fs gi vin g progress to th e han d
th at sh s w d the hours , an d giving not ice by a sm a l l bel l ,
’

so as halfs m in utes or periods of the bul let s

in 1 20 ,
’

fal ling on the ej aculatori e spring the cl ock part stru ck , .

This v ery extraordi nary piece (ri chl y adorn d ) had be en ’

pr esented by som e G erm an Prince to our late King a nd ,

was n ow in possession of the U su rpe r velu d at 2001

’
.
,

“
U nder date N ovembe r l st 1 6 6 0 E velyn says I went, , ,

with som e of m y relations to C o urt to she w th em h is ,

Ma cabinet and closes t of r ar ities

“ H ere .

am ongst the cl ocks one th at S h ew d

’
I saw ,

the r isin
g S th e
un in y Zod iaq th e S unn
an d setti ng of
°
,

repr ese n ted b a face an d rai s e O f gol d u pon an azur e

y ,

s kis , obser ving y d iur nal and ann u al m otion r isi n g a nd

'
.

se tting be h in d a l an d sca pe o f bil ls, the work of ou r

”
fa mous Fr om en te l O n Augus t 9th , 1 6 6 1 , E v el yn
.

sa y s, I d in d at Mr Pal mer s in G ray s I n n, whose

’ ’
.
’

curiosity excell d in clocks and pen dul es , especial y that

’
1 00 F I R E C L OC K S .

acting as a pul ley to a cord with o h t th e a c un te wei g

r -
,

rap idity of the m otion be in g dete rmined by the quan

t ity of th e water or th e bore of the o rifice through

,

which it esca ped The m otion of th e ear th or sand

.
,

cl ock was regulated i n a s im ila r m an n er

,
I n th e air .

cl ock t im e was meas u red by the pu m pin g of a be l l o ws ,

l ike those of an organ the grad ual esca pe of the air ,

regulating th e descent of a w eigh t whi ch ca rri e d rou n d ,

the wh eels as in other ti me keepers

,
I n t he fire cl ock - .
-

the m oti on was pr odu c ed u pon the pri n ciple of a

modern sm oke jack t he wh eels bein g m oved by means
-
,

of a la m p whi ch also ga ve l ight to the di al ; an d t he

,

cl ock c o ul d be m ade to ann o un ce th e several hou rs by

pl acing at each a co r respondi ng number of crackers ,

w hich by certain con tri van ces were expl od ed at proper

H e tel ls u s that these clocks ofler ed considerable
'

tim es .

advantages to perso n s tr o ubled wi th insomni a or want ,

of slee p as t he y gave a soft l ight an d without n oise

, ,

ma rked the si lent flight of tim e .

I n Bagford s C o l lecti ons in the Bri ti sh Museum

'

Har l MS S 5 931 is the following adverti semen t of a

. .
,

cl ock which w as m oved m e rel y by t h e exha la ti ons of

h ted ca ndl e T he Tu rkish S eraglio in Wa xwork

'

a o' .
,

T he S tory of Q ueen V oadicia &c T he Tem pl e of , .

Ephesus &c and of Apoll o ; the visi on of Augustu s ;

, .

and th e six S ibyls &c th e fatal sisters that sp in r eel

, .
, , , ,

and cu t th e th rea d of ma n s l i fe &c Moving figures 8150 ’

.
, .
,

A n old woman flyin g from Time wh o shakes his h ead ,

and hour gl ass wit h so r row at see in w ill i

g ga e so un n
g ,

to die Nothing but life can exceed the motion of the

.

heads hands eyes &c of these figures &c O ther

, , , .
, , .

curi ous pieces of cl ock wo rk a nd rarities &c A cl ock , ,

.

like the l on g pendul ums now in use but internall y dif ,

feront the motions of the t wo hands and striking re gu

,
 F U L H A M C L OC K . 101

l ate d with out pen dul um or bal ance or fly, by the exhala
tion s of a lighted candl e, not h id, but exposed , an d of
th e sa me use as if pl aced in a can dlestick, &c Mr s . .

S alm on teaches th e full art, sel l s all sorts of moul ds

and glass eyes, wit h other m ater ial s, an d takes l iken esses

of gentl emen and ladies, in S t M artin s, n ear Al d ers

’
.

gate s-
tr eet . Prices 6d .
, 4d .
, a nd 2d .
”
Mrs S al mon .

—
re m ov ed soon after fr om S t M ar tin s l e Gr an d to th e .
’
-

G ol den S al m on at Tem ple Bar which she says was a

, ,

more convenient pl ace for th e coaches of th e quality to

stan d unm ol ested H er col l ection of waxwor k figur es
.

was for half a cent ur y one of th e m ost popul ar exhibi

- -

tion s in Lo ndon especiall y to co untr y visito rs

, .

W e read in Faul kner s History of Fulham and ’

Ha mm ers mith that th e cl ock in Ful ham C hurch

,
’

steepl e was the gift o f an in di vi d ual i n o rd er to e xons

rate himsel f fr om ser vi n an office d urin h is r esiden ce

g y g
in the paris h as appears by th e foll owing extract from
,

th e par ish books dated August 1 4th 1 66 4

, ,

O rdered that R ichard G osl ings of this par ish

, , ,

brickmaker bee and is fr om thi s day for war d d uring

, ,

h is a bode in this pari sh qu itte d from h ea ring any ,

ofii ce off an d bel o nging to th e parish of F ul h am u pon ,

con diti on if th e sai d R i chard G os l i ngs doe a t hi s own ,

roper cost s an d ch ar es i v bl d b stantial

p g g e an a e an , s u

cl ock n ot un der t h e val u e of 1 2l an d y th e old cl o ck

‘
, .
,

bee given unto th e said R ich “ G osl in gs which n ew .

,

“
cl ock is the volun tary if t of h i m th e sa id R ic h G os
g .

”
lin ge in consideration of th e privil eges aforesaid
, .

S ir Ed ward Lake by h is wi ll date d April 8 th 1 6 65 , ,

rc h or chappe l l of N
,

g a v e as f oll o ws To t h e c h u or

m anton n ear Pontefract in Y orkshir e (if the re be a

, ,

ch urch or ch appell there which I kn ow not) w her e m y , ,

”
t m ll t h v li v d f m y y l ock
p a e a a n ces ors a e e or a n ea rs a c , ,
102 C H A RL E S I L
’
s C L OC KS .

and a su m for the m ain taini ng and kee ping of it for

ev er I n No rm anto n C h urch is thi s insc ripti on
fe rring to the gift
N
E d ward us L ake d c orton E piscopo, in
C om itatu Lincol niensi E q ues A u ratus
L L D Dioceseos L incol niensis C ancellarius
. .

I n majorum mem oriam q ui olim in h oc oppido

N orm an to n iae habita v erun t, h oc H orologiu m

Ded it, ac etiam d ecem solid os ad re para tionem

E j usdem annuatio i n pe rpetu am sol v end os
D eo s t C aro lin R egibus dominis s uis
Preser tim, C a rolo Mar tyri Pac is et Bell i
T em pore fidelite r nec non insign ite r inservnt .

E t ani mam Deo pie redd idi t 1 8 di e J u li i anno

E tatis suaa 7 7 annoq Domini 1 6 74 . .

E t E ccles ia C athed ral i Bs atw Ma ria Lin coln .

”
S epultus jaoet .

C al enda r of S ta te Pap ers, temp C harl es 11 ,

’
I n th e .

und er date May l 0th, 1 66 6, we fin d a l e tter in F rench

fro m M d e Marainvill e to M de l a F abvoll isre, req u est

‘

. .

ing h im e ither to retur n to M De S a mborne the al ar um .

cl ock which he, th e wr iter, had l ent hi m, or if it sui te d

him , an d he wis hed to keep it, to pay for it se ven

pieces, the price the cl ockmaker at C haring C ross
offered for it .

O S epte b
n m er 6 th 1,66 7,
th e sigh t-l ovin
g Pepys wen t
with h is wife to B arthol om ew F ai r, and after wi tne ssing
a m an whose l egs were tied behin d him dan ce u pon his

hands, n ext went to see a piece of clocks work m ad e by

an E nglish man — —
in deed, ve ry good where in all the
s evera l state s of ma n s age, to 100 years old, is shewn
’

”
very p retty and sol emne .

I n t he C am d en S ociety s S ecret S er vi ces of C harles

’

II an d Jam es
. v ol Iii , ar e various accounts of a
. .
p y
ments m ade on behalf of th e K ing, some of which were
for cl ocks supplied to h im T hus, in the account up to
.
104 S T DU . NS T A NS’
C LO C K .

ol d I t appears by th e parish books , that on

cl oc k
.
-

May 1 8th, 16 71 , Thoma s Harrys, who was then li ving at

th e lo wer end of Water L an e , L ondon , m ade an offer to
buil d a ne w cl ock with chimes, a nd to erect two fig ures
of m en with po s a xes to str ike th e qua rte rs
l - This .

cl ock was so constru c ted as to a fiord on e dia l pl ate at

'

the sout h other at the east end of the

front, and an

church A ll th is he p roposed to perfor m an d to keep

.
,

t he whol e in con sta n t repair for the sum of 8 01 a nd the .

old cl ock ; at the sa me tim e observ i ng tha t his work

shoul d be w orth a hu n dr e d pou nd s H e furthe r adds .

th ese wo rds : I will do one thing m ore which L on don

shal l not sho w th e l ike ; I wil l make two han ds sho w the

hours and min ute s w ithout the church upon a dou ble ,

dial which will be worth your obser vation an d to m y

, ,
”
cr ed it I t appears that th e vestry ag reed to give to
.

Harrys the sum of 35 1 an d the old cl ock for as m uch .

of h is pl an as they thou ght proper to adopt ; an d on

O ctobe r 28 th i n the sam e year 1 6 7 1 his tas k being

, , ,

c omp l eted he was voted th e su m of 41 r an nu m to

,
p e .

keep it in repair 11 s find that th e idea of chim es

’
.

was given up as well as th e dials at th e eas t-end

, .

O rigi nally in 1 737 this c l ock with its large gil t dial
, , , ,

was wi thin a square ornam en ted ca se wi th a semi , ,

circul ar ped im ent and th e tu be from the chur ch to the

,

dial wa s supported by a ca rved figur e of Tim e with ,

expa n ded w in s as a brack et I 1 7 3 8 i t o t t h

g n c s . e

parish 1 101 for repairs A bo ve it in an alcove and in

. .
,

a st and in po t ure were t wo li fe size wooden fi ures of

g s
g
-
,
”
sav a e s or H erc ul es S t yp d i b t h m
g as r e e s c r es
, e o r ,

as N ed W ard ca l ls t h em
”
two wood en horol ogi sts , ,

wi th cl ubs in their right bands who struck the quarte rs ,

of every hour on th e two suspe n ded be l ls m ovi n th ir

g e ,

heads at the same ti me These figures m uch excited .

 S T DU
. NS T A NS ’
C L OC K . 1 05

th e inter est of the

by, especiall y provin cial
p assers-

visitors to London, who woul d stop in crowds to see

th ese a utom ata stri k e th e quarters with their clubs .

Leigh, in his N
e w Pictu r e of Lon don , ca lls th em th e
’

”
ets of c ockn e s a nd co untrymen z
p y
Many a stranger as h e passed that way
Mad e it once a desi gn there to stay
A nd see those two ha mm er the hou rs aw a y
”
I n F leet S treet .

They wer e hts of London an d m any a

on e of th e sig ,

ze r at the m has unwi ttin l y en rich ed the pi ckpockets

g a g
and cu tpur ses who use d to m ix with th e crowd of

apin g id l ers asse mbl ed un d er th is cl ock to th e n o

g ,

smal l obstru ction of th e foot and ca rriage wa y O ne -

.

hist ori an tells us that they were more ad mi red by

many of the pop ulace on S undays than th e m ost eloquent
”
preacher fr om the pu lpit within A wri te r in the .

’
Mirror 1 8 28 says I t woul d be n eedl ess to describe
, , ,

the tw o br azen str ik ing S aracens wh o attr act the

ga p i ng m ul titud e ; wh en th ey perfor m operati ons on e

woul d reall y su ppose they were in l eague wi th the

pickpockets who are bel ow str iking into the pockets of
,
”
their a dm ir ers sa ns cerem onis T h e author of London .

S c en es an d Lo ndon Peop le an e ye-witn ess of the ol d

’
,

cl ock sa ys
,
T he giants stood in fr ont of th e buil ding
, ,

about 30 feet fr o m th e r oad on a cov ered pl atform eac h

, ,

l in l u —
wie d g a c b the bell bein g btm g between them ,

which at the quarters as well as whole hours th ey , ,

struck but so in dol entl y that spectators often com

, ,

pla in ed that they were not well up to their work The .

mechani sm too was rough and clu msy ; you coul d not
, ,

hel p n oticing th e m etal cord inse rted in the club to ,

S ir W alter S cot t speaks

”
whi ch its m otion wa s d u e .

of the savages in his F ortunes of N igel ; but h e places

1 06 ST . DU NS T A NS ’
C LO C K .

them in posi tion b efore th ey were known to the gaping

C owper thus all udes i n his Table Ta lk to
’
cockneys .
, ,

When la bour and w h en d ullness , cl ub in han d,

L ike the t wo figu res at S t Duns tan s, s tand
’
.

Bea ti ng al terna te ly , in meas ured time,

T he clockw o rk ti ntinnah ul um o f rh yme,
E xact and regular sou nd s wil l be ;
”
Bu t such mere quarte r s trokes are not for me .

I n A Pacqust from W ells ; or, a e w C o ll ec tion of N

“
O rigi nal L s tters, &c , 1 701, we rea d : A Lady of
’
.

Pl eas ure being the E scutchson of I niquity, and the

C ul ly and Pull y he r two S uppo rters , han ging thus li ke
S t D un ste n s C lock , between Boucher an d Bo wden for
’
.

”
both to knock at in their tu rns When th e old ch urch .

was pul led do wn the cl ock a nd figures were pu rchased

by the M arquis of H ertford, a nd remo ve d to his villa
in R ege nt s Park, where the cl ubbers sti ll do duty e ve ry
’

quarter of an hour We re ad under date O ctober 22nd,

.

1 8 30, Mr C reaton , aucti oneer, sol d by p ri vate contract

.

to th e Marqui s o H t ord the c ock tower, with its

f er f l -

t wo figures, for 21 01 .

S t D unste n s had a cl ock previous to 1 671

’
. I t was .

a n ove rhanging one, and b en eath it, an d i n front o f th e

ch ur ch, were shop s in ha bite d by books ell ers O n e of .

the titl es to the p ub li cation s issued from her e r ea ds

C elia , contai ning certains S on ets By David Murray, .

S coto Brita ins, a t London, Pr inted for John S methwicks,

a nd are to be sol d at hi s shop in S t Dunstan s C hur ch
’
.

yard , in Fl eet S treet, u nd er the Dial l, 1 6 1 1 , 1 2mo .

What made the D is il so fa mous was the settin g up

of t he giants in 1 6 71 ; al tho ugh so earl y as 14 78 t here

was a similar piece of m echanis m in F l eet S treet .

S tow describes a con duit e rected that year near S hoe

1 08 S I R MA T TH E W HA L E S C L O C K
’
.

Mechanical figures similar to those which stood at

S t D unste n s C hurch h ave latel y bee n set u p at th e

’
.

shO p of Benn e tt, a watc h and cl oc kmake r,.

o 6 5, N
.

C heapside . There are two recesses in front of th e

premises, and in the upper one a figure of Tim e h as
t he doubl e du ty of carrying a scythe and hour gla ss , -

and ev ery sixty m i nu tes stri king a l a rge an d so n o rous

bel l I n th e l ower recess figures of G og an d Magog,

.

mod elled by Brugiotti from th e originals in G uil dhall ,

strik e th e qua rters of th e hour I n fron t of th e latter
.

recess is a l ar e p roj ectin cl ock, th e ill um in ate d di al s

g g
of which m a ke it useful by n i h t as we ll as by d a
g y .

Above the parapet of th e house top, about twenty feet,

-

a bal l, fifte en feet in cir cu mference , fa ll s e v e ry hou r by

an electri c curren t transmitted fr o m th e O bservatory at

G reenwich .

C l ocks occupy a very high pl ace amon g the instr u

m ents by m eans of wh ich hu ma n tim e is e con o mized,
and their m ul tipl ication in con spic uous pl aces i n l arge

to wn s is atte n ded with many adva ntag es Their posi

.

tion , how ev er, in Lon don i s often ver y ill chosen ; a nd

the usu al pl ace, half way u p on a hi gh ste epl e, in the
-

m idst of narro w and crowded streets , is v er y unfa vour

able, unl ess t he ch ur ch happe n to sta n d out from the

houses T he most convenient situation fo r a cl ock is a

.

proj ecting el evat o bov

i n a e t h e st ree t,
wi th a dia l pl a te
-

on eac h side, like that of ol d S t Dunsta n s C h urch,

’
.

a n d tha t of Bow C h urch , C h eapsi de, at the pr es ent

T he cl ock at v ery ol d an d cur ious piece

Alderley is a

of m ech ani s m A n i nscription on it sta tes that it was

.

p resented to th e church of A lderl ey by th e gr ea t S ir

Matth e w H a l e Thi s is the G uift of th e R ight
H on ourable th e Lord C hi ef J astice Hea l s to t he ,
 MIL T O NO NTI ME . 1 09

Pa rish C hurch of Al derl y John Mason, Bristol , Fecit,

.

Novem l st , 1 6 73 I t appears by this in scription to

. .

ha ve been presented on h is birthday, which from th e

recor d on hi s to m b was Nov em ber 1 s t Al derley is
.

the famil y pl ac e of th e Hal e famil y to this day .

T h e fo llowing beau tiful po em, to whi ch no date is

assigned, was written by Mil ton , who was bo rn in 16 08 ,

and di ed in 1 6 74 ; therefore pr obabl y it was com posed

abou t th e pe riod o f which we are writin g Before these.

’
v erses, it appears fr om th e author s manus cript, he had
”
wri tten , To be set on a cl ock -case .

ON Tum .

F ly, en v ious T im e, ti l l th ou run out th y race ;

C a l l on th e lazy l e d
a e n -ste ppi ng h ou rs ,

W hose speed is but th e hea vy plummet s pace ; ’

A nd glu t thy sel f wi th what thy w omb devours,

Wh ich is no m ore than w hat is false and v ain,
A nd m erely mortal dross ;
S o l ittl e is our loss,
So l ittl e is th y gai n !
F or w hen as each th ing bad th ou has t i ntomb d,
’

A n d las t of all thy gree d y sel f consum d ,

’

T hen lon g E terni ty shall greet our bliss

W ith an indi v id u al kiss ;
A nd joy sh all ov ertake u s as a flood,
When every th ing tha t is sincerely good
A nd perfectly d ivi ne,
Wi th T ru th , and Peace, and L ove, shall ever shins
A bou t the su preme th rone
O f H i m ,
to w hose h appy -
m akin s
g gi h t alone

Wh en once ou r eavenly gu id ed sou l shall cl imb ;

h -

T hen , al l this earth y grossness quit,

A ttir d wi th stars, w e sh al l for ev er si t,
’

T riumphing ov er Death , and C hance, and thee,

0 T ime 1

Tim e and time measurers h ave ofte n furni shed them es

-

to pos ts an d moralists as we shall ha v e occas ion to

,
1 10 DU C H E S S O F GLO U C E S TE R .

show in order of date T he end and purpose of cl ocks

.

and watch es are p re em in en tl y s uggesti ve of th in gs

-

which rel ate to our i nn er l ife m easu rin g as th ey do so ,

certa inl y an d so co ntin uousl y our ste ps from ou r c radl es

to our graves our hours of joy an d ou r ho urs of

,

so rr o w .Probabl y n o m echanis ms have m ore in spired

and obtain ed a lit eratu re of their own th an ti m e

m easurers wh ich hav e in all ages sinc e th eir i n ven ti on

,

offered an almost ine xhaustible theme for poets an d

moral ists T he m ottoes that have appea red on old
.

sun d a s
i l — n i l o i —
those a t que A ta rs f T me woul d fill a
small vol u me O n e other ex am pl e which we m a y fit
.
,
.

in h er e is given by Dr yden who was born in 1 6 31 and

, , ,

died in 1 701 and who all udi ng to th e death of K i ng

, ,

Polybus says in his CE d ipus

, ,
’

T ill like a C lock worn ou t w ith eating T i me,

The wheels of weary L i fe at las t s tood still
”
.

During the v
h century th ere was a great
se enteent

taste for striking cl ocks wh ich wer e to be had in e very

-
,

variety of form S ever al of them mad e by Thomas

.
,

T om pion wh o in ven ted m an y u seful things in cl ock

,

wor k not onl y str uck th e qu arters on eight be ll s but

, ,

al so th e hour after ea ch qu a rter A t twel ve o cl oc k

’
.

forty four bl ows wer e stru ck and one hun d red a nd

-
,

th irteen b etween t welve an d on e o cl ock Failures in ’

.

th e striking m echan ism of these cl oc ks wer e attended

with m uch a nn oyan ce to th e o wn e rs o f them ; for they
woul d go on striki ng without cessation un til th e wei ht
g
or spri ng had gon e down a nd they were fr eq u e ntl y ,

con triv ed to go for a m on th A cl ock mad e by .

Tom pion on this constr uction caused much an n oyance

to th e D uch ess of G l oucester soon after her ma rr ia e
g .

This machine was fixed i n an apartment adjoining her

112 G RO L L I E R S C L OC KS
’
.

industry and care is fully ac quainted with his secr ets

”
in th e said a rt .

A t Wi nd sor C astl e is an old cl ock, which was made

by Joseph K ni bb in 1677 This artist issued the
.

—
foll owi ng to k en z O bverse — I O S E PH K NI BB C L O C K
MA E R m O xorr (i
K n l
four ines ) —
R e verse I K . . .

A cl ock face and han ds I t seems tha t cl ock makers,

.

lik e other tradesm en , iss u e d their tokens i n the se ve n

te enth centu r y W e fin d t wo further exam pl es of this
.

—
c oinage stil l preser v ed z O bv erse — HE NBY BO R G I N
A cl ock face an d hands R everse— W I r n ov r Brsn or s
.
' '

c ar s H M B
. . O bverse— WI L L Bavs sw v A T L I L L Y
.

—A cl ock face and hands R e verse— Hov er: a c m s r

.
'

S T R A ND a o H rs H A L F PE N Y .

Many cu rious cl ocks were m ade in the seventeenth

c en tur y by N i ch ol as G rol li er d s S e m ere, who was born

at Lyon s i n 1 5 96 , wh ere h e died i n 1 6 89, a ft er an

eventful li fe .A t the age of fourte en h e was a sol dier,

an d se r ved in th e arm y i n Ital y, an d l ost a n eye at the

siege of V s rc iel H e was al so pr esent at th e battl e of

.

Prague, where h e grea tly d istinguish ed h imsel f H is .

knowledg e of m athem atics and m echani cs enabl ed hi m

t o ren der much help to his cou ntry d uri ng th e m em or
abl e sieges of the tim e of Louis XI V After m an y .

adv entur es he retired fr om ser v ice , an d foun d l eisure to

inv ent and manufacture m any curious cl o cks a nd in

n ious toys I n ne of his cl ocks tim e was m easur ed
g e . o

by the descent of a bal l in a metal groove, twisted

ro un d col umn s suppo rtin g a dom e When the bal l .

finished its descen t, its weight, lifting a dete nt, dis

char ged the wheel work , gi vi ng m otion to an A rchim e

dian screw, which rai sed the ball to its form er position,
again to d esc en d as befo re I n anoth er the ball d e
.

scend ed in di agona l li nes on a n incl in ed pl an e The .

 I NC LI NE D PLA NE C L O C KS .
1 13

means of ascen t in thi s case were hidd en from v iew

I n a third th e bal l was made to pass with in the bodies
of t wo ser pents , wh ich by a reciprocating m otion were

made to swall ow th e bal l altern atel y A compound of .

the m otions i n the two l as t n am ed cl ocks was adopte d

-

by a sc ientific gentlem an about fifty y ears ago, an d

time pieces on this p rin ciple are st il l cal l ed C o ngr ev e
-

clocks after him G rollier m ade sev eral cl ocks for th e

.

purpose of pl easing an d surprising his visitors .

Thus, a small figure of a to rtoise dropped i nto a

pewte plate fill ed with water, having the hours marked
r-

on th e flat edge, woul d float r ou n d and sto p at th e

proper hour I f moved it woul d again return ; and if

.

the tail were pl aced a t th e ho ur it woul d tu rn r ound ,

an d again poin t wi th i ts head A lizard was seen
.

ascen din g a pill a r on which the ho u rs of the d ay wer e

mark ed and pointing to the tim e as it advanced

,
T he .

figu re of a m ouse was al so m ade to m ove on a cor nice,

an d poin t to th e hours mar ked upo n it These con .

tri vance s were in part m an aged by con ceal ed m agnets ,

whi c h were suffi cientl y stron g to attra ct al though ,

cov ered over G rollier al so con tri ved a m ethod for

.

sho w in g th e t i me at n igh t by causin g the di al of a

,

cl o ck to revol v e in ste ad of th e h an ds By th ese m ea ns

.

th e hours a nd quarters were b rough t to an il l umi nated

spa ce an d seen to e th er ; the quar te rs bein g di ffer en tl y
g
mar k ed an d engraven on a sm all er cir cl e th an the
,

hou r s T h e invento r sta ted that these clocks were l ess

.

expe n si ve an d l ess l iable to deran em ent th an repeating

g
cl oc ks an d that n on e but th e blin d woul d prefer re
,

t ers to them ; it bein sier to l ook at t he on e

pea g ea

tha n to pull the cor d of th e oth er G rol lier made som e

.

cl oc ks to go by their own wei ht descen ding in cli n ed

g ,

plan es and others in grooves formi ng a kin d of path

, ,
1 14 NCL I NE D
I N
PLA E CLOC KS .

fr om the ceiling to the floor When the clock had

.

near l y fini shed its descent it was l ifte d C E, and pla ced

again at th e h i h est point of its path , th e han ds bein g

g
set to tim e before it was restarted S e veral clocks on
.

this prin ciple have been proj ecte d to a void th e casual

ti s to which mai n springs an weight li nes ar e li a bl e
e - d - .

S uch a cl ock, invente d an d made by the R ev Maurice .

Wheeler, was exhibited about eighty five years ago at

-

Don S altero s museum of rarietis s at C helsea, which was

’

on e of th e popul ar sights of Lon don at th e cl ose of the

las t century .O ne of these clocks, invente d by M d s .

G ennes, was kept in equilibri um by a weight at the en d

of a l ever . T he un winding of th e sp rings ma de th e
weigh t change its positi on ; thus al te ring the centre of
ravity, and ca usin th l o k t nd the pla n9
g g e c c o asce .

A t a meeting of the Ar ch aeol ogical Institu te, hel d on

F ebr uar y 6 th , 1 8 5 2, Mr Forrest exh ibite d a tr avelling
.

or tabl e cl oc k, in th e for m of a l arge watch ; th e data bein g

about 16 90, an d the maker, Joh n R e hl s , of Freibur g .

A curious satirica l poem , publish ed in 1 690, and

en ti tl ed M undus Mul iebris : or, the Ladi es Dressing ’

R oom u nl ocked, an d h er Toil ette spread , m enti ons, as

’

part of a fashiona ble l ady s paraphernalia

’

R epeati ng-clocks, the hour to sh ow

W hen to the play tis ti me to go
’ ”
.

I n 1 6 96 ,William Derh am D D ,
. C an on of
.
,

Windsor and a most eminent phil osopher and divin e

, ,

who was born n ear Wor cester in 1 6 5 7 and di ed in ,

1 735 published
, T he Artificial Cl ockmaker or a , ,

T reatise of W atch and C l ockwork ; showing to the

m ean est ca paciti es the art of cal c ul ating num bers to
al l so rts of m o ve ments th e way to alt er cl ockwork t o
,

make chim es and set them to musical no tes and to cal

, ,
1 10 V E RS A IL L E S C LOC K .

di recti on as an omen ; th e king was informed of it, and

poor Bur deau was confin ed in the Bastil e .

I n th e p alace of Ve rsa ill es i n th e S al on d u C onse il

, ,

is a cur ious cl ock that pl ays a ch ime wh en th e h our

,

str ikes an d is set in m otion by m achin er y by wh ich

, ,

also sen tinels are m ade to ad van ce a coc k to flap h is ,

wings Louis XI V to c om e for ward a n d a figur e of

, .
,

Victo ry or Fame to desce n d fr om th e skies and crown

hi m with a gol den C h a pl et T h e S al l s d es Pen dul e s in
.

this palace i s so cal led from a clock in it which shows ,

the days of the m onth th e phases of th e m oon the , ,

revol ution s of th e eart h a n d the m otio ns of the pl an ets

, ,

besides the hour the m inute and the se cond of the

, ,

day W e ma y her s m en t ion i nc id en tal l y th at Fren ch

.

cl ock cases we re for m er l y accou n ted th e first i n the

worl d and those m ade by Boul e in the tim e of Loui s

,

XIV are looke d upon as curiosities of good taste and

.

I n 1 8 20 appeared the followin g adver tis em en t

Mechanical C lock T h e Proprietors of an el egant
.

an d su perb Mec hani cal C l ock, 8 feet h igh, w hi ch was

th e property of Maria An to inette, l ate Q ue en of Fran ce,

have the honour to present it for the in spection of the
p ubli c : th is piece of m echanism represents th e fr ont v iew
of th e ki ng s pal ace a t V er sa ill es ( th e ga rden si d e)
’

on th e co mm en ce ment of strik ing th e hou r a compl ete

a n d beau tiful cl ock wo rk b e gin s p la yi ng 20 di fferent

ai rs , afte r which a figure, re

presentin
g th e W arn er of
D eath m akes its a ppearan ce in th e centre of the
,

balcony at each side of which is a Ki ng s Herald

,
’

in a sitti ng position holding the shell of a cl ock in

,

their hands to which the figure m oves altern atel y wi th

,

a maj estic step st rik ing the hour

,
a nd th en ret ir es ; ,

i mm ediatel y after 5 doors in the bal con y open an d ,

 MA R IA ANTO I NE TTE S C L O C K
’
.
1 17

out of the cen tre his Majesty Henr y IV makes his .

a ppea rance by announcement of trumpets by figures

at each side of the bal con y when th e doo rs cl ose ,

again and l eav e hi s Majesty in a sta ndin g position sur ,

roun d ed by h is suite ; then an angel fr o m th e top with ,

a cr o wn in his hands appears in th e m idst of music by

, ,

diflerent i nstrum ents placing th e crown on th e head of

'

th e m onar ch with a brill iant star hov erin g over his

,

head ; at the conclusi on of the coronation and music

the tr umpets recom m en ce sou nding wh en his Majesty ,

sal utes th e p ubl ic an d r etires with hi s suits and the ,

doors im mediatel y cl ose : t he di al of this in comparabl e

piece of m echa ni sm represents the different movements
of the globe the su n m oon and plan ets showin g th e
, , , ,

l eap year by the m on th s weeks days hours and

, , , , ,

minu te s with the 4 seasons ; th e whole of whi ch is

,

regul a ted by th e m ov em ents of this extra o rdina ry me

chan i cal clock A t the sa m e pla ce m ay be seen al so

.

the C ui rass of h is l ate Majesty the E mper or Napol eon ,

with th e C uirass an d Hel met of his son the King of ,

R om e ; an d m any other new inven ted cuirasses Al l .

the obj ects are to be sold and ar e on view at No 23 , .

,

Howlan d S treet .

I n th e cou rt call ed the C our d e Marbre at Versa ill es , ,

was a cl oc k that h ad n o m echa nism an d onl y on e ,

ha nd which was placed at the precis e moment of the

,

death of the l ast Ki ng of France and which di d not ,

move during the whol e of his successor s reign

’
This .

custom da te d from the ti me of Louis X III I t was a .

fitting m emorial for a pal ace to rem ind t he inmates of ,

their bri ef tenure of o ffice I n 1 8 38 this cl ock of

.

the K ing s dea th was replaced I n the imperial

’
.

chatea u of S t C l oud i n the S al on de l a R e

.
, ception de la

R eine is a clock with twel ve dials marking the hours

, ,

of as many ca pitals of Europe .

 C HAPTER IV .

E quation C lock —Mean l i me —C lock at Warwick —C locks i n S outh

K snsington Museum — R och ester C lock —Bis hop Bu rns t s G i fts of '

C locks Pricr s Verses on a C lock

'
—
M op H a ll s C look C hri s
’

topher Pinchheck and his wond erful C l ocks C rippl egate C lock
T ransit C l ock S idereal T ime Georg e G raham I mprovemm h
in the Pm dul um H ogarth s Mas qu erade C lock —C l oc k I m p
’

Ba ll C lock — igh t S and C lock —York C athedral C l ocks — John

N
E ll icott —H crse G uards C lock — T he Fa mpement of a C lock

T H E first Equati on C l ock an ingenious contri vance

,

to show both mean and apparent time was m ade in ,

Lond on between one hun dred an d fiity and two hun dred
yea g
rs a o . Th e first one in vented was in the ca binet

of C harles II King of S pain and is thus descri bed in

.
, ,

a l ette r from F ather K resa a Jes ui t to Mr Willia mson

, , .
,

a watc hmaker I ha ve to te ll you that from the

years 1 6 99 to 1700 there has been in the cabinet of
K ing C harles I I of glorious memor y Kin g of S pai n
, , ,

a cl ock with a royal pe nd ul um (seconds

p
endul u )

made to go with weights an d not with springs, going

m ,

up had ord ers to go every day to the palace

I
during several m onths to obser ve the sai d cl ock and
corn pars it wi th th e sundi al ; and at that time I re
marked that it showed the e quation of ti me equal and
”
apparent, exactl y accordi ng to the tabl es of Flamstead .
1 20 BI S HO P BU R NET S ’
C L OC K S .

I n the S outh K ensingto n Museum is an upright

cl ock, the case of w hic h is richl y inla id with m arque

terie scroll wor k

- Th e dial is marked H enry Poisson,
.

”
London The h eight of th e clock is eig ht fee t three
.

inches and a ha lf I t is of the period of Queen An ne ;

.

and i t was pu rchased for 1 21 I n the same museum is .

a cl c
o k in the form of
pported by th ree
a gl ob e, su

bron ze am orini I t is of French work about th e year

.
,

1 700 Th e heigh t is three feet eight in ches and thr ee

.

quarters ; and the diameter two feet I t was pur chased , .

for 1 501 Mr G H Morl and has a cl oc k m ounted

. . . .

on a tr un ca te d col umn of orm olu with a gl obe an d ,

ma th em atical instr uments I t is of Fre nch m anufac

.

tur e and of the eigh teenth centur y

,
I t has been ex .

hi bited in the above-nam ed m useu m I n that national .

c oll ecti on is al so a cl oc k th e case o f w hich is in old

,

F lorentin e porcelai n sur m ounte d by a figure of Time

, .

The dial is surr ounded by a wreath of ol iv e l eaves in

orm ol u T h e h eight is t wo feet six inches
. This cl ock .

is of the ei ghte enth ce ntury and was purchased for 1 8 1 , .

Al so an old French cl ock in an or mol u case I t is , .

of th e per iod of L ou is XI V T h e dial is inscribe ! .

”
Thuret a Paris , T h e he ght is t we ty two in ches
i . n -
.

Th e cl ock was purchas ed for 1 51 .

T he clock house at R ochester which occupies the

-
,

site of th e ancien t G u il dh a ll was bui lt at t he sole ,

charge of S ir C loudesl ey S hovel in th e ye ar 1 706 , .

T h e clock was also the gift of that disti ng uished

T h e will of Bishop B urn et, date d O ctober 24th, 1 71 1,

contains the following item s of cl oc ks an d wa tches be

l onging to h im T he cl ock in th e parlour at S ali s

bury ; m y r epeati ng
-wa t ch t h e cl ock i n t h e

room before my study i n S al isbur y the repeating ,

 BI S H O P HA LL S C LOC K
’
. 1 21

tabl -l ock tipt with silver ; an d

e c th e cl ock in th e
”
parl our at S t John s
.
’
.

Again we have occasion to in tr oduce a bit of m orali ty

upon the subject of hor ol ogy Prior, who was born in .

1 6 44 , and di ed in 1 721 , thus wr ote :

S o, i f nnpreju dic d you scan

’

T he goings of th is clockw ork man ;

Y ou find a h undred mov ements made
By fins devices in his head ;
Bu t ti s th e s tom ach s sol id stroke
’ ’

”
That tell s thi s being what s o clock
’ ’
.

A correspondent of Notes and Queries of S eptem ber ’

1 6th 1 8 65 says
, , S om e four or five yea rs sin ce on ,

enteri ng a l oft in a coal wharf in this town (Bodmin )

-
,

my attention was dra wn to an antique cl ock sil entl y

standi ng on a bracket and begd with dust and dirt
,
.

I t was without a case ; the pen dul um and weight

uncovered like a D utc h cl ock ; the bell form ed a dom e

above I t had the inscription Will iam All d

. in
Louth ebs rry fesitt The grim y tenant of the loft tol d
’
.

me that it was the property of his em pl oyer and that ,

On
’
it went by th e name of Bishop H al l s cl ock
’
.

accou nt of its ancient l ook I bought it of the own er , ,

and rec ei ved with it the foll owin g history I t was .

formerl y in the poss ession of the R ev R o bt Wal k er . .

,

of S outh Wi n now in Co rn wal l an d was valued by its

, ,

own er as Bishop Hall s cl ock After Mr W al ker s

’
.
’
.
’

death his hous ehol d goods wer e sol d and this cl ock was
, ,

then pur chas ed by th e coal mer chant I subsequently

-
.

foun d that this Mr Walker was a descendant of Hall the

.
,

famous Bishop of Exeter and afterwards of Nor wi ch , .

O n the west side of S t John s Lane C lerkenwell is

’
.
, ,

situate d Al bi on Place whi ch was erected in 1 8 22 on

, ,

the site of an old court call ed S t George s C ourt which

’

, .
,
122 C HR I S T O PHE R PI NC H BEC K .

was then pull ed down Here in 1 721 lived C hristopher

.

Pinchbeck the discoverer of an in geni ous all oy of

,

metals closel y resembling gol d which was named after

, ,
”
him , Pinchbeck and the in ventor of astr onomico
,

musical cl oc H e app ears to have e xcel led in the

constr ucti on of m usical autom ata which on sev eral ,

occasions be exh ibite d in a booth at Bartholomew F air ;

and in conj un ction wi th F awkes th e conj uror at S outh , ,

war k Fair H e made a m usi cal cl ock for Louis XIV

. .

of F rance which is sai d to h ave bee n an e xquisite p iece

,

of wor kmanshi p and worth about , H e also

made a fine organ for the G reat Mogul worth 3001 , .

H e di ed on Novem ber 1 8 th 1 732 F rom the foll owing , .

ad v er tisement whi ch appeared in A plebee s W eek l y

’
, p
Jcurual of Jul y 1 8th 1 721 it appears t hat Pin chbeck
,
’
, ,

rem ove d fro m C lerken well to Fl eet S treet about that

time
Notice is hereby given to Noblemen G entlemen , ,

and O thers that C hr Pin chbeck Inventor and Ma ker

, .
,

of the fa mous Astronomi co Musical C l ocks is rem oved -

,

from S t G eorge s C ourt S t J ones s Lane to th e sign of

’ ’
.
, .
,

the Ast ronom ico-Musica l C l ock in F l eet S treet n ear ,

th e L eg Tavern H e maketh an d sell eth Watc hes of

.

all sorts and Cl ocks as well for the exact Indi ca tion
,

of Tim e onl y as A str onomi ca l for sh owi ng th e vari ous

, ,

Motions and Phen om cm of plan ets and fixed sta rs .

sol ving at sight several As tronomical probl ems besi des ,

all this a vari ety of Musical performances an d tha t to ,

th e greates t Nicety of Time an d Tu n e with the usual

races ; to ether with a won der ful im itation of several
g g
songs and Voices of an Aviary of Bir d s so natural that

any who saw n ot the I ns tr um en t would be persuad ed

that it were in R eal ity what it onl y represents He .

makes Musical A utomate or Instruments of themsel ves

124 PI NC H BE C K C LO C K S .

Metal , whi ch so y res embles G old in C ol our S mell

nearl , ,

an d D uctil i ty to any Person whatsoever ; nor are th e

,

Toys mad e of the said Metal sol d by an y one Person

in E ngla nd except hi m sel f ; therefore G entl em en are
d esired to bewar e of Imposter s wh o fr equ ent C ofiee
’

Houses and expose to S ale Toys pretended to be m ade

,

of thi s M etal which is a m ost n otorious I mposition u pon

,

th e P ubli ck A nd Gen tl em en an d Ladies may be

.

accom modated by the said Mr Pin chbeck with the fol .

l o wing cu rious Toys viz S wo rd Hilts Hangers C ane

, .
, ,

Heads W h ip Handl es for Huntin g S purs Equi pages

, , , ,

Watch C hains C oat Buttons S hi rt Buttons Kni ves and

, , ,

F orks S poons S al vers Tweezers for Men and W omen

, , , ,

S nuff Boxes Buckles for Ladi es Br eas ts S tock Buckl es

’

, , ,

S hoe B uckles K nee B uckl es G ir dle Buckles S tock

, , ,

C lasps Necklaces C orral s A nd in parti cula r Watches

, ,
.
,

plain an d chased in so curi ous a Manner as n ot to be

, ,

di stingui shed by the nices t E ye from real G ol d and ,

which are highly necessary for G entlemen an d Ladi es

when they travel ; with several ot her fin e Pi eces of
Workmanship of any S ort m ade by the best H ands ,
.

T he sa id Mr Pinchbeck like w18 6 makes Astr onomi ca l

.

and Musical C l ocks which n ew i n vente d Mac hin es are

so artfully co n tr ived as to p er form on several In stru

ments grea t variety of fin e Pieces of M usick com posed ,

by the most cel ebrated Masters with that E xactitude , ,

and in so beau tiful a Mann er th at sca rce an y H an d can ,

equal th em They likewise im itate the sweet Har mony

.

of Bir ds to so great a P erfection as n ot to be di stin

i h d from N atur e itself H l o m k es R epeating

’

g u s e a s a .
,

an d all oth er S orts of C l ocks and Watch es ; parti cul arl y

Watches of a new Invention the Mecha nism of which ,

is so sirnple an d the Proporti on so just that they com e

, ,

nearer T ruth than an y oth ers yet mad e H e also .

 C RI PPL E GA T E C L OC K
. 1 25

mends all S o rts of C locks an d Watch es, Mus ical

Machin es, and Pieces of Machin ery whats oev er, after so
just a Mann er that they shall go wel l tho they never
,
’

”
did b efore . A t the top of thi s ad vertisement is a rude
i
woodcut, represent g a tab e cl ock
n l -
.

I n th e Hist orical C hr onicl e of th e G en tl em an s

’

Magazine of Jun e, 1 76 5 , we read, th at on May 4th , in

that year, Messrs Pinchbeck and Norton set up at the
.

Q Ho l o k i h fo f h h
’
u e en s use a n ew c c w t u r aces , w ic was

g reatl y adm ir ed T.h e first an d prin cipal face showed

the t ru e an d apparen t time wi th th e risin g and setting

,

of th e s un e ve ry d ay in se v eral parts of the wo rld, by a

m ovin g horizon ; th e secon d fr ont s howe d the m otions

of th e pl an ets in their or bits, accor d i n g to th e s ste m of
y
C opern icus ; th e third, th e age and differ ent phases
of th e m oon wi th the ti m e of th e tid e at thirty t wo
,
-

differ ent seaports ; an d the fou rth , by a curious retr o

rad e m o tion in a spir al , showed e ver y da of t he mo nth
g y
an d year, with th e m on t hs an d d ays of the week in

proper embl ems .

T h e steepl e of C rippl egate C h urch con tain s a cl ock,

whi ch presents one fa ce to the east an d a nother to the
n orth. I t was m ade by L an g Bradl ey i n the year 1 722,
an d w as th oroughl y repaired in 1 7 97 by W il lia m Dor
t e ll , of B rid gewater S q uar e, and made to strik e the ho ur
on the te n or bell I n 1 8 4 6 it was again r epaired by
.

Thwaites and R eid, an d the pendul u m was l en gthened .

This cl oc k is now consid er ed to be one of the best in

London A former alder m an, S ir W ill iam S ta ines,
.

a m on h i s other m u nificent gifts to th e p aris h,

g pre

se nted a sm all and inhar moni ous bel l, u pon which th e

cl ock strikes a n ote, di scordan t to the peal . Th e

c him es, wh ich are al mom without a ri val, were con

structe d in 1 792 by G eorge Harman, of H igh W ycomb,

1 26 T RA NS IT C L OC K .

Bucks and play seven tunes changing the t une daily

, ,

at noon Th ey were thoroughl y repa ired in 1 849 when

.
,

the tunes were rearranged and those of inferior melodies ,

tak en O E and others substitute d

, .

C l ocks ha ve been appli ed to other purposes tha n the

m ere simple m eas urement of ti me G eorge G raham . ,

nt hor ol ogist of whom fur ther m en tion will

,

be made presentl y appli ed the m ovement of a cl ock

, ,

showin g sider eal time to m ak e a tel escope poin t in the

,

direction of any particul ar star even when belo w the ,

horizon I n Greenwich O bservatory was set up a

.

curious transit cl ock mad e by G raham ,

but greatl y ,

i mproved by Earns haw who so sim plified th e train as

,

to exclude two or three wheels and also added cross ,

braces to the gri diron pendul um by which an error of a ,

second per day arisi n f om its sudd en starts w as

,g r ,

corr ected S idereal ti me or star ti me is that which is

.
, ,

obtained by th e observati on of the tran si t of star s over

the m eridi an and as it d epends upon the rotar y motion

, ,

of th e earth al one a nd is uni nfluen ced by the i rr eg u

,

larities of orbita l motion it is subj ect to no variati on

, ,

and is cons e qu entl y most uniform But ther e is a .

consi derabl e d ifference bet ween solar and sider eal tim e ,

th e sidereal da y being four minutes shorter than the

sol ar day .

I n the PhilosO phical Transactions of 1 726 is an

account of a con tri van ce to avo id the irregul ariti es in a

cl ock s moti on occasi on ed by the actions of hea t and

’

col d on th e pend ul um rod by G eorge G rah am A nd, .

here we will explain that a pendul um in ord er to main

tain a t all times an in variabl e rate of vibration mu st
al ways rem ain of an in variable l ength ; but because th e

changing te m perature of the atm osph ere al ter natel y

l engthened and shortened the pendulum by the effects ,

128 H O GA R T H S MA S QU E R A DE C LOC K
’
.

a cl co k that is thus desc ribed in John Ireland s ’

was ,

Hogarth Illustrate d in wh ich i t is represented (s ide ,

’

als o the Mirror vol xi p ,

’
T he head of t h e . .
, .

ren own ed Heidegger master of the mysteries and ,

m an age r in ch ief is pl aced on the fro nt of a l arge dial

, ,

fixed l ozenge fashi on at th e to p of th e prin t an d I

, , , ,

beli ev e intended to vibrate with the pendul um ; the

,

bal l of which han gs beneath and is labe lled Non sense , .

O n the mi nute finger is writte n Im pertinen ce an d on ,

the ho ur ban d W it ; which seems to in timate n onsense ,

ever y second i m p er ti n ence every m inute a n d wit onl y

, ,

—
once an hour ! T he ti me is ha l f past one the wi tching -

hour of night S even te en hun dred and t wenty seven

.
-
,

the date of the year t hi s pr int was publish ed is on the ,

cor n ers of the cl ock R e cu m bent on the uppe r l ine of

.

the print and resting against the sid es of the dial the
, ,

artist h as pl aced our B ritish lion and unicor n ren v ersé

such I think is the te r m in H eral dry ) l y ing on th eir

( , , ,

backs and each of them pl aying wi th his own ta il

,
.

T h e li on sinister and th e u n icorn dexter th e supporte rs

, ,

of our regal ar ms being thus l u dicr ou sl y in troduced, ,

may per haps all ude to the encouragement K in g G eorg e

, ,

th e S econ d gave to H e idegger who at that p eriod might ,

be said to teach k ings to fiddle an d m a ke sen ate s

‘
,

dance who by thus ki ndly superin tending the pl easu res

,
’
,

of ou r n obles gai ned an i nco me of , a year a nd , ,

as be frequentl y boaste d l aid out the whol e in this ,

co untry U nder the cl ock Hogarth delin eated the

.
,
”
scen e of a mas querad e .

I n 1 730 appea red th e following advertisem ent of a

cl ock l am p
’
-
Wa lker s new invented C lock Lamp ,

which not only far exceeds an y Lam p h itherto in v ented

both as to its N enta s es in the using (it neither daubin g
the F ingers at all in the Dressing nor making any ,
 C L OC K L AMP . 1 29

Daub where it stan ds as others do) as well as in the ,

cl ear continued Li ht i t ives from the first l i htin f

g g g g o
it till all th e O il is quite spent withou t so much as ,

once snufli n it t h e w ho l T i m b t it li k w i h w
g e e ; u e s e s e s
the Hours of the Night exac tl y as they pass from the ,

T i me of going to Bed till th e n ext Mor ni ng ; or from ,

the Tim e of l ighting th e Lam p till it is quite burnt out,

s uppl yin at o t h P l f C l o k W t h d
g n c e , e ac e , o a c o r a c a n

C andl e when used with proper O il which is sol d with

, ,

the Lam ps wherein it is entirel y and beyon d all others ;

, ,

and ,being con venientl y placed by the Bedside on e ,

may li e still in Bed and see how the Tim e passes S ol d .

onl y by John Wal ker rem oved from Fl eet S treet to the
,

W hi te Horse an d Be ll n ear C heapside C onduit ; where,

is also sold all sorts of Brazier s and Ironm onger s G oods

’ ’

and the newest fashi on d Fr en ch Plate v ery cheap he

’
,

being the Maker ”

Thi s artist appears to have had a
.

formi dabl e rival in trade ; for we find the foll owing

A shburne s N
’
advertise m ent appearin g in 1 731 ew

I n vented C lock lam p sh ewing th e Hour s of th e Night

-
, ,

exactl y as th ey pass far ex ceedi ng an ythi ng of this ,

K in d ever yet invented To be sol d Wholesale or

.

R etale by th e Inv entor and Maker Leonard A shburne , ,

at th e S ugar Loaf in Pater Noster R ow n ext C h eaps ide ; ,

at Mr C ol e s at the R ainbo w a nd Dov e in C hancer y

’
.
,

Lane n ext Fl eet S treet ; at Mr Noon s at the White

,
.
’
,

H art in th e Poul try ; at G ar raway s O l d S hop the S outh

’
,

en tr ance of the R oyal Exch ange ; and at Mr Tayl or s

’
.
,

a C hin a S hop ov er aga inst S t Al ban s S treet in Pall

’
.
,

Mall . Wh ere li k e w is e a re S o l d A ll S o rt o f C ham ber

,

Lam ps in the greatest Variety which ha ve given the

, ,

b k
Pu l ic a g en e r a l S a tisf ac ti o n W i t h O il .fi t fo r th e

p
Pur ose Wh ere .as a m a li c i o u s a nd il l d es i g n in g A d
vertiseme n t was se t fo rt h by t h e L a m p P r e te n d e r in

K
1 30 BA MPT ONCL OC K .

C heapside in the C raftsman of S aturda y last, and in the

Daily Post of Wednesday th e 6 th I n st wherein he calls.

those Lam ps sold in Pater Noste r R ow counter feit, &c , .

wh ich any Person on View wil l fin d to be false a nd

malicious, endeavour ing thereby to l essen the C haracte r
an d R eputation which t he y ha v e gain d beyond all
’

others, n otwithstan din g his imposing on the Publick, as

being the Maker, and n ow wi thin thi s Week stil es
h im se lf the In ventor, when h e kn o ws, as do m an y
o thers that the y were m ade l ong before h e was con
,

cer n ed i n them A n d as for counterfeiting them, I

.

desire that all persons that shall have any O ccas ion,
wil l do thems el ves th e Jus tice to see both sorts , before
th ey wil l be im pos ed on by su ch a base an d ili design i n g
”
per son . A t th e top of this advertisement is a ru de
woodcut, r epresenting four lam ps, one of which is som e
what l ike a coffee pot in shape ; th e others ar e for med
-

like v ases ; and in all , the part which hol ds the wick
projects fr om the side of the la mp .

I n th e v estry books of Bampton, O xford shire , is the

followin g entry, under d ate January 27th, 1 733 At
a v estry this day h eld , an d appl ication being m ade to

the said v estry by J oh n R eyn olds, of H agbourn in the

c oun ty of B erks , black s m ith , for paym ent of the su m

of th ir ty fou r pounds, du e to him for m aki n

-
n w
g a e

cl ock and chimes in th e pa ris h chu rch of Bampton, he

having performed his said work accordi ng to h is agree

m en t, an d to the satisfaction of this vestry, therefore it
i s order ed by th is v estry, that th e c hur chwardens of
t his paris h for the time bein g do forth with pay un to th e
sa rd John R eyn ol ds the said sum of 34l , acco rdi ng to .

a greem en t of this v estr y

for that pu rpose, except
40 shillings whi ch is to
, be l eft as a ca ution till the
clo ck is further prov ed . Bamp ton C hurch Tower now
132 g KNOL E C L OC K S .

figures, about four feet high ; on the top was a l arge

'

gl obe represe ntin g th e ea r th , whi ch m ov ed so as to

display the di urnal and also the annual motion of the

worl d .This cl ock came into the possession of a

p rice for it
. Th ere is musi ca l cl ock at K n ole, Kent,
a

wi th a bird at th e top of it, whi ch sin gs an d fla ps i ts

wings . A t the sam e place is also a fine cl ock, whi ch

was presente d by Louis X VI to Lor d Wh it wor th, th e
.

secon d husban d of the Du ch ess of Dorset W hil e men

.

tioni ng Kn ole we may ad d that the out-of-doo rs cl ock

there fo rmerl y stood on a dom e, similar to that at
Lambeth Palace, over the Hall ; bu t the roof of that
r oom appearin t b n d un der it, it was taken do wn in
g o e

l 74 5, a nd rem ov ed to its pr esent situati on .

I n 1 740 appear ed the foll owing advertisem ent of an

automaton which tol d the hours, &c This is to give
.

Notice, To all Gentl emen, Ladi es, and others That .

the three surprising Mathema tical S ta tues, whi ch has

l atel y been shown before the Vice- Chancellor and the
r est of the Uni versi ty at O xford, with u ni versal Appla use,

&c . Th e first S tatu e represents a C oun tr y Lass, with

a Pid eon u pon her Head , holdin g a G l ass in h er H and,
g
whi ch sh e li fting up, m ak es to r un out of the Pidgeon s
’

Bill , either R ed or W hite W in e T he second repr esents

.

a Merchant G rocer i n his S hop, who at th e Word of

C omman d , opens and shuts h is Door him self, an d

brings S ugar, T ea, C offee, and all S orts of S pices .

T he Thi rd S tatue r epresents a Blackmoor hol di ng a

Hamm er in his Hand, ha vi ng a Bell before him, an d as
ac ons as com manded perfor ms as foll ows , viz 1 He . .

st rikes th e Day of th e W ee k, an d the Hour s 2 Four . .

S pectators m ay each of th em dra w a C ard, an d h e will

not onl y shew h ow man y spots are upo n such a C ard,
 MU S I C AL C L O C K . 1 33

but al so the C ol our of the C ar d 3 A ny of the S pec

. .

tators m ay ca ll for any Num ber u nder 1 2 in hi s Min d,

and th e Blackm oor will str ike it W ith many other
.

Actions too tedious to m ention To be seen from T en

.

in t h e Mornin g until E ight in the Eveni ng, at the E nd

of W in e O ffice C ou rt in F l eet S tr eet Price 1 8 . .

O n J ul y 1 5th, 1 740, appear ed the following d escrip o

cl c
o k Nw
o open d, the Athenian Templ e of A rts
’

and S cien ces, cons isting of a grea t Variety of fine Per

form an ces in Mus ick and other A rts , being the Pro duce
of a l a r ge E xpenc e and T en Y ears Labour and S tud ,
y
is n ow finish d, and is hum bl y offered to the Ingeni ous
’

and Po l ite, and to all true Lovers of Arts and S ci en ces,

of both S exes, for th eir Approbation, an d is to be seen

a nd hea rd, till S old , in the Nor th Isl e of th e R oyal

’

Exchan ge, at 23 6d each Person Th e D escr iption

. . . .

T his Piece of Machin ery is in F orm of a R oman

Temple, mad e of Mahogany, fin ely E mbell ish d with ’

E m blem ati ca l C arve Work gilt, and fin e Poetical

Paintin gs T he upper Part is a Dom e, supported by
.

24 C olumns , in the C on cave of whi ch is a Ball ,

re r esen tin
p g th e S u n , wi th h is S ix Pl an ets m ovin g
roun d him in proportionabl e Peri od s of Tim e ; un d er

n eath whi ch is the S tatu e of E ucl id tur nin g roun d an d

comman din g 12 E mbl ematica l F igures, each perform

ing their se veral Motions . I n th e first F ront t here are

four S ets of Keys for th e Practice of the S ci ence of
Musick, and a curious Piece of Painting over di tto .

I n the seco n d F r ont i s the R epresentati on of Day by

Phcebus , dri ving the Night before hi m when h e rises .

I n the t hir d F ront are se veral S cenes of fine m oving

Pai ntin gs, &c , by C l ockwor k I n the fourth F ront is
. .

a S cen e of Pain ting, representing Night, which moves

1 34 DE R BY C LO C K .

03, and you discover a performs a

cur i us o C l ock that
fin e Air or Piece of Musick a t set Hours or at
, , ,

Pleasure T he C l ock is of a new In venti on finel y

.
,

e mbellish d and sol ves man y and curious Pr obl ems

’
,

r elatin to A s t onom y th e Par ticulars of whi ch are

g r ,
’
to o man y to be expresa d in this n arrow C o m pa ss .

Thi s Piece of Machinery performs many delightful

Pieces of Mnsick upon the full O rgan by C lockwork .

T he Entertainm ents of Persons with th e Perform ance

of this G ran d Tem pl e will begin a t 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 of
, , , , , ,

the C l ock every day Note A ny sel ect C om pany may

.
,

be privatel y entertain d at any Hour separate from the

’

Time abo ve .

John Whi tehurst of D erby wri ti ng in 1 847 says

, , ,

The esca pem ent all uded to in m y specification (for

the W estminster cl ock ) is now k eepin g tim e in a
chur ch clock in th e n eighbour hood I t is the very best .

for large turret clocks th at I kn o w of in all my man y

years experience There is on e of the same escape
’
.

ments in All S ain ts C hu r ch cl ock D erby made by , ,

my la te great-un cl e John W hitehur st F R S T he cl ock

, , . . .

was made by hi m A D 1 74 5 an d the cl ock is now

. .
,

oing to time m ost admirably I h ave m ad e a n u mber

g .

of l arge turret cl ock s wi th the same esca pem e nt and

-
,

they in vari abl y kee p ex cell ent time

”
John W hite .

hurst an eminent philosophi ca l and mechanica l genius

, ,

having settled at Derby as a watch m ak er made the ,

cl ock and chimes of th e bea utiful tower of Al l S a ints

C hurch as above m entioned F rom his vicinity to th e .

man y stupendous phen om ena in D er byshire which were ,

cons tan tl y presen ted to his obser vation h e was exci ted ,

to investi gate their causes Bein g appointed stam per .

of the m oney weights in 1 77 5 h e r em oved to Lon don , ,

where he soon after publis hed hi s En quiry into the

 1 36 F LOA T I NG C L OC K .

'

O ver th e market cl ock at Tem i is this m oral notice

”
Hora, dies, vita fugit, man et uni ca V irtu e .

H ours , days, and ages fly away ;

Virtue al one knows no decay
”
.

E arl y m th e present century there was in the town of

T etbury Gloucestershir e a very ancient market house
, ,
-
,

in front of which was a clock with a very curious an d

el abor atel y car v e d oak en d ial plate with t his m otto
-
,
”
Praastant sete m a
C aducis .

Under or above the dial of the parish clock of Mark et

H arbo rough, in Leicestershi re, appears the excell ent in .

”
jun cti on Begone about your business .

The Gentleman s Magazin e for 1 748 tells us of a

’ ’

m achin e which was suggeste d by the Mar quis of W or

cester, an d which was to make a ba ll of any m etal, wh en

thrown into water, presentl y ri se fr om the bottom , and

constantl y show by the su perficies of th e liq ui d th e hour

of the day or night ; n e ver r isin g m ore out of the water

than j ust to the m inute it

howed of each quar ter of the
s

hour ; an d if by force the ball should be kept un der

water the tim e was n ot l ost but r ecovered as soon as it
,

was permitted to rise to the superficies of th e water .

This was one of the m any proj ected chimerica l in ven

tions of the ingenious Mar qui s which h e call ed , S cent
”
lings m eaning probabl y chips of genius and which he
, ,

l aid before mem bers of Parli am en t from whom how , ,

ever h e did not recei v e an en cou ra ement T h m

, y g e s a e .

magazine for 1750 recor ds a pl an for the constr uction

of a nocturn al horol o e m which the radual fal l in f
g , g g o
san d through an apertur e in a v essel drew u w i h t
p a e g ,

a l ong a sca l e m arke d wi th n otches for the hours and

half hours which weight and notches being touched in

-
,
 YORK C L OC K S . 1 37

I n 1752 the ol d cl c
o k at York C athedral grown use ,

less by ag e and whose ver y large G othi c case covered

,

the wall between th e sou th door an d th e chapel for earl y

p rayers and bl ock ed u ,p one of th e w i n do ws was re ,

moved ; and an el egant new cl ock by John H in dley of ,

York was put up in its stead A t the same time there

, .

was outside the C athedral over the south entrance a , ,

hands ome dial both horar y and solar ; on each si de of

,

whi ch was a wooden sta tue in armour of the time of

Henry VII whi ch str uck the quarters on two small
,

balls E arly in the present ce ntur y these ancient clock

.

and figures were rem ov ed and th e present dial was ,

subs tituted T he clock of S t Martin s C hurch C on ey

’
. .
,

S treet Yor k is ill uminated an d projects into the street

, , , ,

and upon i t is the fi ure of a man ta king a solar ob

g

I n 1 753 was publish ed a description of two methods

by whi ch th e irregul ariti es in the m otion of a cl ock ,
arising from th e in fl uen ces of h eat or col d on th e rod of

,
th e pen dul um , mi ght be pre vented, with some pa pers
on the sam e subj ect previ ousl y read before the R oyal

S ociety, by John E lli cott, cl ockmaker and F R S In . . .

the Phil osophical Transacti ons of 1 76 1 are O bserva

t ions for proving the going of Mr Ell icott s cl ock at S t
’
. .

H el ena, by C harl es Mason I n the same work for 1 762

’
.

appear further observations concerning th e going of

Mr Ellicott s cl ock at S t Hel ena, by James S hort,

.
’ ’
.

F RS
. In the same work and year were published
. .

O bservations on a C l ock of Mr John S helton, ma de at .

S t Hel ena, by Nevil Maskel yne, D D ,

’
. an as . .

ments made in the pen dulum , an d several claims to new

1 38 H O R S E GU A R DS C LO C K .

1 772 was p b hed the m ezzotinto three quarter l ength

lis
u -

portrait, engraved by Du nkerton, afte r Dance , of John

Elli cott, who died in that year, aged sixty-se ven H e .

is represented sitting A t G r een wich O bser vatory was

.

an astro nom ical cl ock mad e by S hel ton, before n am ed .

The Horse G uards cl ock was originall y m ade by

Thwaites, of C l erkenwell , in 1 756 I t is a la rge thir ty .

hour clock, striki ng the quar te rs upon two bells, a nd

showin g th e tim e u pon two white dials with bl ack figures,
’
se v en feet fiv e inches in di a meter , one facing S t Jam es s .

Park, and the other Wh i tehall T he frame is of wrought

.

iron , th e wheels are of th e best yellow brass, and th e

esca pe and centre wheel, ar bors, and pinion s are of case
-

ha rdened an d tempered steel The goin g part dis

.

cha rges the hou rs as well as the quarte rs O ri ginall y .

the cl ock had a comm on recoil escapement, and the

pallets became much worn T he pendul um was eight .

feet two inches long, a nd to red uce the arc of vibrati on

it was fur nished with fans I n 1 8 1 6 the going part, in
.

el ud ing the di al, works, and hands, and the conn ecting
.

’
rod work, was made n ew by B L Vull ia my, th e Q ueen s
-
. .

cl ockmaker T he new going train consists of onl y three

.

wheels, namely, an escape, whi ch makes on e revolution

in four minutes ; a centre-wheel , one r evolution in an
hour an d a great wheel and two pini ons, each of twenty
two teeth .T he brass barrels and caps are n ew, and a
ratchet attached to the great wheel k eeps the clock

o i whil b i wo d T h p i vot wo rk i n u n
g n
g e e ng un e . s g
metal hol es in bosses which are hel d by screws not
, , ,

riveted . T he fr ont pivot of the escape wheel carries a

secon ds hand whi ch as the pendul um vibrate s t wo
’
, ,

seconds sho ws th e seconds by th e hand ad va n cing two

,

secon ds each vi bra ti on The pendulum has a teak w ood

.
-
1 40 NU R S E R Y C L OC K .

mously, That the thanks of this board be presented to

the R ight H on Lady Arabella D en ny, for the contin ua nce
.

of h e r ki nd an d m ost us eful attention to the foundling

children, p articul a rl y for a cl ock l atel y put u p in the

nursery, at her Ladyship s expense, wi th the foll owin

’

g
inscripti on, viz F or the benefit of infants protected by
.

thi s hospital Lady Ar abella Den ny p resents this clock,

,

to mark, that as chil dren rea r ed by the spoon m ust

ha ve but a small quantity of food at a time, it must be
ofiered frequ entl y ; for whic h p urpose, this cl ock str ikes
'

every 20 m inutes , at whic h n oti ce all the infants that

’
are n ot asleep m ust be discreetl y fed .

R epeati ng cl ocks and watches are instrumen ts for

registe rin
g ti m e , whi ch co m m un i cate th eir info r mati on

audi bl y on l y u pon th e pulli n g of a str ing, or by some

simil ar appl ica ti on . S ev eral instrum cnts ha ve been

contri ved for a wak eni n th e a tte nti on of the obs er v er at
g
times previously fixed u pon . Th e various kin ds of
ala r m s connected wi th cl ocks an d w atches are of this

ki n d . I n some instan ces it is d esirable to be abl e to

set them so as to give n otice at many successi v e and

distant periods of ti me, su ch as those of the arriv al of

certain stars on th e m eridi an . A cl ock of this kind was
u sed at th e G reen wich O bservato r y a l ong ti me a o
g .

F er din and Ber thoud, a Fr ench marine cl ockmaker, who

was born at Plan cemont, i n Neufchfitel in 1 727, and
died in 1 8 07, i nvented an astronomi cal clock, which by
means of a cord was made to strike the seconds during
th e pro gress of an obser vation ; the num ber of beats
being counte d ga ve the tim e of durati on Berthoud .

wrote se veral works on horol ogy in his own language,

Borne of which were reprin ted The first appeared in
.

l 76 0 .

T he subjoined description of a curious vocal clock is

 VOC AL C L OCK . 1 41

gi v en i n the j o urnal of th e R e v J W esl ey O

. n .

Mon da y, April 27, 1 762, being at Lurgan, in Ireland, I

embraced th e opportun ity which I had l on d esi d f
g r e , o

tal king to Mr Mill er, the contri ver of that statu e whi ch
.

was in Lur gan wh en I was ther e before I t was the figure .

of an old man standi ng in a case, with a curtain dr awn

before him , over against a cl ock, which stood on th e

O pposi te side of the room Every time the clock struck,
.

he opened th e door with one han d, dr ew back the cur

tain with the other, tur ned his h ead as if l ooking round
on the com pan y, and then said , with a cl ear, l oud, arti

culate voice, past one, or two, or thr ee, and so on But .

so man y ca me to see t his (th e like of whi ch all al l owed

was n ot to be seen in E urope) , that Mr Mill er was in .

danger of bein g ruined, not having time to atten d to his

own busin ess S o as n on e offered to purchase it or
.

reward hi m for his pains, he to ok the whol e m achin e to

About th e middl e of the eighte enth century C ol onel ,

Magniac a fam ous cl ockmaker l i ved in an old mansion

, ,

in S t John s S quare C l erken well and had his wor k

’
.
, ,

shops ther e This manufacturer s automaton cl ocks

.
’

caused m uch interest at the C our t of C hina and else

where an d perhaps did m uch to render C l erkenwell

,

noted as the cl ockmaking pari sh T wo of the m ost re

mark abl e cl ocks manufactured by him for the emperor
were rare specimens of mechani ca l skill ; in add ition to
re ime n ts of sol diers m usica l pe rformers paradin
g , g ,

com

bined to how what varied

s an d raceful
g moti ons o d
c ul

pl eas ing the eye also charmed the car by the bell musi c ,

tun es an d chimes
, Early in th e present century the
.

abov e mention ed mansi on was pull ed down and Messrs

-
, .
142 T HE MI CR O C O S M .

J S mith and S ons purchased th e freehol d and built

.

th eir ex tensi ve cl ock man ufactory upon it Th e work

.

shops an d war ehou ses of this esta bl ishment a re the

largest of any used for cl ockma k ing in C le rkenwell

Th e Annual Re gister for 1 76 4 info rms us that some
time before that year th e R oyal Acad em y of Paris was
presente d with a repeating cl ock, which str uck the
hours and quarters wi th onl y a sin gle striking wheel,
h
t e i nv e ntor r ej ect ing t wo-th ir d s of th e pi eces c o n ta ine d
in the striki n g part of the ordinary r epetition clock .

’
I n the l ast century, Henry Bridges, an architect, of
Waltham Abbey, cons tructed an el aborate m ech ani sm
call e d the Mi crocosm, or L ittl e Worl d ; whi ch a fter his ,

death , cam e
in t o th e posses si on of o n e Ed w ar d D av i s,

wh o, so me tim e between 1 76 4 and 1 78 9, p ublicl y

exhibited it, and publ ish ed a pa mphl et d escribing it,

con taini ng an en gr avin g of th e m achin e I t was bui l t

.

in th e form of a R oman tem pl e, bein g te n feet high , and

six feet b road at th e base ; and co nsisted of five p rin

cipal p arts . o
I t c ta e
n in d a v a r i et y o f m ov in
g , l i fe-l i k e

figures of m en , women, and ani mals A t the top were

.

three scen es, whi ch d al te rn atel y T he first

h
c ange .

r epresen ted th e Muses on Pa rn assus ; the second a ,

forest with O rpheus and wi ld beas ts ; the th ir d a syl van ,

rov e with bir ds flyi n g an d sin gin g

g .

I n th e cen tre of the str ucture stood a cl ock which ,

was divided into two astron omical system s th e u pper ,

m ost being the Ptolem aic and th e l owe r the C oper

,

nican . I n th e form er the ea rth r epresen ted the centre

,

of m otion with an hour cir cl e r oun d it and the sun

, ,

an d m oon r evol ve d ev ery twenty four hours

-
I t showed .

the r ising southi ng an d settin g of the sun wh ich

, , ,

al ways pointed out th e hour of the d ay an d r ose a nd ,

set at th e sam e tim e as it reall y did There were two

.
144 THE MI CROCOS M .

and t h e sea O n. th e for m er v ehi cl es, persons, an d

anima ls were seen in motio n ; an d on the latter shi s
p
were sailing A n oth er scen e displa yed a car pente r s
’
.

r d with m en at work D ur ing th e who l e performance

ya .

of the mac hin e, wh en u pward s of on e thousa nd t wo

h undred wheels an d pini ons moved all together, it
played several pieces of music on an organ which like ,

wis e was provided with keys, so that any piece might be

played upon it .

Again we intr oduce a pas sage fr om th e poetry of

hor ol ogy Young, who was born in 168 4, and di ed
.

1 765 , wrote these suggesti ve lin es

F rom old E ternity s myste rious orb
’

W as T ime cut off and cast beneath th e skies

T he ski es which watch hi m in his new abode,
Meas uring his motion by revolving sph eres,
”
T hat horologe machinery di vine
.
 C HAPTE R V .

A l exa nd er C ummi ng Wind C lock Barometer C locks Dimi nutive

C lock presen t d by E as t I n d ia C o mpany to E mpe ror of C hina
e

C lockmakers E pi taphs K a y, a C lockmaker, h el ps to make a

’

S pinni ng Mach ine Devereux Bowl y James Co x, the Watch

maker H is Museum C urious A utomato n C l ocks th erei n T he
C hronos cope Perpetua l Moti on C lock Js wel l ed C lock for th e
G rand S ignor E ma nuel S w edenborg s Death Paris C l ocks
’

Pend ul ums John Bryant Bli nd C lockmaker Maid stone C lock

Cu c koo C loc ks an d S ou th S ea I sl a n d r
e s C l oc k wor k for Nava l
Warfare C l ock at Z aragoza T h e H orologe of th e F ields C l ock
at Palm C lock C ustom at H a th erlei gh N
ovel C l ock Be rna
C lock C obl en tz C lock C lock to ligh t a C andl e H uman or
L i ving C l ock T yburn G a te C l ock N orwood C l ock W inds or
C astl e C lock S tory of a C l ock an d a S ermon I l l umina ted C lock
D ials Pa per C locks G u n C l ock C a nnon C l ock C lock to set
a W a tch — C oc
l k to b es t t im e for M u s ic — Duke of York s C l ock
’

Deton ating Wood en C lock A rithmeti cal C lock Man s Mind like ’

a C l ock C l ocks at Pete rsburg h E gg C l ock E l ectri ca l C l ocks

H ow to l e ngth en L i fe R oyal E xch ange C l ock Burni ng of the
O ld E xch ange G en eral Post O ffi ce C lock C remille Victuall i ng
O fil ce C l oc k R egula tor C lock V ull iamy .

A L E XA ND E R C U MM I NG, ingeni ous m eth eme

an

tician an d m echan ic, a n ative of Edin bur gh who died

in 1 8 14, mad e a cl ock for G eorge III , whi ch re gistered .

t he hei gh t of th e barometer during every day through

out the yea r This was eflected by a circular card of
'

. ,

abou t t wo feet in dia m eter being m ad e to turn on ce

,

i n a y e ar .T h e car d was divided by rad ii lines i nto

three h un dr e d an d sixty five divisions the m onths and
-
,

da ys being m ar ked r ou n d th e edge whil e th e usual ,

ran e of th e bar om ete r was indi ca ted in i nches an d

g
te n t hs by cir cul ar l ines d escribed from th e centr e A .

pencil with a fine poin t pressed on the card by a spr ing

,

1.
1 46 BA RO MET E R C L OC K .

and hel d by an u prig ht rod floating on the m erc ur y, ac

cur a te ly m arke d the st ate

ba rometer ; the ca rd of th e ,

being carried forward by th e cloc k brought each da y ,

to th e pe n cil I t was n ot e ven n eces sar y to cha nge

.

the card a t the y ear s en d as a pe nc il with a d ifferent

’
,

col ou r ed l ea d wou ld m ak e a d istin c tion be t w een two

years This ba rometer cl ock cost n earl y 2 000I and

.
, .
,

the m aker was al l owed a sa lary of 2001 per a nn u m to .

kee p it in r e pair C um ming i n 1 76 6 published Th e

.
‘

E lem en ts of C loc k and W atch wor k ad apted to prac ,

T he foll o wing is a copy of the or iginal a dvertise

’
tic e .

m en t of this work This d ay is publ ished in one ,

vol u me i n quarto price 1 53 in boa rds Th e El e ments

,
.
,

of C l oc k an d W atch wor k ada pted to prac ti ce ; in two ,

essays By Al exander C umming Mem ber of the Phil o

.
, .

S oc Ed in burgh
. Printed for T C adell (successor to
. .

Mr Millar ) and D W ilson an d G N

. icol in the S tr an d
. .
,

an d F l etc h er a n d An derson i n S t Pa u l s C hu rchyar d

’
. .

S ir C h ristopher W r en pr opose d to hav e a c loc k con

stru cted on a sim ilar pr inc ipl e to tha t of C u mmi ng s
’

barom ete r clock in order to register th e position a nd

,

force of th e w in d Thi s id ea h as been of late year s

.

adopted A t G reen wich O bservatory is a con trivance

.

for r egister ing the force a nd dir ec tio n of the w in d It .

was thus descr ibed in Hous ehol d W ord s for 1 85 0

T he wind tu rn s a weather cock and by aid of cog -
,

wh eels the m oti on is t rans ferred to a l ead pe n cil fixe d

over a sheet of pa per and thu s the w ind is made to ,

write do wn the d ire ctio n whic h itsel f is bl owin g Not .

far d is tan t is a piece of m etal the flat sid e of which is ,

e ver tu r ned by th e weath erc to meet the full fo rce

of the wind which bl o wing u po n it dr ives it bac k
, , ,

against a sprin g To this spr ing is afii xed a chain pass

.

in g over pul leys towards an other pencil fix ed a bove a ,

1 48 S MA L L J E W EL C LOC KS .

al te r th e centr e of oscill ati n, and o the omparison

c of

to ascerta i n the m ean

d al titu e of
the ba ro meter d urin g
any inte r val of the observer s absence
’
About sev en .

or eight y ears since without bein aware of S ir D avi d

, g
Brewste r s proposal I adapted a baromete r as a pen
’

d ul um to th e works of a com mon eight d ay cl ock ; i t -

rema in ed in m l ib r y for se veral m on ths but I have

y ra ,
”
mis laid the observations which were made I n 1 837 .

Jorgenson a cel ebrated watchmaker of C o penhagen

, , ,

in v ente d a cl ock which at the end of e very twenty four -

hours indicated the average te mperature of the pre

ced in d
g a y .

W e learn from the G e ntl eman s Magazin e, and the

’ ’

’
Annual R egister, for 1 766 , that in that year two
curious cl ocks of sm al l s ize and of great bea uty were

presented by the East In di a Compan y to th e E mperor

of C h in a These cl ocks were in the form of chariots
. .

I n each of th ese chariots was the fig ure of a lady

seated, w ith h er ri ht han d l eaning on pa rt of th e
g
vehicle, underneath wh ich was a striking eight-day
c l ock, n ot l ar er than a sh il l in Upo h dy ’

g g n t e l a . s fi nge r

eat a bir d, set with dia mon ds an d r ub ies, wi th its

w ings expanded , which were m ade to flutter for some

tim e by touchin g a di am ond button below it The .

body of the bird, tha t contained the mechani sm by

which thi s was effecte d, was not l a rger than the six
teen th of an inch T h e lady h el d in her l e ft h an d a
.

o l d tub e of the th ickn ess of a l ar e i t h t f

g g p n , o n e op o

which was a sm all round box, to which a c ircul ar o rna

me nt set with dia monds n ot larger than a sixpence,
,

O ver the la dy s head, supporte d by a sm all

’
was fix ed .

fl uted pill ar, n o bigger than a q uil l, was a doubl e

u m b rella, u nd er th e l argest of which a bell was fix ed
 C L O C K MA KE R S E PI T A PH S
’
. 1 49

at a c nsi era
o dble dis tance from the cl ock but having a ,

hidden com mun ication with it by which a hammer was ,

made regularly to strike the hour and to r epeat the ,

sa me at pl easur e by to u ching a diamon d button un der

n eath th e cl ock A t the feet of the l ady was a gol d

.

dog before whi ch from th e point of th e chariot were

,

t wo birds fixed on spir al sp rin gs their wings and feathers

, ,

being set with col oured stones ; an d they appeared as if

the y wer e flying from the veh icl e By a secret m otion .

th e chariot co ul d be m oved in any di rection ; a boy

behin d it appeari ng to push it forward Th is exqui site .

piece of art and workm ans hip was m ade entirel y of

ol d su per bl y embellis hed with diam onds r ubi es pearl s
g , , , ,

and oth er precio us sto n es .

Am ong th e several quaint epitaphs upo n cl ock an d

watc h m akers which we shal l intr oduce to our readers
is the fol lo win g th at appears in the chu rch yard at
,

Axbridge S omerset on an upright gravestone

, ,

Bilbie thy
Movemen ts kept in play
F or thirty years or m ore ,

We say .

Th y Balance or thy
Main sprin g s broken ,
’

A nd all thy m ov em ents

C eas e to work .

John Bilbie of this parish

, , clockm aker, p
who d ied S e t 1 3th , .

aged 33 y ea rs
”
1 76 7, .

A t B oddam, D umfriesshire , is th e foll owing e

pi
taph
H ere l yes a man , who al l his mortal li fe
Past mending clocks, but cou ld not mend hys wyfc .

T h e larum of h is hell w as ne er sae shril l

’ ’

A s was her ton gue, aye cl acking l ike a mi ll .

But no w h
’
e s ge n e—oh , w h ither ? nane can tell

I hepe beyond th e sound 0 Mally s bel l

’ ’ ”
.
1 50 JA ME S CO X .

I n 1 76 7 a p erson n am ed H ighs or Ha y s a ree d ,

maker at Leigh, took up the pl a n of attem pting to spi n

by rollers .H e ma de exper iments for th is p u rpose ,
and e mpl oy ed K a y, a cl oc km a ker, to ass ist h im It .

does not appea r th at they ac hi eved any success .

R ich ard Ar k wri gh t w as at this ti m e a bar ber a n d

pe ruk e maker in Bolton I n his accustomed j our ne ys
-
.

on his busin ess h e for m ed th e ac qu ain ta n ce of K a y ,

t h en re mov ed t o Warr in gt o n, an d from hi m l ear n e d

t h e attempts whi c h were th en being ma d e by H ighs .

Arkwright adopted th e inv en tion s and im provements ,

an d a pp ropria ted th em to hi s own u se H e after war ds
.

erected works at C rum ford , in D er byshire , and a cqui re d

a fortun e of n ear l y h alf a milli o n ster l in g

- - H is s ystem
.

of m ach i nery, to whi ch h e gav e th e n a me of a S pin

n in g Jenn y, h as giv en e m pl oym en t to coun tl ess thou

san ds of peopl e, an d be en pr od uct ive of v ast comm erc ial

adva nta ge to this country H ow much of th at success

.

was d ue to the m echanical genius of the cl ockma k er we

a re l eft to gu ess ; bu t w e m a f ai rl y as sume that t h e
y
r eed mak er a n d th e bar ber kn e w l ess of th e d e ta il s of

m achinery than h e d id .

A n old and excel l en t h all cl ock i n th e city of Phil a

-

del phi a bears th e n am e of D evereux Bo wl y, of Lom bard

S tree t, London, as th e m aker H e di ed Mar ch 1 5th,
.

1 773, in th e sev enty eighth yea r of h is age

-
H e was a .

m em b er of the S ociety of Fri ends, an d being at the

tim e of h is d eceas e a widower an d witho ut a famil y ,
he l eft a large portion of his property to th eir school ,
th en at C l er kenwell, i n th e n eighbou rhood of whi ch h e
resi ded .

James C ox of , N
1 03, S hoe Lan e, Hol born, was an
o
.

e m inent watchmake r , j ewell er, a nd m ec h an ici an of the

last centur y When there was a p rospect of the in terior

.
 1 52 JE W E L L E D C L OC K .

I t is pl aced upon a m ost superb commode of gold

a nd la p is lazuli, set in fra m es of sil ver and pan el s of

g ol d ; o rn a m e n te d w i th t h e g rea tes t t a st e an d e l e g a n ce ,

with trophi es an d finel y ada pted designs ; the cage is

supported at th e fo ur a ngles by r hin oceroses, an d in

the fr ont by an e lepha nt . The comm ode contain s a

fine set of bells , th at rin gs changes and pl ays ma ny
curi ous tu nes The doors in front, wh en opened dis ,

cover a grand casca de of artificial water fa lling fr om

roc ks : besi d es th is , fresh strea ms are pou red down fr om

dol phins, and bl o wn up by Tr itons out of their shell s ;

w hile a n umber of mir rors, pl aced in the cavities of th e
r ock, r efl ect the wh ol e, and r en der the effect m ost

pleas ingl y astonishin g Upon a su perb pedesta l sta nds

.

a cage of incom pa rabl e r ich ness and beauty, com pose d

of
go l d , sil v er , j e w e l l er y , a n d a g a te ; it i s d e s ig n e d
from an el egant architectural pl an wr ought in sil ver
an d o l d w ith an execu tion tr ul y mas ter l y : u nd er the
g ,

doom of the cage several birds are seen in m otion ; on

the r ight appear a n est of bir ds fed by the old one ;
on th e l eft, birds are seen pi ckin fr uit a n d flowers
g .

Upon the cage is an eight -day musical cl ock, that

chi m es, strikes, and repea ts, has t wo d ials, an d at th e

ri ht and l eft of th e ca e i v m ot io t v t i l t
g g g es n o e r ca s a r s

in jewel lery . Above the cl ock is a tem ple of agate,

ado rned with p ill a rs of sil ver and orna m e nts of o l d
g
and j ewel l ery : in fro n t th er e is the r eprese n ta tion of a

house , with a mi ll, bridge, peopl e, and oth er pleasing

obj ects in m otion Above the te pl e is a hexagonal
.

pavili on, in the centre of which i s a double vertical

m
star , te r min atin w i th l t m
i i l m o ti o
g a a r g e s a r , n s p r a n ,

that seems to exten d its points . Withi n the cage are

a bullfinch an d a l d fi h ll f j ll o k h
’

g o n c , a o ew e e r s w r ; t eir

plumage formed of sto nes of various colours ; they

 MU S I C A L C L O C K . 1 53

flutter th eir wings, they warbl e, and m ove th eir bills to

ev ery n ote of th e d ifferent tun es they sing, whi c h are

both duets an d sole s, surprisin gl y m el odi o us , to th e

”
v
uni ersal ast nis o hm ent of the au ditors .

’
An other article in C ox s m useum was a large eight
day cl ock which was described in th e inv en tor y as
,

follows I t sta nds u pon four su pe rbl y chased and gilt

feet bordered al so in several parts with wr ought fr am es
, ,

moul ding a n d oth er em bellish m ents

, A t th e angl es of .

the cas e a re richl y c has ed them e with orn aments ,

of flo wers dr opping loosel y down U pon th e corn ers

.

are
g i l t v ase s a n d u,po n the centr e of th e t0
p i s an

octagon tem ple standing on a quadrangular groun d at

, ,

the corn ers of whi ch are four gil t pine appl es T he .

dom e of the tem ple is blue an d gol d termin ati ng with ,

a
g il t v ase ; w ith in t h e tem p l e is a m ov ing p roce s si o n

of the v ar i ous characters in S hak espear e s

’
Jubil ee ’
.

This el egant case contain s a ver y excell en t m usical

cl ock pla yin i h t tu nes ; th e en am ell ed di al s fix ed
, g e g
within a fine ly wr ou ght h ighl y em bossed and r ichl y , ,

g il t f r a m e su ,ppo rte d by li on s co u ch a n t Abov e th e .

dial are a win d and water m ill 9 horse grazing and a , . ,

mas on working By the side of th e w indm ill is a cart

, ,

whi ch is both l oad ed and un l oa ded altern atel y and is ,

al ways m oved by th e m ov e m ent of the clock ; the

mill er m oreover is seen descendin g from th e mill and

, , ,

the sacks a re con vey ed to a nd plac ed r egul arl y in the

cart till ful l when it is again em ptied an d th is succes
, ,

si on of chan ges is con tinu ed perpetuall y T h e wate r .

mill is equal l y curious and pl easi ng ; th e river is seen

to flow th e wate r mi l l to work an d th e water run down
,
-
,

under th e w hee l ; th e door of th e m il l al so fli es opens ,

an d discovers the mil l er stan di n w ith in by th e si de of

g
the hopper in which the flour descends and after so
, ,
1 54 T H E C H RO NO S C O PE .

c ntinu ing
o for some tim e th e door cl oses again a n d the ,
”
m otion ce ases .

I n th is in ventory of clockwork ra ritie s is a descr iption

of th e C h ro n o sc ope th e fellow to whic h was pre se nte d
,

to the E m peror of C hin a in 1 7 6 9 This timepiec e .

,

which was richly e mbell ished by m an y cost l y orn a m en ts ,

c onta in e d a cu r io us c lock wi th d ia l s on ea ch si de
, The y .

were m ad e of cr ysta l so as to sho w th e m otions of the

,

cl ock ; eac h dial was d iv id ed in to thr ee pa r ts con ta in ,

i ng a m inute a seco nd a n d a n h ou r han d a nd a fourth

, , ,

di vidi ng th e m inut e i nto t wo h und r ed a nd fo rty degrees .

Besides a great weight of gold there were n earl y on e ,

hundred thousand p re cious stones i n cl ud ing d iam on ds , ,

rubi e s e me ra ld s and pea rls use d in th e em bellishm ent

, , ,

of th is C hro n oscope .

I n the m useu m of C ox was al so th e Per petual Motion ,

“ ”
a m e ch a n ical and phi losoph ica l t im epiec e F ro m .

”
thi s piece , sa ys i ts i nv en tor by a un ion of mecha n ic
,

a nd ph il osoph ic pr in c ip le s a m otion is obtain ed wh ich

, ,

wil l con tinue for ever ; an d al though the m etal s of s teel

a nd b ras s of whi ch i t is con stru cted m u st i n time deca y ,

still th e pri ma ry ca u se of its m ot ion be in o n tan t d

g c s a n ,

the fricti on upo n e v ery part e xtrem ely ins ign ifica nt it ,

wil l con tinu e its act ion for a l on ger d uration than an y
mec han ical performance h as yet be e n m ade to do .

This perpetual tim ekeeper differed but l ittle from an

ordinary clock ex cept tha t it wa s with d iam onds j e welled
,

i n every part wh e re th e fric tion coul d be d im ini shed .

W e ha ve no w befor e us a n ol d e ngravin g by J Lodge .

,

representi ng Mr C ox s Per petu al Motion 9 Prize in

’
. .
,

the Museum Lottery I t is so m ewha t l ike a tall eight

’
.

day cl ock wi th th e o rdina ry dia l at t he top ; the sid es

,

and front of the cas e appea r to be of gl ass thro u h

g ,

which are seen some cu m be rsome pend ul um work and ,

1 56 PA RI S C L O C KS .

He ked
as hi s l andlad y h er maid, who were both
an d

sitting at h is beds ide, what o cl ock it was ; an d u po n

’

i h
be g ans wered, e said, I t is well
n — I —
tha k you G od
n
”
bl ess you, and then i n a m om ent after he gen tl y
expired .

The church of S t Vin cent de Paul at Paris has two

.

cl ocks, one for tel lin th ho u f t h d d th

g e r o e ay , a n e

other, the d ays of the m on th T h e Hotel de Vill e

.

clock, at this city, of whi ch rep ort s pe aks hi hl y, was

g
d es cr i bed i n 1 8 44 as be g a thi ty hour cl oc k, m ad e by
i n r -

L epante in 1 78 1 , and costin g, in cl udi ng th e two dial s,

three bel ls, an d fix ings, ni n ety thousa n d fran cs
I n all the l a rge public cl ocks on the C on tin ent l antern
pin ions are used, and in the on e at the Hote l de Vill e
the y are pi voted into a frame si mil ar to the pin ions of
Harrison s fir st chronom eter I n this cl ock, although
’
.

th e c urve on the wheel teeth ha v e no prete nsi ons to m a

-

th em atical accuracy, havin g been fil ed up by hand, there

is n ot, after m an y years per form ance, any a ppearan ce
’

of wear eith er on the face of the teeth, or in th e pi vot

holes of th e leaves T he weight of the first power is

.

thr ee hundred a n d fifty pounds B L Vullia my says :

. . .

w h
I as t e fi st in this co try to e p oy a t o seconds
r u n m l w -

pen dul um (the cl ock at the Hote l de V ill e at Paris is

indeed the on l y cl ock on th e C o ntinent that I ev er saw
with one) , or who appl ied a ha nd to in dica te seconds, or
a de ree pl ate , by which to ascertain th e arc of vi bra
g
tion of th e pendul um , an d, wi th few except ions, to
empl oy for a pen dul um a wooden rod, a short sus pensi on

sprin g, an d a v er y h ea vy bob Previ ousl y to this the

.

pendu lum rods were alm ost in variabl y made of iron,

”
with v ery l ong springs and light bobs To compensate .

a t o secon ds pen dul um i s al ways atten ded wi th m uc h

w -

inconvenience T he pendul um of the great cl ock at th e

.
 JOH NB R YA NT . 1 57

H ote l de Vill e is a two-seco nds one, with a nine-bar

g ridiron rod ; a nd the
gr ea t w eight of th e rod is a

seriou s obj ecti on to it . Wri ting on th e subject of

cl ocks in Fra nce, V ull iam y con dem n s their styl e, or as

their makers sa y, l uxe d exécution ; an d in referen ce

’

to their pen dul um s he says : N o expense is spared in

the pendulums of French cl ocks of a su perior cl ass,
which are all what ar e term ed gri dir on pendul ums, of
v ari ous const r uction s, v ar in from five to n in e bars,
y g
and in l engt h from about five to se ven or e igh t feet ;

co nsequentl y th e cl ocks ca nn ot i ndicate secon d s in the

ord ina ry m ode ; i ndeed, I did n ot n oti ce a singl e cl ock

i
of th s d esc ption to which a secon ds han d or in d ex, or
ri -

a d egr ee-pl a te to in dica te the are of vibration of th e

pend ul um , was suppli ed T he execution of these pen

.

dul ums certaml y is v ery b eautiful ; but the great weight

of th e rod in r efer ence to th e bob is a v ery se rious error

in prin ciple, and, in m y opin ion, more than counter

bala nees any advantages th ey may be thought to
”
possess .

I n T urner s Hi story of Hertford will be foun d an

’

o
acc u t n of Joh n B r
y an t, th e be l l -foun d r
e an d c l o ck
m aker, who was born at Exni n g, in S uffolk Al though
.

designed for holy orders, his l ov e of mechanism was

so strong that h e was all ow ed to foll ow hi s na tur al

bent I n both b ranches of his trade he atta ined to

.

a pr e e m inen ce which rar el y has been acq uire d by an

-

in di vidual A s proofs of his skill i n horology m ay be

.

en um erated th e cl ocks of th e Du kes of Ma rl bor ough ,

R utlan d, an d G ra fto n ; th e Mar quises of Exeter a nd

S a lisbur y ; th e Ea rls of Ha rdwicke and C owper ; the
Lords Montague and Bread al ban e ; together wi th the
cl ock in th e To wn Hall of Hertfor d .Bryant died in
1 8 29, aged e gh ty one, and is buri ed at H ertford
i - . H is
158 s ava e s s A ND C LOC KS .

bell s and cl ocks th ere bear various dates between the

yea rs 1 78 2 an d 1 8 24 .

W ill iam K enn edy the celebrated bl ind m echanic of

, ,

Banbridge cou nty Down Irela nd wh o died about th e

, , ,

yea r 1 790 act uall y made many clocks both comm on

, ,

a nd m us ical .

I n th e G entl em an s Magazin e for 1 8 07, is an

’

engravin , from a d ra w in g by T F ish e r, o f a co ndui t of

g .

s to n e wh ich stood i n the m iddl e of H igh S tre e t Maid ,

sto n e, an d w as p ul l e d down abo ut t h e year 1 793 It .

form ed a kind of octagonal e m ba ttled to we r, crowned

with a cl ock a n d cu pol a .

About 1 796 som e m issionaries took out to T on

ataboo, one of th e Fr ien d ly I sl an ds in the S o uth S ea ,
g
a m on g o ther th ings, a n ass ortm e nt of cu ckoo c l ocks,
-

whi ch soo n beca m e to the n atives obj e cts of u n iv ersal

wond er , the gen eral O pinion bein g tha t a sp irit spok e in
the m , a n d w oul d d etect the p eo pl e if th ey stol e a ny
thi ng from th e shi p or th e m ission a ri es T oogahowe ,
.

on e of th e na tives, sto od in s uch a we of th e m , that h e

w oul d n ot h ave on e in his ho use Moom ooe h is fath er ,

.
,

however, re ga rded th e m di fleren tl y ; an d when he fou nd

'

h imself da nge rou sly ill , h e r e q uested that som e of the

breth ren woul d com e an d sing psal m s for h im, a nd
b ri ng a c uckoo cl ock to ass ist in h eali ng hi m T he
-
.

h igh priest, knowing perhaps the m ysteri es of his own

pro fession , was exceedingly d elighted with these cl ocks,
desi red to ha ve on e, and as soon as h e got i t hom e to ok
i t to pieces to e xamin e th e in side To put it t ogeth er
.

ag ain was b eyo n d his sk ill , a n d unl u ck il y i t was beyo nd

the ski l l of t he missi onar i es al so None of them h ad

.

been instr ucted in th is bran ch of mechan is m , and th e

discovery of th eir ign ora nce excited th e con tempt of th e
n ati ves .
1 60 C L OC K C U STO M .

The green-robed children of the spring

W ill mark the periods as they pass,
Mingle with l eaves tim e s fea ther d wing,
’ ’

A nd bind wi th flowers his silen t glass .

0 O O O O O

T hus i n each flow er and si m ple bell,

T hat in our pa th un trodd en l ie,
A re sweet rem embrances who tell
H ow fas t th e winged moments fly .

T i me will steal on w i th ceasel ess pace,

Y et lose we not th e fleeting h ours,
W ho s till their fairy footsteps trace,
A s l igh t they dance among th e flowers
”
.

T h e foll owing lines r efer to the horol oge

seas ons

R ound the great d ial of the yea r

T h e seas ons went and s truck the quarters ;
W hils t the swi ft months, like ci rculating hours ,
T old the twelv e ch an ges by th eir changing flow ers
”
.

A wri ter in 1 8 09 tell s us th at in the Man sion House ,

at Palms , in th e Isl an d of M ajorca , wa s a cl ock ca ll ed

by some the Bal earic, an d by others the cl ock of th e
su n, a nd well w orthy of obser vati on 0 on e was abl e
. N
to say wh ere it was m ade, or from wh en ce i t was
brought I t m arked a nd struck the different hours of
.

th e d ays and n ights acc o rding to th e p rogress of the

s un, an d th e different sol s ti ces ; an d it was genera l l y

all o wed to be th e onl y on e of i ts ki n d in th e worl d .

’
I n th e G entl eman s Magazin e for 1 8 1 6, we read
that at Hath erl eigh , a sm all to wn in D evon shir e, th en
exis ted a custo m that ev er y m orn in g and ev eni ng soon

afte r th e church cl o ck had str uck five and n in e, a bell

from the sm all steepl e ann ounced by di stin ct strok e s

the n um ber of the day of the month Thi s probabl y
.

was originall y inte nded for the i nforma ti on of the

unl earne d vill agers .
 BE R NE C LO C K . 1 61

I n the same Mag azine for 1 8 1 7 we are told th at a ,

cl ock on an enti rel y n e w system h a d then la tel y bee n

mad e by John Thom as a n ative of C aerl eon who , ,

r es ided at N ewpo rt Mo nm ou ths hi re an d was a workin

, g ,

s mi th an d fa r ri er This piece of mechanism contin ued

.

g o in
g , afte r o nc e win din u
g p f o r th e spa ce of t h
,
r e e

h un dr ed an d eigh ty four d ays I t had a pendant

-
.
,

vi br atin g se conds a nd a dia l pl ate showi ng m in utes

,
-
,

and seconds T he plate s and wh eels were of b rass and

. ,

the pi nions of the best cast steel I t was i n ac tion at

-
.

the ma ke r s hous e
’
.

T h e M r ror for 1 8 23 tells us that at th e c ock gate

i l -

of Bem e about h al f way betwee n th e pa v em en t an d the

,
-

i nn acle is a la rge p ar ty of wooden bear s dr esse d li ke

p ,

soldi ers O f th e ol den tim e i n coat ar mour an d gabar

, , ,

din es ; some bearing a hal berd and others a matc h

lock a nd acco mpanied by se veral other bears who
, ,

act in th e ca pacity of t r um pete rs an d k ettl e d rum m ers -

.

Direc tl y the cl ock begins to stri ke th e hour thi s com

pa n y mar ch es out of a littl e tower attached to the dial
squ a r e and afte r n oddi n g their hea ds to the peopl e
, ,

wal k to their original quarters Above them sits an .

ol d pantal oon with spectac l es acr oss his n ose acti ng as

, ,

dum m y on th e occasion ; an d not far from hi m is a

cl own who seate d like an In dian j uggler
, , obeys the ,

summ ons of th e hou r by str ik in g in r eturn two bel ls ,

right an d l eft shaking h is hea d m ean whi l e very whim

,

sica ll y . A t the extr eme to p of the clock tower u nder -

a kin d of belfry sta n ds a l arge figur e in ar mour to

stri ke the hour on a great be ll This exalted person .

age is fre quentl y mistaken for a pl um ber m en din g the

cl ockworks Besides all this im mediatel y a bov e the

.
,

arc h O f the gate is station ed a cock of ga nd ol d

y a
g en

p l um a ge as , l ar e as life wh o claps his win s an d

g , g
n
 NT Z
'

16 2 OOBLE CL OCK .

crows alm ost as geny as the r eal bird ; an effect

u in el
whi ch is prod uced by m echanism actin g on som e organ
stops .T he redoubta bl e nam e of this cl ock to wer is
Z eitglochenthurm .

Longfell ow, in h is Hyperion , tells us that on the

’

belfry of the Kaufhaus in C o bl entz is a huge head wi th

a bra zen hel met an d a bear d ; an d wh en e v er th e cl ock

stri kes, at each stroke of th e ham m er th is gian t s head

’

opens its great j aws and smi tes its teeth together , as if,
l ik e the brazen h ead of Friar Bacon , it woul d say,
‘
Time was ; Time is ; Tim e is past This fig ur e is
.
’

known through all the coun tr y round about as T he

Man in the C ustom House ; an d when a friend in
the coun tr y m eets a frien d fr om C obl en tz instead of ,

sayin g, H ow are al l the good peopl e in C o bl entz he

say s, H ow is the Man in th e C u stom House Thus
t h e gia nt has a great p art to pl ay in th e town .

I n 1 8 23 was in v ented by T W G eorge, of S t

. . .

r
’
- -
e —
G eo ge s in th East, an apparatus, which by the sole
agenc y of a cl ock li t a can dl e at an y d esi red ti m e
, It .

was con structed in the followin g ma nner — A p is to l

l ock was let into a piece of wood, which was prim ed
with a few grain s o f pul verized gun powd er ; a m atc h
w as n ext susp ended over th e pri m in g, i n a sl ope wi th
the can dl e s snu ff i t was t hen cooked , and a rod of
’

a pecul iar constr u cti on attach ed to the t ri gger was

drawn out a certain distance, a nd secured by a tooth .

T he appa ratus was then ready .T h e alaru m at the

desired hour ran off, an d woke the workm an up to an
ea r l y r isi n g busin ess, and th e al aru m weight in d esc end
- -

ing cam e u pon the trigger rod , which it l et loose , and

-

effe cted the d esir ed en d in stan tan eousl y .

T he B ibl iotheq ue Univ ersell e (aid e al so the Ge ntl e

‘

man s Magazin e for 1 825) records p articulars of a man

’
161 NO RWO OD CLOC K .

I n 1 8 25 B L Vul li amy visited Paris to see th e

. .

pu blic clocks in th at city, and the first cl ock he m ade

upon his return was that for th e ch urc h at Nor wood ,

S urrey, in the year 1 8 27 I n this cl ock he adopte d an

.

en tirely new m ode of cons tr uction, which has since

been foll owed with great success By dir ection of the .

Board of O rdnan ce it was sur veyed by th e late S ir

.

John Jones C omman din g Ro yal E ngineer at W oolwich

, ,

whose report on th e subj ect under date August 1 4th , ,

1 8 28 . states, i nter al ia

I have been to Norwood and have m in ute l y i a ,

spected in d etail th e works & c made an d fixed u i n

p, .
,

the church in tha t place by Mr Vullia my I beg l eave . .

to r eport t hat it appea rs to m e super ior to any turret

cl ock I h av e seen in the fol l owi ng poin ts
,

l st I n simplicity of construction th ere being fewer

.
,

wheels and pinions both in th e goin g and striki ng par ts

, ,

than in an ordinary cl ock ; and those t wo m ove m ents

being perfectly di stin ct an d only acting together through
the m ediu m of th e disch arging pi ece an y acciden t to ,

the one m ay be repair ed without deran ging the other .

Indeed this latter advanta ge m ay be said to extend

,

thr ough every detail of the m achinery ; for the hol es of

the pi vots in which the wh eel s work bein g fixed by
screws t he sim pl e r e m ov al of th e bosses enabl es a
,

single wheel or piece to be tak en out an d r ep aired or

clean ed without taki n g t o p ieces the r em ain der of the

,

works . This construction also gives greater facili ty

for keepin g the m ac hi nery oil ed .

zud I n durabili ty
.
— T he wheel s and pini
.

mad e of h ard gun metal and steel whi ch latter besides

-
, ,

being of l ong duration ha ve the advanta ge over the ,

usual ir on case har den ed pin ions wearin g e quall y a

- nd , ,

n ot into angula r po in ts whi ch is fo und to d est roy the

,
 NORWOO D CL OCK . 1 65

wheels m ost ra pidl y

. T his substitution of hard gun
metal and steel for y ell o w brass and ca e harden ed
s -

iron, appeared to be gen eral thr oughout the actin g

t of th e machin e, i vi m o t n th to each
p ar s
g n g re s r e g .

3rd I n regularity of k eeping time — T he escape

.

men t is a dead escapement, whi ch has the l eas t poss ibl e

-

loss of po wer from dr op ; and is so wel l contri ved that

it insta n tl y caught my attenti on . I n this cl ock it
main tains i n m otion a pendul u m weighing 15 0 lbs .

which, being far h eavier than the pendul um of an

ordi nary c l ock of the sam e size, can n ot fail to mak e i t

ratel y
g o acc u .

T h e bar rel cylinders, roun d which the li nes of the

weights are coil ed , are of iron . Th e workmanshi p of
every part is of ex cell ent qu ali ty, and v ery far s uper ior

to tha t of th e cl ocks at W ool wi ch .

C o c s on
n l u i — F ro m the above it seem s al most cer
tain that a cl ock of this con str uction, besid es sho wing
the tim e m ore accuratel y, m ust l as t m uch l onger, and
be m or e rarely out of repair th an an or dinary clock ;
and further , from its simplicity it may be l ooked afte r
”
and kept m order by a v ery or dina r y m echan ic .

A s t his was the first cl ock made upon t his construc

tion , we will l et the m aker, V ulliam y describe in hi s
,

own words th e differ ence between it and the old

method . H e wr ites I n a turr et c l ock made upon
-

th e comm on or ol d construction , th e wheels, and in fact

all par ts of the work, as well r elating to th e going as

to th e striking pa r t or parts , are m ounted in on e fram&

T his frame is composed of various pieces in the form of
flat bars and roun d pill ars, which are conn ected toge
ther by scre ws and nuts , and generall y so arranged that
the pivots of each tr ain of wheels act in two opposite
bars ; consequentl y, when eith er of these bars is for
16 6 NO R WOOD C L OC K .

com es loose and

disengaged ; so that when th e clock is
large and th e parts h ea vy it requ ires th e h el p of t wo
,

or th ree as ista nts to p re ve nt the m from fall i ng which ,

r e nders th e opera tion of ta ki ng the cl ock to p ieces

a tte nded with m uch trouble to say n othing of the ri sk ,

of ben ding or breaki ng the pi vots or of da magin g th e

wheels To avoid su ch accidents the pivots are

.
,

n era ll y m ad e l arge r tha n woul d otherwise be neces

g e

sary and this grea tl y i n c reases th e fri cti on

,
Now .
,

however well this framework may be exec uted (and if

m ade of sufficient stren gth and well execu ted it be ,

co m es very ex pens ive) sti ll it is fa r from possessing th e

,

requisite sol i dity for a mac h in e to m easure tim e on ,

accou n t of its be in g so m u ch a fiected by th e vi bra tory

'

m oti on caused by t he strikin g part or parts I n th e new .

constr uction the goin g or striking par t or parts are

,

perfectl y detached from ea ch other ; and th e wh eel

work &c of eac h pa rt is su pported by a separate
, .
, ,

solid a nd en tir e bed of cas t iron i nstea d of a fra me

,
-
,

com posed of pieces as formerl y The arra ngement of .

th e severa l parts is su ch that any on e piece can if ,

requir ed be r e m ov ed an d m ete red to i ts pl ac e wi thout

,

distur bin g an oth er and th e whol e of the cl ock is per

,

fectl y sol id an d without shake or m oti on T he j ar .

,

and consequent trem ul ous acti on resul ting from th e ,

fall of th e ham m er tail or tails accord i ng as th e cl ock

-
,

strikes hours onl y or hou rs an d quarte rs whi ch in the

, ,

com mon turr et cl ock i s comm u nica ted to the whol e

-

machin e is from th e construction of this cl ock en

, , ,

tir el y con fined to th e striking parts T he con str uction .

of th e work for comm un ica tin g the m otion fr om the

cl ock to the hand is en tirel y di ffere nt fr om that u sua ll y

empl oyed in tur ret cl ocks

- I t is securel y attached to
.
 1 68 CLO C K s roav
'
.

this o k has measured ti me has bee n everything that

cl c
”
coul d be desired I t m et with the approba tion of th e
.

late D uke of Wellingto n and of other cel ebrated per

,

T he foll owing good story is told of th e lear ned

Dr S a muel Parr , who was born in 1 747, an d di ed in
.

18 25 — The Doctor ha d pr eached the S pita l serm on at

C hr ist C hurch on the in vi ta tion of the Lo rd Mayor of
London (H ar vey C o mbs ) ; and as they were coming
W ell , says Par r, ho w d id
”
out of church together ,
“ ”
y o u li k e th e s er mon ? Why , D o cto r , r e
pl i es hi s
Lor dshi p, there were four things in it that I d id not
”
like to hear . S tate them Why, to speak frankl y
then , the y were the qua rters of th e church c lock which -

N
,
”
str uc k four tim es before you h ad finished . T he ew

Monthl y Maga zin e for N ove m be r, 1 8 26, te l ls this

sto ry ; but a simil ar one is tol d of Lord Mulgra v e and

his youn g c haplain, who had preached a sem en of

g re at l e n
g th . S ir ,
”
sa i d L ord Mu l gra v e , b o w i n
g to
h im, there were som e thi ngs i n your se rmon of to-d ay
” ”
I never heard before . O h, m y Lord, said the flat s
“
tored chaplain, it is a com mon te xt, and I coul d not
”
have hoped to have sa id an ything new on the subject .

“
I heard the cl ock strike twice said Lord Mulgrave
,
”
.

T he r endering of publi c cl ocks visible at night by

means of ill uminated dial s is one of th e man y impr ove
m ents introd uced of late years S uch dials were , o n
.

April 23rd, 1827, first permanentl y exhibited in London

at the church of S t G il es ia th e Fiel ds, being the
.
- - -

invention of Paine, for whi ch h e received a sil ver meda l

fr om th e S ociety of Arts on June 4th in th at year .

W e read in the Gen tleman s Magazine for 1 8 26 , un der

’

da te D ec ember 2nd -“
A n ill uminate d cl ock, that is,
a cl ock with a tr ans p arent dial , has been l ong wante
d
 I LL U MI NA T E D C L O C KS . 16 9

in this great metr opolis I n Li verpool , Manch ester, and

.

other provincial towns il l uminated cl ocks have been

in tr od uced, an d their val ue is full y appreciated ; yet
London h as not been abl e to boast of thi s accommo
dation, though it h as been long con tem plated at S t .

Pa ul s T he churchwardens of S t Bride s, and the

’
. .
’

ch urc h im p rovem ent committe e ha ve deter min ed on

settin g th e exam p le . T he experim en t was tried last

nigh t by pl acing a glass di al i n th e centre in tended for

the cl ock, behi n d whi ch a po wer ful gas -condu cto r was
fix ed, a nd the ra ys of li ght bein g reflected on the face
of th e cl ock, m ade th e points of tim e as distin ctl y

visibl e as they are at S t Paul s at noon-d ay T he

’
. .

appea ran ce when v iewed from F l eet S tr eet thr ough th e

newly opened vis ta was at on ce n ovel a nd a reeabl e,

-
g
and attracted a grea t cr o wd of p ersons There can be .

no dou bt but the e xa mpl e wil l be foll o wed very

lly I n th e sam e M a azin e for 1 827 we r ead :
g e n era .
g .

Tra nsparent cl ock di als intended to show th e hour at

-

any tim e of th e n ight ha v e been recently e xhibited at

S t G il es s C hurch , S t Bride s, an d oth er places Th e

’ ’
. . .

characte rs ar e bold an d corr ectl y forme d in cast-iron,

and fill ed in with sta in ed gla ss, behin d whi c h lights ar e

-

introduced, so that th e hands as they traverse in th e

fron t are distinctl y seen, an d the tim e m ay be ascer
tain ed to the grea test ni cety , both night an d day ; and
suc h is th e m echani ca l ingen u ity displ ayed on this

occa sion, tha t th e cl ocks by th eir own revol ution light

themsel ves as soon as th e sun sets at n ight, and ex

ti ngui sh the sa me when the sun rises in the m orning,
an d this thr oughout the year wh ether the days are l ong

or short . W e believe that the thir d London cl ock

which h ad an ill um ina ted dial was that at White chapel
and th e fourth, Isl in gton .
170 H O RS E G U A R DS CL O C K .

A t the H orse G uar ds is a cl oc k on which for accuracy

of t ime London ers pl ace m u ch reli ance A light is .

th o
r w n on th e di a face by a gas flam e hidden behin d a
l - -

parapet T he usual m ethod O f illuminating is to mak e

th e di al whol l y or partl y of s emi-opaq ue glass , a nd to
p ace a ring of gas j ets behind the dial I n th e West
l - .
‘

minster cl ock it was in te nded th at the cl ock its elf

shoul d turn t he gas on and ofl, accordin g to the l en gth
‘

of th e n igh t at di ffer ent seas ons I t was suggested som e

.

years ago that sem i o paque hands and figur es shoul d be

-

used on a t anspar ent d ial , w ith gas lights in a bl ack

r -

cl oth lined chamber behin d the dials and re flecto rs to ,

throw the l ight on all except the black cl oth G eneral .

Perrouet Thompson suggeste d a n igh t cl ock wi th -

,

t wel ve hol es cut i n th e disc for the twel ve hours ; and

a r adi al sl it near th e ce ntre to represent a han d ; the

di sc was to re vol ve an d gasli ghts were to be pl ac ed

,

behind it I n a fine new turret cl ock set up in the

.
-

Exchange at Leiceste r in 1 8 5 9 the lighting at night is

,

eflected by pl acin
'

t w o l r e l en ses before the gas

g a g
bu m ers conn ected by a pierced tube of gas j et so as to
,
-
,

l ight one burner from the oth er if either shoul d go ou t

during the day time when the gas is turned very l ow
-
, .

The light is evenl y d iflused over the dial without gl are

’
, .

A t H avr e is an ill um inated cl ock th e face of the di al

,

being dark and th e figures an d hands of a cl ear golden

,

Th e French made cl ocks of paper earl y in th e pre

sent cen tury They wer e v ery l ight simple in their
.
,

movements and possessed m any other ad vantages The

,
.

Literary G azette of June 3rd 1 8 26 says ,

A ,

frien d of ours who has seen them in forms us the y are

r eall y v ery cl ever go w
, e
ll for th irt y hours without
”
wi di d o t o l y fi f ty francs
n n
g p
u a n c
, s n .
172 A R IT H METI C AL C LO C K .

each bar ; these coul d be sil en tl y stm ck by pl acing a

piece of wood between the hammer a nd the bell T he .

musical timc was als o indicated by the secon ds-ha nd of

the cl ock .

I n S ir John S oane s Museum is an astronomical cl ock,

’

by R aingo, of Paris, which form erl y bel onged to the late

Duk e of York .

W e read in th e G en tleman s Magazine for 1 8 28 ’

th at a cl ockm ak er of Memm ingen had a nn oun ced for

s al e a cl ock of his ow n in ventio n wh ich had e mpl oyed ,

hi s ex ertions for th irteen y ears I t was m ad e of wood

.
,

an d h ad not hing m etal lic in its co m posi tion ; it t e

quired to be wound up onl y once in three months ; an d

-

a r eport as l oud as that of a t wel v e pou nd er an noun ced -

the time when it had stepped T h e in ventor M Pipert

.
, .
,

warranted it for twe nty years an d asked six thousand

,

ducats for it The G rand D uke of Hesse had offered

.

hi m five thousa nd which a mount h e h ad r efus ed

,
.

Bab bage in hi s Econ omy of Manufactures 1 8 35 in

,
’

, ,

refer en ce to the possibili ty of performi ng arith metica l

calcula tions by mac hin er y and to his general p ri n ciple

,

that n ea rl y all ta bl es of num bers which foll ow an y

la w howe ver co mpli cate d m ay be form ed to a greater
, , ,

or l ess extent sol el y by t he p ro per arr ange ment of the

,

s uccess ive addi ti on a nd sub traction of nu m bers befitting

”
each tabl e , says L et the r eader im agine three
cl ocks pl aced on a tabl e side by si de eac h ha vin g o nl y ,

one ha nd and eac h having a thou sand di visions i nstead

,

of twel v e hours m arked on th e face an d e v er y tim e a

string is p ull ed l et the m stri ke on a be ll th e n um be rs

,,

of th e di visio ns to which their hands poin t L et him .

fur ther suppose that two of the cl ocks for th e sake of ,

distinction call ed B and 0 have som e m echanis m by

,

which th e cl ock 0 advances the hand of the cl ock B one

 O R GA NCLOC K . 1 73

divisi on for each stroke it m akes upon its own bell and
l et th e cl ock B by a simil ar contr ivance advan ce the
hand of the cl ock A one di vision for each stroke it
makes on i ts own bell W ith su ch an arrangement,
.

having set the hand of th e cl ock A to the division I , .

that of B to III , an d that of C to 11 , l et the r eader

imagin e the repeating par ts of th e cl ocks to be set m
moti on continu al ly i n th e fol lo wing order mz pull
'

. .

the st ring of clo ck A ; p ull th e string of clock B pu ll

the str ing of cl oc k C T h e table . will then
express the seri es of m o vem ents an d their res ul ts If .

now onl y those divisi ons stk or poin te d at by the

cl ock A be atten ded to and wr itten do wn , i t wil l be

found that they produ ce th e ser ies of th e squares of the

natu ral n um bers (S ee T a b
.le, n ext p g )
a e .

Mor e m oral philosophy groun ded upon horol ogy .

Hazl itt, wri ting in 1 838 , said T h e min d of m an is

like a cl ock th at is a l ways m un ing down , an d r eq ui res
to be as consta n tl y wou n d up The id eal p ri ncip le is th e
.

mast er key that wi nds it u p, and without which it

-

woul d com e to a stan d : th e sensua l and selfish feeli ngs

are the dea d weights that pull it down to the gross and
”
gr ovellin g .

W e r ead un der da te 1 840 that at th e Her mitage ,

and W in te r Pa l aces at Petersbur h

g was a co ll ecti on ,

of a nci ent cl c o ks dded with diamon ds ;

an d watches st u

and am on g th e form er w as an ex traor d inary organ

cl ock th at pl ay ed beau tifu l l y

,
I t cost th e mak er years
.

of labour an d at l ast as n o one woul d buy it a lotte ry

, , ,

was made and it was won by th e wife of a poor pastor

,
.

The court gav e her for ty thousand r oub l es as a pre

mi um for it .

Mr London
0

To aid the cook in h er im portant work a .

,

in 1 8 40, cause d to be m ade from h is own designs an

174 C L O C K T A BLE .

A strikes
T he band
B SW “ 0 0

T h e hand is ad
va n ced
(by O ) 2 C str ikes
d ivisions .

A s tr ikes

—B . T he h and is and
vanoed (by B) 7 B stn kes
di visions T h e h and is ad
—C
.

. van ced ( by C ) 2 O sh ikes

'

T h e ha nd is ad :
.

B .

T he ha nd is ad
vanced (by B) 1 1 B s trikes
di visions . T h e ha nd is ad
ve nce d ( by C ) 2 C strikes
di vi sions.

Pull A A s trikes
—B
.

. T h e h an d is ad
vanced (by B) 13 B strikes
d ivisions T he h and is ad
—C
.

ve nc ed ( by C 2 C strikes
.
)
d ivis ions .
176 E LE CTRI C AL CL OC KS .

cl c
ok train A small
. el ec tr -m a
o gnet was made to act

upon a wheel plac ed —

on the seconds arbor in such a

mann er that whenever the te mporar y m agnetism was

,

either produced or d estr oy ed th e wh eel and couse

, ,

quentl y the second s hand advance d on e sixtieth part of

-
,

its revol ution Thus by alternate ly com pleting and

.
,

breaking the electr ic cu rrent every second this machine ,

woul d perform all th at was acc omplis hed by an ordi

dary cl ock Alexander B ain of Edi nburgh A ppold,
.
, ,

and oth ers al so pr od u ced forms of electric clocks in

, ,

whic h the curre nt from th e vol taic or earth battery

was m ade to supply th e pl ace of the spring or weight
comm onl y u sed as the main tai ni ng power I n these .

cl ocks the al tern ate a ttrac tion an d repulsion of m ag

n ets h as been made to not d irectl y on th e pe n d ul um ,

the bob of which is a coil of insul ated wi re through ,

whi ch th e el ectricity passes at in tervals W hil e the .

cu rrent is being tran smi tt ed th e pendulu m is attracted

by the m agnet and m ade to prod uce an oscillation

, ,

d urin g wh ich a pin pr oj ecti ng fr om the pen dul um rod

pushes a sl idin g bar from O R certain conductin g sur
faces upon which it rests and thus breakin g t h e con
,

tact th e electric coil O r bob l oses its m agnetism and

, ,

ceas es to be attracte d by th e permanent mag net which

a moment befo re had d eflected it I t the refor e falls

.

back in to the vertica l and by its mom entum performs

,

the O pposite oscillation ; but in doing thi s th e pin

agai n c omes into con tact wit h the slid in g bar and re ,

sto res it in to th e pos iti on in wh ich the circu it is com

l te d T h e coil is again el ectrified and consequ entl y

p e .
,

again in a con dition to be attracte d by th e m agn et .

I n swin ging up to it contact is ag ain broken ; attraction

a ain ceas es ; the pen d ul um swings bac k agai n ; and
g
in this way it is k ept vibrating and by its vi brations ,
 E L E C T RI C A L C L O C K S . 177

com mun ica tes m oti on to th e scapewh eel , or other con

triva nce , a nd then to th e cl ock train

-
.

O n e of th e l atest arran gemen ts of the el ectri c cl ock

was con trive d by S hepherd to whom it occur r ed that if,
instea d of appl yin g th e m agnetic po wer di rectl y to the
pendul um , it were em ployed on th e principl e O f the t e
mon toir esca pem ent to bend a spring to a cer tain fixed
e xten t d u ring each vibr a tion , su ch s pr i ng in un ben d

ing woul d gi ve the n ecessary im pulse to the pe ndul um

The pen dulum, th e cl ock trai n, and str iking part has
- -

eac h its own separate an d d istin ct system of el ectro

magnets and vol taic battery, so th at th e pendul um may

contin ue to oscil l ate, al though th e cl ock m ov em ents

may be at r est T h e striki ng part is also un der th e

.
-

co ntr ol O f th e pen du l um an d the train , al thou h m ove d

g
by its own electric po wer O ne O f th e p eculiarities O f
.

S heph erd s cl ock is , that the pendu lu m does n ot depend

'

for its m otion, as in co mm on cl ock s upon th e train O f ,

whee ls, n or is it th e m aintainin g power I f anything

.

is to be l et off by el ectri city at a giv en second in e very

day, th e r equisite precision is O btai ned by S hepherd s
’

machin e thus —There are pins for making conta ct

wi th springs i n th e mi n ute wheel, th e hour wheel , a nd
the twelve-hour wheel , and it is onl y when the con ta ct
is made with al l of them at once that th e circuit is
comp l ete . I n this way th e time-ball on the top an d
outside O f G reenwich O bservatory, and also others in
London in conn ection with it, are l et fall at one O clock ’

e ver y day, by the cl ock pu lli ng th e trigger O f a tem

p o rar
y m a n et
g T h e
. ba l l in u se a t G r een wic h is r aise d
half way up the mast upon whi ch it slides at five minutes
-

to on e o cl oc k dail y A t three min utes to on e it is raised

’
.

ful l y to th e top, and it r em ains t h ere until the instant

of one, wh en it suddenl y f l ls a T he tim c ball is a large
.
-
178 TI M E L AI D O N
.

c overed basket O f wicker work an d it descends w ith a -

,

pis ton pl unged into a tu be wi th a bell mouth to faci -

,

li ta te the en tr an ce ; an d th e p iston compr essin g the a ir

as it goe s down which acts as an el ast ic cushi o n to th e
,

ball m akes it drop wi thout con cuss ion T here is a

, .

sm all hol e a t th e bottom throu h whi ch the air a fter

g
wards grad ua ll y escape s .

I n co nsequen ce of the use which h as bee n m ade of

el ec tricity in horol o y time is now laid on to pu blic
g ,

a n d p ri va te esta bl i sh m en ts a nd p aid for as water or ,

g a s m i ght be A s y ste.m O f t im e di s tr i b u ti n
g cl oc k
-s

has been in use for a bout twel v e years a t G ree nwich

O bse rvator y I n t hat establish m ent a re six of s uch
.

cl oc ks a nd on e outs ide at a d ista nce of fo ur h u n dre d

,

yards and one also at London Bridge all O f which are

, ,

m ai ntain e d in p erfect u nison by th e action O f onl y on e

pendulum Ev ery hour thr oughout th e da y an d n ig ht
.

ti m e s ignals ar e se nt by wi res fr om G reen wich to

-

various pu blic and private establishm en ts in London

a n d el sewh ere I n addition to this horol ogical e lec
.
,

tricity perfor ms th e O ffice of d ropping ti m e bal ls simil ar -

,

to that at G reen wich wh er e th e paren t el ec tr o m agnet

,
-

cl ock i s at v a r io us pl a ces i n Lon don an d al so at D ea l

, , .

I t m oreover fires tim e gun s at S hields a nd N ewcas tl e ;

-

a nd exhibits an hour l y s i na l i n th e cl ock r oo m a t

g
-

\Ves tm in ste r Pa lace to en abl e th e a tte n dan t to correct

,

an y errors which m ay h appen in the great cl ock

ther e .

I n the Mirr or for 1 8 4 1 are S om e O bservations on

cl ocks an d wa tches ; wi th an excell e nt m oral a ttach ed ,

an d a propositi on for l en the ni n lif t h i t y ix h un dre d -

g g e r s

t im es as fol l o ws
,

H ow O xford folk m ay measu re time is h ard to un ders ta nd ,

S ince of their public clocks each one hath only got one hand
1 80 R O Y A L E XC H A NGE C L OC K .

m ent, who woul d oon foll ow in their train and mak e

s ,

soldi ers O f every on e O f them T h e littl e im ages in .

the cl ock were soon magnified in to G oliaths an d th e ,

place O f worship l ooked upon as an ein tlu ea K holego ,

a house O f bon da ge I t was necessa ry to take down

.

the fair y-l ooking strangers an d cut a piece off their ,

pain ted bodi es to con vince the aflrighte d n atives tha t

'

the O bj ects O f their alar m were onl y bits O f col oured

wood . Many however thought thems el ves too wise to
, ,

be thus easil y deceived Thoug h perfectl y con vin ce d

.

of th e e r e ious foll y of bel ievin th a t th e littl e l iséto

g g g ,

carv ed ones woul d one da y se ize th em by th e throa t

’

i n the sanct uary they n ev er th el ess conti nued to s usp ect

,

tha t the m otiv es of the m ission ar y were anyt hing but

”
disin te rested .

I n one of th e to wers O f Bayon s Ma nor Lin col nshi re

’

, ,

th e r esiden ce O f the D E ynconrt fami l y ar e placed a

’

c lock and deep soundin g cl ock bell

- which was cast in ,

1 8 42 imm edi atel y after th e d ea th at Barba does of

, , ,

C apta in E ustace D E yn court aged t wen ty five who fell

’
-
, ,

a victim to yell ow fev e r with in a fe w days afte r h e h ad

a rri ved fro m En glan d to j oin h is regim ent H is father

’

.
,

C harles Tennyson D E yn co urt now decease d cause d

’

, ,

the foll owing li n es to be inscribed on the bell in qu esti on ,

w hich is su pposed to speak Me posui t C arol us d e

E yn conr t fil ium flora setatis abr eptum Eustachium
, , ,

d ilectissimnm d eflens R evocet vox m ea d ulces am oris

.

— —
horas Mones t quoque quam fugaces ! Quantul a sit
V ita !
T h e R oyal Exchange cl ock is the most r e markabl e
on e in Lon don and has been taken as a pa ttern for
,

other tur ret c l ocks in cludin g th e great one at W est

-
,

m inster T he a rchitec t O f the Ex cha nge William T ite

.
, ,

in his report on the buil di ng in O ctober 1 8 42 menti ons , ,

 ,
R O YA L E X C H A NGE C LOCK .
1 81

the desi rabil ity that ther e shoul d be a fir st rate tur ret -

cl ock in th e tower I n a ccordan ce wi th that report th e

.

c om m ittee wr ote to Mr Air y th e A stron om er R oyal i n .

, ,

1 8 43 upon th e subj ect ; who r epli ed that special con

,

di tions shoul d be l aid down as to choice of m aterials ,

construction arran gem ent of bells and

,
chim es and ,

such like ; an d that if the com mittee thought fit his ,

opinion or cer tificate shoul d be O btain ed as to the

workm an l ike character O f th e cl ock These suggestions .

were foll owed out and in the m onth O f Jul y in th e , ,

sam e y ear sev eral em in en t cl ockm ak er s were wr itte n

,

to for te n ders Am ong those who ten dered were White

.

hurst O f D erby and the late Mr D en t O n Jul y 28 th

, , . .
,

1 8 43 the com mi ttee m et at M ercers Ha ll to O pen the

’
,

te nd ers six in number when Mr D ent was th e onl y

, , .

can di date who was ca l l ed b efore th e comm ittee ; an d

as hi s ten der was about hal f the am oun t of the others ,

h e was appoin ted to m ake the cl ock By the contract .

th e cl ock and chi mes wer e to ha ve be en fixed an d com

p l ete d by M a y 3l st 1 844 ; bu t th i s p
, e ri od was far

exceeded Mr D ent had then n o factor y of hi s own

. .

for making large clocks an d th erefore depended upon ,

ettin i t m d ordi n t hi s di t i o n s by som e

g g a e a cc g o re c

experien ced tur ret clock makers ; but his appl ica ti on to
-

th em wa s r efused Mr D ent fou nd hi mself un abl e to get

. .

this cl ock m ade for him ; but with the energy an d genius
by which he raised hi msel f from a ta low chandl er s l -
’

apprentice to th e position O f the first horol ogist in the

world h e at once set up a factory for hi msel f at S omerset

,

Wharf S trand ; and there with tools worth about

,

expressl y m ad e for the purpo se and un der his person al

directions h e h ad manufactured th e cl ock th e fir st

, ,

tu et cl ock that he had constructe d

r r - A nd of this the .

Astr onomer R oyal certified in 1 845 that it not only , ,

1 82 R O YA L E XC H A NGE C LO CK .

sat isfie d his conditions but that Mr Dent had made

, .

some j ud icious im pr ov em en ts u pon his sugges tions and ,

tha t he had no dou bt it was the best pu blic clock in the

worl d Th e constr uction O f the Exchan ge cl ock was
.

too expens ive for general use an d Mr Dent d evote d , .

himself to simpli fyin g it .

The twi n s a r e contained within a str ong cast iron -

framing in whi ch every strain is so com pl ete l y self

,

co ntain ed that t he O peration of fix in g th e cl oc k was

,

eas y n oth ing m or e t ha n a fir m flat base bei ng r equir ed

,

for the framing to rest on Hol lo w iron dr ums a re used

.

instead O f wooden cyli nder s for the d ri ving barr els ;

an d wire i nstea d of h em pen r opes are used for suspen d

ing the weights T he first of th ese im provemen ts

.

ensu res a m o re pe rm an e nt ac cu racy O f for m ; and th e

u se O f the wire r ope al l ows a smal l er cord to be e m

-

ployed and thus pre vents the n ecessity for overlaying

, .

I n this way the weight exerts th e sam e force to turn

the barr el whi ch is not the case with a thicker r ope
,

cov erin g th e barrel in two or thr ee layers I n thi s .

cl ock th e han ds are d ri ven an d the ham m e rs O f the

,

str ikin g part ar e raised di rectl y fr om the a x is O f the

-

d riving barrel wi thout the inter vention O f wheels and

-
,

pinions T he pen dul um is comp ensated and the fir st

.
,

strok e of th e hour i s true to a seco nd F or this pur .

pos e th e le ver and hamm er are removed to their

reatest distan ce before t he ti m e of str ikin g and th e end
g ,

of th e l ever remains d eli catel y poised upon the roun ded

point O f the projecting tooth of the pin wheel until the -

exac t ti me for strikin g h as ar riv ed when it is rel ease d

,

on th e in stant T h e centre rod of the pen dul um is O f

.

steel O f sufli cient l ength to p ass through th e bob or

,

weight which however is n ot im m ediatel y attached to

, , ,

it. Upon the bottom O f the rod is fixed a nut by ,

 1 84 O LD R O YAL E XC H A NGE .

v y res pect superior to th e first ; but it has an

e er

especia l advanta ge ov er its predecessor with regard to the

cl ock ; for whil e the pr esen t ed i fice con tains a cl ock which

for its general accuracy is the m odel of a timekee per ,

the Bourse or Exchange w hich S ir Thom as G resha m

buil t had in its l ofty tower one of such inferior make ,

that its inaccurac y often cause d the citi zens O f Lo ndon

g r i evo us] y to co m pl ain A t t h e C o rn h
.i l l wa r d in q u es t
in 1 598 and again in 16 24 w ere th e dyall an d cl ock
, ,

O f th e Ex chan e Ex
’
r sented d in 1 6 24 th
g p a n e

chan e cl ocke was pr es ented for n ot be in k p t w ll

g g e e ,

it stan di ng in one O f th e m ost em in ent places in the

ci ttie and being the worst k e t O f an c l k e in th at
, p y oc
”
ci ttie . This cl ock had four dials chim es, and four ,

wi n d dials The chi mes pl ayed a t three six nin e and

.
, , ,

t wel ve O cl ock ; on S un day the O ne hun dred an d fourth

’

Psalm ; Mon day G od save the King ; T u esday

, ,

Waterloo March W ed nesday There s nae l uck ’

about the house ; Thursday S ee the conquerin g hero ,

co mes ; F riday Life l et us cherish ; and S atur day

, ,

Th e Foot G uards Mar ch O n J anuary l 0th 1 8 38

’ ’
.
, ,

the Exchange was entirel y consum ed by fire th e cl ock ,

to wer al one rem aining T he dials in di cate d the exact

.

ti me at whi ch the flames reached t hem — na t h at

twen ty five m inu te s past one ; and sou th at five min utes
-

past five The last air played by the chimes at twel ve

.

was th e very appropria te one O f

’
T here s nae l uc k
a bout th e house
’
The chim es of the present Ex change
.

cl ock con sis t O f a set of fifte en bell s m ad e by Meal s -

, ,

whi ch cost the largest being al so th e hour-bell of

the cl ock .

S urroundin g the exterior O f the O ld Exch ange were

shops some of whic h were occu pi ed by watc h an d cl o k
,
c

makers I n th e London G azette for F ebruary 1 3th

.
,
 PO S T O F FI C E C L O C K .
1 85

16 78 , we find th e foll o wi ng dvertisemen t by

a a watch
mak e r, of the Exchange wh o had l ost his
R oyal ,

appren tic e Nesto r Holm es aged about 1 8 m iddl e , ,

sta tu re b ro wn la nk ha ir fr esh col our d a stu bbed na il

’
, , ,

on his right thu m b had a sad col our d coat on th e

’

, ,

sl ee ve faced with red went awa y from h is Master , ,

C apt Jermy G regory W atchm aker at th e R oyal Ex

.
,

c han e th e 31 O f Ja nuary l ast Who v r can secure

g , e e .

him into the custody of hi s Master shall have Forty ,

”
shil l ings r e ward .

A s to th e G eneral Post O ffice cl ock B L Vul li amy ,

. .

writes I will briefly notice the cl ock at th e new

Post O fli ce because it is con sidered a v ery beautiful
,

specim en O f th e ar t on a smal l sca l e on acco unt O f th e ,

weight of the pen d ulu m bob whi ch is 4 48 1bs r equiring , .

,

a mainta ini n g po we r O f on l y 33l bs to cau se it to vi brate .

on ea ch sid e O f zero ; this wei ght con sider ing

’
2 ,

that it is for an eight da y cl ock wh ich is m uch encu m

-
,

bere d with rod work and labour ing under manifold

,

di sadvantages con sequent upon its il l constru cted situ -

ati on i s in r efer en ce to the wei ht O f th e bob an

, , g ,

extr emel y small m otiv e po wer .

The m aker of the cl ock at th e C re mill e Victu alling

O ffice near Pl ym outh B L V ul liam y described it in
, , . .
,

1 847 as foll o ws Th is eight day clock which strikes -

,

t he quarters as well as hours was m ade u nder the im ,

mediate direction O f S ir Joh n R ennie and though som e , ,

wha t lim ited for space is in ev er y r espect a v ery perfect

,

piece of work T he time is shown upon four very large

.

faces an d th ere a re pr obabl y fe w cl ocks to be foun d in

,

so expose d a situ ation This clock m ay be said to face

.

the A tl an tic an d to brave the sto rm s O f th e West ern

,

O cean . I t sta nds at the head O f Pl ymouth S oun d ; and

a straig ht line drawn from the cl ock across the centre of
18 6 C R E MI LL E C LO C K .

th e break water would cross the ocean and onl y te rmi ,

nate on th e coast O f America Al l persons con versant .

with the south coas t O f this isl and ar e a ware O f the

viol ence O f th e gales O f win d whi ch occas ionall y visit
Plymouth Har bour Though much confined for room
.
,

the gen e ra l s t rengem ents of this cl ock are ev er ything

that I coul d wis h ; it has a t wo seconds pen dul um wi th -
,

0 bob w eighing 258 1bs et the weigh t of th e m ain

.
y .
,

tain ing po wer ca l culated with a singl e li n e is onl y

, ,

26 } lbs T he scape wh eel O f the cl ock ca rries 9 seconds

.
- .

ha nd to sho w ti me within and a degree pla te is em ,

ployed to indicate the arc O f vi bration of the pe ndulum ;

consequ entl y there i s n ot an d i ffi cul ty in dete rm i ni ng
y
exactl y th e de viations O f th e cl ock from m ean tim e .

T he m ode employed for com m unica ting the m otion from

the cl ock to the hands is simple an d con ven ient an d ,

has n ot on a ny occasion got out O f order This cl ock .

,

notwith sta ndin g its exposed situat ion ha s kept ti me so ,

cor rec tl y as to become th e sta n d ard for regul a ting time

i n all the G overn m en t es tablishmen ts a t Ply m outh ,

Devon port S tonehouse and all other public cl ocks in

, ,
”
the n eighbo urhood .

A t a mee ti ng of the S ociety of Antiquaries hel d on ,

D ecem ber 7th 1 848 Mr B L V ul liamy prese nte d to th e

, , . . .

society a r egul ator cl ock whic h had be e n ma d e by his

,

rea t rand father and rand fath er th e for m er of whom

g
-
g g ,

was cl ock maker to G eorge I I T he constr uction of th e .

body O f the cl ock and O f the pendul um was that kn o wn

’
by th e na m e O f Harrison s .

B enjamin Lewis Vulli amy of Pall Mall , ,

F R G S Associ ate O f th e I nstitute of C ivil E ngineers

. . .
,

and watc h an d cl ock mak er to the Queen the O ffice O f ,

Woods O rdn ance and Post O ffice died on Janu ary 8th
, , , ,

1 8 54 aged seventy four

, H e was the son O f a gentl e
-
.
 C HAPTE R VI .

S toll enwerk C l ock at S towe S hakespeare C l ock R enai smnce C lock

Wooden C lock mad e by a Belgian Peasant C l ock T ime Map
O ld C locks and O ld C lockma kers C l ocks in the G reat E xh ibi tion
A l pha C lock S h eph erd s E l ectri c C lock
’

of 18 51 C loc k Bed
C lock from Paris E xhib iti on of 1 8 5 5 Westminster Palace C lock
C lock O men H uge C lock Bel ls Musical C lock Bed Perpetual
C l ock C lock L ock S el Wi nd i ng C lock
f-
C amel C l ock from
Pekin C locks in the I n terna tiona l E xhibiti on of 1 8 6 2 C l ocks
wi th ou t Dia l s Dutch C locks Dutc h C l ockmakers C lock
C himes in the L ow Countries A ntwerp C ath ed ral C h imes Bel
g i um C l ock s A m eri ca n C l ocks T h e O l d C l ock on t h e S tair s

F rench C locks Japanese C locks A tmosph eri c C lock C lock

wi th out visi bl e Works C l ocks i mported in to E ngland Proverbs
rel a tin g to C locks F olk L ore of C locks T h e L egend of Bl ow
norton C l ock — T empus F ugi t .

A T the S towe sal e magnificent Huygens

i n 1 8 48 a

cl ock, m ad e by S to ll en werk, was sol d to Mr Paxton for .

n l
o y fifty on e gui neas, although it was said to have cost
-

th e D uke of Buckingh a m on e thousand T he cas e was .

of the m ost exquisite marqu eter ie, an d was al so en rich ed

with well-executed figures O f boys , trO ph ies, an d masks

in ormolu T he outline of this choice articl e was
.

thoroughl y good, an d the beauty O f th e several dec ora

ti ons r enders th e small sum that it fetc hed remark
a bl e .

A t eu exhibition O f sel ect specimens of British m anu

factures and decorati ve art, gi ven by th e S ociety O f Arts
i n 1 84 8 , S ummerly exhi bited th e S hakspea re C l ock,
wh ich was d esigned and m odel led by Bell , an d ma de in
Parian by the Min tons ; the works were to be furnished
by Vulli amy ; th e dial was to have Drayton s sil vering
’
 MO V I NG C A LE NDA R . 18 9

process ; and was placed between two figures repres entin g

Tragedy and C omedy as typical of Time passin g be
,

t ween Joy and Grief

Joy b
a sent, grief is present for that time .
— R i cba r d I I
”
.

Th e composition was sur m ounted by a statuette of

S ha kspeare, the liken ess b eing founded upon his bust in
the ch an cel of S tratfor d C hur ch .

A t an exhibition of ancient and m ediaeval art, gi ven

by the S ociety O f Arts in 1 8 5 0, Mr Baring W all , M P ,
. . .

exhi bi ted a curious littl e sil ve gilt cloc k in the style

r -

O f th e R e n aissance . I t was surmounte d by a figur e O f

C upid, who hel d a v ery l ong arrow, with whi ch h e poin ted
to the hours m arked u pon the edge of a dom e on which
he was seated . T he dial circl e was at the top O f the
cl ock, bel ow t he C upid , and n ot at the side as in ordin ar y

cl ocks.

I n a number of the B russel s Heral d for the year

1 8 5 1 appeared the following account of an in geni ousl y
c onstr ucted wooden cl ock , whi ch was m ad e by a poor

Belgian peasant, and by him called The Moving

C a l en dar : There are several dials to mark the
hours, mi nutes , secon ds , an d days O f th e week, the day
of every m onth , th e m onths O f th e yea r, th e years and

centuries, th e ris ing an d setti ng of the sun , m oon , &c .

T he works are encased in glas s, and are so arranged that

they may be inspected, l ea ving no dou bt on the min d as
to the e xecution O f the workm anship or regul arity of the
m ovemen ts . About the di als and gall eries there is a
ll y bo ut a yar d in l ength , with cell s in th e centr e,
g a er a

and a tower at eac h end When the clock is about to

.

strik e, the door of one of the cells opens, an d th e figur e

O f D eath appears ar med with a scyt he, foll owed by the

figure O f our S aviour with a whip in hi s hand, who

1 90 C LO C K MA P.

drives the enem y before hi m, and finall y th rusts him

in to another cel l . A t th e fir st stroke of th e clock a
li ttle cock, perched on the cross O f the steeple, flaps
his wings a nd stretches out hi s n eck as if in th e act O f
cro wi ng . A s soon as the cl ock ha s fin ish ed st rikin g,
the d iffer en t figur es return to their r espective cell s,
tak ing car e to close the door behi n d the m . Thrice
a-da y, at six a m , twe l ve at n oon, a n d six p m , by
. . .

m ea ns O f in ge ni ous m echanis m, the sound of th e Angel us

is hear d . T he Hol y V irgin l eave s h er c el l, ap pears on
th e gall er y, an d withdra ws to an or ator y A t th e sam e
.

tim e an an gel d escends from on e O f the to wers an d

places himself under the V irgin, bending in the act of
sal utation . T h e Vi rgin M ary is m ade to appea r dis
con certed , tr em bl es, a n d sho ws sign s of d eep e motio n,

after whi ch th e a ngel resum es his for mer pos ition and

performs th e sam e m ovem en t twice A ll the works O f

.

thi s ad mirabl e m achin e a r e O f wood or brass , an d r e

markably w ell executed .T he in v entor d esigned and
ca rried ou t his pl an wi thout assista n ce D ur ing the day
.

h e worke d in the fiel ds , an d at n ight, by la m pli ght in a

corn er of h is garret, h e constru cted t his ex tra ordinary
”
cl ock .

I n 1 8 51 Ellis an d S on , watc h makers, of Exeter , pub

l ish ed a v ery i nte r esting m ap sho wing the time kept by
publi c cl ocks in various towns in G reat Brita in Am ong .

m any other cu rio us notes which m ay be m ade on t his

subj ect, we m ay m en tion th at it is S unday i n I nvem ess

an d G l asgo w n earl y se ven te e n m i n utes ea rl ier than it is

at Pl ym outh ; and i t will be 1 8 6 7 in Li v er pool el even

minu te s before it will be so in Br istol .

A correspondent of Notes and Queries for 18 5 1 said

th at he had in h is possess ion an appar en tl y v ery O ld,
l
a t h ou gh v e ry e l egan t a nd ex c el l e n t, ei gh t-d a y cl ock,
1 92 E X H I B I TIO NO F 185 1 .

th e pin ion Of the o d

sec n grea t wh eel , a nd was o v
c n eye d
up the tr ai n Of wheels and pin ions to the p al l ets which
were o d with the
c nn ecte pendulum the power being
,

r ed uced to that O f a few in s t it w fli i t t

g r a ; y e as su c e n o

k eep the pendul um in cons tant m otion After the .

cl ock was firs t wou n d u p th e chai n was un w oun d fr om

,

the sma ll es t p art of th e fusee three turns of whic h ,

all owed t h e barrel to r evol ve on ce in t wo hu n d re d an d

ten days . This was bel ieved to be the sl owest m otion

e ver p rod uced By this cl ock the da y O f th e m onth and
.

the nu mbe r of we eks a nd yea rs d u ring the tim e it had

been going were regi stered A spir it l evel was attac hed .
-

to th e b ase so that th e clock mi ght be pl ac ed for a

,

certai n ty in a vertical position Page also exhibited .

a pyram i dical for me d sk el et on ti m epiece

-
t wenty eight ,
-

inches high which went thr ee m onths wi th onl y once

,

win ding .T h e hour d ial was p laced a t th e botto m in

-
,

order to displa y the wheels i n m otion I t had G raham s .

’

dead beat escapem ent T he hands were m oved by n ovel

- .

but simp le mechanis m .

W illiam T urner exhibited a clock showing sim ul

taneousl y the ti me in Lon don Edin bu rgh D u blin an d , , ,

Paris A nd simil ar i nventions were exhibited by foreign

.

comp etitors J D ri ver of Wakefie ld exhi bited a ha nd

. .
, ,

some skel eton cl ock which stru ck on e ight bell s an d

, ,

was supported by four l ion s m ad e O f terrac otta By .

this cl ock the tim e i n an y part O f the worl d m ight be

ascerta i ned at pl easure .

A large transparen t skel eton spring ti mepiece was

contributed by J Ed wards O f S to ur br id ge
. S o me O f
, .

th e wh eels were constr ucted of brass and glass connected

together a n ovelty i n hor ology
, .

S anders Tr otm an ha d a cur iosity in th e shape O f a

n gi h t-la mp tim e-in dicator
; t he re g ul ar co ns um p t io n o f
 E XE TE R C LO C K . 1 93

cam phin e being the po wer empl oyed to tell by means

o f a n in dex th e ti me O f n igh t .

A portabl e spring ti me keeper which r equired onl y

-
,

once wi nding up in four hundred and twenty six days -

,

was exhi bited by J T Ed war ds of Dudl ey

. .
, .

A working shoemaker resi dent in London in ven ted

, , ,

m ade a nd exhi bited a thir ty t wo day sk el eto n ti me

,
-

piece with deta ched escapem ent ha vin g fewer works

, ,

t ha n us ual
. A tailo r exhibited a cl ock whi ch showed
the days a nd m onths the m ot io ns O f th e sun and m oon
, ,

an d t h e tid es in m an y parts of E ur ope I t went for .

twel ve m onths . A blacksmi th contri buted a musical

c l ock whi ch p la y ed a tun e e ver y th r ee hours
,

G eorge Tayl or O f Wol verha mpton exhi bited hi s per

, ,

t al se lf- or recti n d t cl o cks in which the da

-
f
p e u c g a e
y O ,

the m o nth the mon th a nd the day O f the week wer e

, ,

all sho wn i n r ecessed o peni n gs unde r the di al .

.J Briscall O f Birmi ngham exh ibited a one month

, ,
-

cl ock . I n addi tion to the ordi nary dial i t had an ,

al ma n ack attached and was s elf r egulating

, so far as -
,

the m onths and the extra day in L eap year were con -

cern ed.

Tem pus rerum imperator was appropriatel y painted

on th e di al O f Lovelace s u ni que as tronomical cl ock
’

kn own as the Exeter C loc k wh ich extrao rdinar y ex ,

amp l e of pat ient industr y an d co nsum m ate skil l on the

par t of poor Lovelace took hi m thirty four years O f hi s -

l ife to acc ompl ish H e died in great poverty

. This .

cl ock was fi ve fe et in wid th ten feet in h eight and

, ,

weighed about half a ton - T wo sets of fig ur es in

-
.

th e hour c ir cl e surr oun ded

- t he d ial nam el y from , ,

t wel ve a t noon until t we l ve at night an d from t wel ve ,

at night un til t wel ve at n oon T h e sha pe size an d

.
, ,

age of the moon were ver y cleverl y shown ; th e mon th

0
1 94 A L PHA C LOC K .

and the day O f the m onth were al so indi cated T he .

cl ock r equ ir ed to be r e ul ated onl y once i n on e hun

g
dred and thirty years stru ck th e hours and chi med
,

the quar ters The times O f sun-rise and sun set were
.
-

al so shown by m eans of an hor izon which reced ed or ,

advanced accordin
g t o t h e se aso n of t h e y ear O nce in .

e v er y four hours a a l m tnne was pl ayed an in dex at

p s -
,

the sa me tim e poin ti ng to the na me of th e tu ne .

D uring the pl aying two m oving figures Fame and

, ,

T erpsi chore were seen in motion keeping pr oper ti me

, , .

A n eight d ay striki ng cl ock with onl y one m ains pr in g

, ,

and on e train O f wheels to do all th e work in cl uding ,

th e st riking which was pe rform ed on one hell pl ac e d

,

at th e to
p was e xh
, i bi te d by W illi am H a r ve y Of ,

S tir ling .

W hishaw exhibited a cen trim etal chronometer or vel o

cen tim ete r, which was in tended for ascerta in in g m ost
accu ratel merely by O bservation the vel ociti es
y of ra il

way engines and t ra ins A movabl e ring surrounded

.

the d ial , and co nta in ed vel ocities cal cul ated on th e

s ta nda rd of one thousan d th re e h und red an d t wen ty

feet, or a quar te r of a mil e I t was furnished with a

.

cen tral d ea d hundredths han d ; so that by m ovi ng zero

on th e ring i n a lin e wi th th e central ha n d , at the

i ns tan t of passing on e O f th e quarter-O f-a-m il e standards

and th e n r eadi ng 0 3 th e m ar inal figures at th e in stant
g
of pass ing the next q uar te r O f-a -mil e stan dard, th e vel o
-

city d ue to th e q uarter of a m il e p assed was accu ratel y

g i ven
. Th e rin
g w as m ov a bl e, so t ha t fo r tak in
g v el o‘

ci ties on forei n ra il wa ys, a kil ometral or other sca l e

g
might be substitute d at pleasur e .

R oberta s Al pha cl ock was one of the novelties O f th e

’

E xh ibi tio n I.t was call ed th e A l ph a f r om its sha pe

resembl in g an A The wh eels and pinions were mad e
.
1 96 H OU R S C LOCK .

were the outer and darker cir cl e, denomi nated S atan s

’

K ingdom .

T he i nventor exhibi ted a cl ock or al arum bed, wh ich

tur ned its occ upant out at an y peri od that h e might
ha ve previousl y set the cl ock and its m achin er y to It .

was represented to be v al uabl e to m ilita r y m en , sports

men, travellers, an d oth ers, and all whose pl easure or
d uty r equi red earl y and punctual rising I t was per
.

fectl y n oisel ess as the al arum d id n ot strik e, bu t gentl y

,

til t th e sl eeper into an upri ght position .

R an d J Moore exh ibite d a l arge an d sh owy clock,

. .

which was el aborate in inte r nal wor km a nsh ip an d out

side d ecor ation I t wen t on e m onth , chi med th e qua rte rs
.

on eight b e l l s ,
str u ck th e hou rs on a d e ep-t o n ed bel l ,

an d pl ayed twel ve tun es sh iftin g by the act io n of t he

,

cl ock to a fresh tu ne e ve ry h our T he fra m es O f the

.

dial and th e steel pl ate upon which th e cl ock stood were

enam ell ed u pon a new pri nciple T h e bas e was car ved
.

in wal nut-wood T h e orn amenta tion was of mixed ch a

.

rac ter, an d rich a nd effec ti ve .

El kington and C om pan y exhibited the Hours C lock

cas e , so cal l ed fr om th e fa ct of th e face bein g em bel

l ish ed with a baa rel ief r epr esen tin g the twe l ve hours
-

ci rcling roun d the cl ock, wh ich i tsel f had an enam elled

dial r epresenti ng the sun , its cen tre be ing a flying

phoenix , which we are told was bor n an ew e very five
h undred years A t t he bas e were two figur es, r espec
.

tivel y il lus trative O f r epose at e ven in g, an d the waken in g

to labo ur in th e m orn ing T he apex was cro wn ed with
.

a figure O f Psyche, or the sou l , l ooki n upward , embl e

g
m atic O f ete rnity T h e whol e was p rettil y con ceived
.

a n d pl eas in l y des i ned Th i w r k was execu ted i n

g g s
. o

cl e c t O b ron ze
r -
.

A turret cl ock with many im provements, manufac

-
 T E LL T A L E C L O C K . 1 97

turad and e xhi bited by S mith and S ons, was one O f th e

most st riking features O f the horol ogical secti on Th e .

sam e firm exhibited a four hun dred -d a ti m p i

y e ec e , a

detector cl ock or watchman s timepiece, and clocks for

’

C hina and Turk ey . Ma ny O f th e cl ocks exhibite d in

the for eign depart ment, i n addit ion to the hour , m i nute,
and sec onds hands, h ad al so the m ea n s O f in dica tin th e
g
days of th e week and month I n Messrs S mith s four
. .
’

h d d day clock, whi ch was worked by a spring and

u n re -

had a m ercurial pendu l um, were the sam e useful addi

tions . T he detector clock could be mad e a com pl ete
check to ir re ula rity and n egl ect of duty on th e part of
g
watc hme n , a s th ei r absence coul d be correctl y registered
on th e dia l . Th e registerin g apparatus consisted O f a
revol vin i l f m fi t t d w ith p i n d t l
g c rc u ar ra e, e s r n
g s a s e e

pins ; and its general appearance was that O f an ord i

nary sized brack et-cl ock
-
. I n the ordin ary tell tal e cl ock -

are a n u mber of pins stickin u p r oun d the dial , one for

g
e very q ua rter O f an hou r ; an d it is the duty of th e

watc hm a n on the premises where su c h a cl ock is k ept

to go to it every q uarter of an ho ur, and push in the

p r op e r
pi n , to sho w h is e m p l oy e rs th e n ex t m o rn i n
g th a t
h e has not been n egl igent O f his d uty E ach pin admits .

of bein g pu sh ed i n d uri n f w m i nutes onl y, an d if

g a e

n ot h eeded , will be foun d stick in u t sho w i n t h e

g o , g
exact ti me when the watch m an was away from h is post .

I n a tell tal e-clock in one O f the l obbies of the House O f

C ommon s, the face and pins are en cl osed behind a gl ass ;
and ou ts id e the cl ock-case is a han dle, commu nicating

with a smal l l ever, stan ding ov er a pa rt of the circl e in

which the pins m ove ; an d as th e pins are carried roun d
in a sort of movable dial , the effect of pulling th e handle
is to p ush t he pin which comes u nder the lever every
q u a r ter of an hour .I n th ese c l oc ks th e p i n s a r e m a d e to
 SH E PHE RD S C LO C K
’
.

pa ss over an in clin ed plane some hours after they have

been pushed in and in this way are pushed out again
,
.

I n th e cl ocks for T urk ey an d C hi na exhibite d by S mith ,

a n d S ons it h ad been foun d necessary to substitute

,

brass chains for the ordi nary gut l in es or steel chains ,

so as to prev ent the inj ur iou s effects of th e cli mate of

those l a n ds T he fig ures on the dials were those of th e

.

countri es for wh ich they were construc te d I n ad dition .

to the above M essrs S m ith al so exhibited the

, . U ni
”
for mity O f Tim e C l oc k a nd Tel egraph which was ,

i nvente d by Fran cis Wh isha w a civil engineer on e of , ,

the uses O f it bein g to regul ate time between distant

places to the hundreth part of a m inute by m eans of ,

sounds transm itted by el ectrical agen cy I t al so form ed .

a te l egraph as ther e were four disti nct a lpha bets and

,

n u merous si gns an d sign a ls di st in ctl y mark ed in red

a nd black on th e ann u lar m ovabl e plate whi ch s ur

rounded th e di al There were four bands which rotated

.
,

togeth er ; on e O f these was distinguished from the others

by being O f a light col our an d was call ed the index ,

hand as by it the clas s of signal s to be used was in

,

dicated .T h e oth er han ds w ere used for pointing to

the signals which were thus m or e quickl y gi ven than if
,

only on e han d had been used By two electrical bells . ,

of d issim ilar sou n d th e particul ar qu arter O f th e di al

,

on which th e sign al s wer e to be read off was rea dily

u nderst ood Besides the tel egraph dial and regul ator
. ,

th er e was a second face with th e ordi nary hands so that ,

on e si de m ight be in th e tel egraph r oom of th e rail way

station whi le th e oth er faced th e bookin g oflice

,
.

S heph erd s el ectr ic cl ock which struck th e hours

’
,

with p eculi ar sol em n ity was a remark abl e feature of ,

the Exhi bition I n ad apting this cl ock to the external

.

d esign O f the buil din g 0 wen Jones ingeniousl y con ,

200 S H E PH E R D S C L OC K
’
.

th e deta ils th e m agn etic apparatus was ren dered

of

n ecessa ry in ord er to su it the rt icula r cas e B i d es

p a es .

the great cl ock for th e tr an sept, t wo di als of sm al ler size ,

on e at th e eas t a nd
other at the west end of th e
the
buil ding were also at work in connection w ith it The
, .

el ectri cal cu rre nt to each O f these au x iliar ies was tr ans

m itted th rou gh copper wire coated wi th gutta percha .

T h e mechan ism of th e cl ock was fix ed in the south ga l

lery of the transept at about forty eight feet be l ow th e
,
-

centr e of th e d ial an d m otion was co mm un icated to t he

,

hands by m ean s O f a r od m ade up of sev eral l engths of

r tu i
b ass b g re d tog th a
n sc w e e e r n d of on e a d a half
n -
,
- -

inch in d iamete r T h e cl ock fr a me was m uch l ighte r

.

than u sual as th e ordin ar y h eav y weights wer e en ti rel y

,

dispensed with T here were two wheels with in the

.

frame plac ed verti cal ly n am el y the esca pe wheel of

, , ,
-

ten in ches diam eter to which the power was a ppl ie d and
, ,

a l arger or cen tral v ertical wheel of eigh te e n in ches ,

diamet er w ork ing into the pinion on the ar bor of th e

,

escape wh e el wh ich was in two pa rts th e teeth of each

-
, ,

part bein g pl aced in opposite d irections ; on on e part

t he cl i ck an d r a tc het escapem ent acted being m oved ,

by the el ectro magn ets while th e teeth of th e other

-
,

part were empl oyed to l ock the train and prevent its
r un ning for ward fr om the ac tion of t h e win d on th e

hands T he l arg e whee l revolved once in two hours

.
,

the spin dl e of which proj ected be yond the frame an d ,

carried a bev el led wh eel O f twel ve i nches in d iam ete r ,

placed vert icall y which revol ved w ithin i t I n ord er

, .

to gi ve m otion to th e vertica l rod al r eady describe d th e ,

b evell ed vertical wh eel worked in a second be velled

wheel pla ced hor izon ta lly ; an d above th e firs t on th e ,

axis O f th e horizon tal bev ell ed wheel the ver tical r od ,

or shaft revol ved an d by m eans of wheel work at the

,
-
 S H E PH E R D S C L O C K
’
. 201

top of th e s a ft
h the
hands of the cl ock were also m ade
to revol v e T h e whol e was kept iri m otion by a series
.

of po wer ful el ectr o magnets eight in n um b er on whic h

-
, ,

was wo un d a total l ength of t wenty five thousa nd feet -

o f copper wire th e wei h t of which was n earl y on e an d -

g ,

a ha l f hu n d red
-
S ix s mall batteri es were used in con
.

nection wi th the el ectr o m a n e ts B esides the twenty

-
g .

four fe et dial on th e south side of th e transept two ,

smal ler dials al r eady all ud ed to each of five feet i n ,

diamete r were fix ed in fr ont of the gall eries at the

, ,

east and west end of th e buil di ng respecti v el y in ,

the centr e l ine of th e mai n aisl e or nav e A l l the .

dial s were gover ned by on e pendul um which was k ept ,

i n m oti on by a n ew pla n T h e magnet was empl oye d

.

m erel y to bend a sp ring at ea ch vibration to a certain

fixed exte nt the r ea ction of th e spring giving the
,

necessary i mpul se to th e pen du l u m by whi ch means ,

the varia ti ons which wer e conti n ual ly takin g place in

the ba tteries had no effect on th e tim e m easur ed by th e
pendulum A t the end of each vibration of that
.

m echani sm i t came in con tact with a sm all spring

t ipped wi th platinum w hich compl eted the n ecessar y
,

ci rcuit for giving m otion to th e se v eral cl ocks T he .

i mpulse spring was screwed on to a bras s stud fixed on

t he bed pl ate through a sl ot in which th e pen dul um
-
,

vibrated I t had a smal l arm extending n earl y at

.

ri ht an l es and a second ar m t hat pr oj ected from the

g g ,

armature which bein ttracte d do wn by the acti on of

, g a

the magnet the pol es of which passed through the

,

bed-plates the other end of th e armature came in con

,

tact wi th th e a rm proj ecti ng fr om th e im pul se s pring -

,

and raise d it so as to l oc k th e upper end in a deten t ,

which was screwed on to th e same stud as th e i mpul se

spring . T he pendul um in the course of its v ibration .
 E L E CTR I C C LOC K .

ca m e in o
c ntact pper part of th e detent
with the u ,

which it lifte d up thereby l ea ving th e impuls e s pring

,
-

free to dr op on the si de of the pen dul um an d foll ow it ,

for a short sp ace of its v ibration so as to gi ve i t t he

,

n ecessa ry i m petus formi n w ha t is t ec h ni ca ll y ca ll ed

, g
th e re montoir esca pement .

S am uel Warr en in his Lil y a nd the Bee an

’
, ,

apol ogue of th e C rysta l Palace of 1 8 51 thus all u d es to ,

the great el ectric cl ock ther e :

H ark ! A sound ! startli ng my soul !
A to l l profoun d !
T he hollow to ngue of T i me,
T elling i ts aw ful fligh t,
N ow , to no ea r sa v e m in e !

H eard I over h ere th at sol emn sound before !

O r d id m y m il l ion fello ws h ear, or note
N ow d ies th e sou nd a way

But upwaketh , as i t goes ,

Memories of ages pas t ! The Gone l

The h ol low ton gue of T ime

Is a per petual knell E ach toll
.

Peels for a h ope the less I

I n th e S outh Kensington Museum is a timepiece in

orm ol u and enam el, th e u pper part of which is form ed
by a gl obe enamell ed in bl ue R oun d th e base are .

statuettes of the S ea sons i n ormol u I t was m anufa c .

tured by Le vy, freres, et of the R ue des Fosses

d u Tem ple, Paris I ts height is el even in ches and three

q ua rters ; an d its width, twel ve inches I t was exhi .

bited in the Paris E xhibition of 1 8 55 , and was pur

ch as ed for 1 92 43
. .

W e shall n ow give som e account of the h istory of

the W estm inster Palace cl ock I n March , 18 44, th e
.

l ate S ir C ha rles Barr y appl ied to Mr B L Vulli amy . . .

204 W E S T MI NS T E R C LOC K .

working in b
ell-metal bearings
, and proper holes for oili ng the bear
i ngs T he teeth df th e wheels are to be cu t to form on the epi
.

C y cloid p rinciple .

3 T h e w h eels are to be so arran ged than any one can be taken

.

ou t wi th ou t d is tu rb ing the others .

4 T h e pend ul um pa llets are to be j ewell ed

. .

II.
— R el a ting to the A ccura te G oing f
o the C lock .

5 Th e escapement is to be d ead heat, or someth ing eq ual ly accu

'

rate , the recoil esca pem en t bei n g expres sl y exclud ed .

6 T he pend ulu m is to be com pensa ted

. .

7 T he trai n of wh eel s is to hav e a remontoir action, so con

.

structed as not to i n ter fere wi th the d ead -bea t princ iple of the

escapem en t .

8 T he clock is to h ave a going fusee

. .

9 I t w i ll be con sidered an ad vantage if th e external mi nute

.

hand has a d iscernible m otion at certain defin i te second s of tim e .

1 0 A spring a ppa ratus is to be attach ed for accelerati ng th e pen

.

dul um a t pleas ure d urin g a few vibrations .

1 1 T he s trikin g m ach ine ry is to be so a rran ged tha t the firs t blow

.

for each hour shall be accurate to a second of ti m e .

Ill —R ela ting to the p ossi ble G al va n ic C on nection wi th Gr eenwi ch .

1 2 T he stri king dete nt is to h ave such parts th at, wh enev er need

.

shal l arise, one of the two fol lowing plans m ay be adopted ( as afte r

cons u l ta tion w ith Mr W heatsto ne, or other com petent au th or ities,

.

shal l be j ud ged bes t) , ei th er tha t the w arni n g movemen t m ay make

contact, a nd th e stri king m ov em en t break con tact, for a ba ttery , or

that th e s triking m ovement m ay prod uce a ma gneto -electric curren t .

1 3 A ppa ra tus sh a ll be prov ided w h ich wi ll enable the atte ndant

.

to sh ift th e connection by means of the clock ac tion success i vel y to

d iffere n t w ires for d iff erent h ou rs, in case i t s hould h erea fter be
though t d esirable to conv ey the ind ications of the clock to several
difleren t places
'

IV . General R ef erence to the A stronomer R oyal .

1 4 T he plans, before com m encin g the w ork, and th e work wh en

.

comp leted , are to be s ubj ecte d to th e approval of th e A s tronom er

I n regard to th e A rticles 5 to 1 1 the maker is recommended

15 .

to study the constr uction of the R oyal E xchange clock .

 WE S T MI NS T E R C L OC K .
205

These condi ti ons bear date June 22nd 1 846 an d , ,

on February 1 1 th 1 8 4 7 in an oth er com mu nication to

, ,

th e com petitors Mr Air y sta ted it was desirable

, .

that con di tions 3 7 8 and 1 4 shoul d ,

be fully com
, , ,
”
plied with because the constructions to wh ich they
,

re fer being n ot in extensi ve u se in th is co un try th ey ,

m ay in the adapta tion of ord in ary pl ans to the new

,

cl ock be i nad verten tl y passed over

,
But it is not in .

ten ded that the stri n gency of th e oth er con di tions sh all
”
be in any degree rel axed A fter wards he a ppen ded a .

n ew con d iti on

16 T he hour wh eel is to carry a ratchet-sha pe w h eel or a su c

.

cession of cams, w hich w ill break con ta ct w i th a pow er ful magnet,

on the pri nciple recom mended by Mr W h ea ts tone, at leas t as often .

as once in a minu te , for the pu rpose of prod ucing a mag neto-electric

current, which wil l regu la te other cl ocks i n th e ew Palace N .

T he tend ers were sent in as follows — Mr E J D ent, . . .

August 8 th, 1 8 46 (cond itions 1 to 1 ,5OOZ ; an d .

March 1 5th, 1 8 4 7 (in cl uding Mr John .

Whi tehurst S e ptem ber , 24th , 1 8 4 6 ( cond iti on s 1 to

3,373l and M arch 1 5 th , 1 8 47 in cl ud i n
.
, ( g
Mr Vul liamy sen t in d esigns
.
, but h e ds d eclin ed
after war

furth e r to compe te Thwaites an d . R eid a pplied to th e

C ommissioners for l eave to ten der, but th e sa m e was
n ot ran ted T h e cl ock n ow se t u at W e stm inster
g .
p
Was ul timatel y m ade by Mr D en t, j un ior, from th e .

designs of Mr D enis on, about 1 8 55. .

Th e four di als are twenty two feet in d ia meter , and -

th e figures upon th em , thickl y gilt are rel ieved from .

a b lue su rface These d ials are cons ider ed to be th e

.

large st in th e world with a m i nute -han d, which , on

account of its gr eat l en gth, v e l ocity , weight, friction ,

and th e acti on of the win d u pon it, r e quir es at l eas t

twen ty times more force to dr iv e it th an th e hour han d - .

206 W E S TM INSTE R C L O C K .

T his cl ock go es for a week . T he great wheel of th e

g oi n g p a r t is tw e n ty -
se ve n in c hes in d i am ete r ; th e

pendul um is fifteen feet l ong, an d weighs six hundmd

and ei hty po unds ; n d t h p wh l w h i h i
g
-
a e sca e ee , c s

dr iven by the m usical box spring, weighs about half an -

ounce A ll the wheels except the scape-wh eel are of

.

ca st iron , an d al l ha ve five spok es Th e barrel is t wenty

- .

t hree in ch es i n di am ete r, but onl y fou rteen inches

l ong, as it does not r eq uire a rop e above a quarte r-O f
a n in ch thi c k
-
. T he secon d wheel is twel ve in ches in
di am eter . Th e grea t wheels h av e all on e h un dred
an d eighty teeth, th e secon d wheel O f th e hour -str ikin
g
part has one hundr ed and fiv e, and a pinion of fifteen .

T he great wheels in the chim i ng part of the cl ock

ar e thir ty e i ht and a h alf in ches in di ameter
- -
Th e
g .

cl ock is said to be at l east eight ti m es as l arge as a

ll
fu sized cath edral cl ock I t aflor ds its keepe rs two
'
- .

’
hours work a week in winding it u p I t goes wi th a .

rate of u n der on e secon d a week , in spite of an y a t

m ospheric changes . R especting its present condi tion,

Mr Denison wrote to T h e Tim es on A ugust 1 1 th,
.
‘ ’

1 8 6 5 , as foll ows I m ay as well corr ect a m istake,

whi ch I O ften have to corr ect pr ivatel y about the great
cl ock . I n consequence O f the a mbiguous language of
an other report of th e Astron o mer R oy al , som e peopl e

imagine that th e cl ock is controll e d by el ec tri c con

n ect ion wi th G r eenwich O bser vator y I t ce n tains no
.

machinery whatever for tha t purpose I t r eports its

.

own tim e to G reen wich by el ec tri cal conn ecti on , and

the cl ock ma ker who tak es care of it receives G reen wich

tim e by electr icity, an d sets th e cl ock right whenever
its error becom es sens ibl e, wh ich seldom has to be
done m ore than once a m onth Mr Ai ry s las t report
. .
’

upon the rate was that it may be rel ied on (that is, the
‘
208 C L O C K BE D .

struc k i A t two an d thr ee O cl ock they

th rty seven
’
- .

ve th e r i ht nu mber s, but at four O cloc k the y were

’

g a g
again e rr atic, an d str uck th ir ty-nin e O n both occa .

si ons wh en these extrava a nt n um bers were i v th

g g en , e
striki n f t h ho u o mm n d b f e the quarte r
g o e rs c e ce e or

chim es th ese co m in g i n towa rds th e c lose

, .

Apropos O f our men tion of the gr eat hell on which

th e hou rs are str u ck by th e W es tm in s te r cl ock , we may
add th at fro m t h e earliest tim es huge bells ha ve been used

for the soun di ng of th e hours F or nearl y thr ee c en tur ies .

has the nu m ber of th em been str uck u pon th e bell call ed

G reat T om , at C hrist s C ol lege, O xfor d, by a heavy clock
’

hammer , weigh ing fifty four

pounds an d a half This hell
-
.

is fi ve fee t nin e i nches in height twen ty on e feet in gir th ,

-
,

a nd se v en to ns fifte en h u ndr ed wei ghts or ra the r o ver ,

s e v entee n tho usa n d pou nds in we igh t witho ut the clap ,

e r wh ich weigh s thr ee h u ndr ed an d fo rty tw o poun ds -

p , .

T h e C ol l ege cl ock b ell at C ante rbury weighs t hr e e tons

-

and te n h un d red we ights th e C oll ege cl o ck bel l at Glou -

oeste r w e ighs th re e to ns an d five h un d r ed weights ; an d

th e M inster cl ock bell at Bev er ley in Yorksh ire weighs

-
, ,

t wo to ns and ten hu n dre d weigh ts T he nor th tower of .

the Tem pl e for m erl y th e C athed ral c h urch of S t Peter

, .
,

at G en ev a co n ta ins th e grea t bel l

,
c al l ed C le m ence ,

which is t wenty feet in c i rcu m fe ren c e r ound the bas e .

A sin le bl ow stru ck on t his b ell anno unces daily the

g

precise instan t of noon wh ich is deter mi n ed by a sundial

,

placed on the western fr on t O f the T em ple .

I n 1 8 5 8 a m ech an ic in Bohemia in ven ted a m usical

,

c loc k bed w hic h wa s so cons tr uct ed t ha t by m ean s O f

-
, ,

hidden m e ch an ism a pr ess u re upon th e be d cau sed a

,

soft a n d ge n tl e air of Aube r s to be p l a yed w hich con

’

t inued l ong en ough to lu ll the m ost wake ful to slee p .

A t the head was a cl ock the han d O f which being ,

 CLO C K L OC K .
209

placed at the hour that the sl eeper wished to rise ,

when th e time ar rived the bed played a march of S pon

toni s with dr ums and cym b al s an d musical thun d er
’
,

en ough to rouse th e sev en sl ee pers .

I n 18 58 a watchmak er na med C henhall O f Dr ake

, ,

S tr eet Pl ym ou th exh ibited in his shop window a cloc k

,
-

—
,

o f th e si z e of a n o rd in ar y e igh t da y cl oc k w i t h a n ov el ,

and v er y sim p l e m ovem ent whi ch was sai d to be

,

ca p abl e of goin g as l ong as th e durab il ity of th e m a

terials perm i tte d without the aid O f weight or spring

, ,

an d i n short wi thout any m an u al assistance whatev er .

I n 18 5 9 a l ocksmith in F rankfort on the Maine

,
- - -

con str ucte d a stron g box wi thout any key hole at all -
,

and w hi c h e v en the o wner himself coul d n ot open .

Inside was a cl ock work the h and of which when th e

-
, ,

box was open the owner pl aced at the hour and m inute
,

when h e aga in wanted to have access to the inter ior of

the box T he cl ockw ork began to m ove as soon as th e
.

l id was shut and open ed th e l ock from the i nside at

,

the m o ment which the han d in dicated T ime de .

,

pendent upon th e owner was th e key to this clock ,

o
l c k — a key th at coul d n ei th er be stol en n or i mi tated .

I n 1 8 5 9 after years of m echanical labour James

, ,

t ite O f
, W i ckh a m M a rk e t co m pl et e d a ,se lf -winding
cl oc k , whi ch determ ined the time wi th u nfail ing
acc ur acy continuin g a cons tan t m otion by itself n ever
, ,

re qui r in t b e w ou nd u and bein p bl f

g o p g ca
, a e o
p er

petuating its movements so l ong as its component parts

During C hina in 1 8 6 0, the E mperor s

the war in
’

S umm er Pal ac e n ear Pekin was sacked by the allied

forces, and much treasure was taken therefr om Among .

th e l oot were many cl ocks and jewell ed watches A .

French sol dier took a figure of a camel in soli d sil ver,

r
21 0 BE NS O NS ’
C LOC K .

nearl y high bearing on its back a cl oc k

t wenty inches , ,

and its hum p being decorated with r ubies e m eral ds and , ,

other precious stones The statuette on which the .

,

word London was engrav ed cam e i nto the possession ,

O f a n on commi ssioned O fficer of the 1 01 8 t R e i m en t

g
-
,

wh o r efused seventy thousand francs for i t L or d .

Amherst s watch worth

’
, was se ized and sold by a ,

French soldi er for twenty dollars .

I n the In ter nation al Exhibition of 1 8 6 2 in the m iddle ,

avenu e was a cl ock by Ben son which str uck th e hour s

, ,

and q uarters on five be ll s ; th e lar ges t we ighing twen ty

two hun d red weight T he works were thr ee hundr ed

.

feet from the di al which was situated in th e gr ea t cen

,

tral tower the conn ecti on s being carri ed un dergroun d

, .

T he weights exceed ed 9 ton and were t wo hundr ed feet

.
,

fro m the works A n ew r em ontoir escapement all owed

.

the use Of the great weight re q ui re d to dr ive a cl ock of

s uch size so d istan t fr o m the di al an d mov i n g h ands
, ,

of such m agni tude sometimes in oppositi on to th e wind

, .

A two seconds compensation pend ulum was em ployed

- -
.

I n the south-east transept was a t urr et-c lock by D ent ,

which struck th e hours on a bel l weighing betwee n th r ee

and four to ns an d th e quarters on four small er bell s
, .

T h e wheel s were O f un metal ; an d each O f th e four -

g
dials was seven feet 111 diameter T he Exhi bition also .

contained numerous other horological machin es am ong ,

which we may m e ntion a steam or speed cl ock a chime ,

clock with fift y changes sil ent cl ocks cuckoo c l ocks a, ,

-
,

cl ock with a perpetual r egister of the d ay O f th e we ek an d

month an as tronomical cl ock impell ed by gravitation

, ,

a regula to r to be woun d up once i n twel ve mon ths and a ,

o raphi cal cl ock showing the time throughou t the wor l d

g g
e .

I n various churches i n Engl an d it has been foun d

inconven ient to ha ve the dial of the clock o utsi de the
21 2 DU T C H C L OC KS .

c nta ins an abun

o dance of wood alm ost its sol e produc ,

tion wh ich is expo rte d in l a rge quanti ties to E ngland

,

and Hol l an d The peasantry a n intell igen t and fr ugal

.
,

clas s mak e good use of this n atur al prod uce in th e

, ,

skilful m anufactur e of va ri ous use fu l an d ornam en tal

arti cl es But th eir greatest mech an ical geni us is ex

.

pe nded upo n their cl ocks A s a rul e these branches .

,

of i n dustr y ar e carried on in th e hom es of the p eopl e

after the agri cultural work is done I t is duri ng th e .

l ong winter evenings especiall y that they both ol d and ,

young employ their time in these occupations The

, .

labour is di vi ded among the case m akers th e foun ders -

,

of th e b rass wh eels and bell s th e chain and chain wh ee l ,

-

m akers th e pain ters and varnis hers and lastl y the

, , , ,

cl ockmaker s wh o put th e w or ks togeth er an d fini sh

,

t hem W ith th e e xcep ti on of th e works whi ch ar e cast

.
,

by the founder an d the painting O f th e di al the whol e

, ,

O f the cl ock is mad e by th e m e m be rs of on e fam il y .

A t an ear l y age th e chi l dren begin to car ve th e r ough

est wood work a n d advan ce thr ough th e o ther sta es O f
, g
th e l abour until th ey becom e cl ockm akers and fin is hers
, .

I n and after th e sixteenth cen tur y th ere was a graduall y

in cr eas ing deman d for cl ocks in G er man y ; but they
were too high in pri ce to be gen era ll y us ed in th e
hou se and for m any years the m akers en dea vour ed to
,

produce a cheaper kind I n 1 6 6 0 som e in tell igent .

wood ca r ve rs in th e Bl ack For est succeeded in m aki ng

c l oc ks entirel y O f wood which although rou gh an d
, ,

si mpl e for th e time suppl ied th e want

, But th e y .

sho wed o n l y the hou r s and woul d o onl y for h alf a

g
-
,

day There was no str iki n g work an d th e m ovi n g powe r

.
,

was a balan cin g pi ece O f wood with two m ovabl e

weights I n 1 740 in st ead of t he bal ancing p iece a
.
,

pendul um was used as a m otive principl e and the im ,

 C L O C K C R I ME S . 213

rov ements in hort tim e m ade th e cl cks

o to go
p a s

t wenty four
-
hours and strike the hour s
, and quar ters
.

S o me also moved figures indicatin g the day of the ,

month and the l ike I n 1 75 0 the wooden works were

,
.
,

r eplaced by m etal lic works wheels and chains To

, ,

meet the incr easing competition whi ch i mpr oved ma

chin er y caused in the cl ock trade the G r an d D uke ,

Le opold about 1 8 47 founded the C lock and Watch

, ,

Makers S chool at Furt wangen which is supported by

’
,

th e G overnm ent of Baden with a yearl y con tr ibution of

The annual expor ts of cl ocks from th e G rand
Duchy of Baden al on e not in cl uding watches am o unts
, ,

to one m ill ion poun ds sterl ing .

I n a buil di ng i n Yarm outh u p to the y ear 1 8 6 1 was

an an cient tim epiece ca ll ed th e D utch cl ock ; the buil d

ing in whi ch it was placed having been used in the

seventeenth centu ry as a ch apel for th e D utch r efu ees
g .

Apropos of our m ention O f D utch cl ocks we may ,

ad d that cl ock chi mes or ca rill ons were in v ented in th e

-

L ow C o untries where they have been brought to the

,

reatest perfection an d ma b h d i v y t w
g y , e ear n e er o n .

T hey are of two kin ds the one b eing attached to a,

cyli nd er like th e barrel of an organ whi ch al ways

, ,

re peats the sam e tunes and is m ov ed by m achiner y ;

,

and th e other bein g a superior kin d pla yed by a musi ,

cia n with a set of keys I n all the great towns are

.

amateurs or salaried professors usuall y th e organists of ,

the churches who perform with great skill upon this

,

i ti i t m t whi h is placed high u i th

gg a n c ns ru en c , p n e

steepl e . S o fond are the D utch and Belgians of this

kin d of music that in some of thei r cities the chimes
,

appear scarcel y ev er to be at r est either by day or by ,

night . Th e tunes are usuall y changed e ver y year .

214 A NT WE R P C HI ME S .

the cl aim of Al ost to th e in vention in 1 48 7 is unf u n eo d d .

The chim es fr om the Tour d es Hall es, Bruges , are to

E nglish ears m ost n ovel and pl easing , al though not to be
compa red with the sprin kl ing shower of musi c which

d rops down from th e high tower of Antwerp C athedral

e ve ry few m inutes O f the day and n ight .

Bu t am id my broken slumbers,
S til l I heard th ose magic numbers ,
A s th ey loud proclaimed the flight
A nd s tolen march es of th e night ;
T i ll their chimes in sweet collision
Mingled w i th each w andering vision,
Mingled wi th the fortune te lling
G ipsy-bands of d reams and fan ci es,
W h ich amid th e waste expansu
O f the silen t land of trances
Have thei r sol i tary d welling
.

Thus dreamed I , as by nigh t I lay

L is te nin g w i th a w ild deligh t
T o the ch imes that, through the nigh t,
R ang th eir changes from the belfry
O f that quain t old Flemish city
”
.

The himes O f An twerp C athedral consist

c

one hun dred bells ; an d a singul ar feeli ng res ul ts fr om

them when they pla y under the feet of a person on the

summit Of the tower on whi ch is th e gigan ti c cl ockfa ce)
( .

The y throb through the very stones and frame of the

buildi ng and e very nerve of th e body
,
.

Longfel lo w in his exquisite prose poem Hyperion

, , ,
’

iv s the foll owin sol emn l y im pr essiv e descr iption of

g e g
mi dnight bells i n the q ui et city of Heidel berg : In
conv ersa ti on l ike thi s the hour s glided a way
, till at ,

length from the Giant s Tour s the castl e clock struck

’
, ,

t wel ve with a sound that seem ed to come from the

,

Mi ddl e Ages Like watchm en from th e bel fri es the city

.
,
216 A ME RI C A NC LOC KS .

forty two Fl emish feet in diameter, but from its great

-

height, and the great size of the tower, th e sides O f

which meas ure ni net feet at its base , it does n ot
y
a ppear nearl y so lar e
g
”
M r Vulliam.
y also ad ds :
. I
will here notice that th e cl ocks in Belgium str ike
u pon bell s comparativel y sm all These circumstances .

very much dimi nish the difficul ti es atten dant upon

making a cl ock of this d escrip ti on ; m oreov er the per ,

for mance of most of the Flem ish clocks is such as woul d

n ot be tol erated in th e situation for whi ch th e cl ock for
”
the n ew Pal ace (at Westminster) is requi red .

Arneriean cl ocks have foun d great favour with th e

publi c and by reason of their porta bility an d the n eat
,

n ess of their exteri or ha ve m uch su perseded th e ol d

familiar Dutc h cl ocks They are of inferior workm an

.

shi p ,and l ack al togeth er tha t fin ish of which the

E ngl ish workma n is justl y proud Am erica has organized .

a v ery extensive system of cl ock m anufacture whi ch is ,

carried out on the factory sy stem chi efly at C onn ecticut ,

.

A t that pl ace one cl ockmaking firm empl oys t wo

h un dred and fifty hands Man y of the operati ves
.

boys and gir ls and the products of their uni ted l abours
,

are six hun dred cl ocks a day S imm onds s C o lonial

’
- .

Magazine for 1 845 con tains an account of the cl ock

factory of Jerom e i n th e city of N
, ew Hav en th en one ,

of the m ost extensi ve esta blishm en ts of th e kin d in the

United S tates T h e writer says : We cannot describe

.

m in utel y the whole process of m aking a cl ock or th e ,

l ife lik e movement of th e m achin ery ; it would take

-

m or e tim e and sp ace than we ca n at pre sent devote to

thi s purpose I n mort the case movements plates
.
, , , ,

A F lemish foot is equal to about inches E ngl ish measure

ment. which gives 43 E ngl ish feet inch es for the diameter of the
 A ME R I C A NC L O C KS .
21 7

face, &c , which when put togeth er, form one of Jerom e s
’
.

cel ebrated brass eight-day cl ocks, go through som e

’

fifty di fferent hands b fore com pleted O ne man can e .

u t t o th bo t se v en t -fi m ov emen ts per d ay,

p g e er a u y ve

whil e v y part from th e first process to th e finishing

e er , ,

g oe s on wi th eq ual r ap idi ty W e l ea r n f r o m h i m th at .

t he greatest bulk of clock s which he anticipates mak ing

thi s year are d esign ed for E ur opean mark ets an d th at ,

he h as alread y receive d or ders fro m houses in London

and B ir min ham E n la n d a l ar e house in S cotl an d
g g g , , ,

an d al so som e qui te ex tensi v e d eal ers in C anada In .

fact th e Y ankee cl ock is becoming a gen eral favour i te

,

in E ngla n d alm ost enti rel y superseding the ol d Dutc h

,

cl ock wh ich has been l on u e d th r e as a ti m e piece -

, g s e .

H e ye arl y consum es of the var i ous articl es used in the

m anu facture of cl ocks the foll owing enormous qua nti
ties feet pin e l umber ; feet mahogan y
and rosewood ven eers ; 200 tons of iron for weights ;

1 00 0001bs of brass ; 300 casks of n ails ;

, . boxes
of glass 50 feet per box ; ll o v rnish ;
‘

, g a ns a

1 5 0001bs wir e ; 1 0 0001bs gl ue ;

, .
,
l ooking gl ass
.
-

pl ates . dollars are paid yea rly for printing labels ,

an d for scr ews sa ws coal an d oil , l Vorkmen empl oyed

, , .
,

75 ; paid wages yearl y dollars ; cl ocks made per

,

day 200 ; y ear

, ,

T he wheel s and plate hol es of Am erica n clocks are -

a ll sta m ped ; in fact ther e is v ery li ttl e worth of manual

labou r in th e whol e of th eir m o vem ents The pini ons .

are all of a ki nd th at are ca ll ed l antern pini ons which ,

have their l eav es made of pieces of wire set roun d an

a xis in two col lars A tra v el ler in the Mosq uito ter ri
.

to r y in C entr al Am erica writing in 1 8 6 of a visit paid

5
, ,

by him to the negro king of th e country; says that a

Yank ee clock was part of th e furniture of his state
218 C LO C K O NT H E S T A IR S .

ro om That which is accomplished in an American

.

c l ock by a spr ing th e going was in th e ta ll ol d fashi oned

, ,
-

eight d a
- l o k p er formed by th e grad ual fall of a
y c c s

h ea vy weight W hil e wr iting of these do mestic cl ocks

.

o f our fo refathers ,we are r em inded of t he l ines of

Longfell ow upon
T m: OL D C nocx ox r m; S u ms .

S omew hat back from the v il la ge stree t

S tan d s he o
t ld -fash ioned coun try sea t .

A cross i ts an tique portico

T all poplar-trees thei r shad ows throw
A nd from i ts station in the hal l
A n ancient ti mepi ece say s to al l,
F or ever— never !
N ev er— for ever

H al fway up the stairs it s tands ,

A nd points and beckons with i ts hands
F rom i ts case of massi ve oak,
L ike a monk w ho, under h is c loak,
C rosses himsel f, and sighs , al as !
Wi th sorrowful v oice to all who pass,
—
F or e er n ev er ]
v

Nev er —for ever !

By day i ts voice is low and light ;

Bu t in the sil ent dead of nigh t,
Dis tinct as a passing footste p s fall ,
’

I t echoes along the v acant h all ,

Al on g th e ceiling, along the floor,
A nd seems to sa y, at each chamber-d oor,
—
F or ev er n ev er ;
Ne er
v — for ev er 1
T hrou gh days of sorrow and of mirth,
T hrough d ays of death and days of birth ,
T h rou gh ev er s wift vi ci ssi tude
O f cha ngeful time, unchanged i t h as stood,
A nd as i f, l ike God , it al l things sa w,
I t cal ml y repeats those words of awe,
F or ev er—never
N —
ever for ever I
220 F RE NC H C LOC KS .

Longfell ow puts as a motto to this poem th e foll owing

extract fr om J ac qu es Bridain e L é te rnité est un e
’

pendule don t lo balancier dit et redit sans cesse ces

,

deux m ots seul ement dans l o sil ence des tombeaux

,
‘
Toujou rs ! j amais ! Ja m ais ! There i s no
dead thing so l ike a livin g thing as a cl ock wh ich deli ,

beratel y perfor ms its a ppoin ted wor k both by day and

by ni ght with scarcel y an y interruption durin g the
,

l apses of m an y generation s of m e n r e mi nd ing them ,

that they a re pas sing a way an d of th e pe riod wh en ,

the great cl ock of Tim e will hav e run do wn for

”
ev er .

F rance is famous for highl y o rna menta l tabl e and

mantel shelf cl ocks the cases of whic h are m ostl y of m ore
,

worth than the works These articl es have l ong formed

.

an im porta nt fea tur e in the d eco ration of r oom s i n

F r en ch households A French tr avell er writi ng in

.
,

1 8 09 tell s us th at l ux ury d id not ex ten d to th e inte

,

rior of th e ho uses m S pa in for he saw th ere non e of those

,

g las se s an d cl o cks w hi ch e m belli sh e d th e a pa rt m en ts o f

his nati ve coun try A magazin e wr iter in
. re ,

ferring to a Parisia n ho me says Th e strange li ttl e

,

r ooms l ooked ev en stran er by d a n ot h in a bo un d ed

g y; g
but l ooking gla sses and cl ocks whi ch were hung on
-
,
”
e ver y vacan t p l ace .

Th e com parativel y recent m issio n of the Earl of

—
El g n to C hin a an d Japan (1 857 18 59) has brought
i
un der the n otice of E ur opeans th e ti m e m easur ers in .

use a mong th e peopl e of th e l atte r coun try Mr O li . .

phant in his Narrative of the m ission says

, W h en
we got back into the b usin es s p art of th e town (Yedo) ,

we stopp ed at a watch m ak er s to bu y j ewellery an d

’

clocks T h e latter were of va rious descrip

tions some con structed on E ur opean m odel s others
, ,
 A T MO S PH E R I C C L O C K . 221

fashioned p o n a purin cipl e pecul iar to Japan and su

p ,

posed to be m ore con ven ient for the r egistration of the

s in ular d ivision of their tim c Th t w ty fo ho -
g e en ur urs .

a re di vi ded in Japan i nto twel ve per i ods of tim e six ,

of whi ch a re appr opria ted to darkn ess an d six to th e ,

light T h e day bei ng ca l cul ate d fr om sunrise to sunset

.
,

there is a n ecessar y va riation in th e l ength of th e six

d ay and six n ight hours the l atter being the longest in
,

win ter the for m er in su mm er

, T h e cl ocks are al tered
.

peri odicall y to suit the seasons of the year ”

.

O n a sim il ar prin ciple to that of th e p rimi tive cl ep

sydra or water c l o ck is the atm o sph eric cl ock an inv en
,
-
, ,

tio n w hi ch was p ate nted a few years ago ; the m ain

di ffer en ce being in th e density of th e flui d used m er ,

cur y in th e pr esent m ach in e being substitu ted for

water T his cl ock is in appearan ce like a long ther

.

m ometer without the bul b of m ercury at th e bottom

, .

I t has a glass tube about three eigh ths of an in ch

,
-

in diam eter and th e l ength of the therm om eter

,

l ike frame ; this tu be is sec ured to th e fram e by t wo

bands thr ough which th e tube eas ily slides Ins ide
, .

the gl ass tube is an other and sm all er tube at eac h en d ,

of wh ich is som e m ercury a nd a scr ap of bl otting

paper or other absorbent mater ial for the purpose of

, ,

absorb ing an y d a m p whi ch might fin d i ts way i nto th e

t ube. About an inch and a half from eac h en d of the -

i nn er tu be is a small thr oat thro ugh w hich th e m ercury

,

has to pass O n each side of the gl as s tube are th e

.

divisions of tim e T he mercur y i n th e top end of the

.

tube is pl aced O pposite th e m ark of the pr oper time ,

and it descends to the botto m of th e tube exactl y as the

time lapses W hen the m ercur y has reach ed the bot

.

to m of th e tube th e frame ca n be tur ned an d the mer ,

cur y set to the time on th e oth er si de ; and so the time

222 PU ZZL E C LO C K .

S om e time sinc e was exhibi te d at a watchmaker s

’

win dow in Montgom ery S treet, S an F rancisco, a cl ock,

the hand of which apparentl y coul d n ot be mad e to
re vol ve , th ere being no v isi bl e means to m ake i t do so .

The dia l was a simple pl ate of transparent glam, with

a small , sm ooth pin in the c en tr e, which passed throu h
g
a pl ain hol e in th e ha nd, th ere bei ng on l y on e, an

hour hand, l ight an d sl en der ; and upon the short end

-

of i t was a small box of thin m etal . There was no

c ontact of th e han d with the dial except at the
pivot, and there was nothin g touching the pivot except
th e han d and the glass in which it was fixed ; yet
the machine k ept pe rfect ti m e . This clock was a me
cha ni ca l p uzzl e, and attr ac te d a cons tant crowd round

the win do w in which it was displ ayed . Probabl y the

works were in the small box on th e short en d of the
hand S uppose wi thin this box watc hwork driven by a
.

sprin
g a nd regu l at ed by a bal an ce-wh eel
, so th at i t
woul d cause a littl e ha n d to r evolv e once ih twelve
h ours, m a pl an e paral le l with the di al ; then l et this
littl e hand car ry a sm all weight, say a pistol bull et,
on its end, and l et th e l ar ge hand be made ver
y
l ight and be so nicel y poised that when th e weight
was furth est from th e ful crum , it woul d b ring th e
short end of th e l ar ge han d do wn, causin g th e l on
g
end to point dir ectl y u p ward and to indi cate twel ve

o cl ock ; but when th e weight was nea rest the ful

’

cr um the l ong ha nd wo ul d o verbalance, an d so point

’
downward to six o cl ock Then as the weight re volved
.

it woul d cause the hand to ba lance in the several posi

tions aroun d th e dial de pe n ding upon th e time of day
,

as k ept by the watch work wi thin th e box . If this

 224 C L OC K S TO R I E S .

sto pping cl c s
o k in a house wherein a c r seop lies pre
in G erm any
v ei l s I t is sim pl y a . man ifes ta tion of
r es pect for the dead , an d is desi ned t o prod uce that
g
com plete sil ence whic h is s uppose d to be the m ost

proper to ken of respect .

T he cl ock of Trin ity C oll ege, D ublin, is al ways kept

a qua r ter of an hour sl o w, an d al l Uni v ersity exami n a

tions an d procw din gs are r egula ted by tha t tim e A .

l egend states that th e C ol lege time was al tere d in con

sequ en ce of a stu dent b ein g kill ed in endea vou rin g to

cm th e railings, havi ng be en too l ate for a dmissi on

by the gate A travell er abou t the year 1 730 te ll s us
.

that the cl ocks at Bas il wen t an hour faster th an in

other places, which some deri ved from the discover y
of a cons piracy, th e m easu re s wh er eof were defea ted

by the al teration of th e clock O thers, from the tim e .

o f th e co un cil hel d there, whi c h a fter l as t in g seven teen

years ended in 1 448, as a contrivance tha t the holy

~

fathers shoul d rise an hour ear lier, or sit at ta ble a n hour

l ess, two o cl ock be ing th e tim e of the coun cil s sitting
’ ’
.

T wo pemons belon ging to a n eighbou ring to wn bei ng ,

on a v isit at G la sgow to s ee t he li ons, wen t to th e C oll ege

amon g oth er
p l aces O n l ookin u
g p to t
. h e cl ock-
d ia l
t h ey were astoni shed to obser ve onl y one ha nd, whi ch
was an hour behin d O ne of th em thinki ng that .

n othing coul d be wr ong about the C oll ege observed in a ,

flippant apol ogetic ton e Hoot man that s naeth ing ova ;
’

, , ,
’ ”
od m a n I ve seen our toun cl ock eu ght days wr an
’

, , g .

”
Yorksh ir e m en al ways speak of a cl ock as she .

Mr J C Jeafir eson in his n ovel Li ve i t D own

'
‘ ’
. .
.
, ,

1 8 6 3 gives us the foll o win g l egend about Bl own orton

,

cl ock There was a pleas ant fiction throughout the

l ights l an ds th at certain inhabitants of th e obscure
‘ ’
,

parish of Blownorton ha d in their keeping a magni ficent

 BL O W NO R TO NC LO C K . 225

eight day cl ock , which they hel d on trust to present it

to th e first man in th e light l an ds who cou ld prov e
that h e habituall y minded his own business, and n ever
m eddl ed intr usi vel y with the affai rs of his neighbours .

Th ere were many firm beli evers in the existence of this

ch ronom ete r, thou gh no on e coul d n am e the ecce ntri c

philanthrop ist wh o in t he m is ts of antiquity, had pur

c has ed a n d bequ eathed i t to th e Bl ownorton truste es,

for the pur pose of in citing m an kind to vir tue and pr u

den ce T he fiction di d n ot l ose in humour from the
.

fac t th at, a t th e cl os e of the l ast centu r y, Bl own orto n

was describe d by a grav e photograph er of th e l ight
‘

l an ds as a d ecayed parish, con ta ining onl y si xteen

soul s , sin ce wh ich ti m e t he sa id popul ati on of sixtee n

so ul s ha d s o d ecr eased fr om si ckn ess, em igrati on , an d

th e des tr uction by fire of its two l ast cotta ges, that it

was gen era ll y h el d i n popu la r i m agi n ation to h ave be
co m e an al toge th er u nin ha b ited tract of th ir sty san d,

w h er eon nothin g was to be found save the aforeme n

tioned costl y tim epiec e, which n o one had ev er pro ved
hi mself worthy of possessing, an d which coul d not a ny
l onger be dispose d of accordin g to the terms of the
trus t, as al l the inh abitan ts of Blown orton h ad vanis hed
and n o p erso n or pe rs ons e xiste d in all cr ea tion qu ali fie d

to b est o w th e cl ock on an y fit ca ndid ate wh o shoul d

l ay cl a im to th e pri ze . I t is to be hoped th at th e
C ha rita bl e Trust C ommissio n ers h av e mad e enquiri es
co ncer n ing this clock . A s gen tlem en whose especial
b usin es s it is to l ook into other people s business, th e
’

right of any one of th e sai d C o m mi ssioners to ta ke

possession of the clock, in con sideration of h is own

in di vi d ual m erits, woul d be an i nter esting su bj ect for
”
discussion .

Dr Bigaby tells th e author that he once saw at a

.

Q
226 C LOC K S T O R Y .

furniture broker s shop in the country a very old and

’

c urious l ookin ti m pi x p osed for sal e H e asked

g e ece e .

”
th e deal er if it were D utch or E nglish O h E ngli sh
. , ,

the maker s name is on the dial and

’
said th e owner ; ,
”
I have often seen cl ocks of his make What is the
.

” ”
n ame ? asked th e doctor . Tummas F udgit was ,

th e repl y . The docto r was puzzled at the m omen t but ,

on exa minin th e dia l upon whi ch cer tai n words in dis

g ,

tin ctl y appeared engraved in very corroded steel h e

, ,
”
rea d th e often r epeated warni n
-
g T em p us fugit ,

wh ich th e shopkeeper had so ridicul ousl y m isunder

stood . T his story reminds na of an other on e told of an
a uctioneer at Nottin ham who enl ar in
g , g g
, u pon t he ex
ce ll ence of an e n ra vin i d t h t nothing m ore need
g g sa
, a

be added to show the val ue of the piec e th an to men ,

t ion that it was by that most eminent and well kn own -

228 WA T C H E S I NVE NTED .

ri bbon and p inchbeck seals which now li es n eglected

,

and almost forgotte n in hi s or her r elic dr a wer ; bu t -

whi ch was a highl y val u ed p art of th e person a l effects

of randfather be fo re h e we n t int o that l an d w her ein
g
tim e m easur ers are not n ee ded
- O nly a little str etch of
.

imagination is required in orde r to gi v e to th e small

ad m on itor
y m o ral ist wh ich l i es on th e table be fore us
”
a n a r ticul ate utte rance so pre gn an t is its
, tick ti ck , ,

as if i t were countin g ol d gra ndsire T im e s gai n s of

’

o l d en mo m ents in to hea ps on e by one as each falls

g
sou n di ng into th e p ast .

Watches under wh ich n am e we incl ude chronom ete ra

, ,

th e highest forms of watches are th e con centrated t e ,

su lts of t h e horol ogica l en d ea vours of m an y cen tu ries ;

du ring which the sundial th e clepsyd ra or wate r c loc k

,
-
,

th e hour or san d glass th e w heel c lock an d th e watch

-
,
-
,

we re s uccessivel y a nd by adva n cing grad ations of s kill

, ,

co nstru cted . T he in v ention of the l ast n am ed ins tru -

m en t was the cul m in atin g point of horo m etr y a nd it ,

was dev el oped o ut of t he in creasing n eed s an d expe

ri en ces of m ank i n d I t is al m ost su rpl usage for u s to
.

state that th e wa tc h of the present im e co m m od io us as

t ,

it is in sh ape a nd si ze ch aste i n design and constructi on

, ,

an d tru e to its pu rp ose e ven to th e beat of a pulse d id ,

n ot a rri ve at this p e r fec tion at once A volume might .

be written abou t th e ste ps of t he deli cate art whi ch

in due order shaped an d appl ied the coil ed sp ri ng ,

th e spiral bal ance spring the r epeatin g m ov em ent the

, ,

v ari ed escape m ents th e j e well ed p ivots an d all the

, ,

other m e chani sm s th a t are n ow co mbi ned i n a o d

g o
—
watch e u instru m en t whi ch although it is so sm al l ,

t hat i t m ay be hi dd en fr o m view in a la dy s ha nd re
’

pres ents the consolidate d genius of th e horologists of

four centuries .
 N N
WA T C H E S I V E T E D . 229

T he word watch is d erived fr om the S axon was- cm ,

fro m m m , m ecca! , to wake ; the S wed ish vacht or

s aid , watch, gu ard ; oachta , to wa tch ; an d th e D anish

cagt . T he na me
ppli ed to pocket cl ocks
watch was a ,

because t hey we re inst rum ents by whi ch the progress of

t i me coul d be watched o r n otic ed .

T he first step to wards watch ma king was t he inv en -

t ion of a coiled s pring as the motiv e power in l ieu of a

weight the source of motio n i n cl ocks
, I t is obvious .

t hat a watch canno t hav e either weights or a pendu lu m ,

beca use if it ha d either it woul d ha ve to be ke pt upri ght ;

i t therefor e ha s for a mo tion the expan sive force o f a
s prin g an d for a re gula ting po wer a ba lan ce wh eel
, ,

w hich i s pro vid e d with a s pi ral spring and perfor ms the ,

sa m e o ffice as grav ity do es in in str um ents that ha v e

a pendul um T he in ve ntion of th e coiled s pring as a

.

i po w a p ears to h a ve been m ade in th e l ast

g o n
g e r p
ua rter of the fifte en th centur y ; but by whom and
q
w here are un certain T he a ncient G erman city of
.

Nure mberg fa mous for its inge ni ous a rtisans has always
, ,

c l ai m ed th e in ventio n of pocke t c l ocks as wa tc hes were ,

first named ; and th e fact that they were i n earl y times

c alle d N urem berg e ggs from the ir oval sha pe and that
,
-
,

t his town stood pre e mine nt for the n umber and quality
-

o f its wa tche s seems to fa vou r a nd al m ost j usti fy the

,

c laim whi ch r eache s bac k to the year 1 4 77

,
But th e .

s am e hono ur h as been appropriated by the to wn of Bl ois ,

i n Fra nce upon less pla usibl e g rounds

, A nd e ven .

C hina is sa id to ha ve i ntrod uce d the inve nt ion into

G er ma ny whenc e it passed to F ra nce and so in to E ng
, ,

l a nd Peter Hele a clever mechan ic ia n of N ure m berg

.
, , ,

who d ied in 1 54 0 so earl y as 1 490 mad e sma ll watc hes

,

o f ste el whi ch mo v ed wi thout weights pointe d out and ,

d r unk the hours and might be worn on the person

, .
230 WA TCH FR A U D .

C occlmus, a conte mporary writer, in 1 5 1 1 des cribes

”
H el e s parva horol ogia, which could be carried about
’

etiam in sin u m ars u i ove Th d ates given are n o

o

p e .

doubt approxim atel y correct, because Gas par Visconti ,

a n oble Mil an ese poet, all u des to watches in a s onn et

wr itte n by hi m in 1 494, which purports to hav e bee n

composed by a pe rs on in l ove, who com parin g h ims elf ,

to on e of these in strum en ts , refers to a hidd en power

w orki ng within h is h eart both It by da y and by night .

wou ld th erefore seem tha t watches had by that ti me

foun d their way into Ital y, a countr y whi ch has, indeed,
cla im ed for itsel f th e in v ention of the m Thus Domi .

nico Maria Ma nn i sa ys th at a F lore ntin e astron om er ,

nam ed Lor enzo di V ulpa ria, was the first contriver of

them .

I n the last centu ry a neatl y arran ged fra ud on the

subject of period of the in vention of watches de
th e
ceived man y a ntiqu ari es T h e stor y run s that some
.

l abour ers being em pl oyed at Bruce C astl e i n F ifeshire , ,

fo und th ere a watch w hich they d isp osed of to a 811 0p

,

keeper at S t Andrew s, wh o sent it to his brother in

.
’

London from whom it passed in to th e pomemion of

,

G eo rge I I I A lette r in the Gentleman s Magazine ’ ’

.
,

dated F orfar Augu st 20th 1 78 5 an d signed J Jamieson

, , , .
,

says that the watch was oflered for sal e to th e writer by

'

a goldsm ith hawker of G lasg ow wh o after wards sol d it ,

for two guin eas ; an d it was next sol d for five T he .

l etter does n ot trace the course of the a rti cle fu rther ;

but Adam Thompson in his Ti m e and Timekeepers
’
, ,

says tha t i t subse qu entl y found its way into th e m useum

of G eo rge III T h e outer case of this watch was of

.

si l ver with a han dsom e raised patte rn over a gr ound

,

of bl ue enamel an d the ciphers R , B very in di stinct . .

232 C H A RL E S V .
’
s WA T C HE S .

that whil e the E m per or was one day attenti vely

ex a m inin
g h is tim e -k ee pers, a carel ess m on k, u pon

en te r in t h e ap art m en t ab ru tl y, ov erthre w them

g p .

Al though this un fortun ate accident did m uch da mage,

which was in that da y d ifficul t to be set right, the
E m peror was so li ttle di sconcerte d, that be pleasan tl y
said to the abas hed cl er ic wh o had don e th e mischi ef,

I have been labouring for some time to m ake these

c l oc ks o t o geth er , and n ow you ha v e acc om plish ed i t
g
”
i n an in st ant . Vol taire adduces the E mperor s fond ’

n ess for cl ock s and watch es as a pr oof of h is ins anity .

But wi thout doubt th e sto ries about Ch a rl es s hor o

’

l ogical fr eaks are mere hi sto rica l tra diti ons, which
R obertson and subsequent wri ters ha v e r epeated ; and
with th ese legen ds h as been coupl ed th e err o neous
statem en t that T or rian o, wh o had th e titl e of W atch
”
maker to the E mperor, worked with his master at the
trade T h e tr uth is that C harles V h ad a grea t natural
. .

tas te for th e exact scien ces, which is prove d by the

variety of math ematica l instruments that are enu
m erated in the inventor y of his effects, taken after hi s
death T orrian o, far fr om being a m ere cl ockmaker,
.

was a fi r st -
rate enginee r a nd m athem atician , an d was

cal l ed by th e h istorian S tr ada the Ar chi m edes of h is

age . H is m echanical in ve nti ons gain ed him a repu

ta tion for so rcery am ong the m onk s of S t Juste With
. .

rega rd t o th e repute d coll ecti on of cl ocks m en ti on is ,

made of onl y four or five in th e long inventor y above

nam ed T h e E mper or was a ver y exact obser ver of
.

time ; but n o contem porary wr iter has authoriz ed us to

suppose that h e took es pecial pl eas ur e in coll ect in g a

variety of timepieces We may safely conjecture that

.

th e art of watc hmaking made rapid progress soon

 W A T C HE S I NE NGL AND . 233

’
had , o din g to Powell s Hum an e Industry 166 1 a’
acc r , ,

watch whi ch n ecessaril y mu st hav e been v ery sm all

, ,

mad e in the collet or j ewel of a rin g ; an d K ing James

”
had th e like T h e application of timek eeping
.

m echanism s to arti cl es of personal ornam ent was then

n ot un com m on as we shall have occasion to show
,

pr esentl y .

A s further evidence of th e quick advan cement of the

watc hm ak er s profession we fin d th at in 1 544 the G uil d
’

o f Mas ter C lockm akers i n Paris obtai ned a statute fr om

Francis I which secu red to them the exclusiv e pri vil ege
.
,

of m akin r cau sin t be m ad e l o k nd w t h s

g o
g o c c s a a c e ,

both large and smal l withi n th e precin cts of that city

, .

R ecorded hi sto ry var ies in the date when watches

were as a continen tal i nv entio n in tr oduced in to E n g
, ,

la nd ; so me authors giving it so earl y as the y ear 1 55 7 ;

others among whom is Hume in 1 577 an d others so
, ,

la te as 15 97 C l earl y the tru e ti me was m uch before

.

t h e first n a med year and earl y in th e re ign of Henr y

,

VII I S ir Thomas C hamberlayne of Prestbury in

. , ,

G l oucestershire wh o was ambassador fr om E nglan d to

,

the C ourts of C h arl es V Philip II of S pain and the .

,

K ing of S weden and was born in the time of Edward

,

IV and died in that of El izabeth at an advanced age

.
, ,

is credited with havin g brought to th is country from

Nassau a lady of which place he married the first
, ,

watches and the first coaches th at were seen her e .

F olks wh o are curious and withal c red ul ous on this,

o i t m i n n e of the h alls at O xford the fi ur e

p n a
, y se e o g
of a fema le who is said to have been th e fir st wearer of

a watch Inasmuch as F itz Allan E arl of Arun del is

.
-
, ,

also sa id to h ave in tr oduced coaches into England ,

wher e they were first made in 1 5 5 5 it remains doubtful ,

wh ether C hamber layne i s deser ving of the credit which

234 A BBOT WH I TI NG S’
WA T CH .

p h p to watc h es as well
er a s .

Warner in his Histo ry of G lastonbury gives u s an

, ,
’

account and an engra vin g of Abbot W hit in g s watch

’

whi ch is thick and octagon sha pe d O n the inside of

- .

the cover of the face is engr a ved R ichar d Wh yt in ge , ,

I n 1 8 26 it bel onged to th e R e v John Bowe n

, .
,

of Portla n d Place Bath vicar of M udfor d S om erset

, , , .

I n 1 783 Mr Bowen being then vica r of Bis hops

, .
,

Lydear d S omerset purchase d it of Mr Howe a watch

, , .
,

maker who had bought it some time before at a sal e by

,

auction of the goods of the R ev Mr Pain e then . .

,

deceased who had li ved to the advanced age of one

,

hundr ed years I n th e family of th is gentlem an a tra

. f

d iti on was preserved tha t the watc h had been succes

sively worn by himself his father an d his gra ndfather
, , ,

an d that it h ad been pu rchase d by an an cestor of the

latter at the sale of Abbot Whi ting s person al p roperty

’

after his execu ti on and the dissol u ti on of his m onastery .

Mr Bowen presen ted it to his wife who descen ded in a

.
,

right li ne from Mr John Jcan es the husban d of E l iza

.
,

beth one of the two sisters of Wh i ting about th e

, ,

beginni ng of the sixteenth c entur y The Ge ntl eman s

’
.

Magazin e for 1 8 05 states that th e watch was then in

th e R ev John Bowen s possession I t passe d fro m hi m
’
.

or his wife to the late D uke of S ussex ( wh o was th e

reatest collector of curious timepieces in this co un tr y)

g ,

at th e sal e of whose effects in 1 8 43 it was purchas ed , ,

by the late C harl es K irkpatr ick S har pe the author of ,

man y contributions to S ir Walter S cott s Minstrelsy

’

an d who is fami li ar to al l
’
of the S cottish Border ,

read ers of L ockha rt s life of th e great n ovelist

’
Mr . .

S har pe bequeathed th e watch to th e late D uke of

S utherland .
236 S K U L L W A TC H E S .

a ym o ns with al arum denotin g a mach ine by whi ch not

,

o nly could the progress of time be watched bu t whi ch ,

also ar ouse d to v ig ilan ce .

T he Pri nce ss Mary after wards Q ueen of E ngl and, ,

g a v e so m e e m pl oym e nt to th e ho ro l o
gists of h er d a
y;
as we fin d in h er pri vy p ur se ex ens es s undr y disburse
-
p
m en ts to th em S ixty shi lli ngs were pai d by her to on e
.

Bast ion for m aking a new cl ock and t went y shill ings ,

for m ending four cl ocks ; an d she appea rs to ha ve had

a watch which ga v e h er som e t rou bl e as th e su m of ,

“
78 6 d was paid to th e clock m aker for m en di n g m y
. .

’
lady s cloc k at sundry tim es By the word cl ock was .

m eant doubtl ess a tim e keepin g m achine for th e pocket -

,

otherwise a watch .

I n ea rl y tim es a m o rbid taste in fluenced the shapes

of watc hes whi ch n ot i nfr eq uentl y w ere mad e in t he
,

fo rm s of S k ul l s an d co ffi ns W he n th e fam ous D iana .

of Poitie rs beca me th e mistr ess of Henr y II of Fr ance .

sh e was a wi dow an d th e court ou t of co m plim e nt t o

,

h er adopted the most gh as tl y fan cies for articl es o f per

son al decorati on an d a m ong th em we r e watche s in th e
,

l ugub rio us sh apes before m entioned Although a sh el e .

ton s h ead m ay be a severe sati re upon the great li ttl e ness

’

of m orta l ity we dou bt wh eth e r a mimic S kull worn upon

,

th e body be cam e a m or al agen t I t does n ot a ppear .

that th e horr ibl e conce it of death as e vi den ced in ,

these fanciful watches long r ema ined in fashion , Pro .

bably the court grew ti red of th e decent horror of a

mode which r em inded them of the grave .

I n the possession of S ir John D ick L auder Bart of , ,

th e G range House near E di nburgh and Fountai n Hall

, , ,

Haddin gton is a m ost curious a nd in teresting dea th s

,
’

head or skul l S haped watch which formerl y bel on ged to

-
,

Mary Queen of S cots and was bequeathed by her

, ,
 QU E E NMA R Y S ’
WA T C H E S .
237

to h er maid of
- -
honour Mary S etona on F ebruary 7th
, , ,

15 8 7 I t afterwards cam e in to the possession of S i r

Thomas Dick Lauder the father of th e present owner
, .

Thi s anti que watch is of sil ver gilt ; an d on the forehead

of the skull is th e figure of D ea th wit h h is sc t he an d
y ,

sand glass ; h e stan ds bet we en a pal ace on th e on e h an d

-

an d a cotta ge on the other wi th hi s toes ap lied equ a ll y

p,

to the door of each ; an d aroun d him is a passage fr om

Horace : Pallida more aequ o pulsa t pede pauperum
taber n as r egum que turr e O n the poste rior part of
s.

t he sku l l i s a representation of Ti m e d evou ri ng all

thi ngs H e al so has a scy the and n ear hi m is a serpen t
.
,

with its tai l i n its mouth as a n em bl em of ete rn i ty

, .

T hi s is su rroun ded by an other m otto from Horace

Tempus edax r er um tuque invidiosa v etustas T he .

u ppe r part of t he sk ull is d i vi ded i n to two compa rt

m ents on one of which ar e r ep resented ou r first parents

,

i n th e gar den of Ed en atte nded by som e a nimal s

, ,

with th e m otto , Peccando perditionem m iseriam aste r

”
n am
p os te ris m em ere I n t he other is dep icted th e
.

C rucifixion of C hrist wh o is represente d as suffer ing

,

bet ween the two thieves whil e the Maries are adoratin g
,

belo w T he l egend to this is S ic justitite satis fecit

.
,
”
m ortem superavit sal utem com paravit
, R unn ing .

below these co mpartm ents on both sides is open wor k

of a bout an in c h i n width to perm i t the so un d to issu e
,

freel y wh en th e watch strik es This pierced work con .

sis ts of e mbl ems of th e Passion an d C r ucifixion o f C hr ist ,

su ch as th e cr oss s word s pi ncers l antern u sed i n th e

, , ,

a d e n sp ears on e wi th a spon ge on its poin t sco u r es

g r , , g ,

fiagon and cup of the E uchari st coat without a sea m , ,

dice thro wn for it ham m er n ails thongs ladder and

, , , , ,

c ro wn of thorns . Under al l these is the m otto S cala ,

cmli a d gl oriamvia T he watch is op ened by reversing

.
238 QU E E NMA R Y S ’
WA TC HE S .

the kull and placing the upper part of it in th e hollow

s ,

of the hand an d then lifting the u n der j aw which rises

,
-
,

on a hinge In side on the pla te or l id is a r epresenta

.
, ,

tion of the Hol y Fa mily in the sta bl e at Be thl e hem with ,

the infan t J esus in the manger , and angel s mi nis tering

to hi m . I n the upper pa rt an angel is d escen din g with
a scroll , on which is wri tte n, G loria e x celsis Deo, et in
”
terra pa x, bomin i bus bona vol u I n the di sta nce are
.

the s h epherds wi th thei r flocks, and on e o f the m en is

in th e act of perform ing on a com em use T he works of .

this watc h are as brai ns in t he skull ; the dial pl ate -

being on a flat wh er e the r oof of the m ou th is to be

fo und in a human being I t is of sil ver, and is fixed
.

within a gol den circl e, ri chly carved in a scroll pattern .

The hours are m arked in l arge R om an l etters, and

withi n them is th e figure of S aturn devouri ng his chil
dr en, wi th thi s legen d r ound the outer rim of th e flat
”
S icut m eis sic et omnibus idem T h e works are eu .

tire, in pe rfect order, and perform as to nis hin gl y well A .

sil ver bel l of v ery m usical sou nd fill s th e entir e holl ow

of t h e skull , and con ta ins the m ov e men ts within it

when the watch is sh ut A sm all ham m er, set in m otion

.

by a sepa rate escapem ent, strikes the hours on it T he .

watc h requires to be woun d up ever y t went y six hours -

,

in order to keep it going with tolerable accura cy T he .

place of the chain whi ch is a m odern addition was

, ,

origin all y supplied by a catgu t cord accordi ng to th e ,

ol d fashion There is no date u pon th e watch but

.
,

the maker s n am e a ppears

’
Moyse B lois to whi ch
”
, , ,

place Mary went with h er h usb an d the dauphi n of ,

France before hi s death This singul ar relic although

,
.
,

it has a ch ain atta ched to th e top of the skull is m uch ,

too hea vy to be carried about the pe rs on P robably it .

was in tended to occupy a sta tionary place on a p i e ( l ieu -

,
240 C O FFI NWA T C H .

A memorial watch, havin g its movements encl osed

in a case of tra n spa rent crystal sh aped li k e a co ffin , ,

and for m erl y bel on in to M a ry Q ueen of S cots is

g g , ,

n ow in the possession of S ir Peter M urray T h rei l and

p ,

Baronet .

A l arge oval watch which was on ce ow n ed by the

sam e ha pl e ss l ady was exh i bited to th e Phil osophical

S ociety of Edin burgh i n the y ear 1850 pr e vious ly to ,

its b eing finall y deposited in the m us eu m of th e A nder

sonian Uni ver sity .I t is alleged to have been found
imm ed iatel y after th e q uee n s esca pe fro m h er im pri
’

sonm ent in Lochl ev en C astl e I t h as a mixed m eta l

.

cas e l ik e of a h untin g watc h an d of co ns iderabl y

,

e ate r size than th ose of t he presen t da T h d i l

g r y e a .

plate is elaborately engrav ed with th e r epresentation of

som e con ti nen ta l city .The in te rior h as a cord of ca t
u t instead of a c hain Th w a tch w h ich b ea rs th e
g . e ,

mak er s n ame F L e Gr a nds is stil l in good ord er ;

’

, .
,

a n d be fore the tim e of its d eposit in th e m use um a bo v e

n ame d it h a d l on b n in t h po i o n f n t i
g e e e s s ess o a a n

query residin g near Ed in b urgh .

Queen Mary while sh e was a prisoner in Foth eringa y

,

C astl e jus t befor e h er execution m ade a pr esen t of h er

, ,

watc h to t he gov ern or of th e cas tl e as a toke n of gra ti

tu de for h is civil treatment of h er H e i s said t o have.

been an an cestor of the E a rls Fitzwilliam T h e wa tch .

pas sed into the possession of so m an y diffe ren t persons ,

that u ltim atel y the on e w ho had it was scar c ely known ;

u n til to war ds th e en d of th e l as t cen tu ry La dy G odol

ph in was th e own er of it and sh e restored it to the

,

fa m il y tha t ori gi n all y p ossessed it for S h e stood sponsor ,

to th e son an d h eir of a Lor d F itzwil l ia m an d m ade ,

th e infa nt a gift of th e watch .

The same q ueen gave a watch t o John K n ox th e ,

 JO H NK NOX S ’
WA T C H . 241

R efor m er, who di ed on Nov ember 24th , 1 5 72 Agnes .

S trickl and in h er Life of M ary S tuart, writing of a

’

meetin g between th e queen and the gr eat divin e, says

I t is suppose d to ha ve been at this intervie w that
Mary, as a pledge of a m ity, presented to Kn ox a small
watch in a crystal cas e, of an obl ong octa gon shape,
which when h is biograph er, the late Dr M C r ie, wrote
‘
.

his cel ebr ate d work, was in the possession of Mr .

T hom pson of Aberdeen A nother of Queen Mary s ’

.

watc hes, of Fre n ch work m an ship, is in possess ion of

the R e v Mr Torra nce, m inister of G l en cross, which
. .

togeth er with an el e gan t littl e j e wel , called a solitair e,

were give n or b e qu eath ed by M ary th e n ight befor e
her ex ecu tion to a F rench l ady of the nam e of Mass ie,
th e ancestress of th e l ate possessor , Dr S c ott . T he .

watch its elf is sm al l an d cir cul ar, in a bl ack shagr een

case , studded wi th gol d st ars, with a central cr oss

formed of fleurs de lys- — . T h e dial plate is of whi te

-

ena m el , some what larger than a shill ing, wi th a n ti que

R om an figures in black T he m ak er s n am e is Etienne

’
.

H ubert, of R ouen A thread of catgut suppl ies the

’
.

place of the chain used in th e works of m odern watches .

The catg ut is not foun d in watc h es l ate r than th ose of

”
th e S ixte e n th ce ntu ry
.

D r M C rie, writing in 1 8 1 8 , tells the story of Knox s

‘ ’
.

watch as foll o ws Mr Thomson, of Banchor y , pos

.

sesses from his a nc estor s an antiqu e watc h ; an d the

tra dition i n the fam il y is that this watch bel onged to

th e R eformer , and was pr esen te d to him by Queen
Ma ry at a time when sh e was an xious to cajol e him
in to an approbation of her m eas ures .

I t is of a n a l l
octago , ob o g h p , an inc and a hal f
n n s a e - h
- -

l - - —
in engt h, and one a nd two te nths in breadth I t has .

two ca ses or lids, whi ch are concave sil ver plates, each
R
242 JO H NK NO X S ’
WA T C H .

open ing by itself on a brass hinge U nder the upper .

l id is th e brass fron t of th e watch wi th a sm all sil v er ,

dial plate in th e m iddl e The di al plate is onl y nine

-
.
-

tenths of an inch in d iam eter an d circular T he hours , .

are i n R oman nu m er als aroun d its ed e an d t her e i s a

g ,

reat d eal of m inute carvi n bo th w i thin an d without

g g ,

the dial pl ate-

U n der th e other case or back of the
.
,

watch are carv ed on th e brass pl ate these wor ds

,
-
,

N F orsaict a Paris
. T h e interior app ears to be dis
.
’

posed n early in th e sam e m ode as in modern watches .

I t h as a crown e scapem en t Instead of th e chai n of

.

th e fusee there is a fin e therm band

,
T he bal an ce .

”
wh eel has n o S prin g .

Professor Lesli e of Edin burgh writing to Dr M C rie

, , .
‘

i n 1 8 1 3 expr essed his opini on th at this watch was of

,

th e period to wh ich i t was all eged that it be longed ;

a n d h e a dds I hav e had th e opportun ity of in spec t
in g an antiqu e watch through the pol iteness of Mr J
, . .

S cot late ch emist in Edinburgh th e l ineal descendant

, ,

of a F r en chm an of th e n am e of M ass ie who having ,

attended Queen M ar y in to S c otl an d ha d recei ved th e ,

re lic fr om his m istress I t is a sm al l round ol d watch

.
,

scarcel y exceedi n an in ch in diameter an d m ade by

g ,

Hubert in R ouen I t is precis ely of the same structure

.
,

but wi thout ca rving or other orn am ent as th e one with ,

whi ch th at artful p rin cess is said to ha ve en dea vo ured

”
to bribe our ste rn r efor mer .

I n the G entlem an s Magazine for 1 803 is an en

’

r av in f t h e curiously scul ptu red u pper v al ve of th e

g g o

sil ver ca se of a wa tc h , whi ch had then l atel y been fou n d

T he maker s n ame and

’
in a field n ear Win chester .

”
pl ace of abode, Edmun d Bull in F leestreet feci t,
were e ngraved i n a n eat Italian han d on th e bac k of
th e works Th e shape of th e watch was octangul ar ;
.

an d its S ize was not m ore th an on e in ch an d a half in

- - -
244 H O U R -GL A S S ES .

cl es of personal use and adornment coul d be afford ed .

Th e Fel lo ws of colleges an d o ther l earn ed m e n in

the age of E lizabeth co nte nted th em sel ves with ca rr y
ing sand glasses i n their hands
-
This appears from .

A ubrey s a musing Mem oirs and a tr agical mi sad

’

venture in whi ch a portabl e sand glass m akes a very

,
-

prom in ent figure is r elated in the manu scr ipt diary of

,

t he R e v Ja mes M el vil le to ha v e ha ppen ed in 1 5 89 at

.
,

S t An drew s ; where an assault was m ade by on e of

’
.

the pa rtisa n s of Ar chbishop Adams on on W illiam ,

.

Wel lwood Pr ofessor of Laws who goin g fr om his

, ,

house in th e town to th e colledge his gown on h is book , ,

in th e on e hand and san d gl ass in the oth er m edi tat-

,

ing on his l ess on Hen er y H am ilton iss ues out of a

,

house where h e lay in wait for bl ood and o n bes etting ,

Mr W illiam with the fir st stroke woun ds hi m in the

.
,

h an d an d m util ate T hi s occas ioned a riot i n which

.
,

I n S avil e s acco un t of on e of
’
on e person l ost his li fe .

th e sta te P rogress es of Ja mes I to Theoba l d s i n 1 603

’
.
, ,

h e te ll s us that h e st opped at th e Bell I n n at Ed mon ,

ton to see th e show an d r equir in g to cou nt how m an y

, ,

v eh icl es shou l d p ass th e h o use wi thi n a gi v en ti me he ,

called for an h ouregl asse which he ob ta ined

”
, We .

read th at in 1 6 23 a pr ea ch er was a tt en ded by a m an

”
tha t br ought after h im hi s book an d hour gl ass These -
.

fac ts pl ain l y tell us that the newl y im por ted watch -

h ad n ot then comm onl y superseded the old simpl e

sand gl ass
-
.

E ar ly watc h es were of such r ich design and so ,

m u ch m or e highl y d ecora ted than ou r pre sent ones ,

th at th ey wer e wor n as m uch for or nam ent as con

v en ie n ce S om e wer e of elaborate p ierced work and
.
-
,

others were studded with precious stones or hi ghl y ,

fin ish ed with pictures in enamel both on the inner and

 E G G WA T C H E S . 245

on the outer cases Th e shapes of the watches intro

.

d uced abo ut this per iod wer e v er y v ari ed ; for exampl e ,

so m e were o val an d wer e call ed N u rem berg eg s ;

, g
others r eta ini n
g th e ob l o ng s h ap e w ere octa n ul ar ;
g
whil e o thers wer e round cruciform sku ll acorn pea r
, , , , ,

mel on tulip an d purse S hap ed

, ,
- T h ey also took other
.

wh imsi cal forms as we shall ha ve oc casi on to S how in

,

order of date presentl y However they shortly after

.
,

ward s appear e d in a m ore con v en ient design n am el y , ,

that of th e round but thick and heavy pocket cl ocks of

th e sev en te enth an d eighte enth cen turies .

Th e ea rl y watc hes were constr ucte d wi thout glasses ,

th e cases openin g at th e back an d front an d being ,

en era l l y en gr av ed with mytho l ogica l or all e orica l

g g
subj ects an d som etim es al thou gh rar el y with po rtraits
, , , .

T he bow was a swiv el s o that it m ight be easil y

,

turned whilst hanging at th e gir dl e for th e wearer to ,

ex am i ne th e dial . Most of these watches had bells ,

on whi ch th e hou rs of th e da y an d n ight wer e str uck ;

an d instances a re r ecord ed in which such audi bl e in

strumen ts w ere st o len fr o m C h ar l es V and Loui s X I .

,

and the th ief i n each case was detected by the watc h

procl aim ing at on ce the hour and the cri me The .

circum stan ce of the cul prit s detection by the tongu e

’

of tim e is said to h ave so m uch am us ed Lo uis th at h e ,

forgave th e thief an d m ade him a present of the watc h

, .

T he cases of these str iking wa tches were pierced with

the m ost ela bora te ornamental open work for the emis
sion of th e sound ; an d they h ad also pierced m eta l

covers to th e faces befo re gl asses were introdu ced ; th e

erfor ations correspon ding with th e n um be r of th e

p ,

hours engrav ed on the dial were j ust large enough ,

to perm it the point of th e hour han d to be seen -

.

T he wheels of earl y watches wer e small and their ,

246 WA T C H E S I NR I NGS .

dia m eter was usual l y about on e fou rt h that of the

-

plate, when the watc h was round Afte r the applica

.

t ion of th e pe n dul um spri ng, th eir S ize was i n m an y

i ns ta nces greatly enlarged a n d th ey som eti m es c o vered
thr ee fourths of the p late
- They ar e now us ual ly
.

m ade about one-half of t he di am eter of th e pla te, or

a tr ifl e l ess T he works of th e earl iest cl ocks an d watc hes
.

were m ade entirel y of ir on and steel bras s be in g u sed

,

for the pil l ars and plate s of the latter before th e in

v ention of th e fusee ; but the wh eel s still continued

to be m ad e of steel for som e time l ong er D uring the.

secon d quarter of the S ixteen th ce ntur y, howe v er , bras s

was use d for them, and has been so used un til the
present time .

The first constructed watches wer e generall y la rge m

size, a n d full y warran ted their appellation of pocke t

o ks ;
cl c but after th e m vention of the fusee, to obvi ate
t he in co n veni ences arising fr om the varying po we r of
th e main sprin g, earl y in th e sixteenth cen tu ry, watch
m akers soon made watches of a much s ma ll er and
mor e porta ble fo r m T he strik in g an d al arum ma
.

chin ery, an d t he h ea vy bell , were often di spensed wi th ;

and th e si m pl e goin g m ov em ent was m ad e v e ry small ,

a nd fin is hed off with great ca re O u r read ers will

.

r emem ber th at C h arl es V had a watch i nser ted in h is

.

rin g . This ad aptation of horol ogy to articl es of orna

m ent for th e p erson was then n ot un common, by r eason
of th e di m in uti ven ess of the works which coul d be

constructed to k eep ti m e . They were set in the heads

of wal king sticks, th e C l asps of br acel ets , or worn as
-

ri ngs or pe ndants , an d enr ich ed with th e m ost costl y

j ewels S om etim es these L illipntia n specim ens were

.

encl osed in cases of crystal , so that their works m ight

be seen in acti on . An dreas H einl ein, of Nuremberg,

 248 C R U C IF I X WA T C H E S .

1 5 2 1 03
. . T he second is in th e form of a cr oss, and in
a rock-c r ystal , m etal m ou nted cas e A t the top is a .

ro up of m in ute fi ur es , appar en tl y D ian a an d E n dy

g g
m ion . Th e h eight of thi s watc h is three in ch es an d a
quarter , and its width on e inch and a ha lf T he maker s .
’

ini tials ar e K N I t als o was purchased at th e Bernal

. .

sale for 131 108 . T h e thir d articl e at the m use um

.

na med is a watch cas e in bronze gil t, with perforated

-

arabesq u e orn am enta tion I t is of Ita li an , and pro

.

ba bl y Venetian work, about th e y ea r 1 550 I t was .

formerl y i n the S onlages C o ll ection .

Before the S ociety of Antiquaries in the year 1 8 50

was exhi bited a v ery el egant gil t m e ta l watch in the
form o f a pectoral cr oss, cal led by the Fr ench a man tra
d a bbesae, and pr obably made for som e lady su perior of
’

a con v ent O n the cover of the face th e design, wrought

.

in r elief, rep resente d in the c en tre the C r ucifixion, with

the figu res of the Virgin an d S t John sta ndi n g on .

either s ide, wh ilst at th e ex tr em ities and ar ms of th e

cr oss wer e angel s a nd ch er ub s O n the b ack in the

.

cen tr e was th e figur e of th e Virg in with the C hild sur

roun ded by a ngel s O n either side an d beneath her

.

were thr ee oth er figur es ; a n d above h er head was an

aged m an , probabl y inte n ded for t he Fa ther Around the .

sides of t h e watch w er e en gra ved v ario us em bl ems of

th e Passion T h e fac e was gilt, and also e ngraved

.

with a figure of the Virgin and C hil d ; the hours, to

whi ch a hand of bl ue steel pointe d, w ere marked on
a c ir cl e of si l v er T h e works wer e n eatl y arranged in
.

the form of a cross, and bore the insripti on, F i nell y a

”
Ai x . T he original cas e, also shap ed l ike a cross, and
ornam ented with sil ver studs, r emains in the possession
of Mr 0 Morgan , who consid ers this cru cifix watch to
. .

have been made about the year 1 5 6 0 .

 S H E L L WA T C H .
24 9

At m eeting of th e Ar chaeol ogical Ins titu te, hel d on

a

June 1 st, 1 849, Mr Morgan exh ibited an interesting

.

wa tch, whi ch was probabl y m ad e in E ng l a n d earl y in

the re ign of E liza beth , and was orn amented with a
T udor rose T h e m aker s n am e was Ferdinan do G arret
.
’
.

A similar watch , of abo ut th e year 1 5 60, appears to

have been in the possession of the R iddell famil y Mr . .

Morgan on the sa m e occasion als o produced several

English watches of th e close of the sixte enth cen tury,
on e of them ha v in b ee n m ade by J ohn L im pard ;
g
several el e ant l a dies watch es of th e sam e per iod form ed
’

g ,

of r ock crysta l , set in sil ve r ; a nd a v er y i nteres tin g

-

g ol d e n e gg o r a corn sh a p e d w a tc h , m a de by H a ns Jo h n

of K iini s ber , h av in t h ar li est S peci m en of a cha in

g g g e e

i stead of a catgut, and cu r iousl y contr ived with a

p
sm a ll wheel l oc k pistol, which was perhaps in tend ed to
-

se rv e as an a l aru m at a certa in hour This ar ticl e was

.

of th e sev en te e nth ce ntu ry A t a m eetin g of the sam e

.

Institute, hel d on D ecem ber 3rd , 1 8 52, Mr Morgan .

exhibited a cr ucifor m watch o f the cl ose of th e six teenth

cen tu ry ; and on J un e 3rd , 1 8 5 3, he prod uced to th e

m em bers a watch which was m ad e at A utun about

1 5 6 0— 8 0 A t a m eeti ng of th e sam e In s titute , h el d on
.

F ebruary 3rd, 1 855 C apta i n O akes exhi bited a small

,
.

watch of th e six teenth cen tu ry, in the form of a sh ell ;

it bore th e ma ker s na me, Tho R e eu e I n Popes head
’
.

O n May 6 th, 1 8 64, the

”
Al ey , an d the in itial s E P . .

H on Mrs Arbuthnot exhibited a S il v er case in the form

. .

of a bird bea ri n C up id, an d con tainin a w a tc h f

g a g o

English workmanship .

Mr H Mun ster has a r ound watch of turquoise

. .

en amel , wi th a crown set with rubies, em er al ds, a n d

diamonds, and the diamond l etters E R T he bow,

. .

hasp, an d hi nge are al so set with di am onds O n the .

25 0 DRA K E S A S T RO LA BE
’
.

d ial plate which is l ikewise enamel led

-
, , ar e th e l ette rs
E I F and A D 15 6 2 T he maker
. . . . . . was Boug uet, of

I n the G reenwich Hospita l is the

Painted Hall at

astrol a be, or instru men t for tak ing th e al t it ude of the

sun and stars, that on ce be l on ged to S ir Fra n c is D rake .

I t was co nstructed for h im wh en h e was C a pta in D rake,

prior to his first expedition to the West I ndies in 1 5 70 ;
a nd it subsequentl y bel on ged to th e S ta nh ope fam il y .

I n 1 783 it was presen ted by Philip, fifth E arl of C hes

te rfield , on his qu itting Engla nd as am bas sador to
S pain , to the R ev Thomas B igsby, M A , of S tanton
. . .

Man or, Derbyshire, who had in the preceding year

m arr ied F ran ces S tanhope, his lordship s ste pmoth er
’
.

I n 1 8 1 2 th at gentl eman, in an ticipatio n of approaching

dea th, gave it to his youn ge r bro th er, Ro bert Bigsby,
E sq , of S ion H ill House ,
.
g N
ottin h amshi re , i n whose

possession it remained until his death in 1 825 I t then .

ca me in to the hands of h is son, D r R obert Bigsby, by .

whom it was presented to Wil li am IV in Apr il , 1 831 . .

That King besto wed it upon the R o yal Hos pital at

G re enwich A particular descr iption of this as trolabe
.

a ppears in the L iterary G azette

‘
for Jun e l 0th, 1 8 37 ;
and a n engra vin
g of i t, s ho win g th e po r tion o f its

inte rio r i n which the sun dial is in trod uced , may be seen
in the Ill ustrate d London Ne ws for J uue 1 4th , 1 8 5 6 .

Dr R obert Bigsby s poe m, The T riumph of D rake,

’
.

or, The D awn of E nglan d s Na val Po wer , 1 8 40, con

’’

tains the foll owing sta nza descriptiv e of the as tr ola be

W ithin i ts brief an d cro wded space, were curiously com prised
E ach ins trument and table, for th e mariner s use devised :
’

T here was the quadran t s skill disclos ed, and there the campus
’

told
Where d wel t the still presiding Nor th
, when am bient b ill ows
roll ed ;
252 QU E E NE L I Z A B E T H S W A T C HE S’
.

poin te d an d a pen daunte of gol ds d iamondes and

, , ,

r ubyes v ery s mal e A n d u pon echo sid e a l ose ngye

.

diam onds an d an apple of gol ds ena muled gr een s a nd

,
”
r usset . I n the sa me year the E arl of R usse ll ga ve to
the qu een A ring of gol ds cal led a param adas sett
, , ,

with vj small d iamonds and garnish ed ro u n d a bout,

wi th s mall r u b ies an d two spa rcks of ophall s and in ,

th e sa m e backesid e a dyall I n the t wenty third year

.
-

—
of h er r eign 1 5 80 1 the E arl of Leicester ga ve h er
,
,

A cheyn e of golds m ade li ke a pa yr e of bea d es ,

conta yn in g v iii l ong peeces ful l y garnis hed with small

diamond es a nd fe wer sc ore and one sm al ler peecss

, ,

fulli e ga rn ished with l ike diam on des ; and hangin g

therea t a rou n ds cl ocke fulli e garn ished with dyamon des ,
”
a n d an ap e n d ante of di am ond es han ging th eara t
p I n .

th e sa m e y ear was p resen ted to th e queen by Lord

R ussell Item a watchs sett in m other of pearls with
, , ,

three pen daun te of goulds garnish ed with spar ckes of

ruby es a nd a n o hal l i n eve rie of them and three
, p ,

I n the sam e year Mr

”
smal l pe arl es pen dau nte . .

Edward S taffor d gave h er m aj es ty A littl e cl ocks of ,

ou l d wit h r istal l ished with spa r kes of sm all

g s a c ga rn ,

dyamond es sparkes of r ubyes an d sparkes of em eral des,

, ,

an d fur nish ed on th e back syd e with other d yam on des ,

”
r ubi es ,an d other s tones of sm all v al u e I n the .

twenty ninth year of h er re ign Thom as K n evett gave

-

the queen A smal e clocke the case golds enamul ed , ,

”
with a smal e perl e
‘

T he following is an in ventor y of the m an y horo

l ogical m achines which bel onged to Qu een E lizabeth ;
an d al thou gh we fin d th e wor d cl ock often u se d i n it ,

we m ay n everthel ess con cl ude from the con text that the
word watch was in m ost ins tances m eant
Item a watchs of gol ds sett with small rubies
, ,
 QU E E NE L IZ A BE T H S ’
WA T C HE S .
253

small d ia mon des, and sm all emerodes, wi th a pearls in

th e toppe cal le d a b uckett, wan tin gs two r u bie s .

Item, a clocks of golds con teyn in ge i n the border

fo ur ta bl e diamond es and t wo v er y sm all rocks rubies,
ha vin gs on th one side foure ta ble rubies and sixe sm al l
’

diamond es ; and on thoth er sid e el even tabl e diamon des,

where of th e on e is m ore bigger th en the residue On .

the on e side a ma n sitting sel epe with a chil de before

Item a cl ocke or tabl ett of golds ga rn ished on

,
’
th o ne sid e with five fa ir s d iam on des an d on e faier
r ubi e ; an d on t h oth er si de five fai er r ubies an d one
’

faier em erod gar nished with l ij litl e dia mond es an d liij ,

litle r ubies with a pear l s pen dan t at it

, .

Item one cl ocke of golds curiou sl y wrought and

,

fullie fum ishs d with di a mond es r ubies em erodes , , ,

and opall s hav ings i n th e m iddes thereof a bea r s and a

,

ragged sta fle of spark es of dia m on des an d rub ies

'

Item one clock of gol d curi ousl y wrought with

,

flo wers an d beastes with a queens on the toppe on

,

th o n e side ; and on th e oth er side a bea r s and a ragged

’

staff of sparkes of diam onds fulli e furn iehed with

,

d iamonds and rub ies of sundry sortes and bigues ; one

emer ods un der it a fa ier tabl e di am on d wi th a ragged
,

staff in th e foyl e ther eof and a faie r rubi e u n der it

,

squared ; and a pearl s pen daun t on either side of the

cl ocks .

Item on e cl ocks of gol ds wrought like deyses and

,

u rnish ed wi th littl e sparkes of di am ond s

p a ns eyes ga
, ,

ru bies an d em er odes and eight sm all pear l es on the

, ,

border and a pen dant aco rns

,
.

Item one clocke of gol d curi ously wrought with

,

small sparke s of stones h aving on th on e si de a horse

f ’

bearin g a globe with a crowns over it .

254 QU E E NE L I ZA B ET H S W A T C HI B ‘
.

Item one cl ocke of l d wi th George on both

, go s a

d
si es , arnis hed with s a rkes of dia mondes a nd a pen
g p
da n t of o
pa ll s .

Ite m a litl e watch s of C hristan sli htl y gar n ish ed

, g

litle cl cks of old s , th one being

’
Ite m , one o g side

about it .

Item one l itl e watchs of gol ds garnished on the

,

bo rd er with v er y small spa rkes of rubies and emer odes

wi th ch ristal l on both si d es, a nd a pearls pendan t
r nished with golds like a fles h fl e
ga y .

I te m on e round s cl ocke of golds enamel ed with a

,

ma n on horseba cke an d d i vers col ors abouts it

, .

Ite m a watc hs of golds garnish ed with th ree small

,

di am ond es and e ight spa rkes of r u bies with a very li ttl e ,

I tem one litle cl ocks of golds enamel ed of the

,

Hi sto ry of Time .

Item a l itle watch s of golds th one sid e wit h a

, ,
’

’
frogge on th e to pp th oth er s ide ga rnished wi th small
,

rn e ts li ke a pom eg rana te
g a .

Item one li tl e clocke sett in eliotropie and gar

,

Ite m li tl e watch s of golds enam el ed with sundry

, a

col ors on both sid es al ike .

Item, a l itl e watc hs of C hr istal] sl ightli e ga rnish ed

with golds , with he r Ma ti es pict ure in it
’
.

Item, one d is ll of christal l slightly gar nished with

ol d s
g .

Item , on e faier flower of

gol d s full y gar nished with
ru bies and dia mon des ena m el e d on the backside with a
m an an d a scri
ptur e abouts hi m, havin g a watc h i n it
an d a pearl pendant .
25 6 DU C K W A T C HES .

I t was on e inch and three-sixteenths in diam eter ,

and

rather un der three quarters in thickn es s T he gold

-
.

ca se was set with t wo h un dred tu rq u oises ar range d in

eigh t con ce ntric ci rcl es wi th a S ingle on e i n the m iddl e

,
.

I n the centre of th e gold fac e wa s a Tudor rose of cri m

son an d gree n transl u cid e nam el an d on the m ar gin ,

were crim son and blue l eav es an d fr uit o f th e same ,

m ater ial .T he hours i n R om an n um erals were of

, ,

black enam el no minu tes were indi cated ; and t h e

barbed hand was of stee l T he pl ates w heels and .
, ,

p a
il l rs w e r e o b ass ; a n d th e axes a d be a cc wheel
f r n ] n -

of steel , the l atter b ein g pr o te cted by a foliated gil t

cock . I t h ad a catgut cor d instead of the m ore m odern
.

’
ch ain . O n th is costl y trink et was en graved th e m aker s
nam e J H E ste r wh o appe ars to h a ve be en one of
, . .
,

emi n ence i n h is tra de as a pear shaped watc h of pa rcel

,
-

g il t sil v e r al so m ad e by hi m was i n th e Bernal C oll ee

, ,

tion ; an d L ady S ophia d es Voeu x h as a sm all gol d

j ewell ed an d enamelled watch of wh ich he was the m ak er ,
.

T he cas e is set with four l a rge cut gam ete bo rdered ,

with white enam el T h e col lets ar e of di amonds

. In .

side th e cov er i s i nlai d w ith a n en am el l ed bir d E ste r .

seem s to ha ve h ad a r el ati v e i n the sa m e a rt as h im sel f ,

for L ady F el l ows h as a gol d tulip shape d watch wi th -

,

three crys tal faces sil ve r rims a n d engrav ed sil ve r dials

, , ,

of abou t th e sa m e age as th e fo regoi n g inscri bed H enr y ,

E ster ; an d in the S outh Kens in gton Mu se um is a sil ver

watch in th e for m of a duck two inches and five e ighths ,
-

l ong bearing the same nam e

,
H e is sa id to ha ve been .

a G erm an a rtist Lady 0 Fitzgerald h as a watch in

. .

the form of a d uck the feathers of whic h are ch ase d on

,

th e sil ver T he l ower part open s an d th e di al pl ats

.
,
-
,

wh ich is li kewise of sil ver is enriched wi th a gilt orna ,

fioriats d scrolls and angels heads

’
mented design of L .
 E A G L E WA T C H .
257

The wheel work is on sm all rubies Th is article is .

believed to be of the tim e of E l izabeth Lady Fitz .

l d h l o w t h w h i h w fo rm erl y in th e
g er a as a s a a c c as

Bernal C ol lection , and represents th e classic story of

J upiter and G anem ed e T he works are contai ned in
.

th e body of an eagle, wh ich opens a cross the centre,

and d is l ays the dia l -plate , rich ly e n ra ved with scr olls
p g
and flowe rs on a roun d of ni e ll o Th is watch is so
g .

const ructed th at wh en n ot su spe nded to th e gi rd l e by a

ri ng in the cen tr e of th e bird s beak, it can sta nd on the

’

cla ws wher ev er i t m ay be placed .

I n th e C ity of Lon don Library at Guildhall is a

watch of th e tim e of E l izabeth I t is of gil t m etal ,
.

o bl ong in shape an d s ix sided -

T he face is prote cte d
.

by a perforated plate in lieu of a glass .

Lad y F ell o ws has a circular gilt pedestal al arum

watch, wit h a dial on th e to p, but th e be ll is wantin g .

I n sid e are th e in itial s H S T A , an d th e date 1 58 1

. . . .
.

Also a large o val m etal wa tch en graved with femal e ,

figures of Ju stic e an d C har ity I t has an engraved dial ,

.

a d a c at o ar ms inside th e cover
n o - f- T he m ak er was .

G hyl is V an G h eel e, and the date is 1 5 8 9 Al so a roun d .

il t p d stal al a ru m watc h, en graved with flowe rs , an d

-
g e e

t he bell fall i ng over th e d ial pl ate I t is of th e sixte enth

-
.

ce tu ry
n . A so a c
l i rc u l a r t
s ee l w atc h ca se of th e sa m e
-

date, with a chased pattern of circles, a r osette in th e

cen tr e, an d an en grav ed brass h in ge a n d h as p .

A t a m eeti ng of th e Ar ch aeol ogica l Institute, h el d on

Novem ber 5th , 1 8 52, Mr G F VVil brah am exhibited
. . .

a n ov a l sh a ped st k i i n -w
at ch , of about th e y ear 1 6 00,
r
g
-

with a c u rious l y engrav ed dial , showing th e m ov em ents

of th e stars , a n d a per petu al al m an ac I t was m ade by .

G ribel in , at Blois , an d was found in D el am ere Hous e,

C hes hir e I n th e S outh Kens ington Mus eum is an oth er
.

8
 T U L I P WA T C H .

oval en gra e v d watch , inscri bed G r ibelin , Bl ois, and of

th eyear 1 6 1 4 . I ts size is th ree inche s by one in ch and
three quarters
-
. I t was
purchased for the Museum for
31 1 03
. I n the same collection is a tuli p watc h in
.
-

oviform case of rock c rystal m ounted in sil ver and gilt

-
,

bronze ; it is of Fr ench m ake about the year 1 6 00 and , ,

”
is m arked S en ebier I ts height is one in ch and three
.

quarte rs and its width one in ch and a qua rter I t was

, .

pu rchas ed for 1 51 I n th e sa me museum is a watch of

.

Fren ch manufacture in an engraved sil v er case and of

, ,

the sa m e da te Also an octangular watch case in gil t

.
-

bronze with a perforated dial i n sil ver decorated wi th

, ,

flo wers an d birds in tr an sl ucen t cham p—, levé e na m el .

I t h as a crystal cov er and is of G erman make abou t , ,

th e year 1 600 I ts heigh t is t hr ee in ches and its width

.
,

two in ches an d thr ee e ighths I t was pu rchased for 41

-
. .

I n the B ritish M useum is a very thick En gli sh watch ,

which was m ade by H R o berts a bou t the same y ear .

, ,

and pr esen ted to the na tion by Mr F eli x S l ade T he . .

face is ela borate in th e in form ation that it gives and is ,

u nprotecte d by a gl ass There is in existen ce a watch

.

of th e en d of th e sixteenth or b eginn in g of the se ven

tee nth cen tury o v al in S hape the cas e bein g of sil ver
, ,

with gol d edg es ope ni ng on bo th sides and contai n in g

, ,

a sun dial an d a m agn et ic needle T he wor ks ar e t e .

movable fro m the eas e into whi ch they ar e fixed by a ,

pair of sprin gs T he main S pring of th e watch is wou nd

.
-

by catgu t T h e case an d dial plats a re beautifull y -

u
p .

engrav ed with mar tial em blem s u pon r ich fili gr ee wor k -

,

i n th e styl e of th e designs of th e fam ous Theodore De

Br y who engraved an d fur nished to the French gold and
,

sil ver smiths an d watchm akers many pattern s for their

works at the l atter part of th e six teen th a nd the com

mencemen t of t he seventeenth centuri es T h e maker .
 R E QU E S T S O F WA TC H E S .

Th is watch was p resen ted to the m us eu m by a resident

watch maker Mr M um mery , . I n both S pecim e ns ca tg ut
.

is used instead of a cha in and eac h on e is i n fair work,

ing order .

Th ere can be n o doubt th at watch es w er e at first

im ported arti cles in E ngl an d an d th at shortl y after ,

war ds the artists wh o wer e empl oyed in const r ucting

th em in thi s cou ntry wer e a l m ost ex cl usively for e ign ers ,

who found th e trade to be a l ucr ati v e occu pa tion I t is .

a noticeabl e fact th a t no wil l s of watch mak er s are fou n d

proved in the reign of E lizabeth an d th e comm e nce

m en t of th at of J am es I a nd m en tion of w a tches in .
,

will s is rar e in these per iods W e ha ve be fore t e .

ferr e d to th e gift of a wa tc h by th e wil l of Ar chbishop

Parker dated in 1 5 75 } wh ich is on e of th e ear l iest of
,

s u ch te sta m en ta ry d isp os ition s of th e se p orta bl e ti m e

k eepers A nd our rea ders will r em ember that Barth o

.

’
l omew N ewsam Qu een E li zabeth s cl ockm ak er by
, ,

h is will date d i n 15 8 6 gave unto Joh n Hil l Es q ui re

, ,

on e c ri sta ll j ewell wi th a watc h s i n it gar n ish ed wi th ,

o u lds l t hi v y l in e frien d s Mr Barna rd e

g a s o o s er ove
g .

D ewhur st one watch gylte to sh ews th e hower ; an d to

,

A l ban e S tepn eth E sq ui r e a st rickin ge cl o ck s in a s il ke n

”
p u rs e 1 An ne D uchess of S om erset by h er will dated
.
'

, ,

July 1 4th 1 5 8 6 gave to her daughter in l a w La dy

, ,
— -
,

Kath e rine G ray a c lock of gold worth abou t 301 but

, ,
.

n o doubt th is a r ti cl e w as in fac t a watch T ho m as .

H umm inges a citizen an d barber surgeon of Lon don

,
-
,

by his wil l proved in 1 6 08 bequ eathed to h i s S ister

, ,

Johns my brasse watch gilded with in with gol d a n d a ,

cas e to it gil de d l ike wi se Philip S kippon by h is.

,

wi ll pr oved in 1 6 6 0 beq ueath ed hi s grea t s il v er watch

, ,
”
wi th the cl ock an d the s il v er chain thereat .

Vi d e p age 247 . r id e pa ge 74 .
 WA T C H E S I NPL AYS . 26 1

D ecker in his Gull s Hornbook 1 6 09 gives advice ’

,
’
,

to fops idl ing in S t Paul s C a thedral as foll ows

’
.
,

Besides you m ay h ere hav e fit occasion to discover

,

your watch by ta king it forth and setting the wheels to ,

th e tim e of Paul s ; which I assu re you goes truer

’
, ,

by five n otes than S S epul chr e s chi m es T he bene fit

.
’
.

that wil l ari se from hence is thi s that you pu bl ish your ,

charge in m aintaining a il d d l oc k ; an d wi thal t he

g e c

worl d sha ll kn o w th at you are a ti me p l easer This - .

pas sage cl earl y shows us that watches were earl y in the ,

se ven tee nth century r egard ed as articl es of in ter est

,

an d fashi on and that they r eta in ed the name of cl ocks

, ,

thei r first design ati on They were not very general.

until se veral ye ars after D ecker wrote hi s t ract .

Al lusions to watc hes are n ot infrequent in the

wri tings of our early d ramatis ts S h akespeare ofte n .

mentions them T hus in T wel fth Night vain Mal

.
,
’
,

volio an ticipatin g his contem pl ated but illusor y

,

g ran deu r sa s
, y I fr o wn th e while
, and pe rcha n ce ,
”
wind up m y watch or pla y with so m e rich j e wel, .

A nd in an other scene the priest excla ims My watch ,

hath told m e to ward my gra ve I have travell d but

,
’

”
two hours I n the Temp est S ebas tian says
. Look ! ,

he s winding up the watc h of hi s wi t by an d by it will

’
- -
,
”
strik e . A n d in th e second part of King Henr y
tha t sovere ign in hi s m oum fu l solil oq uy upon sl eep
, ,

compla ins that the dull god l s av st t he kingl y cou ch

’

”
a watc h case or a com mo n l aru m bell
’
-
, Ben Jonson .
,

i n his com edy of Th e S ta ple of N e wes first acted in

’
,

1 625 mak es an extravagant heir dr aw forth a repeating

,

watch whi c h h e sets on a ta bl e and then waits wi th

, ,

r estl ess anxiety the arrival of his majority

’
t s trikes ! one, two,
Th ree, four, five, six . I nough, inough , deare watch,
 DE V I L I NA WA T C H .

T hy pulse hath beats inough ow sl eeps and res t ;

. N
W ould thou couldst make the time to doe so too :
’
I ll wind thee up no more T h e hours i s come
.

i hi l ch emist, tel ls the loan

’
Jonson , n s A u s of of a

watc h for a parti cular occasion

I had len t my watch last nigh t for one

”
That dines to-day at the sh eriff s
’
.

’ ’
In B rome s com edy of Th e Antipod es ,
1 6 38 , a

cha racter decl ares with regr et that ,

ev er y clerk can carr y

Th e tim e of day in his pocket .
”

O n which proj ector in th e same play proposes

acc un t ao
to rem edy th e grievan ce by a proj ect against th e
”
m u tipl icity o pock et watch es
l f - .

G e orge With er writing earl y in th e seventeenth

,

cen tur y refers to

, some j ewel watch whose cas e set , ,
”
with diamonds seems to grace
, ,

T he weari ng of a watc h in the olden t im es was con

sidered to be a m ar k of gen tility as we gath er fr om ,

th e above extracts ; and i t was ev en worn oste ntati ousl y

h ung roun d the neck by a chain a fashion which h as of ,

late years been revi ved am ong l ad ies but which was ,

th en common to th e other sex I n an old pl ay en .

titl ed A Mad W o rld this m y Maste rs the custo m is

’
, ,

th us a l l uded to A h l by my troth sir besides a , ,

jewel an d a j ewel s fell ow a good fair watch that hung

’

,
”
a bout m y neck .

A story is related by Aub rey of one All en an alleged

sorcerer who di ed at th e age of nin ety-six in 1 6 30
, ,

which tends to show that watches in his day wer e

ra ther uncommon in co un tr y pl aces O ne tim e being at .

Hom e Lacy in Herefordshir e he happened to leave his

, ,
 C H A P T E R VII I .

G uid o F awkes s Watch James I s Watches S ir William H oward s

’ ’ ’
.

Watch Prince H enry s W atc h es Da vid R amsey James 1

’
.

sen ds 11 Watch to h is S ons S mall Watc h l ike a T ul ip T he

Jesuit and h is Watch Mil to n s Wa tc h W atch S eal s C l e rk
’

makers C ompany H ol l ar s R epresentati on s of Watch es Watch

’ ’

Portrai t W atc h m
’
foun d at L ord T orphi ch e n s S ea t C h a rl es L s
’

Watches H enr ietta Maria s G ift of 11 Wa tch Van T rump s

’
.
’

Watch O l iver C romwell s Watc h es C harl es I L s Wa tc h es

’ ’

Pepys and L ord Bro unker s Wa tch Watch K ey given by C h arles

’

II E na mel l ed Wa tc h es Wa tc h E namel lers Jacin th Watch

N
.

R ich l y O rnamen ted Watches Durabili ty of Watc hes ovel

T rial abou t it Watc h A d vertisemen ts abou t L os t Watch es

D r T as w ell s
'
W a tch W atc h fou nd a t C h i sl h
e urs t — au t i c s N
I nven ti on of the S piral S pr ing — Dr B oob
.

sha ped Wa tch .

T omas T
h o m p i on — D a n i el ua rs E Q
d w a r d B a r l ow R ep e ati n g
Watches James I I 5 Watch T h e A nch or E ecapemen t Touch
.
’

Watch es for the Bl ind L a w rela ting to Watc hes S imon dc

I N the third year of th e r eign of Jam es I a watc h .

was foun d u pon G uido Fawk es, whi ch h e and Percy

h ad bought the day b efor e, to try con clusions for the
l ong and S hort b ur ning of the touc h wood which he had
prepared to give fire to the train of powder .

A watc h that on ce bel onged to Ja mes L , and was

form erly in th e coll ection of S ir A shton L ever , and
was p urch ased at th e sal e of his mu seu m in 1 8 06 ,
was exhibited an d desc ribed by Mr H S yer C u m . .

ming at a m eeting of the Arch aeol ogical I nstitute ,

on May 9th , 1 8 5 5 I t is of a n ova l shape, and m ea
.

sur es, w itho ut its c as e, on e in ch an d se ven -

eighth s i n

l ength , on e inch and thr ee e gh ths in width, a nd five

- i

eigh ths of an in ch i n t hickn ess I t is of Fre nch .

manufactur e, and is nearly all of brass Th e dial is .

 JA ME S L s WA T C H
’
.
265

a sil er ring on e eig

v -
in ch wide
hth of an The hours .

are e n raved i n R o man nu m erals, with a l i ttl e stu d at

g
t he base of each, by m eans of which th e time could
be ascertain ed in the dark by th e touch T he steel .

hand is in the form of a dart Above the dial is en .

g rav e d a fig ur e of L e d a a n d th e S wan ; an d bel ow ,

a ch er ub s h ead , on eac h side of which is a fox ; an d

’

the spa ce bet ween th e d evices is fil l ed wi th r ich foli age

in scrolls W ithin th e circl e of th e di al is a vie w of
.

a ri ver, with swans, a bridge, a nd beyo nd it horses,

l
tr ees, fiel ds , hil s, an d a stag hunt
-
O n th e plate at
.

the ba ck is engra ved, R D i eu, 2 1 Paris

. . Th e cock .

whic h covers th e bal an ce wh eel is of rich design

- In .

st ead of a chain , this watc h has a lin e of catgut ; it

has n o hair spr ing ; n either are an y screws use d in its

-

cons tructi on , which circum s tan ces prov e its ear ly da te .

There is an other cur ious watch of this period still

ex tan t . I t has a silver cas e, richl y o rnamented with
s ubj ects fr om m ythol ogy, beautiful l y chas ed I t bears .

the follo wing inscription on the inn er ri m F ro m

Al ethea , C o vntess of A r vndel , for her dear e son, S ir
W illiam Ho ward , K B , 1 6 29 I t is of oval form ,
.

two i nches and a half in di ameter, an d one inch and

-

a half in thi ckne ss

- I t strikes the hours, has an
.

alarum, shows the da ys of th e week, th e age an d phases

of the m oon , the da ys an d months of th e ye ar, an d

th e zodiac O n the inside is a R oman C atholi c cal endar ,

.

wi th the da te 1 6 1 3, and the maker s na m e, P C om

’
.

bret, 1. Lyons I n th e S outh K ens ingto n Museum is

.

a si lver watc h sh aped l ike a pecten she ll ; the dial

being chased and engraved with scroll work The .

”
maker s name is Pierre C ombret h Lyon T he l ength
’
.

is two in ch es and one-eigh th, and the width on e inch

and three-quarters I t was purcha sed for 81 1 08
. . .
26 6 J A ME S L
’
s WA T C H .

At a m eeting of the A rchmol ogica l Institute , hel d

on D ecem be r 7th , 1 8 49, Mr Fre derick O uvry exhi bite d
.

a cu rious watch , whi ch was su posed to ha ve bel o nged

p
to Jam es I , or to ha ve been a p resent fr om h im
. . It
was in shape l ik e an egg fla ttened . I t had an oute r
case o f pla in sil ver . T he inner case was beauti q y
e ngra v ed , on one sid e repre sen tin g C h r ist heal in g a

cripple, wi th th e m otto used by K ing Ja m es, Beati

”
p ac ifici , a n d th e r oy al ar m s u n d er n ea th
. O n th e

other side, the G ood S amari tan , with the inscription,

S Lucas , 0
. . Insi de th e l id was a well ex ecute d -

en gravin
g o f J a m ss I , w i
.th h is s ty l e a n d ti tl e. R o un d

the rim wer e the rose , th e harp , an d th e thistl e , all

”
cro wn ed with the ini tial s J R . . Th e fa ce h ad a
cal e n da r, an d sho wed the m oo n s a e an d oth er thin s
’

g g .

O n th e works was th e maker s n am e, D av id R a m say

’

”
S cotus m e fec it . U ndern eath a sm all shiel d, which
co nceal ed the hol e for win di ng, was th e n am e of th e
”
e ngraver , G erhart de Heck scul ps . I t was the pro
perty of Miss Boulby, of D urham I t had long been .

in her family, and was sup posed to ha ve com e to them

from the R ussells, of W oburn . Th e artist Hec k m en
ti on ed above is not named by Wal pol e, n or in Bry an s
’

Dictionar y H e was possibl y of the same famil y as

.
’

Nicholas Vander Heck, a pain ter at th e Ha gue, about

1 6 00, or Joh n Vanden Hecke, who was se ttl ed at A n
t wer p, about 1 6 5 0 . O ne of th e watch es which h ad
belonged to Jam es I , was sol d at the D uke of S ussex s
.
’

sale .

In T he A ccompte of the Mon ey Expen ded by S ir

D avid Murray, K , as Keeper of the Pri vi e Purse to
‘

the l ate Noble Pryn ce H enr y, Pryn ce of W al es, from

th e first of O ctober , 1610, to the sixth of Novem be r,
1 6 1 2 (the days of the decease of the said Prynce) as
268 T U L I P WA T C H .

trin ket ; or youthful beauty did not requi r e a blaze

that
of di a m onds to e nhan ce its att rac tion s Later we find .

a warran t of in dem ni ty to th e Lor d H i h Treas urer for

g
having del iv ered certain j ewel s to James I that were .

sent into S pain as abo ve m en tion ed da te d J u l y 7t h , ,

1 6 23; in which docum e nt the cl ock s of goul d is

na m ed .

I n the M irr or for 1 8 36 is an engra vi n g of a pretty

‘
,

l ittl e an cien t wa tch which was of sil ver and about

, , ,

th e size of a l arge wa l nut a nd might be cl os ed by the

,

fin gers in the pal m of the han d without being seen .

I t was shaped lik e a tu lip the o ute r cas e bein g divided

,

in to thr ee eq ual co mpa rtm ents orna m en ted with a sort

,

of l eaf on a r oughly ch as e d groun d work an d l ookin g

-
,

as unl ike a wa tch as it possibl y co ul d These l ea ves .

open ed a little at the bottom of th e watch and dis

'

cl osed a sm all spring which on bein g pressed push ed

, , ,

up th e li d and displ ayed the dial plate conta i ned wi thin-

,

a c ir cu l ar bord er ; th e space bet ween whi ch and th e

oute r oval boun dary of the face was fil led by orna

mental flowe r work - I n the cen tre of the dia l pl ate
.
-
,

wi thin th e figur es the rose an d thistl e wer e en twin ed

, ,

whi ch would seem to fix the date of th e constr uction

of th e watch to the r eign of James I W atches were .

worn at th is period hu ng r ound the n eck by a chain ,

and th e sil ver on e u sed for th is purpose was still re

maining attach ed to th e above articl e .

I n an engr aved portrait of Marcus Antonius de

Domi nic A rchiepisc0 pus S palate nsis aged fifty seven
, ,
-

1 6 1 7 appea rs a watch of c uri ous pattern and antique

,

co n structio n pl aced on the tabl e be for e him wi th the

, ,

l id O pen showing the dial

, This prelate cam e into
.

Englan d in the r eign of James I where he publis hed .

,

his book D e R epubli cs E cclesiasticfi a portion of

’
.
,
 MI LT O NS WA T C H ’
. 269

which h e is re presented in th e act of writing in th e

G ee, in his Foot out of the S nare publ ished in ’

1 6 24 says
, I f about Bloom esbur y or Holbor n s thou
m eet a good smug fell ow in a go ld l aced sui t a cl oak -
,

lined thorow with v el vet one that hath good store of ,

coin in h is purse ri n s on his fin e rs a wa tch in his

g , g ,

p oc k et w h,i ch h e w i ll v al e w at a b o v e t wen ty po u nd s a ,

v e ry broad l ac ed ban d a stil etto by his sid e a m a n at

-
, ,

his heels wi ll ing (u pon smal l a cq ua in ta n ce) to intr ude

,

himself into thy com pany and still des ir ing furthe r to ,

ins inuate wi th thee ; then ta ke h eed of a J s eni te of the

”
prou der sort of pr iests .

I n the S outh K ensington M useu m is a m eta l gil t

wa tch th e d ial plate of w hich is e n gra v ed w ith the
,
-

E nto mbment of C hr ist a fter Lu cas van Le yden T he , .

m ak er w as Nicholas L em and re a B lois , ,

T he length is five in ch es an d on e e ighth an d the wid th -

,

four in ch es an d on e e ighth This wa tc h was sold at the

-
.

Bern al sa le for 1 01 .

I n the Bri tis h M useu m is a watch whic h b el onged to

Milton I t was mad e by W il li a m B un ti ng in Pope s
.
,
’

H ead Alley C ornh ill whose n a me appea rs in th e tabl es

, ,

of th e C lock mak ers C o m p an y for tha t pe r iod

’
T he fac e .

is inscri bed I oa nn i Mil to ni 1 6 31 it sho ws t he d ays

,

of the mo n th and th e ho urs, a n d h as a gl a ss T his , .

watc h was bequ eathed to th e n ation by S i r C h ar l es

Fello wes who h ad on e of the fin est collections of watch es
,

in E ngl and I t is sa id that a poor fa mil y in Y orkshir e

.

rece iv ed a box from Am e rica as par t of th e effe cts of an

aged rel a ti v e whose a n ces to rs h ad em igrated to that

,

co nt in en t soon afte r th e ti me of the C om m on weal th .

T he box conta in ed sev eral coi ns and th e l ast m ention ed -

watch and the family to who m th e bequ est ca m e being

270 WA T C H S E A L S .

poor sol d the whole to a silversmith wh o was also a

, ,

watchm ak er T he purchas er gave the ful l price for the

.

coin s ,but refused to gi ve m ore for the watch than

th e val ue of the sil ver cas e 23 9d T he works with the ,
. .
,

face on which l ooked lik e i ro n being so m u ch ta rnished

, , ,

wer e put away in a dra wer which was fr e quen tl y open ed .

T h e friction after a tim e showed th e face or di al to be

of sil v er with an in scription on it
,
This on being de .

ciph er ed after cl eanin g was fou nd to be as a bove

, ,

g i v en .

I n 1 6 34 was publ ished the Transl ation of Ariost o

’

by S ir John Harin gton the poet who di ed ea rly in the , ,

se ventee nth cen tu ry A n en gravi ng of Ha ri ngton is

.

i v n on the titl e page in which - p i tur e a watch

g e c ,

is r epresen ted on a table I n H a rington s O rlan do

’
.

F u r ioso 1 5 91 the author is depicted with an ar ticle

’
, ,

tha t appear s to be a watch on which is inscri bed Il ,

”
tem po passa .

P robably watch seal s ca me into use shortl y afte r

-

watches became gen erall y used A t a m eeting of the .

Bri tish Archaeol ogical Association hel d on June 8 th , ,

1 8 64 th e R ev E K ell
, . .exhi bited a watch seal
,
-

of brass of th e firs t half of th e seventeen th century

, ,

which was found in diggin g i n a gard en in G rosv enor

S qua re S outhampton
, T he face was in cised wi th a
.

rou n d shiel d charged wi th the l et ters J H H ensign ed . . .

,

by a coronet and flanke d by laurel branches

, .

The E n glish watchmakers had by the r eign of C harles

I risen to such importan ce that in th e year 1 631 they
.
,

g a i n ed a char te r of inco rpo ra tion un de r the n a me of th e

Master Wardens and Fellowship of th e A rt of C lock

, ,

m aking of th e C ity of Lo nd on an d by whi ch charter ,

all fore ign cl ocks watc hes an d ala rums were for bidd en
, ,

to be brought into the country David R am sey who .

,
272 C LO C K -WA T C H .

a bout th e m iddle of the v

se en te ent h cen tur y very
,

si m ila r to the bel on ging to Mr W helan a n d d e

on e .
,

scribed a bov e and whi ch a lso was exhi bi t d to th e sam e

,
e

A ssociation in 1 8 55 W ithin th e cir cl e o f R o m an

.

nu mera ls was engra v ed a v ie w wi th a pedla r an d d o

g
cr oss in g a bridge ; an d outs ide th e c ir c le th e pl a te was

adorn ed wi th r ich fol iage in n iell o wor k T h e inte rio r .

of th e w atc h was wel l fin ish ed but ca tgut was used ,

instead of a cha in O n th e back pl ate was i ns cri be d the

.

m ak er s nam e a nd address Hans C o nrad E l chi n ger fec

’
.
,
”
Am sterda m .

A t a m e etin g of th e Archae ol ogical Institute h el d on ,

April 1 3th 1 8 55 Mr 0 Mor gan exhibited a gold

, , . .

ena mel l e d h un tin g watch of about 1 6 30 o r 1 6 40

-
T he
, .

fou r subj ects on th e fr on t b ac k and inn er side of the , ,

l id and c ase r epres ented the chief incid ents i n th e E pi

,

sod e of Tan credi and C l or i nda i n th e G ieru sa l e m me ,

’
L ibe rata of Tasso A t a m eeting of th e sam e Insti
.

tute h e ld on F ebr uar y 6 th 1 8 6 3 Lord Torph ichen

, , .

exhibited a cur iou s clock watch strik in g th e hou rs and -

, ,

of skil ful co n stru ction wi th th e na m e of the m aker , ,

S am u el A spi n wall en gr av ed u pon th e works

, I t had .

th e n l ate l y b een foun d at Lor d T or phichen s seat

’

C al der H ou se Mid C a l der with oth er obj ects of valu e

, , ,

in an ol d c ab in et which h ad not be en op en e d for ,

n ea r ly a cen tury T h e ou ter case of th e w at ch was of

.

steel wrou gh t in open work studd ed with sil ver ; the

,

in ner case wa s of sil v er lik e wi se of open wor k and , ,

a m ong th e o rn a m en ta l d e ta il s w er e a n eag le a r ose , ,

a n d a l il y T h e d ial was of sil ver beau tifu l ly e ngrav ed

.
,

th e subj ect b ein g the A ccusation o f S usan nah by the

E l de rs Ther e was on l y an hour han d ; the hours were
.
-

st ru ck on a fin e to n ed bell ser vin

-
g as a n i n n e r cas e ,

within the pi er ced work T he watch m eas ured a bout .

 L O U I S XII I .
’
s WA T C H .
273

w
t oa
-
n d-a-
hal f inches in diameter by one in ch in thick ,

n esss
. There were two se al s appended one of ste el , ,

th e other of j asper en gra ved with the arm orial bea rings
,

of the Torphich en fam il y Th e date of thi s watc h was

.

a bout 1 6 50 or 1 6 6 0 T h e sil ver pier ced wo rk of flo ral

.

designs was much in vogue in the time of C harles L

I t had a hair-spr ing and regula tor al so a ver y fine ,

chain which m ight hav e bee n ad d ed in pl ace of the

,

original catgut abou t 1 6 75 T he name of S a muel .

As pin wall is unco mm on but in 1 6 75 Josia h Aspinwal l,

was ad m itted a b rother of the C lock makers C om pa n y

’
.

I n the S outh Kensi ngto n M useu m is a gol d enam e ll ed

watch with th e subj ects of th e Hol y Fam il y after
, ,

R uben s and the Virgin and C hil d a fter Mign ard on

, , ,

th e exterior The in n er sides of the case co ntain re

.

spectivel y portraits of Lou is XI II an d of C ard i na l .

R ich eli eu .
—
I t is of French work abo ut 16 40 5 0 T h e , .

d iameter is two i nches a nd a quarter I t was pur chas ed .

for 201 A t a meeting of the S ociety of Antiquaries

.

of Lo n don h el d on J une 5 th
, 1 8 6 2 Mr Fr ed erick , , .

O uvry exhibited t wo watc h es bea ring portraits and

arm s. These watches were the work of a Frenchm an
nam ed V e r nis M artin of the time of Louis Q ui nze
, .

Lady Fitzgerald possesses a gol d enamel l ed watch ,

manufactured by order of Lou is X III as a prese nt to .

our C har l es I whi c h m ay rival a modern work for its

.
,

smal ln ess I t is oval measur ing about two in ch es by

.
,

one in ch an d a ha lf across the face an d is an i nch in ,

thi ckn ess T he back is chas ed in h igh r el ief wi th the

.

figure of S t G eorge an d the Dragon

. T h e motto of .

th e gar ter surrounds th e case whi ch is enr iched with ,

ena mel col ours .

A sil ver alarum cl ock watch of circular form which -

,

bel onged to C harl es I and was usuall y placed by him

.
,

1
274 C H A R LE S L ’
s WA T C H ES .

at h is bedside, is now in the possession of Mr W . .

Townl ey Mitford I t was presen ted by the king to his

.

faith ful a nd attached servant, Mn , a fter ward s S ir,

Thomas Herbert on his way to execution at White hall
, ,

on Jan ua ry 30th 1 649 I t ca me i nto poss essi on of

, .

m y fam il y says Mr M itford

”
, by inter m arriage w ith.
,

the H erberts about a ce n tu ry a go

, S in c e tha t tim e it .

”
has r ema ine d in our possess ion Parts of the in terior .

m echanism of the watc h were m od e rnised about fifty

y ears ago and the original catgut co rd was r epl ace d by
,

a m etal one T he outer ca se of fin e pe rforate d work

. ,

e n closing t wo sil ver bell s o n wh ich the ho u rs a nd ,

u a rters ar e struck rem a ins u na l te r ed E d wa rd

q , .

”
East London is engra ved inside H is n am e is am ong
, , .

th ose of th e ten assis ta nts of th e C lockm ak ers C om

’

pany on its first in corporation in 1 631 an d he gav e by

deed of settlem ent dated Jun e 20th 1 6 93 th e s um of , , ,

1 001 to th e C ompan y in tru st to pay an n ual ly to five

.
,

poor l abo uring work men of the art or m ys te ry of

cl ockm ak ing wh o wer e fr e em en of the C ity of Lon do n
, ,

or to the w idow of eac h of s u ch wor km en th e s u m of

t wenty shi ll in gs Lady F ell o ws has an octangular

.

crystal cas ed watch w i th a n en gra v e d dia l of a r ec u m

-
,

bent femal e figure holding eu hour glass T h e m aker -

.

was Edward Eas t Another watch by the sa me m aker

.

bel ongs to Mr W A S anford I t is of silver in the

. . . .
,

form of a cross an d has a crystal face th e dial being

, ,

engrav ed wi th th e C ru ci fixion a nd an gel s I t h as a .

plain outer case of the sam e form H e is mentioned .

as th e ki n s watch mak er l i ving in Fl eet S tr e et i n

’

g , ,

th e M em o irs of the two l ast Y ea rs of the R e ign of that

un para ll e l ed Prin ce of ever bl essed m e m o r y , K in g ,

C harl es by S ir Thomas Her bert 1 702 These , .

memoirs con tai n a very par ticular account of the various

276 C H A R LE S I .
’
s WA T C H E S .

g las s cas e li n e d w i th red v el vet, so m e rel i cs o f th e nu

fortunate C har l es I These consist of th e shirt, wi th

.

r ufil e d wr ists on whi ch are a fe w faint trac es of bl ood )

(
in which he was beheaded , h is watch, which at the
place of executi on he gave to Mr John Ashburnham . .

These articl es have certainl y been

carefu lly preserv ed Lon g wer e they treasured by as
.

precious rel ics, fit o nly to be gazed upo n by the devote es

of th e I con Bas il ike A t l en gth , howe ver, the charm
.

was broken by Ber tr am Ashburnham , E sq , who, in .

1 743, be queathed the m to the cl erk of th e pa rish and

his su ccessors for ev e r , to be exhibited as gre at curiosi
”
ties T h e correctn ess of th e legen d as to the gift of
‘

the watch by th e king m ay be doubted I t woul d seem

.

that J ohn As hbum ham was not n ear the king on the
m orning of h is execution , and ce r tainl y not u po n the
scaffol d with his r oyal master ; the watch therefor e coul d

not hav e be e n gi v en to hi m at th e pl ace of execu tion .

T h e l ate pr esident of the British A rchaeological

Ass ociation , R a lph Bernal , had a large sil ver watch,
whi ch was mad e by Ri chard Bo wen, of London, an d is
sai d to have b een gi ven to C ol onel Ha mm ond by
C harl es I whilst at C arisb rooke
. I t h as two cases , the
.

outer on e chased an d engrave d with a border of flowers,

and a figu re of the king p rayin g O n the bac k of the
.

inner case is engraved an other pr aying figure of a m an

i n a gown, with C h rist above, and th e foll o wing l egen d
in a scrol l A n d what I sai to you, I sai unto all ,

W atch ”
. Wh en C harl es was being rem oved fr om C aris
brooke to Hurst C as tle, on Novembe r 3oth , 1 647, he
g av e M r W. o rsl e y, who had r isked h is li fe for hi m, his
”
watch saying,
, This is all my gratitude has to give .

T h e watch is stil l pr eser ved in th e famil y I t was e x .

hibited at a m eeti ng of the above association when at

 VA NT R O MPS ’
WA T C H . 277

Sh orwel l in 1 85 5, at t he residen ce of Miss W orsl ey, to

whom it then be longed A drawin g of it was exhibited
.

by Mr Joseph Lionel W il liam s at a meeting of the

.

Britis h Archaeol ogical Association, hel d in A ugust,

1 845 .I t rs of sil ver of rather la rge size, and an in ch
,

i n th ickn ess ; it works with catgut instead of a chain ;

a nd th e face and back of the in n er case ar e v er y r ichl y

e ngrav ed I t is a r epeate r watch, an d h as ni neteen

.

openi n gs in the oute r case for th e esca pe of th e sound .

I t has the maker s na m e, Johannes Bages, L ondin i ,

’

At a m eetin g of
A rchaeol ogical I nstitute held at
th e ,

G l ouceste r in July 1 8 6 0 Mr D I Niblett exh ibi ted a

, , . . .

watch whi ch h ad be en given by Henri etta Ma ria the ,

u n of C harl es I to G eneral R ud ha ll
q ee .
, .

Mr C ha rl es R eed of Paternoster R ow writing to

.
, ,

Note s an d Queries in 1 8 60 says I n 1 8 5 5 I received , ,

fr om a person who had em igrated to Aus tr alia a

bracket cl ock with a r equest that I woul d accept it as
-
,

a tok en of his gratitude for som e slight ser vi ce I had

bee n able to render h im T he tim e piece did not .

-

appea r to be of a n y spec i al val u e but hi s l e tt er in ,

form ed m e that th e works wer e constructed from the

celebrated Van T romp s watch
’
‘
Upon th e .
’

dial plate I find the na m e of Booth Pon te fract In

’
-
, .

side th e stan d I ha v e discovered th e l ower half of a

sau cer sha pe d cov er of shagreen

- and th e works as ,
.

adapte d to thi s cl o ck exactl y fit in to this cov er

, T he .

works are evidentl y of foreign man ufacture the main ,

spr i n i i p f t o d d t h k y s ar e atta ched

g s n e r ec r er an e e , .

”
The watch face was probabl y r emoved by Booth
-
I t is .

said that th e watch passed fro m Booth with th e writ

ings to a G eorge Booth wh o wen t to America an d di ed , ,

at Brookl n there
y W e remind our r eaders that the
.
278 C RO MW E L L S WA T C H E S
’
.

Dutc h ad miral Van Trom p sail ed with his fleet through

, ,

the S tra its of Do ver in Ma y 1 6 5 2 ; an d was beaten in ,

a n engagem en t the r e by the E ngl ish un de r B lak e .

I n the A shnrol ean Museum O xford is a watc h whi ch , ,

is said to ha ve bel o nged to O live r C romwel l Mr J . . .

H F awkes of Farn ley Hall h ad a watc h which is als o

.
, ,

s tated to ha ve be en o nce o wn ed by hi m I t bore t he .

n ame o f J e qu es C a rtier as th e m ak e r a n d was a cl ock ,

watch which str uck t he hours ; th e ou te r case was of

,

l eather p erforate d an d s tudded with sil ver I n S cott s

’
.
, ,

An tiquarian G lea nings in the North of En glan d this

watch is sa id to be a r epeate r by wh ich n o d ou bt was ,

m ea nt a str ikin g watc h -

T h e repeating m ovem en t was
.

of l ater date th an th is spec im e n A t C h equers C ou rt .

,

Buckingh am sh ire the seat of Lady F rankland R usse ll

, ,

is a watch which on ce belonged to C r om well Mess rs . .

H a wkesl ey a nd C o hav e an an ci ent sil ver w a tch w i th a

.
,

g l ass co ve r in
g to th e fac e t h e m a k e r b e in g, Yo un
g ,

which a lso is sa id to hav e bel on ged to the sam e indi

vidual I n th e Gentl em an s Magazi ne for 1 8 08 is an
.
’

en ra v i n p r es enti n th i w f w t h w h i h
g g r e g r ee v e s o a a c c

form er l y belonged to hi m an d which he took out ,

of h is fob a t th e sie e of C l on m ell an d pr ese nted to

g ,

th e ances tor of C ol on el Ba gwell who se it then wa s T h e , .

n am e of th e m ak er “filliam C lay was en graved on

, ,

the work inside T he outer or golden ci rcle in dica ting

.
, ,

t he day of the m onth r evol v ed on e division ev ery ,

t wen ty four ho urs ; whereby the nu mber of the da y was

-

O pposed to th e index h an d abov e This watch is now .

in a private r oom at the British M use um .

I t is r elate d of C harl es II that when h e was prese n t .

at the am usem en ts in the Mal l h is watch ma ker , ,

Ed ward E ast used to attend h im as a watch was often

, , .

the sta ke pl ayed for Watches wou ld seem at this

.
280 E NA MEL L E D WA T C HE S .

he use d thin plates of gol d for the foundation of his

work th is styl e of ena mel painting beca m e a v a ilable
,

for a var iety of ornamental pur poses Toutia did n ot .

k eep the discovery to himself but generousl y told his ,

fell ow-artists of it D ubie a gol dsmith who worked

.
, ,

for th e king at th e Lo uvre was the first wh o dis ,

ti nguished h im self in this new work After him came .

Morliere a n ative of O rleans who work ed at Blois

‘

, , ,

and empl oye d h imself chie fly in pain tin g rin gs and

watc h cases ; but h e was excell e d by hi s p upil R obert

-
,

V an quer of Blois wh o pr od uce d works superi or to his

, ,

m aster both in design and in col our

, H e di ed in 1 6 70 . .

C hartié re of Bl ois was celebrated for his bea utiful

, ,

paintings of flowers ; and H uand le Puisné for fig ur es , .

I n 1 8 49 Mr 0 M organ e xhibited at a meetin g of the

. .

S ociety of Antiquaries a watch the en amel case of ,

whi ch was the wor k of T outin ; the subj ect of th e out

’
side paintin g being th e Histoir e d A pian as an in ’

scription n ear the p endant in di cated Th e ins ide of the .

case was pai nted with l a n dsca pes in ena m el ; the dial

al so was ena mel l ed h avin g a subj ect of figur es in the

,

ce ntre su rr ounded by a whi te cir cl e

, on whi ch w ere ,

mar ked the hours This was pe rhaps the first insta n ce
.

of an ena mel di al pl ate a n d as th e d ate of this wa tc h

-
,

was about 1 6 35 we may ass um e that watch dials were

,
-

first enam ell ed about that time .

A t a m eeting of the A r chwological Institute h el d on

Jun e 6 th 18 62 Mr Morgan exhibited the following
, , .

remarkable series of watc hes ex em p lifyin t h e pp li

g a ca

tion of en am el to th e enrichm ent of persona l orna

ments . A watch th e case of which was ornamented
,

with flo wers in opaque and trans par ent enamels th e date ,

being early in the seventeenth cen tur y An exquisitely .

finished enam el watch case th e work of Jean T outi n -

, ,
 E NAME LL E D WA T C H E S . 281

the invento r, t he date being between 1 6 30 and 1 6 40 ,

a n d th e subj ect Nym ph s ba thi n g ,

after Pol em ber g , .

A n ena m el l ed watc h the case being fin el y pain ted by

,

Henry T outi n brother of th e in ven tor and a goldsmith

, ,

an d ena mell er at Bl ois be tween 1 630 and 1 6 40 ; th e ,

su bj ect a series of il lu strations of th e story of T an cr ed

,

and C l or in da from O rl ando Furioso A watc h ena ’

, .

m elled by the sa m e artist date 1 6 30 to 1 6 40 the , ,

s ubj ect being th e H istoire d A pian A n enam ell ed

’ ’
.

watch th e case of whic h was bea utifu ll y ornam ented

,

wi th flowers rai sed in r elief and enr ic hed wi th d iam on ds , .

The artis t of this un ique specim en was n ot kn own but ,

the m ov emen t was by D Bo uq ue t wh o was living .

,

between 1 6 30 and 1 6 40 A sm all watch case exqui .

-

s ite l p a i n te d i n b rill ian t co lour s th e artist pr oba bly

y ,

being either Morl iere or Van qner bet ween 1 6 30 and ,

1 65 0 A n enam ell ed watch w ith subj ects i n il l u stration

.
,

of th e birth a nd earl y life of C hr is t t he pai n tin b e in

g g ,

ver y fin e a nd the wh ol e case enr ich ed with tur qu oises

, ,

the date 1 6 30 to 1 650 a nd the ar tist u nk no wn ,

T wo .

e nam elled watches th e es ses be in xq u is itel y pa inte d by

g e,

H ua n d l e P uisne in th e latter h al f of the sevente en th

,

century A n ena m el l ed watc h of v ery fin e work the artist

.
,

being I L D ur ant who flour ish ed in the sam e ce ntury

. .
,

and is m e n ti o ned by S ir et in h is D icti onar y of Pa in ter s .

A n enam ell ed watc h of beauti ful work by an u nkn own

ar ti st the date be in g the l atte r par t of th e s e ven tee nt h
,

cen tur y T h e c ha se d gol d cas e was by H M anby and

. .
, ,

together with th e m ovement l ater tha n th e en amel , .

T wo watches the cases of which wer e enam el l ed on

,

copper by a F rench a rtist n am ed Mul sund at the en d ,

of t he se ve ntee n th or begin nin g of th e eighte enth ce n

tury . A n d two watch cases of Battersea enamel about -

,

1 75 0 . A t the sa me meeting the foll o wing gen tlem en

28 2 E NA ME L L E D W A T C HE S .

e xhib ite d der me nt ion ed sp ec ime ns of wa tch ena

the un -

mell ing — By the E a rl A m hers t a n e nam ell e d wa tc h ,

of th e se ven teen th ce n t ur y ; o n on e sid e was re pre se n ted

the H ol y Fa mi ly and o n th e othe r, S t C a ther i ne ,

t he .

m ovem en t bore the n a m e of A uguste Bretonn eau a ,

Paris . By Mr T M W hiteh ead a be autiful c ruci

”
. . .
,

fo r m gol d watch or man tr a d abbesse e l a boratel y en a

’

, ,

melle d in opaque colours O n th e fac e w h ich was .

,

protected by a cr vsta l was seen C hr ist with the em , ,

hl ems o f the Pass i on a nd on the bac k the C r uc ifix ion ,

.

Thi s was by a G er m an artist late in th e se ventee nth ,

c en t u r y a n d r ese m b l ed the w o rk s of Di n l in er
, g g of ,

D re sd en T he mo ve men t bore t he n am e of Johann es

.

”
Van C e ul en H ague an d h ad a p en dul um S prin g a
, , ,

m echan ism n ot kn o wn b efore 1 6 75 By Mr A W . . . .

F ranks a sm all e na melled watch painte d by H uand

,
”
the you n ger a n d sign ed H ua nd l s P uis ne fe cit
,
By .

S ir C h a rles Anderson Baron et a circ ul ar e n am ell ed , ,

plate probably for a watc h cas e : it he re the arm s of

,
-

J am es I V D uke of Len ox K G Lord W ard en of the

.
, , . .
,

C inque Por ts an d Here ditary High A dm ira l of S cot

,

l an d who di ed in 1 6 5 5
, I n a bord u re rou n d the .

ach ieve men t we re i n trod uced an cho rs i n a ll usion to hi s

n aval o ffi ce This was painted in c ol ou rs on a whi te

.

r ou nd By M r W R ussel l an exqu isite l y e na m elled

g . . .
,

watch th e m ove m e n ts of which we r e by N

, icholas Be r
n ard , of Paris A n d by Mr C ol n agh i a n e na m elled
. .
,

watch case exhib iting the po rtrait of G eorge 11

-
, .

A t a m eeting of the S oc ie ty of Antiqu a ries hel d on ,

March 24th 1 8 5 9 Mr R ichard F rankum e xhi bited an

, , .

oval gold watc h enam ell ed white and studded with , ,

r n ets A l sto n e was on the back and front,

g a . arg e

which O pened an d appeared or igin al ly to ha ve con cealed

,

m in iatu res T he fa ce was of gol d wi th delicate ena

.
,
284 E NA ME LL E D WA T C H E S .

watch, with pierced back and si des and ch ased with ,

flo wers T he dia l is of sil ver engraved the hours being

.
, ,

en amel l ed in bl ack
’
Th e m ak er s n am e is E stienne
.

”
H ubert R ouen T he l ength is two inches an d a qu arter
, .
,

an d the wid th one in ch a n d se v en e igh t hs I t was pur - .

c hased at th e Ber nal sal e for 6 1 5 3 Also a watc h ena . .

m elled in gold pain te d in side a nd out with flo wers a nd

, ,
”
marked inside Jacques Hu on a Pa ris I t is of the , .

sev entee nth cen tu ry ; its di a m eter i s t wo in ch es an d a

quarter ; a nd it was purchas ed for 301 Also a gol d .

watch the cover of whi c h is pa inted in enam el on bot h

,

sides with gro ups of C ha r ity a nd F ai th O n the dial is .

a l an dsca pe subj ect T he m aker s na me is Nicholas

’
.

Bernard of Paris The diam eter is two in ch es and

, .

a quart er This watch was purchas e d at the Be rn al

.

sal e for 1 5 1 1 58 Al so a gol d watch the case of

‘

. .
,

which is ric hl y deco rated w ith foli ated scroll work in

rel ief per forated an d e n am ell ed T he m aker s n am e is
’
, .

”
C laude Pas cal a l a R aye
‘

Th e diam ete r is two

, .

in ches Thi s watch was purchased at the Bern al sale

.

for 331 A n d als o a gol d enam ell ed watch on t he back

.
,

of the case of wh ic h are po r tra its of a n E l ecto r an d

E lectress of Brandenburg in c lassical costume I n th e .

centre of th e dia l ar e D iana and E ndym ion ; and r ound

the sides are l an dscapes in m edal lions T h e m akers

’
.

n ames are L es deux F reres H eraut de S on F F 2 1 , . .

”
B erlin T he d iam eter i s on e inch an d five e ighths
.
- .

This watch was purchased at the Bern al sale for 1 41 1 03 . .

Mr R J Burnsid e h as an enam ell ed watch of the

. . .

se ventee nth centur y of French m an ufactu re Miss F,

. .

A C am eron h as a gold watch enamell ed with a clas

. ,

sical m edal li on I t is atta ch ed to a chate laine of

.

simil ar char acter with two seal s a n d a ke y , .

A correspondent of the G entl eman s Magazine for ’

 E NGR A V E D WA T C H E S . 28 5

18 1 0, states that an ena m ell ed watch of earl y date had

t h en l atel y com e i n to h is possession ; it was the counter
t f t h n e which Mrs Joyce Frankl an d hol ds in
p a r o e o .

h er han d in t he en gravin g i n C hurton s Life of Dean

’

’
Nowell from the picture of that l ady in the hall of
,

B rasenose C ollege O xford mad e about the middl e of

, ,

t he six teenth ce ntury T he watc h in form r esem bl ed

.

that wh ic h we n ow ter m a hun tin g watch ; but it was -

m ore than doub l e t he size of a ny watch at present in

use. T h e outer case was n ot of gold bu t of a meta l ,

which m uch r esem bl ed fin e pale bras s or so m e m ixed ,

m eta l . T he in n er case wa s cov ered wi th figu res ex

u is itel y wro ught i n th e m ost bea utiful e n a m el T h e
q .

”
m aker s na me was Jeban (Jehan) Augier a Paris
’
.

A wr iter to Notes an d Queries says I have r ece ntl y ,

exa mi n ed an an cient wa tch wh ich is said to hav e ,

belonged to a character eminent in English h istory .

T he na me of the m aker of the watch i nscri bed on it is

”
Je han Augier a Paris .

T he r ea der will gath er from the above th at ear ly

watc hes wer e often v e ry beautiful with th e ir dec oratio ns
of enam el Many too were a lso m ost elaboratel y
.

e ngrav ed and oth erwise orn am en ted Thus we find in .

the S outh Kensi ngto n Mus eum a watc h set in a m ed al

li on of m other of pearl deco rated with ca m eo portraits
- -
,

an d troph ies i n gilt m etal T he whol e is enriched with

.

precious stones T he di ameter of the watc h is one

.

inch and of th e m edal lion five in ches and thr ee quarters

, .

I t was purchased for 551 Al so a sil ver watc h the si des

.
,

a nd back of whi ch ar e engra ved with flowers a nd scroll s .

T he di al is en graved with th e hours and the days of ,

th e m onth ; the maker s nam e i s J Bock ; an d the

’
.

diameter is two inches This watc h was pur chas ed at

.

the Bernal sal e for 91 1 03 Al so a sil ver watch the

. .
,
28 6 E NGRA V E D WA T C HES .

back and sides of which are engraved wi th figures of

the S eas ons and with flo wers T he m aker s n a m e is
’
.

J ea n R ousseau ; an d th e height of the art icle is two

inch es and a q uarte r and the width one i nch an d se ven
,

eighths . I t was purch ased at the Berna l sa l e for 31 53 . .

Al so the three fol lo wing watches , all of whi ch were

—
originally in the Berna l C ollection z A n oval sil ver
watch, richl y chased w ith arabesques an d scroll wor k .

T h e a plate is of gilt m eta l engraved ; th e l ength is

d i l -

t wo in ch es an d th re e e ighths, a nd the w id th on e inch

-

an d a h al f ; an d th e m a k er s na m e is R R idge tte
’
. This .

watch was purchased for 41 A n oc ta go nal sil ver pa rcel

.

il t w a tch , th e s id es, bac k, an d fron t of wh ich are

g
e n graved T he m aker s n am e is C C a rncel a S tras
’
. .

bou rg h and the he igh t is t wo inches, an d the width

one in ch and an eighth I t was bo ught for ten gu in eas
. .

A silver watch, the back of the cas e of which is

e m bossed to r esem bl e a rose T he m ak e r s nam e is
’
.

Benjam in R otherod d ; and the l en gth is on e in ch and

fi ve- eighths, a nd th e width on e i nch a n d a qu arter .

This art icle is of the se venteent h centu ry, an d it was

pu rchased for 71 1 58 I n th e sam e Museum is a watch
. .

i n a cr ystal case i n th e fo r m of a fleur d e-lis, by

-

G S en ez, horloger d a R oi, a R ouen, 1 6 6 0

. The .

size of th is art icl e is two i n ch es an d a hal f by on e inc h

an d a h al f ; an d i t was p urch ased for 1 21 A nd also

.

an oth er watch in a cr ystal case, ov al i n sh ape , an d

fa cet cut . Thi s is in size two in ches by one inc h ; its

date is thev h centu ry ; and it was purchased
se enteent

for 8 1 Mr J H eywood H awkins h as a sm all oval

. . .

silver watch en raved wit h flo wers on th e outer case

g , .

Jo Mid nall in Fleet S t

”
Th e m ak er was . Another .

existing watc h of gol d h as an em boss ed al l e orical

g
represe ntation of th e four S eas ons at th e back and ,
28 8 LORD SI NC L A I R A ND WA T C H .

wa tc h to see it was , h e gave i t to m y Lord

what hour
Pits ligo in his hand, and that he refuses to r es tore it ;
therefore cra ves to be res to red, and that h e m ay ha ve
the value of it p retio
f by his a
own o a t h
ed ion is,
T he .

D efe nder al leged and offers to prove that th e P ursuer

, ,

ha ving put his watc h in his hand as h e concei ves to , ,

see wha t ho ur it was a cc ord i ng to t he ordi na ry ci vility

, ,

th ey bein g both sitti ng in Parlia ment th e Lord S incla ir ,

p utting forth hi s han d for a sigh t of the watc h the ,

’
D efende r did in th e l ursuer s p resence put i t in his
’

han d without the Pursu er s contradiction which must ’

,

n ecessar il y import his cons e nt a nd li berate th e D e fe nder .

T he P urs uer ans wered : the D efender ha vi ng put forth

h is hand s ignifyi ng h is d esire to ca ll for th e watch th e
, ,

h
Pursu er put t e sa e m i n h is ha d
n — mean ing tha t which
is ordinary to lend the D efe n de r the watch to see wha t
,

—
hour it was which i mporteth the D efender s obligem ent ’

t o r estore the sa m e T he D efender s giving of th e watc h

’
.

to Lord S incl air was so subit an act that th e Pur s uer ,

coul d not prohi bit sp ec ial ly the y bein g sitting i n Par

,

li a m ent in the t im e ; a n d ther efore his sile n ce ca n not

, ,

i m port a consent T he Lords (i e of S ession) re pell ed

. . .

t he D efen ce but woul d n ot suffer the pr ice of the wa tc h

”
to be prov en by th e P ursu er s oath bu t p r out dc j a r s
’

, .

I n a n ewspaper of 1 678 appea red the foll owi ng

adve rtisem ent Lost or stolen the 3d insta nt a G ol d ,

Watch with a steel C hain the C ase studded with ,

G ol d an d li n ed wi th pink coloured S atti n a b unch of

, ,

small green taflata ri bon ty d to i t

’
Who can give
'

n otice th ereof to Mr R ichar d C ooke next door to the

.

S tar I nn in th e S tran d n ear C hairing cr oss shall ha ve -

,

403 or if it be bought there m on e y again with con ten t

.
, .

”
T he Watch m aker s nam e is H enricus Toung
’
.

I n th e ac count of cha rges for work done by a gold

 T R A V E LL I NG WA T C H E S . 289

sm it h in February 1 679 we find the foll owing

, ,

for dr asi ng a wa ch kee y 31 , .

I n the A utobio graph y an d An ecdotes by Willi am

Tas wel l , 1 6 5 1—1 68 2 publ ish ed by th e C am den
,

S ociety in 18 5 3 we r ea d , After th is I nev er

was wi thout m on ey as lon g as I sta yed in th e u n i v er
s it I bo h t v r al books cl oth es i l v er hil ted -
y
. u
g se e a s , ,

s word a gol d watch an d m a n y cup s besid e s a gr eat

, , ,

n um ber of bo ws an d ar ro ws w ith which I exercised

,

m yself som eti m es and at n o s m all price

, I n short .
,

wha te ver m y desi re cou l d fan cy I h ad .

I n the S outh Kensington Museu m is a gol d watch ,

t he case of whi ch is en a m el l ed in bl ue with a bor d er of

flowers in col our ed enam el s T h e d ial pl ate an d int erior
.
-

of th e cas e are e n amell ed ; in th e l atter is an oval

m ed alli on with a fig ure of Miner va pa in ted T he .

m aker s n am e i s Pieter VVresback Heghe

’

, ,

T he di am eter is on e in ch a nd three eighth s This watc h -

.

was p urc has ed at the Bern al sa l e for 6 1 Al so a gol d .

en a m el led w atch the m aker of which was Pierre

,

D uham el 1 680 T he height is on e in ch and a hal f

, . ,

an d th e wid th on e in ch an d a q uarter This ar ti cl e .

l ike wise was bou ght at th e Ber n al sal e for 71 1 58 . .

Al s o a carriage watch with a sil ve r dial an d r ichl y

-
,

engrav ed an d perforate d gil t m etal case The d ia meter

-
.

is thre e in ch es an d a quarte r T he watch was pur .

c has ed for 4 1 Also a clock or trav elling watc h in

.
, ,

g il t m eta l w ith ,a r ed l eat h er ca se fi ve i n ch e s sq ua re ,

.

T he heigh t is two inches an d three q uar ters T he .

articl e w as p u rchased for 8 1 Also a sil ver carriage

.

watc h the o uter cas e o f which is em bossed wi th th e

,

sto ry of Al exan d e r an d D iogen es T h e i nner cas e is .

ch as ed an d perfo r ated wi th ara besque orn am en ts I t is .

belie ved to be Augsburg work about 1 6 90 ; its height ,

U
 R OU E NWA T C HES .

is four inches and a hal f, and its width four in ch es ;

an d i t was bo u ht for 141
g .

I n the London G aze tte for O cto ber 21 5t to 24th,

‘

1 6 8 9, was the fo ll owin g ad ve rtise ment Los t the

2l st Instant between the H ay Market near C ha ri ng
C ross and th e R umme r in Queen S treet near C heap
si d e, a r ound G ol d Pe n dul u m W atch of a n in d ifi e r e nt
'

s mal l s ize , shewin t h hours and m in utes, th e Pen

g e

dulum went wi th a strait S pring, it was m ade by H en ry

Jo es, Watc hmaker in the T emple, the O ut C as e had a
n -

C yphe r pin d on it, a nd the S hagreen m uch worn

’
If
.

i t com es to your hands , you are desire d to bring i t to

th e said Mr Jon es, or Mr S nag, a goldsmi th in L n m
. .

”
ba rd S tr eet, and you shall have two G uin eas Re ward .

A t a m eeting of the British Ar chaeol ogical Asso

c iation , h eld on D ece m ber l 0th , 18 6 2, Mr Bas k c omb
.

exh ibited so me art icl es whic h h ad b een fou nd in ma kin

g
al terations in the Man or House, C hislehurst, K en t .

A m ong them was a sil ver watc h, which was di scovered

in a sm all cupboard that had l ong si nce been buil t up i n
a wa ll i n a pas sa e Th is watch was of the secon d h al f
g.

of the seven teent h centu r y, an d an i n ch and a q ua rter

in d iamete r . T h e fa c e was cover ed wi th a c on vex

g l as s ; and th e dial, of b ri ll ia nt e m er al d
g r een t r a n s

lucid e n am el, was surr ounded by a c ircl e of white

e na m el , on which the ho urs wer e m arked in R o ma n

n u mera ls , and the h al f hours wi th dots i n bla ck

-
. T he
i lt h a n d s wer e el egantl y perforate d , as wa s l ik e wise
g ’
the cock . O n th e plate was engra v ed th e m a ker s
”
n am e , R oumieu a R ouen T h e m eta l cas e was
.

cov ere d w ith bl ack l eather , deck ed w it h k not wo rk an d

-

nu mer ou s r osettes of sil v er piqu é . R ouen was o nce

fa mous for i ts watc h es, an d the Hubert famil y s ee m to
have been the chief makers there during th e sev en
292 PE NDU LU M S PR I NG .

t ween four ea
gl es displa yed
pa ssan t T he , five lions .

bac k of the inn e r case was engra ved re pr e se n ti n g a ,

e ntl eman an d a lady who h el d a bow L a d y F l l o w

g , e s .

h as a ver y sm all ro un d gold watch with a whi te e na m el l ed ,

dial in an oute r m etal cas e of gold piqué on l e ath e r ;

,

th e m aker be ing S al o m on C h esn on a Blois D im in a , .

tive watches en closed in quain t ca ses n ot infre qu en tl y ,

enam ell ed we re chi efly m ad e at B l ois i n th e O r l ea n

, ,

nois a ci ty once fam o us for its horolo y I n th e

, g .

museum of the Archaeological I nsti tute is pre ser ved a

watch rather sm a ller tha n th e above na m ed n a util us
,
-

ex am p l e in a r ibbe d sil ver cas e of th e sa m e m an u

, ,

facture and abo ut th e sa m e da te the m ak er be ing

, ,
”
M Alais Blois
. I t was p resen ted by the R e v B
, . . .

W ickham of T wyford A t a m e etin g of th e same

,
.

Institute held on April 7th 1 8 54 Mr C har les Tucker

, , , .

exh ib ite d a sm al l ov al watc h i n th e for m o f a she l l of , ,

sil v er en a m ell ed with a c rystal ov er the fa ce

, T he .

”
m ak er s na m e is Hen r y Beraud fecit
’
.

A great improv emen t was com menced in w atch

m aking in 1 6 5 8 by the invention of the spi ral or
, ,

pend ulum spring applied to the arbor of th e ba lance

, ,

by which m ea ns effects wer e prod uced in its vibra ti ons

sim il ar to the action of gra vity on the pen dul u m of a

c l ock . Prior to th is in ve ntion th e per for man ce of ,

watch es was very irregul a r se r vin g to gi ve th e time ,

onl y app roxim ately T he fir st id ea of th e pen du lum

.

spr ing is attrib uted to D r H ooks th e ce l eb ra ted m a .

,

th em atician wh o origin ate d i t in 1 6 5 8 ; bu t i n 1 6 6 0

,

th e in v en ti on was im p roved an d i n 1 6 75 it was skil ,

fu l l y ca rri ed ou t by Thom as Tompi on th e cel ebrated ,

watc hm aker u n d er Dr H ooke s superin ten d ence

’
. .
,

Tompion made a watch with a pend ul um spring for

C harles I L wi th this inscription
,
R obt B ooks in .
,
 C HAR L E S Il .
’
s WA T C H . 293

v e nit Thos T ompion fecit 1 6 75

1 65 8 . . A t a m eet , .

i ng of th e Archaeol ogical Institute h el d on April 4 th , ,

1 8 62 the R e v G regory R hod es exhibite d a sil v er

'

.
,

w a tch the m ove ment of wh ich h ad a r egul atin g spr ing

, ,

a nd was be l i ev ed to h av e be en m ade u nder the di rce

ti on of Dr Hook e I t h ad b een pr eser ved with the

. .

fa m ily trad ition that it was presen ted by C harles II to .

C a ptain N ich ol as T atter ell thr ough whose l oyalty that ,

king was conv eyed to Fran ce a fter his defeat at W or

cester in 1 65 1 H e was r eward ed with a pe nsi on which
.
,

was contin ued for thr ee gen erations A slab in th e old .

churc hyar d at Brighton r ecords h is death in 1 6 74 .

Mr Morgan who in his observ ati ons on watc h making

.
, ,

i n the A rchaeol ogia vol xxiii p 93 d escribes Dr

’
, . .
, .
, .

H ooke s im prove m en ts is of opinion th at this watch

’

was mad e not earli er than 1 6 75 but pr obabl y to wards

'

the en d of th e se venteenth century Prior i n hi s .

,

who earn ed
’
E ssay on L earni ng says that To m pion , ,

a well des er ved r ep uta tion for his adm i ra bl e improv e

-

ments in the art of clock and watch m aki ng but parti ,

cul arl y i n the la tter origin all y was a far ri er an d began

, ,

his great knowl edge in the equation of tim e by r egu

latin g the wheels of a j ack to roast m eat H e died in
1 71 3 Hi s portrai t engraved in m ezzo tinto by S mith
.
,
-

after a pai nting by Kn ell er whi ch r epresents hi m in a ,

plain coat showing the insi de of a watch was published

, ,

in 1 6 97 Tompion was so jeal ous of his reputation as

.

a watchmaker that h e woul d n ot let his n a m e appear

,

on any of his work which was n ot th e best o f its kin d ;

and it is rel ate d that on the occasion of a person

applyi ng to hi m on the su bj ect of a watc h u po n whi ch

his nam e fraud ul entl y appeared he at on ce broke it ,

with a hamm er an d presen ted an other on e to the per

,
”
son saying
, S ir here is a watch of m y maki ng
, , .
 N
R E FE A T I G WA T C HE S .

ri al clai m
v to the inv ention of the ri n to regul a te
p
s
g
the acti o n of bal wheel which was un dou bted l y
th e ance -
,

devised by Dr Hooke an d brought into use by Tom pio n

. . ,

was m ade by H uygen s an d al s o by a F r en chm a n ; bu t

,

th e credi t of th is im portan t di scover y a ppears to be fa irl y

d ue to our own cou ntr y John Haute vil le an inge
.
,

n ious m echan ic an d th e a u th or of a gr ea t m an y cu ri ou s
,

p a m ph l ets who was bo r n at O rl ea ns in 1 6 4 7 a n d died

, ,

i n 1 724 cl aim ed to be th e in v en to r of the m ethod of

,

mak ing watch es wi th spir al spri n gs .

U ntil n early the close of the seventeenth centur y

watch es had o nl y one h and n a m el y th at w hich po in ted , ,

t o the hours ; but by th e appl ica ti on of the pen dul um

sprin g and th e m ean s th e r eby affor de d for r egu lati ng
,

the oscillations to th e g reatest n icety watches n ow ,

perform ed with su ch precision th at mi nute an d w heel ,

hands wh ich m ade the revol ution of th e dial e very

,

hour were soon added and so the s mall er subdi vi si ons

, ,

of tim e were i n dicated This im prove ment is sa id to

.

h av e been m ade by Daniel Quare a quaker and a , ,

fam ous Lon don cloc km ak er of that per iod Many of .

the ol d watch es wer e th en a l ter ed to r eceiv e the spiral

S prin gs an d oth er l ater im p rov e m en ts .

I n 16 76 D an iel Q uare in v en ted th e r epeating m ove

ment in watc hes by whic h they were m ade to strik e
,

at p l eas u r e A repea ting watc h or a repeater is one

.
-
, ,

that is suppli ed with mec han ism by putting whi ch ,

in acti on the wear er is enabl ed a t an y t ime to s ees t

,

tai n by th e vibratin g sou n d th e hou r withi n ce rta in

lim its . This is usu al ly effected by compressi ng a
spri ng wh ich causes a ham m er or hamm ers to stri k e
,

on a hell th e hour s an d qu ar ters A nd h ere we ma y .

in tr odu ce what Bolingbroke says in the fou r th of his

Letters on the S tudy of His tory 1 7 1 1 in relation to ’
, ,
296 J A ME S II .
’
s WA T C H .

up to a fort, and on the sea is a sh ip under sail Thi s .

case i s al so beautiful ly engrav ed an d pierced with sc roll

work, ornam ented with cann on, m o rta rs, shot, s hells ,
kettl e drums, colours, and other trophies of war, an d
-

with crowns, sceptres, a nd other emblems of r oya l ty .

Th e face is of gol d with black R oman l etters for th e

hours, and figures for the minutes I n th e centre is a .

piece of pierced work in gol d upon blue s te el , rep re

sentin g th e letters J R R J combin ed so as to appear
. . .

like an ornamental scroll , above which is the r oyal

cro wn . T he box is exquisitel y pierced with sc r oll work
interm ixed wi th birds an d flowers ; about th e h inge is
engraved a lan dscape, with a sh epherd sitting u n der a

tree, pl aying upon a pipe, wit h a dog at h is feet, and

houses, tr ees, &c , i n the distance O n the back of the
. .

box two circul ar lin es are drawn, between which is

the foll owing inscription James I L gl oria De o in
excelsis sine pretio redi m i m i ni malfl l ege ablatu n bno .

’
R egi restituitur . Within the ci rcle descri bed within
t he in n er l ine i s engr av ed a figure of J ustice in th e
cl ouds, recli ni ng u pon h er l eft el bo w, th e han d holdin g

the scal es ; i n her r ight han d is a sceptr e, wit h whi ch

sh e points to three bishops beneath her, with an al tar

befor e them O n on e side of the al tar is the Tower of

.

London , with a group of 26 men ca rrying bags (I pre

sume inte nded to r epres ent m oney ) O n the other sid e
.

is a vi ew of the C ity of London in perspecti ve , and a

o u p o f 2 9 m en carry ing simil ar bags, of whi ch t here
g r

are se veral more l yin g in the for eground ; un der al l a

l ion and a lamb are l ying together T he watc h is con

.

sid erably thicker than, bu t oth erwise n ot much above,

the comm on size ; and ever y part of the engra ving

beautiful and distinct I t goes accuratel y, and is in a
.

”
perfect state of preser vation .
 QU A RE A ND B A R L O W .
297

A patent was gran ted to Daniel Quar e on Aug ust

2nd, 1 6 95, for th e invention of a porta bl e w eather glass
-

or barom et er H e was m uch respecte d by th e trade to

.

whi ch he belonged March 30th

. A t his fu neral, on ,

1 724 m ost of th e watchmakers in Lon don were pre

,
’
sent . H e was interred in the Quakers buryi ng ground
at Bunh il l F i eld s S ev eral artists fo ll o wed in th e same
.

l in e as h imself particu lar l y Tompion Julien L e R oy

, , ,

C olli er Lar cay an d T hiou t

, , .

Q l l m
’
ua t e s r i v al Ed wa r d B ar o w w
,ho s e r ea n a e was ,

Booth was born near Warri ngton and ordai ned in the
, ,

E nglish C ollege at Lis bon H e took the name of Ban .

lo w fr om his godfa ther Ambrose Bar low a Benedi ctin e , , ,

wh o suflered at L ancas te r for hi s rel igion

’

Dodd in .
,

his C hurch H istor y says of Barl ow H e has often

’

tol d me that a t his first perusin g of E ucl id tha t author ,

was as easy to him as a n ewspaper H is name and .

fa me are p erpetuated for being the invento r of th e

pendulum watches ; but accord ing to the us ual fate of
m ost p rojecto rs whil e oth ers were great gain ers by hi s
,

i ngenuity Mr Barl ow had never been considered on

, .

that occas ion had not Mr Thom pson (accid entall y be

, .

comin g ac q uainted with th e in v en to r s name) m ade hi m

’

a presen t of 2001 H e publish ed a treatis e on the origin

.

of sp rings win d and the flux an d r eflux of th e sea

, , ,

8 vc 1 71 4 an d died about two years after wards n earl y

, , ,
”
eighty one years of age
- .

T h e R ev G S W as ey has a magnificent gol d re

. . .

eater by Tom pi on apparentl y as good as ev er i t was,

p ,

and we ighi ng over six ounces Madam e Beauzalie of .

,

Paris had a large gol d repeating watch set with dia

,
-
,

monds and th at chi med th e hours

, I t formerl y be .

l onged to the King of S pain I n th e S outh Kensington .

Museum is a gilt metal repeating watch chased and - -

,
298 WA TC H E S I NPO RT RAI T S .

p ierced the sid es bei ng ornam en ted with hunting sub

,

e cts an d th e back wi th scr ol l work ; th e d ial is e n rav e d

j ,
’
g
a nd il t T h m ak er s n am e is Tho m as Tayl o r in H o l
g . e ,

bo nrn ; the diam ete r is t wo inch es and a quar ter ; an d

t h e articl e was pu rchased at the Ber nal sale for 31 1 08 . .

I n th e Phil osophical Transactions appea rs an

acco un t by G od fr e y W il liam d e Le ibn itz of h is po rt

ab l e watches in 1 6 75 , This emin ent m athe matician

.

a nd phil osoph er was bo rn at Leip zi g in 1646 an d di ed ,

in 1 7 1 6 .

I n 1 6 8 0 C lement, a Lon don cl ockm aker, i nvented

h
t e a n c h or -
esc ape m e n t ; an d in 1 6 95 Thom as T o m pi on

i nv ented th e cyl i nder esca p eme n t, wi th th e horizon tal

-

wheel ; but t h is pl an was not brough t in to use until th e

foll o wing cen tury .

T h e en gra ved portrait of Ed ward Backwell , Al der

m an of London , who d ied in 1 6 79, was pu blish ed ; it
p
r e re sen ts flo wer ed go wn , wi th a watc h
h im in a In a .

all e ry a t Ha mpton C o u rt Pa lace is the po rtrait of a

g
m an with a watc h in h is ha n d, the artist bein g Pete r
Van Aelst who flourished in
, y th e v
s e en tee nt h cen tu r .

Ther e is ex ta nt a roun d sil ver wa tch with do ubl e ,

case of th e t im e of W il liam I I I
,
which measures up
wa rds of two inch e s i n diam eter a n d on e in ch and a ,

q uarter in th ickn ess I n the ce n tre of the dial plate is

.
-

c has ed a sh i el d with an esca l op sh ell and a satyr s

’
-
,

head ; and on it is engraved th e maker s na m e W ise ’

, ,
”
R ea ding T h e hours are in R oman n um era ls th e
.
,

m inutes m ark ed with strokes with the five minutes ,

distingu ished in Arabic n um bers on ovals outside the

ci rcl e of strok es T h e figur es ar e engra v ed on sil v er
.

fill e d i n wi th bl ack enamel T he hand s are of bl ue

.

steel . O n th e back pl ate is inscrib e d -

Luke Wise ,

R eading ; an d th e cock is very richly wro ught .

 S KU L L W A T C H .

of the blind was e xhibited by Mr Dent i n . 1 8 5 1 ; it was

of his m anufactu re
ow n .

A satiri cal poem, published in 1 6 90, entitl ed Mun

d us Muliebris, descr ibing a fas hio nabl e lady s toil ette ,
’ ’

sa s y
Gol d is her tooth pick, gol d her watch is ,
A n d gold is ev ery th ing she to uch es
”
.

I n th e sam e poem reference is m ade to the lad y s

’

dia mond cre ch e, which was th e hook to whi ch were

chai n ed th e wearer s watch, seals , in ta gli os, and the
’

T he E nglish watchmakers of th e sevente enth century

beca m e so fam ous in their craft that l est inferior articles ,

shoul d be sol d abr oad as th eir prod ucti ons a l aw was ,

passed in 1 6 98 obliging all m akers to put their n ames

on the ir w atches .

Lad y Fellows has the foll owing watches all of ,

wh ch are of the seventeenth cen tury

i — A sil ver watc h ,

th e outer cas e of which is in th e form of a sku ll ; on the

”
back is an hour glass and the word s I ncertite hora
-
, ,
”
[E ste m a respice and other sen ten ces
,
T h e case .

opens at the lower jaw T he m aker was J C Vuolf . . . .

A sil ver cross opening to contain a watch but th e works ,

are abse n t T he n um erals are en gra v ed a nd outs i de is

.
,

a lamb engrav ed ; at the l ower en d is a seal m ar ked ,

with th e sac r ed monogram A crystal cas ed watc h by

.
-

J ean R ousseau in the form of a cross with gil t en

, ,

g ra v e d d ia l p l ate an
-
d sm a l l sil v er di al wit h a l a n dsca pe ,

in the cen tre A n oval m etal gil t watch by John

.
-

W righte engraved with sacr ed subj ects an d inscri p

,

tions ; roun d the si d e is a sil ver band of scr iptural sub

j ect s and ins ide th e li ds th e cr ucifix an d th e offering s
,

of th e M agi A gil t metal oval watch with a sil ver

.
-
,
”
belt inscribed Vigila te et orate quia nescitis horam
, , .
 T U L I P WA TC H . 301

I t ha s an engra e v d l
dia p ate,
- l
with a l an dscape in th e
ce n tr e , and a sil ver A m etal
ri n
g wi th n um e r al s .

watc h ca se in th e form of a book th e cover be in g

-
,

pierced to show the hours m arked on th e dial A squ ar e .

tabl e watch wi th iron works an d gil t dia l pl ate fitting

-
,
-
,

in to a sil ver case A n oval sil v er tul ip shape d watc h

.
-

by Thom as Han de th e pr ojecting leaves be ing chased

,

in a chequ ered pattern T he sil ver engraved dial has .

-

a landsca p e m th e cen tr e an d a cr y stal face A l arge , .

ro und watch case wi thou t works ; it h as a bell an en

-
,

rav ed dial pl ate and a p ier ce d bac k an d fron t of

-
g ,

a rabesq ue sc roll s A round sil v er r epeate r and alaru m

.

watch with a pierced an d e ngrav ed side of B acchu s on

, ,

a cask and flo wers

, I t h as a sil ver d ial plate with
.
-
,

il t ntr e an d an ou ter sh agree n cas e A r ou nd sil ver

g ce , . .

re peate r an d al ar um wa tch by P iq ue t h R e nn es with a , ,

si lver gil t ce n tr ed dial p l ate

-
A round sil ver al ar um
-
.

re pea ter watch by E li as W eekerlin ir Z u g with p ie rce d , ,

flo wer back sil v er dial gilt cen tr e a n d a ste el key

, , A , .

sm all roun d sil ver watc h by J B Vu icar a Z u g with a . .

, ,

stee l han d an d an engrav ed sil ver d ial pl ate

, A cry stal -
.

case d watc h by A ym e Noel carv ed wi th flute d rays , ,

havin g a sil ver dial and en cl osed in a s il v er ou ter case .

A n oval crystal cas ed watch by C roym ari e ca rv ed with

-
,

c ross l in es a nd pel l ets

- engr a v ed gi lt face a n d si l ver
, ,

dial A round sil ver wa tch case chased with vertical

.
-
,

an d cur v ed l in es an d flowers betwee n wi th a s il v er di al ,

.

A sma ll oval sil ver gil t plai n watc h by R ober t G rinkin

-
,

of Lon do n wit h cr ystal face a nd s il ver d ial

,
A large .

oval repeater watch with m eta l O pen scroll s ide rou nd

-
,
-

the bel l sil ver back and d ial

,
T he n am e on th e w orks .

”
is H ieros me G r ebauul A n oval m etal rep eater .

watch wi th pierced back small sil ver di a l and la nd

, , ,

sca pe in th e centre A large sil ver rep eater watch by

.
-
 O VAL WA TC H E S .

Jean Vallier h Lyon wi th p ie rced floriated orna ment

, ,

and wh ite en am e ll e d d ial p late A r ound sil ver watch -

.

by H enry T erol d of Ips wich with chased interl ac ing

, ,

bands and sil ver di al A round sil v er watch by Louis

, .

H erve with flu ted rays and wh ite ena melled fac e A u

, .

oval sil ver watch by Dupont h C astr es with engrav ed , ,

sid e of b irds an d sq ui r r els; e n gra v ed dial plate wi th

,
-

index es to show th e hour d ays of the week a n d m o nth , ,

age of th e m oo n a nd con stell ation ; inside th e cov er is

,

fitte d a sun d ial with box for a com pass , A n o val .

watch by G Benard wit h op en gilt meta l si d es sil ver

.
,
-
,

back an d front ; inside the cover is a sun di al without the

g nomon t he di al pl ate is en graved with cheru b b ir ds
-
, ,

an d d ogs and has a sil ver ring with n u m erals

, A n ov al .

il
-
t m e ta l w atc h by Pa us it R en n es i n pl ain cas es
g p , , ,

with gilt dial plate a nd sil v er r in g of n um erals

-
, An .

oval s ilver watc h by W ill iam North of London with , ,

il t f ce an d t wo d ial s showin th d f th w k d
g a , g e a
y o e ee a n

m onth the hour an d the age of the m oon

, ,
A n ova l .

”
m etal repea te r watch by O n C as in a Aut un
-
wi th , ,

pla in cas es an d pierced side and a gilt C h atelaine ,

w ith fili gr ee cen tr es A plain oval m etal watch with .

,

black n umerals a nd steel hour hand an d n o m inutes -

, .

A n oval m e tal watch with en gr av ed s il v e r ba n d rou n d ,

the sid e S ilv er dial en gr a v e d with Ti m e V c a ns a nd

, , , ,

C upid and gilt border

, A n o val m etal gilt watch by .
-

Augustin F orfard S edan with pla in cases s il ver r in g of

, , ,

n u m erals on gil t gro un d a n d s te el hou r h an d A n oval ,

-
.

sil v er wa tc h by C G illier it B ern e with en graved bor

.
, ,

d ers an d cen tre subj ects sil ve r ring of n u m e rals on dial ,

plate engraved with a l an dscape and chas ed bor der

, , .

A r ound sil ver r epeater alarum watc h by C oll e t a

‘
-
,

R o uen with pierced floriated side an d sil ve r d ial S ho w

, , ,

i ng the hour an d days of the m onth A round silver .

304 PE DE S T A L WA T C H .

G irard, of Blois, the back a nd dial of green transl ucent

en am el , wh ite bord er, and engra v ed wi th flowers Mr . .

G eorge Fiel d has a squa re gilt pedestal w atch by

F erment, of London, with figur es of F aith, Hepe, and
C harity a t the angl es ; a nd another w ith two s mall
m edal lions of bu sts of th e electors of G er m any on each
side ; four C u pids at th e top ; set all o ver w ith ga rn e ts

an d d iam on ds ; rest in g on a b as e su ppor ted by four

ea gl es, and garl ands be tween T he h eight is t wo i nches

.

and thr e e q ua rte rs . Mr S Addin gton has a r ou nd

. .

watch, with a pa inted en am el case of Ven us an d Adonis.

in an ou ter cas e of l e a ther orn a m en ted with go ld studs
in flower patterns . Also a circular en amel led watch by
S ti el er, 21 Be rl in, pain ted with th e R a pe of E uropa , a nd

portraits rou nd th e edge Al so a m etal circular watch,

.

with e nam el led pai nti ng of Mars an d Ve nus Al so an .

e na m ell ed watc h with a por tra it of W ill ia m 111 on .

horseback at the battl e of the Boyne i n fr ont O n the .

dial is pa in ted S t G eorge and the D ragon I t is i n a

. .

g o l d per forate d ou ter cas e . A l so a watch of qu a tre foil

for m , with a rin g of ru by enam el in th e c entr e roun d

th e side a r e ston e m edall io ns wi th bl u e en a m ell ed
fr am es ; r est ing on a s wi vel fram e of sil ve r gilt, c h as ed
-

with m as ks a nd d ol ph in s Th e R ev J Bec k h as a
. . .

ol d w atc h by Bo u s t, o f Lon d on , in a painte d ena m el

g g
case of V en u s an d Ado n is ; on the d ia l is a portr ait of a

lady of th e tim e of C harl es II , an d inside are l and

.

sca pes . Lord W il louglrby de E resby h as a gol d r epea ter

watch by G ra ham , of Lon don ; the outer case bein g
in laid with enam el flowers Also a gol d watc h by
.

D in gl e y, of Lo ndon ; th e cas e bein g ornam en te d with

ap l i ue ol d flo wer s e n am e ll ed ; on the dial are inl aid
p q g
e na m el flowers . I t has a singl e hour-hand , and no
seconds . Also a gold wat h by Pierre Lagissa, wi th
c
 NDE
S I MO C H A R ME S . 305

enam ell e d back and di al with painted mal e and femal e

,

figures and landscapes roun d th e sides an d in side the

case ; and a co ral b ead chain
-
Al s o a gol d watch with
.

back ornamente d wi th engine tu rn ed steel and a rosette

-
,

i n the centre of r ubies a nd d iamonds diamond han ds ,

an d bord er r ound th e d ial .

There i s extan t a v ery handsom e repeating watch -

,

which is still in good order an d was made by S im on

,

De C harm es an e min ent London watc hmak er wh o

, ,

flou ris hed a bout th e begin ni ng of th e last cen tury He .

built a house at Ham mersmi th which is now call ed ,

G rove H all T he esta te conta ined about twen ty five

.
-

acr es . About 1 730 his son David De C harmes resided

, ,

here and was buried in the churchyard in which is now

, ,

a rav eston e to th e m emory of sev eral m em bers of this

g
I t is said in F aul kn er s Histo ry of Ham mer
’
fam il y .

sm i th that th e an cestor of this fa mil y cam e to Engl and

’
,

at the tim e of th e r evocati on of the E di ct of Nan tes .

 C HAPT ER I X .

Watch Js welli ng I nvented Ni hc olas

F accio R eturn of a L a t
Watc h mentioned in th e T atler S teel e s Propon i for a ovel
'
N
Watch G eorge L s Watch T he O ld Preterrd er s Watch S i r
' '

C hristoph er Wre n s Watch T h e H orizon tal E sca pem en t

'

G ra
ha m s Wa tc hes
'
C ha te la ine Watc h es S ir I n ao e wton s Wa tch N ’

Pri nce C ha rles E d ward S tuart s Watc h

’
G us tavus A d ol p h us
g iv es a W a tc h W a tch m a kin g a t C o v e n try A d v er ti se m en t of a
L ost Watch L ord G eo rge L yttl eton s Li nes with 11 W atc h
’

L o rd C o b ham robbed of 11 Watch Bea uma rchais L ines on a

W atc h Perpetual Motion Wa tc h projec te d by the Ma rq u is of
W rcester Verses w
o ith a R epe a ti ng Wa tch
-
A S oo th sa yin g
Watchmaker C ount H rabl e Watc h es Watc h maki ng S c h ool s in
’

S pai n S tran ge R ecovery of a L a t Watc h obl e W a tc h m akera N

C urious L iliputian Wa tc h presente d to G eorge I I I T h e Wa tch .

S pir itual ized T h e Moral i ty of Watch es .

N I C H O LA S FA C C I O of Ba ill er a mathematician who

, , ,

was bor n at G en e va or Bas l e on Fe b ruar y l 6 th 1 6 64

, , , ,

is said to h ave firs t in ven ted th e applica tion of jewels

to watc h work to di min ish the friction of the pivots at
, ,

t he begi nnin g of th e l ast ce nt ur y Th e ex pe rim ent .

was ho wever tried m u ch ea rl ier

, ,
T o Fac cio bel ongs .

the m e rit of ha vi n g been th e first to discov er a n d a ppl y

the art of piercin g r ubies to receiv e the pivots of th e
,

balan ce-wh eel prior to or about the year 1 700 I n

, , , .

the London G azette of May 1 l th 1 704 we rea d , ,

H er Maj es ty h a vin g gran te d to Mr N icholas Faccio .

,

en tl em a n of th e R oya l S o cie ty Peter De ba ufres and

g , ,

J acob Debaufr es watchmakers her l etters patent &e

, , ,
.
,

for th e sol e use i n E nglan d &c for 14 y ea rs of a n ew

, .
, ,

art i n ve nted by t h em of figu ring and working precio u s

, ,

or co m m on ston es crys tal or gl ass a nd cer tain other

, ,
308 IVA TC H JE WE LL I NG .

sol e appl ying precious and m ore common stones i n

cl ocks an d watch es viz That Parliament had be en
, .

petition ed against the Bill and that the peti tio ners h ad
,

been heard by C ounsel before the C ommittee on the

Bill who had made such amen dm ents to it that th e y
,

thought i t best to destr oy it a nd ha d therefor e str u ck ,

out al l r ts ther eof save the wor ds Be i t E n acted a nd

’

p a ,

re ported acco rdi ngl y T he Master also ac quainted t he

.

C ourt that in the proofs b rought agai nst th e B ill th ere

,

was an old watch p rod uced ma d e by Ig nati us H uggeford

, ,

that had a stone fixed in th e cock an d bal a nc e wor k ,

that was of gr eat use to satis fy the C omm ittee ; a n d it

was ord ered t hat th e Re nte r W a rden do bu y th e said
watch if h e can to be k ept for the m em bers of th e
, ,

C ourt T he sam e was bought a ccor di ngly of H e nr y

.

Masson for 21 ,
b e havi ng bou ght it of Henr y S ca le
.
,
”
and i t was pl aced in the Mas te r s h an ds
’
.

There appea rs to be a touch of sarcas tic h u mour

a bout t h e passage which we hav e italicised above T he .

watch p u rchased by th e compa ny was exhibite d by th em

to th e S ociety of Anti quaries of London on Ju n e 8 th ,

1 848 I t was m ade before th e u se of the pendul u m

.

sp rin g an d had a l arge am ethyst m ou n ted in th e c oc k

,
.

H u ggeford was a London m ak er A pamphlet pub .

,

lis hed in 1 704 purports to conv ey th e R eas ons o f the

E nglish C l ock and Watchm akers against the Bill to
c onfirm th e pretende d n ew I n venti on of u sing precious

an d com m on S ton es a bo ut Watches C l ocks and other , ,

E n gin es and another co ntains R easons h um bl y

offered by th e Jewellers D iam ond C utters Lapidari es
, , ,

En gra vers in S tone &c against the Bill for Jewel

,
.
,

W atches ”
.

By the C amden S ociety s O riginal Letters vol ’

, .

xxi ii we find that D r William D erham wrote to R ichard

. .
 NI C H OLA S FA C C IO . 309

T own el ey on Mar ch 28 th 1 7 05 , , as foll ows T he

n e w con trivan ce of a ppl ying precious sto nes to watches
I had th e good fortune to see when Mr Facio t he .
,

i nven te r an d an ingeni ous m an an d Mr D ebau fre

, , .
,

the wor km an presen ted their watc hes to ha ve the

, ,

appr oba tion of the Ro yal S ociety I found they had a .

better opinion of their in vention than I coul d have for

I n ever thought it to deserve an A ct of Parliament .

O n e of these contr ivances I r em em ber I saw

som e y ears befor e in a l ar e wood en hous e watch con
g
trived a nd m ade by one Mr VVestell an ingeni ous .
,
”
g e nt l e m an in Lo n do n .

Faccio seems to have been a good scholar an d an ,

in geni ous ma n Bishop Burnet in the first letter of

.
,

h is Tra vels d ated S eptember 1 68 5 speaks of h im as

’

, , ,

a n i nco mparable m ath ema tician an d phil osoph er In .

1 6 87 h e ca m e to Englan d an d m ade th e acquain tance ,

of S ir Isaa c Ne wton H e was a teacher of m ath em ati cs

.

in S pitalfields and b eing earl y on e of the Fr en ch

,

prophets be em pl oyed his pen with som e acuteness and

, ,

muc h appearance of piety in their behalf becom ing th eir ,

c hi ef secre ta ry a nd commi tting th eir wa rni ngs to wr iting

, .

I n 1 707 Dr Am es one of th eir broth er hood hav in g

.
, ,

l a tel y di ed these im postors gave n oti ce that h e woul d

,

rise again wi thin a fortnight G uards ho wever were .

, ,

placed at his grave to prevent any tr icks bei ng played .

A t l ast N ic holas Faccio John D etu de and Elias M a rion

, ,

were pr osecuted at the charge of th e F ren ch chur ches

in Lon don an d sentenced by th e C ou rt of Quee n s
’

Ben ch to s tand twice on a scaffol d at C haring C ross

and the R oyal Exchange with a pa per de n oting thei r ,

ofien ce as distu r bers of the pub lic pea ce an d fal se

'

rO h ets F a cci o was too l avish in th e prosecution of

p p .

i n ventions and projects whi ch n ever r epaid him ,

He .
31 0 NI C H O L A S F AC CI O .

died Worcester in 1 75 3 Many of his origi nal

at .

l etters and pa pers a re in the B ritish_ M use um ; a n d

a mo n
g th e m i s one of h is La ti n poems en title d N ,
.

F acn Du ell er n A uriac us Th rone S er vetu s m wh ic h h e -

,

c l ai ms to him sel f th e m er it of ha vin g sa v ed W i ll iam

I II from falling into the han ds of the F renc h by a

.

stratag e m of C o un t Fe nil a Pied m ontes e whi ch Facci o , ,

very fortunatel y rende red a bortive in 1 6 8 6 I n th e .

beginn ing of th at poem wh ich con ta in s a c urious ,

narrati v e of th e whol e afia ir he l en gthil y a nd n ot

'

i nel egantl y d escribes the j e wel watc hes of whi ch h e -

cl ai med to be th e first i nventor .

I n the S outh Kensi ngton M useu m is a gol d watch in

a ch ased and em bossed ou ter case ; th e gol d di al is als o

c has ed Th e m aker s nam e is D e ban fire of Lon don

’ '

. .
,

T he dia m eter is one in ch and th ree quar ters This - .

watch was pu r ch as ed at the Be rn al sal e for 1 1 1 1 03 . .

Mr A J B Ber esfor d Hope has a squar e green

. ., . .

e n am ell ed wa tch with a pa inte d d ial th e m aker be in g

, ,

D ebau fer of Lo ndon Probabl y both of these watc hes

, .

were m ade by F accio s cc patentees ; al thoug h th e or

’
-

thography of the n ames d iffers .

Besides the abov e Mr Hope has also a gold repeater .

watch with a chased ou ter case the su bj ec t bein

, ,
g

Jupiter and J 1111 0 I t is of the e ighteenth centur y and

.
,

th e m aker was Herrman of N en ber g Al so a sil ver , .

re peater watc h wi th white en am ell ed dial the m aker

-
, ,

being Bour salt of the sa me period Al so a gol d watch

, .
,

wi th co mp licated m ovements an d dial s on th e back an d ,

fr ont the date being the sam e as th e above

, .

I n the S o uth Kensington Museum is a gol d watch

case c has ed and em boss ed wi th a m t hol o ica l su bj e ct
, y g .

I t has perforated ar abesque work borders and r ais ed

medal lions containing emblem s an d figure su bj ects I t
,
-
.
312 S TE ELE S ’
NO VE L WA T CH .

We in the Postman for April 13th , 1 71 0, as

’
r ea d
foll o ws Lost, in White C onduit Fi el ds, or th er e
a bouts , a sil ver pen du lum watch , with a sil ver c ha i n

an d a brass seal to it Whoever brings it to Mr G r ea t . .

”
or e x at B us by s Foll y shall h ave a guin ea r e ward
’

, , .

I n the Tatl er for Novem ber 2n d 1 71 0 is an a m u s , ,

ing paper pur porti ng to be an adver tisement of c er ta in

,

ar ti cles which h a d been stol en fr om Lad y F ard in gd a le

by her serving woman A m ong the many artic l e s

- .

e nu m era te d as part of m y lady s paraphernali a

,
’

is a la rge n e w gol d repeating watch made by a -

”
F r ench man .

S teel e in the Tatl er for Decem ber 1 6 th 1 7 1 0 in

’
, , ,

reference to the pr ol ixi ty of som e talk er s sa ys F or ,

th e u tter exti rpa ti on of these or ato rs and story te ll e rs -

,

which I l ook upo n as very great pests of society I ha ve ,

in ven ted a watch which div ides th e min u te in to twel v e

parts after the sam e mann er that th e ordi nary watc h es
,

ar e div ided in to hour s : an d will en dea vour to t

ge a

patent which shall oblige every cl ub or com pan y to

,

provide themsel ves with one of these watches tha t ,

shall li e u pon the tabl e as a n hou r gl ass is often pl aced ,

-

near th e p ul pit to m eas ure out th e len th of a dis

, g
course .I shall be w ill ing to all o w a m an one r oun d of
m y watch that is a whole m inute to speak in ; but if
, , ,

h e e xceeds that tim e it shal l be lawful for an y of the ,

com pan y to l ook u po n th e watch or to call him down ,

to or d er Provided howev er that if an y one ca n m ake

.
, ,

it appear he is tur ned of threescore he may take two or , , ,

if he pl eases thr ee rounds of the watch wit hout givi n g

, ,

offen ce Provid ed also that this rule be not construed

.
,

to extend to the fair se x who shall still be at l iberty to ,

tal k by the or dinary watch that is now in use I woul d .

likewise earnestly recommen d this littl e auto mato n ,

 S TEE L E S
’
NO VE L WA T C H . 313

whi ch m ay be easil y d in the pock et without any ia

carrie

cum brance to all su ch as are tr ou bl ed wi th thi s i n fir mity

,

of sp eech that upon pullin ut their watch es they ma

, g o y ,

have fr equent occasion to con si der what the y are doing ,

and by that m eans cut the thre ad of th e st o ry short ,

and h urry to a con cl u sion I sh all onl y add t hat this .

,

watc h with a pape r of direction s how to use it is sol d

, ,
”
at C h a rl es Lillie s C harles Lillie had a shop at th e
’
.

corner of Beaufor t B uildin s in th e S tran d whe re he

g , ,

sol d sn ufl perfum es and su ch thin gs an d t ook i n

'

, , ,
’
letters for th e Tatl er and S pectator which were ,

directed to him at the desir e of S teel e who befriended ,

him greatl y .

A t a m eeti ng of the British A rchmological Associa

tion h el d on April 27th 1 8 5 9 Mr John C l utto n ex
, , , .

hibi te d a ri chl y chased sil ver watch case of the tim e of

- -

Qu een Ann e I t was two in ches in d iamete r ; the

.

u pper ri ng bein d o t ed wi th flowers an d scrolls ;

g ec ra

th e l ower part having in its cen tr e a nude figure of

Pall as th e goddess of war seated an d eq uipped with
, , ,

h el m et spear a nd sh iel d ; in th e di stance was a ten t

, , .

T he surro und i ng bord er was divided into eight ear

touches t wo occ upied with vases of flowers and two
, ,

with pr ofil e busts on e bein g a beard ed m al e the other

, ,

a fem al e T he firs t m igh t ha v e bee n intended for a

.

Druid and the second for Q ueen An ne for al though

, , ,

differing from he r l ater portra its it resem bled some of ,

h er ear lier m edals A t t he sam e m ee ting Mr Al fred

.
, .

Thompson called attention to a watch ca se of gilt -

meta l bare ly two i nches in di am eter el egantl y chased

, ,

with flowers scrol ls a seate d female figure and three

, , ,

s ta n din g warriors This specimen was of the time of

.

G eorge H and apparently the work of George Michael

.
,
314 SI R C . WR E NS
’
WA TC H .

I n the S o uth Kensington Muse um is a gold repea ting

watc h , the i nn er ca se of whi ch i s richl y c h as e d a nd
perfo rate d, and bea rs the royal arms of E ngland T he
oute r case is e mboss ed with a h un ting su bj ect T he .

Z Mi cha u George A l brec ht

”
maker s name is
’
. .

T he l ength of th e article is two in ches and a q uar te r,

an d h
t e w i d th o n e i n c h a nd se ve n -e igh ths T his watch
.

is said to have form erl y belonged to G eorge I I t was .

urchased at the Ber nal sa le for 1 51 I n the same

p .

muse um is a circul ar watch in a rock crystal facet cu t-

,

cas e, of E ngl is h m ak e, about 1 720 I ts dia m ete r is

.

one in ch and thre equar te rs ; and it was p urc hased

for 1 21 .

Mr H D e M re has a watc h ease of gol d fil igree,

. . e -

wh ich bel onged to the C h eval ier d e S t G eorge the .

,

O ld Prete nder . I t is of Itali an m ake, an d of the

e ightee nth cen tury .

I n 1721 appeared the foll owi n g ad ver ti sem en t

Lost on W ednesday the 1 1 th insta nt ( as supposed
b etween Leadenha ll and S pittlefields Markets) , a sm all
G ol d “atch, made by An thony Harr ison i n Birchi n
l

Lane, ith a g een p tted B ood S ton e, hangin g to a

w r s o l -

blac k R i bbon, set i n G ol d ; and engra v d, th e Ar ms, ’

a Lyon R ampant o ve r thr ee Bars ; the C re st, a T yger s

’

H ead with a D ncal C o ronet I f ofler d to be sol d,

' ’
.

a wn d, or val ued, stop it, a n d giv e Notice to Mr John

’

p .

C had well, G oldsmith , in C as tl e All ey, Bit chi n Lan e,

and you shal l ha v e N
ine G ui neas R e ward, an d n o
”
i k
’

Q u es t on s a s d
.

I n S ir J ohn S oane s Museum, Lin col n s I nn Fiel ds,

' ’

is a thick sil ver watc h, which was for mer l y in th e

possession of S ir C h ristopher Wren, who di ed in 1 723 .

T he face of it is with centric and eccentric scribbl ed

’
o er.
31 6 GR A H A M S WA TC H E S
’
.

h e, taking the watch fr om h is pocket, and presenting it

“
to th e sa va nt, it was but a jo ke, they have br ought i t
”
to m e, and I n ow return it .

T he rep utati on of G ra ham s watches was very gr ea t

’

durin g th e last cen tury, and he beca m e the fashi on able

watchmak er of the d ay T he Lo ndon Magazi n e for
.

175 3 giv es us an acco unt of the in gred ients r equired i n

”
the m an ufacture of a fop Monsie ur A la Mode
- - .

O n e was
A repea ter by G rah am, w h ich th e h ou rs rev eal s,
”
A lm os t over-bal ano d w i th kn ick-knacks and seals.
’

Lord C hesham has the following choice an d cur ious

—
watch es z A watch with a n ori en tal agate case se t ,

r oun d in fr o nt with sparks of dia monds m ou n te d i n ,

g ol d .I t is attach ed to a sh ort gol d cha in ; and it was

made by G raham A gold double case repeater watch

.
- -
,

pierced and chased in r eli ef with O rpheus an d ani ma ls ,

by the same m aker I t is attached to a chatel ai ne

.
,

chased with tr ophies fr om which are suspe n ded t wo

,

h eart shaped lockets and two boxes A gold dou bl e

- .

case watch chased in rel ief with the offeri ngs of t he

,

Magi G raham made thi s one also I t is suspended

. .

from a chatela in e fr om which hang two seals two

, ,

breloq ues an d a minia ture of a lady A gol d repeater

, .

watch in a doubl e case chased and p ierced with busts

,

and scr olls by th e sa me m aker

, I t is atta ched to a .

short gol d chain A gol d double case r epeater watch

.
- -
,

chased and pierced w it h cor on ets a nd scrolls O n the .

bac k are a ciph er and coronet set with d ia monds T he .

m aker was C oll ier of London I t is attac hed to a

, .

chate laine co ntainin g a co mp ass cal endar seal sm al l

, , , ,

watc h in a fil igree cas e and t wo key s A gol d watch

, .
,

made bv Jodin of Paris attac h ed to a chatelain e b oth

, , ,
 NE WT O NS ’
WA T C H . 31 7

being enamel l e d with hawking , anim al s, and birds ;

a nd with th em are two enam ell e
d scent boxes and a -

key A nd a gol d watc h set with di am onds th e centre

.
,

of the ca se bein g a bl oodstone T he maker was Hubert . .

I t is suspen ded from a chatel aine to which also hang ,

tassels an d a l ock et conta ini ng hair .

T he R oyal S ociety are in possession of a gol d watch

whi c h was presented by Mrs C ond uit to S ir Isaac .

Ne wt on who was bo rn in 1 642 and di ed in 1727 Th e

, , .

chas in g on the outer case is bea utiful l y ex ecuted an d ,

represe n ts B ritannia po intin

g to a m ed alli on on which ,

is a bust of th e phil osopher .

A t a m eeting of th e S ociety of Antiquaries of S cot

land h el d on April 1 1th 1 864 an account of a gol d
, , ,

watch whi ch was said to h av e bel onged to Prince

,

C harl es Edward S tuar t was rea d by Mr G eorge S eaton

,
. .

I t appeared that this watch b elonged to a l ady who had

then recentl y died in red uced circu msta nces a n d that ,

h er mate rnal grandmother was the eld est sister of John

Lesl ie th e eighth and l ast Lord Lindores who died
, ,

without issue i n the yea r 18 1 4 I n the belief that this .

watch had formerl y bel onged to the Prin ce and that ,

the King of S ardi nia was then the representati ve of

the house of S tua rt, its late owner bequ eathed it to
that m onarch Mr S eaton poin ted out that in this
. .

l ast matter she was cl earl y mi staken as the repr esen ,

ta ti ve of the house of S tuart was Francis V of Modena . .

T he watch was described as having an unus ual arrange

ment of the Roman figures on the di al the hours being ,

l
engra ved on li ttl e o e ge sha ped plate s and the fili
z n -
,

ree cas e having as or namen ts six whi te ston es or

g
cr ystals Dr Joh n Al exan der S mi th exhibited a curi ous
. .

watch the gift of G ustavus Adolphus to a S cottish

,

ofi cer i n his service I t was oval in shape with cases

.
,
 31 8 G U S T A V U S A DO L PHU S
’
WA TC H .

of r co k crystal set in silver and an inscriptio n Donum

-
, ,

G us t Ade l phi R egis I nvicti Jacobo B raimer T ribune

.

Militum V irt utis Prasmium ”

T h e ofli cer was C olonel
.

B rai mer who is said to have m arried Lady Bru nto n

, ,

siste r o f G en eral Lesli e wh o was created Ea rl of

,

L e v on an d it n ow be lon gs to h is d escen dants th e

famil y of the l a te C apta in B raim er R N of F al m outh
, ,

. . .
, ,

I t was e xh ibite d by th e good oflices of Mr R al ph E . .

S cott .

C o ventry is fam ous for its watch making which com ,

m en ced the re early i n th e e ighte en th ce ntury In .

1 727 G eorge Potte r a watch m a ker was m a yor of tha t

, ,

city . T her e are now se veral large watc h m anu factories

a t C ov e ntry th at of R oth erha m an d S ons being t he
,

larges t an d the onl y one in wh ich steam pow e r is

,
-

em pl oy ed for turn in g pol ish ing an d othe r p ur poses

, ,

O ne hun dr ed a nd eigh ty pe rsons work on th e premi ses .

Thi s firm was esta bl ished in 1 747 by S amuel Vale an d ,

con ti nued for m any y ears u nder the na m es of Val e ,

C arr a n d R otherha m
,
.

T he Daily Post of F rid ay February 1 4th 1 729 , , ,

con tains th e following advertise m ent W h ere as a

G en tl e m an s C oach was r obb d by two H igh wa ymen
’ ’

bet ween 6 an d 7 of the cl ock t he 1 1 th Ins ta n t in th e ,

Evenin g between Hyde Park C orn er and the Bac k of

,

Buckingham H ous e in the road to C helsea and to ok

, ,

a w a y a G o l d W a tc h a n d a D ia m o n d R i n g w i th so m e ,

m e o n y a n d a S w o rd Th e . w a t c h w as m a de by W1] .

li am so n L o n,
d on ; a n d in t h e C ase w as a n Eq u a ti o n

Table by Edmun d S turgis W atc hm aker D ublin A nd , , .

t h R i h a d t h i s I n sc r i pti on H B K n t o b t 1 J u l y
e n
g
. . . .
, ,

17 1 4 .
To t h e W a tc h t h e re w e r e t w o S ea l s o n e a C ry st a l ,

o f S oc r ate s H e a d
’
se t ,
i n G o l d ; a n o t h e r t ri a n g u l ar

wt i h A r m s e n g ra v e d v iz ,
a S a b
. l e C r o ss O r w i th t h e ,
320 BE A U MA BC HAIB .

Academy of S ciences for an improvement in watch

making when onl y t wenty two y ears of age - This .

intr od uced him i nto a promi nent positi on ; Lo uis XV .

c on descended to e xa m in e a watc h mad e by hi m for

Madam e de Pompadour set in a rin g ; and that sove ,

reign s daughte r Madam e V icto ria m ade acq ua in ta nce

’

, ,

with both the C aro n wa tches and their maker Beau .

marcha is was also ver y fond of music a nd atta ined ,

rea t p ro ficiency in pla yi ng on the harp a nd th

g e

g uita r H
. e pe rform ed be fore th e da u hte rs
g of
Louis XV who bein g pleased with h is musica l skill
.
,

ad mitte d hi m to their c on cer ts and afterwa rd s to th eir

,

arties H e who had forme rl y sol d th e la dies of t he

p .

court pre tty watc hes becam e th eir instru cto r on th e

harp an d the conductor of their musica l recreations

, .

H e conse quently appeared at Versail les i n a ri ch co ur t

dr ess which fact offended a ha ughty noblem an wh o
, , ,

meeting him one day in a gall ery there as ked hi m to ,

l ook at a valuabl e watc h t hat h e wore which was out ,

of ord er Beaumarchais observi ng the sarcas m i mpli ed

.
,

in th e re quest excused himself by saying that hi s h and

,

was v ery unsteady ; but th e nobl e man i nsis ting the ,

other to ok the watch and immedi ately dropped it on

,
”
the floor observi ng , I told you so , Bea umarchais .

conti nued to enjoy t h e pa tronage of th e co urt whi ch ,

a ve h im the oppor tu ni ty of becomin o n t d wi th

g g c n ec e

some of th e F er miers Géné raux and grea t c ontractors

-
.

H e beca me invol ved i n several l awsui ts an d gained ,

consi derabl e n otori ety i n consequence of h is wr itin

g
an d p ublishing th e par ticul ars an d pl ea dings of his

case which show great skill an d power

, H is fame as a .

wr ite r rests on his pl ays and chiefly on the well kn own

,
-

operas L e Ba rbier de S evill e and L e Mariage do

, ,
’

F igaro T he character of F igaro was a happy in van

’
.
 LI NE S O NA WA TC H . 321

ti on , and the c both plays are drawn

hief ch ar acte rs in
with much i ngen uity Figar o alone produced th e
.

author ei h ty thousand francs A t th e comm en cem ent

g .

of the revolt of th e En glish Am er ica n prov in ces Beau

marchais entered in to a specul ation for suppl ying th e

col onies with arms an d am m uniti on ; an d al though he

l ost se veral vessels the greater num ber arri ved at

,

America an d the speculator at first enriched hi mself

,

by his adventure but eventuall y beca me a hea vy l oser

,

thr ou gh the all eged bad fa ith of the A merica n con

tract ors W hen the Fr ench revolution broke out
.
,

Beaumarchais displ ayed favour to th e popul ar ca us e ,

and entered in to sp ecul a ti ons to suppl y corn and

muskets But his ac ts exposed him to suspicion ; h e
.

was accu sed and acqui tted ; th en accuse d again and ,

being obliged to run away h e esca ped to England and ,

afterwards to G erm an y H e ret ur ned to France after

.

th e fall of R o bespierr e and died in May 1 799 , , .

I n a newspaper of 1 733 we read as foll ows ,Last

Monda y m orn ing the R ight H on ble th e Lord Viscount .

C o bham bein g at N ,
e w T un bri dge W ell s n ear Islin to n
g , ,

had his pocket picked of a gold repeating watch of gr eat

”
v al ue .

S cots Magazin e for O ctober, 1 747, are the

’
In
foll o wing lines on a watc h, by Mr J By rom, commonl y . .

ca ll ed Dr Byr o m, the in ve ntor of a s yste m of short

.

hand ; and they a re to be foun d in his printed works .

T he sam e l in es are attrib uted to T H all, i n 1 739 . .

They appear without the author s name in the G entle ’

man s Magazine for May, 1 749

’

Co u ld but our tem pers move l ike this mach ine,

N ot urged by passion, nor d elay ed by s pleen,

Bu t true to na t ure s regu l a tin g power,

’

By virt uous acts distinguished every hour ;

 PE R PE T U A L MO TI O NWA T C H .

Then hea l th and joy would follow as th ey ough t

T h e laws of motion, and th e law s of th ough t,
S wee t hea l th to pass the presen t mom en t o er,
’

”
A nd everlas ting joy w h en time shall be no more .

O n the fa ce of a v ery old oute r case of

w atch , th e
which is of gol d of the fin est work ma n sh ip en crusted ,

wi th p rec ious ston es is represen ted i n e na mel a l and

,

sca p e with a si ngle figure appa ren tly tha t o f a t ra v ell er

, .

The su n is d isa ppea ring behi n d a range of m ountains ,

an d th e l egen d r ou nd i t i n r aised gol de n l e tte rs is ,

”
Vada e veugo ogn i gior no m a tu andrai senza ritorno
, ,

suppo sed to be add r ess ed by the s un to th e tra v e l l er .

G entl eman s Maga zine for 1 748 is an

’
I n the ‘

accoun t of on e of the M a rqu is of V Vor cest er s proj ects

’

which was a watc h to go c on stantl y an d ye t n ee ds n o

,

other winding fr om the firs t setting on the cord or chain ,

u n l ess i t be b roke n r equ ir ing n o oth er ca re fr o m o n e

,

than to be no w a nd then con s ul ted wit h concer n ing t he ,

hour of th e d ay or n ight ; and i f it be la id by a week

to geth er i t wil l n ot er r m uch bu t the oft en er l ooked
,

up on the m ore exact it shows the ti m e of th e d a

, y o r

n igh t
. This seem s to ha ve been a project for a m achine
to m easur e tim e by per petual m otion — the wil l o the -
’
-

wisp of m an y m echa nici a n s in past ages I n the sa m e .

Magazin e for the foll ow in g year we find a suggestion to

,

watch m akers as to th e co nstr uction of a wa tc h which

,

shoul d m ov e al ways with o ut wi ndi n g u p T he cel e .

brated Fr en ch phys icia n Pine] relates th e case of on e

, ,

of th e m o st e m in en t watch m ak ers in Par is at th e e n d of

th e l as t c en t ury wh o was infatu ated wi th the ch im era

,

of pe rpetu al m otion an d to e ffect thi s di sco v ery h e set

,

to wor k wi th indefa tigabl e a r dour Th rough unr e.

m itting attention to th e obj e ct of his enth usi asm his ,

mind b ecame comple tel y deranged H e i m agined that

.
324 LI NE8 W I T H A WA T C H .

I n my passage to the sky ,

H ave I lingar d ? let m e fly l
’

Backwards are the hands couvey d ’

T o the points from w hence they s tray d ?

’

Blush not Mi ra ! to u ntread

,

S te ps that wi sdom nev er led .

I f i t s tand, reflect ing say,

T ime for no machine w ill stay ;
H aav u observes , and wi ll i t find
’

Mira with him, or behind

Mark its hands , wi th thanks to heav n ’

F or ea ch h our, and minute giv a ;

’

G i v n as means to make us wise ;

’

G iv n to form us for the skies

’
.

F al se i f ei th er hand he v iew d ,
’

S ome in ternal faul t conclude :

T h us, i f Mira s li fe shou ld sin,
’

L et her first reform wi thin .

Wh en i t st rikes th e hour, ad mi t
S ilence is not al ways fit .

E v ry day i ts task pursu d,

’ ’

H in ts how thine mus t be renew d

’
.

S ay, w hen winding up, alas !

H uman wh eels, l ike those of brass,
S een th eir functions w ould forego,
N ou ght i f foreign h an d bestow .

I f all day it acted right,

Wh en sh e hangs it by at nigh t,
T hen l et Mira as k her heart
H ow h ave I perferm d my part
’

I f it err d , let Mira p ray

’

H eav n forgi ve my faul ts to-day l

’

F or its use, my present pr ize,

A l l besides neglec t—d espise .

S hine i ts tri nkets as they wi ll

T rinkets are b u t trinkets sti ll
Mira, when at court array d ’

A ll in j ewels and b rocade,

I f at heart no merit d wel l ,
I f no deeds that m eri t tel l ,
The a lord sh oul d sm ile, or ki ng,
’

Theu rt a gli tt ring useless thing

’ ’
.
 WA T C H MA KE R A S T R O L O GE R. 325

I f, whate er i ts present praise,

’

A l l its power to ser ve d ecays,

Means to mend i t vain ly t ry d ,
’

W hen you cas t i t from your side,

O n a l ife of vi rtue past
Joy fu l retros pection cas t ;
Bu t let Mira think again
O nly v irtue pas t were vain ;
Persev erance ti l l we d ie,
W i ns the C h ristian crown on high .
”

I n 1 75 3, a watchmak er, who was al so an astrologer,

was living in B l oo ms bur y About this time a base girl
.

nam ed E li zabe th C anni ng t rumped up a fals e tal e a bout

a gipsy, all eging tha t un d er B ethl eh em wall sh e was

seized, robbed , and gagged , and th ence dragged to

Mother Wells s, at E n field W ash, where sh e was nea rly

’

T h e aflair caused great e xci tem ent

'

star ved to death .

for m ore than twel ve m onths ; bu t ul timate l y th e girl

was tried and con victed of pe rj ury, and senten ced to
seven years transportatio n, on May 8 th, 1 754
’
A sooth .

saying horol ogist ceat h er na tivity bu t h e was out in

hi s reckoning, as will be seen by a co mparis on of the
befo e mentioned fa cts, with the foll owi ng predicto ry
r -

ad v ertisement, which app eared at the time

“
A s by an A dvertisement, A pril , 1 75 3, I w as confidently s ure ;
N
from the ativi ty of E l izabe th C an n ing ; that h er C ase was certain ly
tr ue ; from t wo Direction s tha t cam e u p at th at T i me ; one the
Midh eaven to the S quare Moon ; Li lly 6 76 vi z it prod uces the
. .

Diseateern of the C ommonalty , T h wur ting and C onten tion ; by base

and u nworth y Women ; l os t of H onou r ; i t p rod uces th e S en te nce of

some Magis trate or J udge aga in st them, 85 0 t he o ther the Moon to

.

the O pposi tion of S a tu rn ; h e i s Lord of horri ble Misrule a nd tragical

Mischief ; all Manner of Mischief that can be dev ised ; divers Pos i
tions concur, to th e l ike E ffect, so as to prove i t a T ruth beyond
N
C o ntrad iction, tes tified by umbers of the m os t learn d Men from
’

E xperience in al l A ges ; from the A ppl ica tion of Ma rs to J upi ter the
30th Day of this Mon th ; who is esteem d the Worker of Justice ;
’
326 A PPL E W A T C H .

I v eri ly bel iev e, and doubt not, that E lizabeth C anning wi ll by th en

be freed from all th e Dan gers she labou rs under .

”
Jemv H a rm a n, W a tch maker, l oom sbu ry .

W hen Dresd en was taken i n 1 75 7 by the Prussian ;

th e i mm ense wardrobe C ount Br uhl, th e S axon
of

m iniste r, was foun d to contain a differe nt habit, with its

appendages of watch, stick, and snufl box, for ev er y d ay

in the year .

C harl es III of S pai n, who co m menced his reign in

.

1 75 9, est ablish ed in N e w C as til e a m echan ica l sch ool , of

wh ich the avowed obj ect w as to form em i nent profic ients

in th e usefu l arts of d ial l ing an d watchm aki ng ; but a
writer in 1 8 09 t el ls u s that up to that tim e it had n ot pr o
d uced a singl e pupil A t the Kin g s C oll ege at M adr id
’
.

was a l so a sch ool for m echan ics, i n which th e pu pil s wer e

particula rl y ini tiated into th e m ysteries of watchm a kin g,
an d ea rl y i n th e presen t centur y t hi s in stituti on was

u nd er the su erin te n den ce of th e brothers C ha rest

p .

However , the m echa nical arts hav e n ever been hel d in

high estimation in S pain and when pursued ther e have
,

not obta in ed m u ch su ccess W e do not fin d that it has

.

ev er supplied any i mportant ho rol o ical m echan isms

g .

I n th e S outh Kensi n gt on M use u m is a m in ute watch

in the for m of an appl e in a gold en am ell ed case sur
, ,

r ounded by a b el t of seed pearl s - T h e stem or han dl e

.

is in gol d fili gr ee work I t is of G en eva manufacture

.
,

about 1 76 0 . I t was pur ch as ed for 71 1 43 . .

W e r ead in the G entl eman s Magazin e for 1 762’

un der date May 29th th at

, Mr Peyton d ry fish .
,

menger opposite th e water house L ondon B ridge t e

, , ,

ceiv ed by th e C h ester stag e coach a parc el - carri age ,

paid ; this when open ed appear ed to con tain a gol d

watch in a sh agr een case with a gol d ch ain an d a red
,

cor neli an seal set in gold whi ch h ad been given to his wife
,
328 LI LL I I U T I A
’
NWA T C HE S .

t he four th wh eel p in i on , t he and

tent h p art o f a

rai n ; the cy linder wheel and pin i on , th e te n th art

g p
of a grain ; th e lml ance, pen dul um , cyl in d er , spr in g,

a d c o ll et, tw - hird s of a
t rain ; the pen dul um sprin ,
n o g g
the thr ee hundred th part of a g a ; r in th e chain, one half
-

of a ;
g h
ra in
t e b a rrel an d m ai n spri n
g, o ne grain and
t ree fourth s ; th e gre at wheel and ratchet, one grain ;
h -

the sec n o d pinion the se venth pa rt of a

wheel and ,

rain ; th e third wheel and p inion one e ighth par t of

-
g ,

a grain ; th e fourth wheel a nd pinion th e n in t h part ,

of a grai n ; the fly wh eel an d pini on the se ven teent h

-
,

part of a grain ; the fly pinion the t wentieth part of a -

,

in ; the hour h a mm er
- h al f a rain ; t h q a t - -
g ra g e, u r er

h a mm e ha a gr
r lf ,
a in ; th e-
r -
ack -c hain and pull ey one ,

rain and a third ; th e quarter and half qua rter rac k

g
-
,

t wo thi rd s of a grai ; the quarter and half qua rter

ni
-

snail and c o mmon pi n on t wo thirds of a grai n ; th e ,

-

al l or n othing piece
- - hal f a grain ; th e two motion
,
- -

wheels one grain ; th e steel dial p late with gol d

, ,

figures thr ee grains and a hal f ; th e hour snail and

,

star hal f a gra n an d o e sixtee nth

,
i - -
n - F or this delica te .

an d exqui si te specim en of art A rnol d had to make

n earl y all th e tool s that h e used in its man ufacture .

This ti ny watch conta in ed th e first r uby cylinder e ver

made . T he king was so pl eased with this mechanical
wonde r that h e p resented th e donor of it with five
,

h undr e d gui neas as a recognition of his artistic ski ll .

S om e ti me after the E mperor of R ussia h aving hea rd

, ,

oflered
’ '

of th e ki ng s watc h Arnold one thousand

,

g u in ea s if h e wo uld m ake another lik e it for hi m .

This Ar nol d refused to do so that h e might not de ,

re ci ate the v al ue of his gift but all ow i t to rema in

p ,

un ique . Th e Ann ual R egister for 1 770 and the ,

Gentl eman s Magazine

’
for 1 771 , tell us tha t on
 LOU I S X1V .
’
s WA T C H . 329

C hristmas Day in th e former year Mr A rnol d, a watch .

ma ker in S t J ames s S treet presen ted to G eor ge I I I

’
.
, .

a smal l repeating watch i n a ri ng the cyli n der of wh ich

-
,

was m ade of an O riental ruby I ts di am ete r was the .

fifty fourth part of an inch , its l en gth th e forty seventh,

- -

an d i i
ts we g h t th e two -hundr edth par t of a grain .

Mr S Addin gton has a l arge ov al watch, composed

. .

of two pieces of r ock cr ystal of octohedr al form , three

-

in ches l ong and thr ee inches wi de T he dia l sh ows .

th e h ours onl y ; the bel l is placed between the dial and

the works I t was made at Lubeck, and is said to have
.

belonged to Louis XI V Lady Will oughby d e E r esby .

has a gol d watch, with a pain ted enam el back, and

portraits of two chil dren and a dog ; wi th gil t chatel aine
of ch ase d figures and Louis X I V scr oll s T he m aker . .

was Augus tin , of V ienna Mr J G G ardn er has a . . . .

g old watch , m a d e by G rah a m ,

of L on don , t he ou ter

case being repoussé with U lysses an d Pen el ope and

Louis XI V scrolls . .

I n 1 763 was publish ed Mech ani cus and F laven ; or,

the Watch spir itualized, by J ohn M arti n, watch maker,
’

of S pal di ng, Linc oln shire Th e work purports to be a .

dial ogue between th e p ersons whose nam es give th e

titl e to it The foll owin g extr acts from it relate to the
.

watch, the r est of th e book being m ade u p of r eli gious

refl ec tions , whi ch are m ore or l ess p ertinent Th e .

author after war s was d th e pasto r of a Baptist congre

gati en in L ondon ; a nd h e was th e wr iter of n um er ous

religi us
o wor ks .

F l a ven proposes to disco urse upon the watch, and its

simili tude to r el igious ma tters Mechani cus con sen ts, .

and th ey thus con v erse

F la First, then, l et us consider th e materials made

.

use of .
330 WA TC H sr mrr ua u znn .

Mac Except the gildin g th e whol e is brass

.
,
an d ste el ;
which, bein g but om pos ition
c , duces
re it to co pper an d

n on .

F la H ad we behel d the coarse a nd stragglin g p a r t i

.

cles , to rn fro m the bowels of th e ea rth, wou l d it n ot

amaze u s to th in k of the st ra n ge re vol u tion the y m us t

sus ta in e re th e y coul d possi bl y ma ke t he appear a n c e

the y now do S o, when thi s m o re

n obl e str uctur e, the h
uma n body, la well co nsid er e d, drc .

If we are sur pr ised at t he perfecti on o f

your watches , an d that is increased by seei ng it in th e
wom b of the earth , h ow s ha ll we express ou rsel ves in
o d o
c n s i er ati n o f th is glorious displ ay of the un lim it e d
po wer of th e Most High ! I n what
conditi on d o you r eceiv e the watch at first

Mac I kn ow n ot better how to inform you th an by

.
,

sa ying a ll thi ngs are m fi d out yet e ve ryt h in g is in com

’

pl eat T he ca lli pers drawn but the distances o f th e

.
,

hol es throw so me wheels toe shall ow others too dee p , .

T h e m ovem ents ma de yet th e wheel s a re rather force d

,

tha n fitted in th e fra me T h e m otion is m uch the

.

sam e ; an d e v en di al plate spri ng chai n an d e very

-
, , ,

other articl e is m ore or l ess im perfect .

F la A li v el y representa tion of th e case of man as

.
,

being a d escen da nt of Adam I n this sta te if I m ay be .

,

al lo wed th e expression all is but rufled ou t an d n oth ing

'

, ,

fitted for spir itu al perform an ce With .

ou t a se con d bir th ( th e fin ishi ng str oke) what are the

works of an y individ ual Y ou speak o f wheels m this

state being ra the r forced th an fitte d : so is i t wi th

th e m a ll th eir doi ngs proceed fro m sl avish fear n ot ,

from l ov e . I f you added weight woul d ,

not that be sufficien t to mak e it pe rform ?

Mac No for meeti ng each other no one will gi ve

.
,
332 Z
WA T C H BPI RIT U AL I ED
.

F la But how d oes our Lord stoop, di e

. .

The bon e], in whi c h the mai ns pring suflers its elf to be
'

conta ine d m ay denote the hu ma n body .

T he bar rel arbour, la ying hol d of the spring may be ,

descriptive of faith, whi ch la ys hol d on C hrist, &c .

Mac The great wheel stands next in action

. .

F la Is this the leadi ng wheel ? M eth i nks it is nu

.

fit for tha t o ffice , it travels at so sl ow a rate I shoul d .

rather thi n k i t the pattern of sl othful n ess th an in dustr ,

y
was it n ot cont rary to proof : I shoul d be i nclin ed to
thin k it stood sti ll .

Mac I ts pace is quite co nsistent with its ofi ce ; an d

.

when one considers to how ma n y others it is con

us eted, it r em ains not matter of su rp rise it m oves so

slow .

F la May not the certainty of its m otion, yet in a

.

meas ure insensibl y, prefigure the sec ond appeara nce of

ou r Lo r d, wh en h e com es with out s in u nto sal vation

I observe som ethin g to arise out of this

wh eel, in a coni cal form .

Mac T is the fusee, so form ed , that the draft may be

’
.

eq ual .

F la I t al most sh ows fo rth th en , th o in sil ence,

’
.

tha t gra ciou s promise, A s th y d ay is , so sha ll t hy

”
str ength be . The chain I ha ve al ways
l ook ed upon as curious .

Mes I t deser ves your n otice, a nd is u ndoubtedl y a

.

t i m p rove ment fro m u t fo r m erl y use d for th e sa me

g re a g ,

purpose T he lin ks though v ery dimi nuti ve are v astl y

.

strong, and, like v ali ant sol diers will not easil y be
parted .

F la Wonderful indeed ! but more gl orious that chain

.

of truths mentioned by the apos tl e Paul to the be liev

, ,

i ng R o mans Neith er is your chain alto

.
 WA T C H S PIR IT U AL I ED Z . 333

gath er so ornamental as that m entioned by Dr Gill .

,

which h e suppos es to be in th e possessi on of ever y .

believer though your links are m ore num erous

, .

E re we proceed any farth er (you ll excuse my ignorance)

’
,

I can t help obser ving the differ ent str ength of th e

’

wheels an d th e vari ous m ixture of ste el an d b ras s

, .

This wh eel that at present engages us is strong and

, ,

weighty w hil e that you call the bal an ce whee l seems

,
-

hardly suffici ent to sustain the shock it continuall y

Mac I n proportion
. to the pressure upon them is the

F la Wer e th ey to retain the same size and for m,

.

et i f al l was steel, woul d n ot the watch, with the same

y
usage , wear much l onger

Mac . N
ot an hour ; for as a pini on of 6 m oves in a

wh eel of 4 8 teeth , its wor k is m u ch the har der, as it

must go 8 ti mes as fast, an d so ev ery l eaf be alm ost
u pon const an t wear, whil e a great par t of the wheel

enjoys a con sid erabl e r est .

F la Then I find eac h has according to his stren gt h,

.

and th e busin ess giv en hi m to d o S o it is wi th us

. .

T he whole of the wh eels, consi der ed

as performing v ar ious r ev ol utions, yet all to brin g about

on e and, seems descr iptive of th e won ders 111 Providen ce .

Th e wheel s bein g set of a pr oper

d t
ep h, new, as you obser v e, m ove freel y, and of them

sel ves m ak e p
n o sto p ages .

Mec This reminds us of these poetical lines that run

th us

C oul d but our tempers move l ike this m ach ine,

N ot ur g d by pas si on, or delay d by spl een
’ ’ ”
.

Vi da page 321 .
334 WA TC H S PI R IT U ALI E D Z .

F la . small
matt er, free as they m ove , I im agine,
A
woul d disc oncert th e whole, or occas ion a full stop .

Mes T he small est im agin able ; a v ery th in hair

.

wou l d soon er efiect it th an you coul d wal k acr oss th e

'

r oo m .

F la A nd wherein do we difier ? Have I n ot see n

'

the tim orous C h r istian startl e at his own shado w

T he co ntin ual tre mor of the bal a nce
whee l gives m e pain to behol d it ; tis as t h o it was
’ ’

a nx ious to get for ward , yet perpetuall y m ee ts wi th

disappointm ent .

Mac I t . certa i nl y woul d go at a v er y great rate was ,

it n ot for the verge whose , two pall ats perpetuall y cross

its deavours
en .

F la Th us the n ew he m soul
.
-
an d

very considerable would soon be its progress was it n ot ,

for two thin gs viz S atan an d a wi ck ed h ea r t wh ich

, .
, ,

l ik e those pa ll ata continuall y th wart ou r in te ntions

, .

Mac W el l hencefort h little wheel I ll learn to p ity

.
, , ,
’

the e fr o m a se ns ibility of m y own condition

, .

F la A n d learn this al so to be in cessan tl y l abou ri ng

.
,

a gainst the m — the y are of b ri ttl e m eta l wh o kn ows but ,

th ey ma y soon break ?
Mac Hav ing now su r veyed th e prin cipal parts of
.

th e m ovem ent we wil l if you pl ease as cen d th e u pper

, , ,

stor y .

F la . I n what a l ivel y m ann er d oes the

balan ce cross yet it seems n ot to have its fu ll play
, .

Mac The bal an ce is restrained but in such a m ethod

.
,

as n o wa ys in fri nges its l i b erty

‘
.

F la Th er e is so methi ng in th at th en l ike th e for e

.

E v ery one acq uai nte d wi th th e ac ti ng of th e pen d ul u m-spri ng can

easil y e xp l ain this p arad ox for th ough in some m eas ure confi ned by it. it

r ecei ves l ife from i t .

336 WA T C H S PIR I T U A L I E D Z .

t hat th is must be th e e cursi ns of

x o fan cy, rat erh tha n
”
the dictate s of reason .

Mac This is what I call ed the calli per and the d is

.
,

tances of the hol es ar e n e w proper as the opportuni ty ,

we h av e had in seein g its perform an ce confirm .

F la . 0 then gracious G od
h ow efie n have I dare d to
thin k th y ways were un e qual
is that littl e bit of ste el and what m ay be its use whic h
,

see ms to have no com m uni cation to a ny part excep t th e

stud to whi ch it is j oin d and a smal l spri ng that r un s

’

under it .

Mes I t s cal l ed the sto p which by that sprin g is

.
’ ‘
,

raised abov e the pl ate to adm it th e cap of the fusee a

,

free passage ; but when the cha in is a l most dr awn from

off th e barrel it binds it down pre v ents th e person th a t
, ,

win ds up his watch fro m maki ng too man y turns an d ,

secur es it from m an y harms .

F la T he dealin g of G od with his chosen people is

.

much after this sort and the unexpected m eeting with

,

that r esistan ce has som ething of that sovereign antho

rity that say s to sinn e rs hith erto sh alt th en com e a nd
, ,

n o furths 1 an d h ere sha ll thy pr ou d wav es be sta id .

O r if we respect th e Lord s carriage to th e wi ck ed it is

’

som ewha t si mila r for li k e the fuses th ey r un th e r ound

, , ,

of sev eral y ears withou t int err uption ; but when the

chain of G od s forb earan ce is al m ost at an en d or th e

’

measure of their sin fill e d up a ful l step is near at ,

hand . By what nam e d o you call that

Mac T he A n d if you 11 please to

dl ess ’
. en screw .

observe its actings with that key, you will know with
what propriety it is so call ed .

K nown in general by gardigut stop .

 Z
WA TC H S PI RI T U A L I E D . 337

Pl even , on tr ying it, obser ves

F la My fruitless endeavours to accomplish wh at I
.

imagined, at first vie w, woul d be soon don e, remi n ds m e

of the d el us i v e and frequ ent attempt of m an seekin t
g o

be j ustified by th e works of the l aw

F laven , here viewing the main pot tance, discovered
the banki ng pin s ; who d es irin g to be infor m ed of th eir
us e a nd en d , Mech an icus repl ied .

Mes These prevent m u ch con fusi on, and greatl y con

.

tr ibute to th e watc h s regul ar p erform an ce ; but for

’

these, a n d u pon every con siderable shock, it woul d be

disabled , th e verge woul d
overturn and the bala nce ,

wheel be in dange r of r eceiving m uch inju ry .

F la G od s faith ful ness and power t hus keep his

’
.

A t present I m engaged with

’
peopl e .

viewi ng a m ovable piece of brass i n this pottan ce but ,

know n othin g of the n ecessity of its so doing or what ,

you call it
.

Mes T is th e dufltail , th e small h ole which r ecei ves

’
.

th e b alan ce wheel pivot ; an d its sl iding gives an opper

-

t un ity of pl acing the wheel to th e best advantage,

whi ch ca n act n owhere but in one cer tain place, foun d
by the d ufi ta il ov ; h i s r em al
h part of an inch
' ’
t e twe nt et -

for war d or backwar d would mak e it of n one eflect

’

F la I t woul d retai n th e name of a d ufitail, I pre

'

sum e , th o i t an s wer ed not the end

’
.

Mao Un doubtedl y ; and as deser vedly as som e r etain

.

the nam e of m en, tho they act l ike brutes

’
.

F la Thus , im properl y som e wor ks are ca ll ed good

.

o
am ng m en , that ha ve th e form , but are destitute of the
and design ed .

Th e m oti on n ex t came under their inspection ; when ,

after disco u rsin g of its sca n t y r oo m, a nd its hi dde n situa

tion , the gildi ng of the plates, cock, and sli de detain ed

them . z
338 WA T C H S PI RI T U A L I Z E D .

S ee, said F l aven , what a great advanta ge this ; e very

attem p t to poli sh , h ow vas tl y i n fe rior ! T he faded ye l
l ow th ose pa rts wear, ser ves but as a foil to set efl the
'

beauty th ese ; tho m an

in moral acts , yet x
’
of so, e ce l

h ow vastl y i nfe rior to those wh o wear this garme nt of

san cti fica tion, w hic h this gilding we ll pre figures ; this is

of a l as ting n atu re , tha t of a s ho r t d u ra tion

That how of polish d ste e l is I thin k the sp ring that

’

, ,

con fines the wa tc h in t he box .

Mes T he lock in g spri ng is for that use

. .

F la S o shoul d ever y particul ar chu rch be a spr in g

.
“

”
s h ut u a fo u nta i n scal d
’

p , .

Mac But this spring kn ows no difference ; it gives

.

way to a ll and freel y l ets ever y j ud e behol d the

,
g

in fir mities within .

F la I m sor r y to sa y the case with them is too

’
.
,

si mil ar ; and that the weakn em and fail i ngs of on e

a not her a re as m uch e xpo sed A s th e g il di n g ma y .

p re figu re t he i nward
ga r m en t of sa n c tifica ti on so th e ,

box or m or e firm covering the r ighteousness of Jes us

, ,

C hr ist which as tha t shiel d s the watch from inj uries so

, , ,

it sh ie lds the C hr istian fro m those brui ses which other

ways woul d be ve ry fatal T he ou ts ide
.

c as e m a
y b e d esc ri pt iv e of that h ap y
p g ov er n m e n t w e

e njoy u n der h i s presen t M aj es ty K ing Ge orge 111 , .

But see dear Friend how insensi bl y has

, ,

tim e stole a way a nd h o w soon ha ve the slmd e ws of the

,

ev e n co m e u pon us those h an ds that seem in gl y sta n d

still ha v e m ad e a l ong re m ove and we re inform ed by
’
, ,

yonder clock another hour s j ust gon e ’

.

Mec H ow soon shall our place on earth kn ow us no

.

T h e work from whic h we h a ve made the above ex

tracts, comm ences wi th th e fol l o wing Verses sent to
the A uthor fr om an un kn o wn Fr iend :
 C HAPTER X .

Nov l W
a atch p resented to the K ing of F ran ce Mrs A bington s.
’

Watch A lmanac W a tch Madame d a Ba rri s '

W
atch T wo
Watches worn at once W
F al se a tc hes C h inese an d eadD a tc hes W
Musical Watch C ha nti ng W
a tc h L egend of 11 atch at W
W atcl R onsseau s W a tc h
na kers
’
I o nd on Watchmakers i n 17 8 1
g
T h e Ped ometer Watch R al ph G ou t Watch es i n S outh K en
si ngton Museum — D r J ohns on s Watch L u nardi s Watc h pre
’ ‘
. .

sented by G eorge I V .Wa tch found in a S hark Wa tch referred

to in one of C o lman s O peras
'
Watch found at L e eds —T ale of a
S ail or and hi s Watc h Watch i n a S ad dl e Peril ous F ea t wi th a
Watch Joe G rimaldi s Watch I ris h G iant s Watch L in es on
’ '

a Watch Watch A nac hronism N

orw egian Peamn t s W atch
’

T alking Watc h A str onomi ca l Watch pre sente d to E mperor of

R umi a Brequet N
apol eon L s W a tch es
’
E l egy and E ul ogy on
two R ival Wa tch es T ransparent Watc h A Mak er of H ours
S ul ta n A bd ul Med schid s Watch Watch C hain , &c . presen ted to
’
.

Pri nce A l bert L ord D udl ey S tuart s Polish W atch Blin d Watch
’

makers Watches i n the G reat E xhibition of 1 85 1 — T h e Boss

Watc h Watch es i n the I nternational E xhibiti on of 1862 Jack
Bailey s Watc h Watch bequeath ed to I o rd Palm erston Watch
’

i n a S nuff-box Bri tish C ons ti tu tion compa red wi th 11 Watch

T he C hronograph .

T H E Ann ual R egister for 1 76 4 tells us that his m ost

C hristian Maj esty th e Ki ng of F r an ce had then l ately
been presented by M C oupson, j un , a watch ma ker of
. .

Paris, with a new watch of h is invention, co mposed of

five wheel s like a com mbn watc h ; but th e m ak er had
su bstituted for th e b arrel , th e gra n d spr in g, th e chain ,

and th e fus ee, a si mpl e sp ring, which al one prod uced

the effect as d id those differ ent pieces, an d without the

i nco nveniences attendi ng them I t required no win ding .
 MR S A B I NGTO NS WA T C H 34 1
’
. .

u , but m ight be i
set n m i
ot o for twenty four hours
-
p n

by a pus h , j ust as the stri kin g springs of common

r epeatin w t h w w o d
g a c es u
-
ere un
p .

Mrs Abingto n the cel ebrated actress in the time of

.
, ,

Garrick although in r eceipt of a large salary was frs

, ,

quentl y driven to the n ecessi ty of pledging h er watch ,

which was a v al uabl e on e T he foll owin g n ote (the .

origi nal of which is in the possession of Mr John .

Bull ock of S even oaks to whose kindn ess th e author is

, ,

indebted for thi s first pu bl ic use of it) was written by

h er u pon a n occasion when sh e requir ed a l oan of thirty
i l l h S
’

g u n eas at h a, f pa st eigh t o c o-
ck on t e n ig ht of a t ur

day Nov e m ber 1 6th 1 76 5

, F or Mr O ates next the
, .
,

corn er of R o un d C o ur t C h an dois S treet S ir I beg

, .
,

the favour of you to send m e thir ty G un eas by th e

Bea rer and L et me Kn ow if the Grate is Bought—Put
,

the Mon ey in th e Box that the watch co m es in and sea l

it up in pa per so that th e person m ay not Kn o w w hat
,

sh e is com e for I am sir &c F Abington S atard ay

. . .
,

n ig ht 5 a fter eight
.
.

’
T h e Ann ual R egister for 1 76 9 tel ls us of a curious
al manac watch th at was pr esen ted to G eorge I II It .

was a kin d of m echa nica l cal end ar b eing d esign ed ,

mer el y to poin t out the m onths an d day s I t had a .

hand tha t was a year in m aking its r evol ution an d ,

pointed to the m on th and the day of the m onth thr ough

out th e y ear A second han d acted in th e same m anner
.

as a r egul ator by m eans of a pendulum an d was

, ,

adapted to mov e or not at pl eas ure wi thout prev enting ,

th e other parts of the work fr om going T he sun was .

r epresented by m ean s of a b rillia n t on a pl ate an d ,

(

re ul ar l y performe d its diurnal re vol u tio n O n t he

g .

plate was a m ovable horizon to sho w th e variations of the

days according to the seasons of th e year This watch .
,
342 T W O WA T C HE S WO R N.

al though of complicated mechanism was not l arger than ,

watc h es then in ord in ary use .

O n May 4th 1 8 6 0 t he R e v J Be ck exh ibited at a

, , . .

m eeting of the A rch zool ogical Institute a F ren ch gol d

watch set with j a rgoons
, O n th e bac k is an en amell ed
.

portrait in an oval wreath of s mall diamonds sur ,

moun te d by a roy al cr o wn I t was m ade by Lepine of

.

Paris and is tradition al l y said to have b een given to

,

Mada me d u Barri by L ouis XV a bout 1 770 and was .

,

l atterl y in the possession of S idn ey Lad y Morga n Mr . .

H Munster has an other gol d watch by Lepin e ; it has a

.

blue enam ell ed back with m ale an d femal e figures

, ,
”
d iamon d borders and the m otto S ouveni r d A m itié
,
’
.

A white en am ell ed dial sho ws the hours mi nutes , ,

seconds an d the d a ys of th e week and m on th

, .

About th e y ear 1 770 it became th e fas hion am on g

th e d an dies of that day to wear two wa tc hes the ch ains ,

an d seal s of whic h d an gl ed on eac h side be n ea th t h eir

e m broi dered wais tc oats T h e su pplem en t to th e U n i

.

v ersal Magazin e for 1 777 gives us th e foll owin g

Re ceipt to mak e a Modern Fop in which two wa tc hes
’

will be foun d n am e d as part of the ingredi ents

T wo tune of pride and impu d ence,

O ne scru pl e next of mod es ty a nd sen se,
T wo grai ns of truth , of falsehood and d eceit,
A nd insi nceri ty an h un d red w eight .

I n fuse in to the skul l , of flash y w it

A nd empty nonsense, q ua ntu m sufii cit .

T o make th e composi tion qu i te com plete ,

T hrow in the appea rance of a grand es ta te,
A l ofty ca ne, a sword w i th sil ver hi l t,
i
A rn , t
g w o wa tche s , and a s nu ff box gil t,
-

A gay efiem iuate em broider d v est

'
’
.

Wi th su itable atti re Proba tum es t

”
. .

anec dote is told of an Ear l of Bridgewater that ,

344 DE A D WA T C HE S .

of ric oth decked the side of a belle at a court fes

h cl

tival of G eorge III abou t th e year 1 770 I t was made

.
,
.

of a p iece of th e state costum e of Lady C ha pm a n the ,

wife of S ir John C ha pman who fil l ed th e office of Lord ,

Mayor in the y ear 1 6 8 9 The m aterial was cloth of .

o l d b cad d w ith o b d f n n d cr i mson

g , r o e r se u s o gr ee a

v elvet and s urrounded by a pendant from a chain work

,
-

of gold en cor d A t th e present d ay a C hi n es e gen tl eman

.

wears a pair of watch es of E uropean manufact ure one ,

on each s id e of his gi rdl e in an e mb roi d ered pocket ,

.

I f questio ned as to the meaning of h is seem ing extrava

g a n ce hi s a ns wer ma
, y b e to thi s effec t S u ppose one ,
”
make sto p the other walkee, .

V ery ad vantageous exchanges of watc hes are some

ti mes m ade by E uropeans with th e C hin ese man y of ,

whom ign orantl y suppose th at when a wa tch stops it is

dead and are gl ad to barter i t away for a l iving one This
,
.

n otion of a dea d watc h a p ears to ha ve ob ta in e d curre ncy

p
in m ost barbaria n coun tries Baker in h is work on the .
,

Al bert N Yanza the great basin of the Nile tells us

’

,
’

that dur ing his travels com m enced in 1 8 6 1 a n ative , ,

named K a mr as i produced a large sil v er chr on ometer

that he h ad received from S poke I t was dea d he
’
.
,

sai d a nd h e wish ed m e to repair i t This I declared ’

, .

to be impossibl e H e th en confesse d to havin g expl a in ed

.

its constructi on and th e cause of th e tickin g to hi s

,

people by th e aid of a n eedl e an d that it had n ever

, ,

ticked s in ce that occasi on .

T he S i eu r R ans onet a watch m ak er of Nan cy in , ,

Lorraine m ade in the year 1 770 a watc h of th e com mon

,

pocket size in which be fixed an instrument of h is own

,

invention that pl ayed an air on duo A ll the p arts of .

this li ttl e m usical mech anism were distribu ted w ith su ch

art as not in th e l east to effect the movem ent of the
 GR A T I N NG WA T C H . 345

watch . I t was al sy con structed as not to be

o so n icel

i n fluenced by either heat col d d raught or m oistur e

, , , .

D uring the r eign of C atherine II of R ussia an .

i nge ni ous R ussian peasant n am ed K ul ubin constr ucte d

, ,

a m usi cal r epea tin g watch to perform a sin gl e chan t

- .

T he m ach ine was a bout the size of an egg with in ,

which was a r epresen tation of th e tom b of C h rist with ,

t he R om an sentinels on watch O n pr essin g a sp ring .

the ston e woul d be roll ed from th e tom b th e sen tin el s ,

fall do wn t he angel s appear the hol y wom en en ter

, ,

the se pu l chre a n d th e sam e chant whi ch is sung i n

,

the G ree k C h urch on Eas te r ev e be accuratel y per -

formed This watc h is n ow i n the Acad emy of S ciences

.

at S t Peters b ur g
. .

T he cel ebrated Dr H awkesworth who di ed in 1 775

.
, ,

was brought up to th e bu sin ess of a watchm ak er .

I t is rel ated that when S om erset House in th e S tran d

was be in g b uilt i n 1 77 6 a workm an fell fr om th e sce f
,

foldin g bu t was ch ecked in h is descent by his watc h ch ain

,
-

ca tchi n g to a p roj ecti n g p art of th e wall or scafloldin g

'

a nd to c o mm em orate h is won d erful esca pe h e p lac ed h is

watch in the fa ce of th e wal l A watc h face is to be .

-

seen on the south si de of th e q u adran gl e ov er th e

en tran ce to t he old S tam p s an d Taxes O ffice ; it was ,

howe ver fixed ther e dur in g the first quarter of th e

,

present cen tur y as a m eridia n mark for a transit instru

m ent in a win dow of the R oyal S ociety s ante roo m in
’
-

the inn er side of th e n or th fr ont of S om erse t Hou se .

About 1776 was foun d in K etteringfiel d Northamp ,

ton sh ir e a cu rious watch which ear ly in the p rese nt

, ,

centu ry was in th e possession of Mr W Woolston of . .

Adderbu ry I t was oval in sh ape th e case whi ch was

.
, ,

sil ver gil t bein g formed in an undul ating manner si mil ar

,

to the rose on the ol d n obl es O n the face was a smal l

.
346 R O U S S EA U A ND WA TC HE S .

c ircul ar s il ver dial plate orna mented with a l andscape

-
,

a nd on th e i n n er plate was inscr ibed the name of the

-

ma ker , C hr is d e W e l ke .
”

Th e An nual R egister for 1 77 7, the Ge ntle man s

‘ ’

Magazin e for th e sa me year, a nd S ir R ichard Phill ips,

in h is C h ro nology, r ecord that in Decem ber, 1 777 , was
’

trie d before Lo rd Ma ns field in th e C o urt of King s

’

Bench a remarkable ca use, th e first of i ts kin d, Gab riet

again st An de rson, in wh ich t he d e fendan t was su ed for

putti ng th e pl ai ntiff s nam e to five watc hes m ad e by

’

the d efen dan t, a nd th ereby hur ting th e reputa tio n of the

pla intiff A verdict was given fo r
. being 201 for .

ea ch watch , a re ea ble to an A c t of Parl ia m ent of

g
Wil liam III , in flicting a pe nal ty on watchma kers who
.

ut fictitio us n am es to th e ir watches
p .

J ea n J acques R ousseau, wh o died i n 1 778 , in h is

E m il e, l ivre iii , th us m oral izes u pon la m on tre d u
’
.
“

sage L e tem ps pe rd pou r n ous sa m esure, q uan d

n os pass ions v eul ent r égl e r son cours h le ur gré La .

m on tre d a sage es t l é gali té d hum eur e t l a pa ix d c

’ ’

l am e ; ii est to ujours a son heur e, et il la conn oi t

’

0 11] ou rs R o usseau s copper watch was sol d in Paris

’
13 .

afte r hi s death for five h u n dr ed fr a ncs .

According to Ken t s D irectory the re were in Lon don

’

in 1 78 1 six ty se ven watc h an d cl ock makers, of whom

-

the foll o wing is a l ist

A dd is, i Villiam, 3, Birchin L ane .

A tkins, F ranc is , 35 , C lemen t s Lane

’
.

A tkins, Ro bert, 20, S a l isbury S tree t, S trand .

Baird , John , 1 90, S trand .

Barto n, John, 6 4, Red L ion S treet, C lerkenw ell .

Berridge, Wil liam , C lock and W atch Maker, 69, O xford Road .

Bid lake, James , C lock and W atch Maker, 31 , Minories .

Bingha m, T homas, Watc h C hain Maker, 3, Middle R ow, H olbom .

348 PEDO ME T E R WA T C H E S .

Phil p, Musical Clockmaker, 6 , N

ew Co ur t, S t John S treet, .

C lerken well .

Prigg and A nsell , C l ock and Watch S pring Makers, and S teel
Manu fac turers, Middle Moorfiel ds .

Prior, G eorge, 3, Prescot S tree t, G ood man s F ields

’
.

R i gby, Josh ua, 5 , Berkley S tree t, C lerken w ell .

R imbaul t, Paul , C lockms ker, 9, Denma rk S treet, S t G il es s

’
. .

R ogers, I saac , 44 , Wh ite H art C ourt, G racech ur ch S treet .

R ose, Joseph , and

S on, 1 7, F os ter L ane .

S anderson, H enry , 301 , S trand .

S cot t, John, 40, G loucester S treet, R ed L ion S q uare .

S idey, Benj am i n, 5, Moorfi elds .

S pencer an d Pe rkins, 44 , S now H ill .

S tuk, W ill iam , C ockspu r S treet .

S trigel , George Phili p, S tafford R ow, n ear Buckin gh am G ate .

T h omps on, John, 10, R ed L ion S tree t, C lerken well .

T u tet, E d ward , 1 0, Fench urch S treet .

T wy ford , R obert, 40, S tran d .

V ale, W illiam, 12, Bu nhil l R ow .

U nder wood , R obert, 3, F alcon S treet, A l dersgate S treet .

U pjoh n, James, and C c , 1 2, R ed L ion S treet, C lerken well

. .

W ebs te r a nd S on, 1 1 , C han ge All ey .

W icks teed, 1 14, Bunhil l R ow .

W ill shire, James, 1 9, H igh H olborn .

R a l ph G out, one of th e watchmakers abov e n am ed,

was th e paten te e of a watc h in whi c h tim e an d m eas ure
w ere uni ted A n engrav ing n ow be fore us gi v es two
.

r ep resen tations of this watch The di al plate of No 1

.
-
.

h as u pon it four small circles of figures besides the

ordinary circle on the outer edge T he divisions on .

thi s l atter cir cl e,

however i ndica te ever y thousand ste ps
,

to the a m oun t of sixty thousand O ne l ong han d .

points to them The hours an d minutes are shown by

.

t wo han ds on on e of the four sma ll circl es a t th e top of

th e dia l pl ate
-
T h e di visions on th e small circl e to the
.

right show ev er y step ta k en to the a m ou n t of ten .

T h e divisions on th e sm all circl e in the m iddl e ev ery

ten steps to the amount of one hundr ed T h e divi .
 PE DO ME T E R WA T C HE S . 349

si ns
o on the small circl e to the l eft v y hundred
e er

ste p s to th e am unt of on e
o t ho usand . T h e dial plate -

of No 2 has upon it thr ee s mall cir cl es of fi u res

.
g
besides the ordinary circle on th e outer edge The .

d ivi sions on this cir cle i ndicate every hun dred step s to
th e amoun t of ten thousand Th e hours and m inutes .

are shown as on th e oth er di al T he divisions on the .

smal l circle to th e right show e ver y step to th e am oun t

of te n . The divisions on th e sm all circl e to the l eft
e very ten steps to th e a moun t of one h un dred In .

the S outh Ken sington M useu m ar e a gold watch and

pedom eter combi ned in an enamell ed and chased case
, .

T h e dia m eter of the watch is two in ches a nd a q ua rter ,

and th e l en gt h of th e case is eight in ches a n d seven

eighths T his in stru m ent is by R al ph G out ; and it

.

was purchased for 201 1 08 . .

I n the sam e m use um is a watch in bl ue en amel set ,

with paste di a m on ds ; the diameter being one inch and

se ven eighths
- I t is of French m a nufactur e and th e
date is about 178 0—
.
,

90 I t was p urchased for 31 3s 2d

. . . .

Al so a watc h in a heart shaped gol d l ocket case which

- -
,

is en rich ed with arabes qu es in cham p levé enamels -

.

Th e m aker s na me is C onstantin of Gen eva

’
This , .

watc h is of the eighteenth centu ry its height is on e

inch and three quarters its width on e inch and a ,

quarter ; and it was purchas ed at the Ber nal sal e for

5 1 58
. . Also a watch case of gol d enam ell ed wi th
-
,

classi cal figures in camaie u on a bro wn gr oun d I t is .

of the eighteenth centur y ; its dia meter is one in ch an d

three quarte rs ; and it was pur chased for 41 1 03 Also . .

a watc h in a pl ain sil ver case wh ich was p resented by ,

the R ev R Brooke of Gate for th House S elby

. . , T he , .

mak er s nam e is Thomas Johnson of R ichmond ; the

’

date is the eighteenth century ; an d the diameter of the

350 LA DY F E L LO W S WA TC H E S
’
.

outer is two in ch es
case Also a watch in a pl ain sil ver
.

case of the eigh tee nth cen tur y , th e m aker s nam e being
’

R obert Hen derson , of S ca rborough T h e di am eter of the .

outer case is one inch an d th ree quarters Al so a watch .

in a plain sil ver case, of th e sam e date, the m aker s

’

na m e be ing Henr y H indl ey, of Yor k T he diameter of .

t he o uter ca se is t o w in ches l r —
A so a epeati ng watch .

i n pierced gol d, th e case b ein g of shagreen om s ms nt ed

T he m aker s name is Jam es C harwel l,
’
with piqu e dots .

of Lon don ; the date is the eighte en t h cent ury and

th e diam eter of the outer case is two inch es These .

watc hes al so were pre sen ted by the R e v R Brooke . . .

Lady Fell ows has the following watches of the

ei ghte e n th centu y
r A o d metal gilt watch, with
r u n .
-

ch ased b ack o V f e n u s a n d C pd
u i Th e di al pl ate has
- .

the n umeral s i nserted i n wh ite enam el Th e m ak er .

was Jos ue Panier a Pa ri s A gilt plain watch, with

‘
.

v v d wreath r ou nd the side T he maker was

si er e ngr a e .

J Bock A roun d sil ver al arum repeater watch with

. .
-
,

open side and a silver ch ain th ree seals an d two keys

, , ,

att ached T h e m aker was Henr y G ebhart a S tras bour

.
g .

A roun d silver watc h with white and bl ue enamell ed

,

dial T he m aker was Pierre D uet A round silver

. .

re peater watc h with open gil t sides an d a sil ver r in

-
, g ,

w ith n u m eral s on th e di al pl ate The maker was -

.

Boe kel ts Hagh A r oun d sil ver watch chase d with

, .
,

flowers having a silver dial plate and two circul ar

,
-
,

dial s showi ng th e hour the age of th e m oon and the

, , ,

days of th e week and m on th T he m aker was Louis .

Ar thaud a Lyon A ro und silver watc h with sil ver dial

.
, ,

and gil t open work Th e m aker was Hein rich C arstens

.
,

Lu beck A roun d sil ver watch showing the hour and

.
,

the day of the m onth T he maker was John S pence of

.
,

Lon don A round sil v er gilt al arum repeater watch

.
- -
,
352 LU NA R DI S ’
WA T C H .

a n e namell ed ol
by Fitter of London with a
d watch
g , ,

p ainted femal e figur e holdin g a cad uceus ; at h er feet

ar e a c or n ucopia and fla s M i B tin k h m l l
g ss en c as a s . a

enam e ll ed gol d Fre n ch watch pain ted at th e bac k with ,

a m o rin i playing with a goat .

T h e watch tea pot an d punch bowl of Dr S amuel

, ,
-
.

John son who died in 1 78 4 are still re veren tl y pre

, ,

se rv ed by th eir o wners from cr ack or fla w H is in k sta nd .

-

is in th e possession of Dr R obert Bigsby of Peckham .

, .
‘

L unardi an attaché to th e Neapolit an em bass y m ad e

, ,

the first aerial ascen t i n E ngl an d fro m th e Artill ery

G r ound Fins bury i n S epte m be r 1 78 4
, , Upon which , .

occasion the Prince of Wales afterwards G eorge IV , .

p resented him with a gol d watch as a token of hi s ,

a d miration of wh at app ear ed at t hat tim e to be a most

won derful experi m ent I n making an other as ce nt from

.

Napl es some time a fter wards about 1 802 L unardi fel l , ,

into the sea an d th e watc h was much inj ured

, He .

t hen petition ed th e prince to order it to be r e pa ire d .

Th e follo wi n g i s a copy of the p eti tion the ori ginal of ,

which is in the possession of Mr John Bull ock of S e ven .

,

oaks by whose kindness the author is ena bled n ow to

,

publish a transcript of it T h e peti tion is entirel y in .

t h e autograph of L una rdi an d was en dorsed by h im as ,

fol l o ws To Hi s R oyal Highn ess G eorge Prince of

Wal es . The m ost resp ectful Petition of Vin cent
L unardi first aerial Tra vell er in E ngland
, To H is .

R oyal H ighness G eorge Prince of Wal es T h e mos .

R espectful Petition of Vin cent L u nardi Hum bly .

sh e weth That You r R oyal H igh ness s Petiti on er s oon

’

after hi s ascent fr om th e A r til l er y G rown d dz A erial ,

V oyage r eceiv d a val ua ble S top Watch descri bi ng

’
-
,

secon ds as a t ok en of Your Ro yal H ighn ess s a ppro

’

be tiou with a co mm an d that it shoul d be Your

, ,
 LU NARDI S ’
WA T C H . 353

Petition er compani on on every futur e aerial excur tions,

which has ev er been M pli ci tl y obeyed An d Your .

Highness s Petitioner begs l ea ve to represent, that

’

afte r ascendin w i th H i B a ll oo n from Napl es h e

g s

was u nfortunatel y obliged to descen d in the G ul f

an d bein d d th h t h w v f r thr ee hours,
g r agg e r o g e a es o

he was lan ded at the Isl an d of C apri, wh ere on

recov erin fr om th e fati ue of his un p leasant a ua ti c
g g q
j un e y h e fo u n d h is v al ua b l e W a t ch so m u ch i nj ure d
by th e S alt Water, that the ex erti ons of a very
ingen ious ar tist were required to ren der it once more
usefu l, but 111 Ital y n either Love or m on ey coul d
p r o
’
cur e that assistan ce Your R oyal H ighn ess s Petiti oner
.

therefore humbl y sol icits that Your Highn ess will be

raciousl y pl ea sed , to direct Mr V illi m t w
g a y .o r en e

th e i nternal part of the W atch, so that, he m ay enjoy

its aid on his n ex t flight, which wil l short ely ta ke place
at C orun a wh il e th e Bri tish Fl ee t is ofi F err ol , and
'

Your Ro yal Hi ghness s Petitioner will contin ue, as has

’

been his uniform practice to offer up his prayers,

especia ll y when h e has ascend ed n ea r est Heaven , to

Almi ghty G od for the Precious Health an d Long Life

”
of Your R o yal H ighn ess This petition was sent by
.

L unardi to V ulli am y of Pall M all, the prin ce s watch

’
,

maker in a l etter, of which the foll o wing is a copy

,

Mr Vill iam y, H is R oyal H ighn ess s Pr in ce of Wal es

.
’

Watchmak er Pall Mal l Mr L unar di prese nts his t e

. .

spect com pli men ts to Mr V illi amy, he has been

.

very ill with a colic and as omes it will n ot be in his

w r not to walk out to Da t h r efor e, as h e un der
p o e y e

stand H is R o yal Highn ess is to l ea v e Town this after

noon , Mr L begs Mr W illiamy will waits on H is

. . .

R oyal Hi ghn ess with the incl os d Thursday m ornin g

’
.

”
9 o cl ock
’
No 1 3, O xendon S treet, Haym arket
. . .

2A
354 S H AR K A ND WA T C H .

I n 1785 died Pete r R oy, who was watchm aker to t h e

K ing of F ran ce H e was the au thor of the Mem o irs
.

for th e C lockm akers of Paris, entitl ed Etre nnes C h r o

n om etri u es J ul ie n 19 R oy, a rela ti on of this m e c h a
’

q .

nician, was a famo us F r en ch watc hm aker, of wh os e

reputa tion hi s br othe r arti sts in Pari s were jea l ou s a n d ,

th ey did what the y coul d to im i ta te hi m J B Ba ill o n , . . .

th e queen s horo loger , tried to outdo him, and he m ad e

’

al l so rts of whi ms i cal cl ocks an d watches, a ddi ng to y s

to them as the fas hions of th e co urt r equired cha ng e .

Th is m an died you ng, and probably th e richest cloc k

and watch m aker i n E u rope .

S ir R icha rd Phil l ips tells us in his C hron ol ogy

that in 1 78 7, a shark was taken in th e Thames n ear
Poplar , and in its bell y was found a watc h, with th e
n a me of Watson eng ra ved u p on it I t be longed to a
.

y o un
gg en tl em a n w h o h ad b ee n dr o wn ed n ear F al m ou th .

I n C olma n s opera of In kl e an d Ya ri co, first p l ayed

’ ’

i n 1 78 7, S ir C hristoph er C urry sings

Com plaisance is a gingerbread crea t ure,
U s d for sh ew, like a w atc h , by each spark ;
’

But truth is a golden repeater,

”
T ha t sets a man righ t in th e d ark .

I n 1 78 8 was published an etc hing in folio by J , .

Nixon of James Davis a l unatic at Marga te who

, , ,

di ed in 1 790 H e is represented whole len gth with a

.
-
,

l eek in his h at H e was brought up as a watchmake r

.
,

an d afte r war ds beca me sexton of S t Bride s Lon do n

’
.
, .

I n March 1788 a gol d watc h was fo und u pon a n

, ,

open co mmon in the neighbourhood of Leeds I t had .

been l ost by a gentleman when fox hun tin g abo ut six -

tee n y ears befo re .

D uring the war of 1 796 a sail or went to a Mr .

Mac Lare n a watchmaker and pr esenti ng a small

, , ,
35 6 N
G I A T S WA T C H
’
.

I n the season of 1 8 06- 7 the adm ire rs o f t h e per

formance of Joe G rimal di, th e cl own, at S a dl e r s W alk
’

Theatre, presented him with a ha ndsome w a t c h , the

face of which was so contrived as to repre s e n t a per
trait of himself in th e act of singing hi s rom a n t i c d itty
Me and My Neddy I n 1 809 two hig h w a y m en,
’
of .

who knew G rimal d i, robbed him of this w a t c h an d

other articl es, on H ighgate Hil l O n e of th e t h ie v es,
.

however, induce d his com panion to resto re th e w a t ch,

which th ey val ued at onl y t wo pounds, to i ts o w n e r on
the spot .

T h e gol d watch of Patrick C otter alm O Br i e n , th e

’

Irish giant, who was bom m 176 1, and died abou t 1 8 08 ,

'

is still m use, an d keeps time as well as ever I t 18 o f .

unusual size, its works are of extraordina ry s tr e n g t h ,

and it weighs a poun d, wi th the chain an d seals I t is .

a ch ron ometer and re peater, and was m ad e l arg e a n d

sui tabl e for its hu e own er I t h h i nam e eng r a v e d

g as s.

”
on th e ca , t hus P t r ick Co tter, K insal e, I re l a n d
p a .

I t was purchase d by th e father of th e present possess or

at a sa l e after th e i d h
’

g a nt s ea t .

I n the Gentl eman s Magazin e for 1 809 are th e

'

foll owing lines, O n seeing a F rench watch round th e

”
neck of a beautiful youn
g w o m an z

Mark w hat w e gain from foreign l ands,

Time ca nn ot n ow be sa id to li nger,

A llow d to lay his t wo rude hand s,

’

Where others dare not lay a finger !

These identi cal l ines also appear in th e same maga

zine for 1 8 1 1 probabl y bein p od d by mi t k
, g re r u ce s a e .

I n neither i nstan ce does the author s n am e a ppear ; but

’

in Arlis s Pocket Magazine for 1 8 1 8 we find them

’

figuring u nder th e i ni tials of A R as an epigram on ,

 WA T C H A NA C H RONI S M .
357

seeing a F r ench watch suspended upon the breast of a

o l d y A R do not, ho wever , ac kn owl ed e his
y un
g a. . . es g
i ndebtedn ess to the Gentlema n s Ma gazine
’ ’
.

A writer in 1 8 09 tell s us that shortl y after Easter in

e ve ry year the ba ptism of S t Vinc ent F e rrier was
.

or tra yed in th e ch ur ch of S t S te phen at Val encia,

p .

by twenty statues or puppets as large as life, represent

i ng the pries ts , clerk, godmoth er, m id wi fe, ser vants, and
others . A n a musing anachronism was displ ayed in this
r eligious exhi bition, for th e wom en figures were fu ll y
-

dr essed in the then Fr ench styl e, with watch chains -

a m ong other person al decoration s .S t Vin cent was

.

born in 135 7, and di ed i n 1 41 9, dates long ante cedent

to th e time of the inv ention of watches .

I n the burlesque opera of Bombastes F urioso, by

’

R hodes, first performed in 1 8 1 0, the great ge neral Bom

bastes te lls the king
T hras h ed are yo u r f oes—thi s watch and silken string,
Worn by their chief, I as a tro phy bring ;
I knock d him down, th en snatc h d i t from h is fob
’ ’

Watch , watch , he cried w hen I had done the job :

’

My w a tc h is gone, says he ; says I , Jus t so ;

’

—
S to p w here you are watchm were made to go .

T he Norwegian peasants are r emarka bl e for inge

un ity, indus try, and m echanical genius J B Depping,
. . .

writi ng in 1 8 1 7, says, A lady of the Danish court one

d ay showed me, in a company where we met, a bean
tiful repeate r which she wore Everybody admired the
.

workmanship, though it was observed not to be so

hi ghl y finished as the best perfor mances of the watch
makers of London and Paris ; but We were all not a
l ittl e surprised when she infor med us that this watch
was made by a young Norwegian who had never learned
th e trade, or been from home : that before he coul d
358 T A L KI NG WA T C H .

set a bout this arduous task he had been obl ige d to

,

make with h is rude impl em ents such fine t ools as h e

, ,

wa n ted ; and that in thr ee y ears he ha d at l en gth 0 0

p l ete d this beaut iful piec e of work whi ch for sol i d i t y ,

a nd re ularity was n ot sur passed by an y other of t h e

g
”
kin d .

Accord ing to the G entl eman s Magazine for 1 8 2 0 ’

,

an artist at O em berg in Pr ussia about th a t year co n

, ,

structed a tal ki ng watch which im itated th e h um a n

-
,

v oice an d answered q uestions in G erman an d Pol is h

, ,

besid es executin g musical airs .

for 1 821 tells us th a t

’
T he An n ual R egiste r
‘

M K uhaiewaky, of W arsaw, h ad then l atel y produce d

.

as his i nv en tion an astro no mical wa tc h , whi ch in di cated

the di fference of ti me in th e prin cipa l pl aces in va rio us

parts of the gl obe I t had been accepted as a pr esen t
.

by the Emperor Al exander, who h ad sent M K uhaiewsky .

in return a magnifi cent snufl box , an d assigned him a

-

sum to en abl e hi m to continue his i m portant scien tific

l abours .

About th e middle of D en zil S treet on th e south ,

side , li v ed in 1 8 29 The ophil us H oldred a jobbing ,

wa tchm aker whose nam e wi l l al ways hol d a place in

,

on e d epa rt men t of m ath ematical history H e disco .

ve red a m ethod of approxim atin g to the r oots of

n u m erical equations of considerabl e ingen uity

, Fur .

ther particul ars of him will be fo und in Notes and

Q u er i es for 1 8 5 0.

Brequet was a cel ebrated F rench watchmaker who ,

flourished at the en d of the last an d the comm ence ,

ment of the present century H e was greatl y en con

, .

raged by th e A ll ies in 1 8 1 5 T h e Emperor Alex an der

.

purchased several of his unequall ed watches and the ,

Duke of Wellington had one of them whi ch on touch ,

~
360 NA PO L E O NL s ’
WA TC H .

num er of ste s
b p by the wearer whil e th e mstr u
taken
m ent is in his pocket I t is capabl e of adj ustm ent
.

accordin g to the n umber of steps th e wea rer us ual l y

takes in a mil e whi ch he must first count an d se t th e

, ,

i nstrument accordingl y Without such adjustment it

.

Mad ame Tussaud an d

’
In S ons Exhibiti on , London ,
is a gol d repeating watch of considera bl e v al ue, which
-

was p resented by Napol eo n Bona parte to Mr Mati, hi s .

v al et, who acco m pani ed hi m i n his R ussia n ca mpaign .

T he val et declared i t to have been pr esented to hi m

on l ea ving th e E mperor s ser vice after the battl e of
’

Le ipzig H e sold it to William Bull ock, of th e E gyp

.

t ian H all , Piccadil l y, wh o afterwards sol d it for the

same price as th at whi ch h e had given for it to M T us .

sa nd . Th e same Exhibition contains a singular secret

cl ock, containing a sma ll figure of Napol eon, whi ch was

form erl y the property of his brother L uci en .

I n an engraving pu blished in 18 30 D eath ente rs a

watchmak er s shop, and shows hi s ho ur -gl ass to the
’

master, saying, Vais je bien -

To which t he latter
”
answered , Vous avancez horriblement .

Babbage in his E conomy of Manufactures, 1 835, ’

says : An apparatu s h as recentl y been appli ed to

watc hes, by whi ch the hand whi ch indi cates seconds
l eaves a small d ot of ink on th e di al plate whene ver a
-

certain stop or in den t is push ed in Thus , whilst .

the eye is atten tivel y fixed on th e phen omen on to be

observed, the fin ger registers on the face of the
w a tchd- ial the comm encement and the end of its ap
”
pearance.

I n the Mirror for 1 8 37 appear certai n flimsy rhym es,

‘ ’

entitled E legy and E ulogy on two R ival Watches, ’

which commence thus

 TR A NS PA R E N
T WA T C H .
36 1

H ere Hath one whose chief besetting sin

W as lying, tho he d ’ ’
neith er tongue nor chin ;
Consu mmate fal sehood bubbl d , wi th out res t,
’

F rom sp r ings, all lying nea th h is brassy breast

’
.

T ha t one w ho had no ton gue from tru th sh ould sw erve

S ounds some wh at strange—but wh o has fail d t obser ve
’ ’

T hat words, tho true, may be in fact a lie,

’

A s fa lsehoods m ay be u tte red guil tlessly ;

Whate er is said, whate er one may bel ieve,
’ ’

L yin g is bu t th in tention to d ecei ve ”

’
.

I n the year 1 839 a transparent watch of small size ,

constructe d pri nci pall y of r ock-crystal was presented ,

to the Academ y of S cience at Paris I t was made by .

M R ebellier The works were all visible ; the two

. .

teethed wheels whi ch carried the h ands wer e of rock

crysta l and th e other whe els were of metal
, A ll the .

scr ews were fixed in crystal and each axis tur ned on ,

rubies . T h e escapement was of sapphire the balance ,

wheel of r ock crystal and the spri ngs of gold

-
, This .

watch was foun d to keep excell ent time whi ch cir cum ,

stance was attribute d by th e m ak er to th e feebl e ex

ansion of the crystal in th e bala nce wheel -

p .

A travell er writing in 1 844 says I saw to day in

, , ,
-

Munich above the door of a watchmaker s shop the

,
’
,

wor ds U hr Maker a Maker of Hours

”
.
,

I n 1 844 Messrs Hart and S on of C om h ill made

.
, ,

for the S ul tan Abd ul Medschi d a watch whi ch as a , ,

whol e was perhaps the m ost costl y an d elaborate piece

of horol ogical m echan ism ev er produ ced by E nglish

workmen up to that time I t was exhi bite d to the

.

Q u e en an d to P ri nce Al bert as a tr iu m ph of B ri tish

skill and taste T he watch was five inches i n diameter
.

it was in a double case of twenty two ca rat gol d the -

,

back external case was bea uti q y enamell ed with

362 S U LT A NS ’
WA T C H .

flowers , border of arabesque scroll work T his

within a -
.

t f th w o km h ip w tr u l y exquisite the b r il
p ar o e r a ns as ,

liancy of the col ours and the deli cac y of the penci l li n g
surpassin g anyth in g of th e kin d of fore ign manu fac t u r e .

T he dia l was white opaqu e enam ell ed on copper si m i l ar , ,

to E nglish watc hes in gen eral ; but th e figures w e r e

Turkish characters T he hands wer e of bl ue steel s e t
. ,

with diam onds ; one h an d represented a dart an d t h e ,

other a sh orter dart or arrow with th e crescent at o n e , ,

end . T he m ovem ent was duplex with a chron om et e r ,

balance and j ewell ed in ten r uby hol es Th e watc h

,
.

str uck the hours an d qu ar ters by itsel f as th e tim c ,

represented ; whi ch str iking was re pea te d togeth e r ,

with th e m inutes by p ushi ng up wards a sma ll go l d

,

sli de .T he inner bottom was of crys tal so as to sh ow ,

the r epeating mechanism ; an d throu gh the cr ys tal wer e

two holes to wi nd u p th e striki ng par t an d th e m ov e
,

ment Wir es instead of th e old method by a bell

.
, , ,

were used ; and th e soun d resembl e d th at of a powerful

and harmonious cath edral clock T he pendan t or .
,

handl e was form ed of five scrolls shaped piramidi call y

, , ,

a nd beau tift en gra ve d The cost of this watch and .

a companion on e which were both order ed in 1 84 3

’

through the Tur kish embassy was one thousand two ,

h undred guineas .

I n 1 8 45 the opera tiv es of Birm i ngham with a view

, ,

to stimulate th e man ufactur e of Br itish j ewell ery pre ,

sente d to Prin ce Al ber t with other a rticl es for the ,

Q u ee n a wa t
,ch c h ain s eal- and k e
y T h e d,e si gn,of .

the seal was th e Warwi ck v ase stan ding on a p edestal , ,

s upported by Mercur y and C eres ; grapes sprung from

th e top of th e seal th e te ndrils of the vi ne gracefull y

,

formi ng the l oop T he key was in tas te ful keeping

.

with th e seal ; the vine and the oak were repr esented as
364 BLI ND WA TC HMAK ERS .

the striking h hour was an imitation of the al a r m

of eac

bell of Poland O n the back of the watch was ca r v ed

.

in al to reli eve the coat of arms of the S tuar t fam i l y

- - -

projecting from a rich damask ground whi ch cov e r e d ,

th e whol e watc h I n the mi ddls of th e inside ca se

.

was this inscription : Nobili Domino D udle y C o u t ts

S tuart Illi Assiduo L ibertatis Pol onina De fenso r i
, ,

E jusque Fi li or um Patria O rborum A dpitori D ie .

3 Maii ,

The Ill ustrate d Lon don News of August 23r d ,

185 1 te lls us tha t there was then livi ng at Hol beach

, ,

c omplete ly blin d H e was a first te hand a t his

.
-ra

busin ess, and it was tr ul y sur prising to obser ve with

w hat case he coul d take to pieces and pl ace togeth e r
again watc h es of th e most del icate m ech anism S om e .

y ea rs p r evi ou sl y R i pp in w as r obb ed, an d th e p rop er ty

taken from him cons isted of watch wheels, hai sprin gs ,
- r-

and other tin y thi n gs bel ongin g to the trade T h e thi ef

.

was trace d , and con vi cte d at S paldi ng sess ions, th e blind

man havi ng sworn to h is property by feeli ng Earl y 1n.

the present centur y, at Bar n sta pl e, was a sign over a

door, denoting that clocks and watches were re paired by
Willia m Huntl ey, a blin d man H e was born blind,
.

and was brou ht up by his father, who was a cl ock an d

g
watch maker, to that bus iness, whi ch he afte rwards
foll owed H e had pl enty of employment, being con
.

sidered by th e inhabita n ts to be v er y efi cie nt i n his

profession H e repa ired musical cl ocks and watc hes,

.

and seldom met with any difiiculty in repairing the

most complicated I t o ften occurred that in cases

.

whe re others had failed in compl ete l y rest oring the de

fective work of a cl ock or watch, this man discovered
and set right the d efect .
 N
AU T O-C H R O OGRA PH . 365

T he Great E xhibition of 185 1 c n tain e

o d numerous

C oventry, whose establi shment was th e onl y on e of th e

kind in Englan d in which m achinery impell ed by steam
o w er was em pl oyed for p erfor mi ng m any of th e pro
p
cesse s in th e com pl etion of a watc h , exhibited the

vari ous parts of a l ev er watch in th e progr essive stages

of manufacture for instance, the top pl ates, pill ar

plate and cap, ca p spring cock, name-bar , potence, wheel
-

bar, r eg ulator, pen dul u m , stud, detent , detent sp ring, -

- l
stop, stop sprin g, in dex , bo t, bol t sp ring, dial wheel ,
- -

cli ck and ratchet cha in l

, barr e cover, ba
-
rr l
e ar bor, fusee,
-

coll et, m ain or great wh eel , m ainta in ing power sprin g,

-

maintai ni ng power wheel, fusee, roll er, l ever pall et,

-

escap e whee l an d pinio n , thi r d wheel an d pini on, centre

wh eel and pinion, com pensati on bal ance, pen dul

-

sp rin gs, r uby ston es, j ewel hol es, cases, and rin gs for

g l ass es . A ll t h e a bov e w ere shown as r ou hl y cast,

g
t hen as form ed into pr oper shapes, and l as tl y, as fin ish ed .

S everal m ov em ents wer e also sh own, and a beautiful

display of on e hundred and thir ty seven watches of all
-

kin ds, fro m the pl ai n est sil ver watch to the most el abo
rately fin ish ed an d orn am en tal gol d watch .

Mr Thompso exhi bited his auto chron ograph, for

. n -

the insta ntan eous sta mpin g or printin g of tim e .

Mr Den t, in addi tion to th e large turret-c lock in th e

.

na ve, had a good displ ay of chron om eters and watches

of va rious desi ns and for various pu rposes A n d in

g .

his coll ection was a watch with a co ntri vance for win din g
up and settin t h e h an d s wi tho ut a ke , by tur ni n
g y g a

knob in th e ring or pendant by which it was attached

to the ch ain or gua rd . Th e m erit of this in vention is
said to be due to Mr V iner, whose first constru ction was
.

a jointe d lever passin t hr ou h the pendant, and actin

g g g
366 WA TE R WA T C H .

di rectly pon the m ain spring and furnished with a

u ,

ratche t to pr e v ent th e recoil of the spri n Mo

g re .

recentl y the spri ng ha s bee n woun d u by m ns of a

p ea

r evol ving cylin der ; an d this method h as the advanta e

g
of giving power to set the han ds a lso wh en requi red

without a key There are watches whi ch win d them

.

sel ves u p that is ar e pro vided wi th a m ec han ism in

, ,

which the bodil y exercis e of the wearer sets in m otion

a shi fting weigh t which as th e tr ain runs down a ain
, , g ,

resto res the fo rce of the spr in

g .

M R icusec a watch m aker of Paris obtained a prize

.
, ,

medal for his as tro nom ica l marking watches whi ch had -
,

a seco n d h and t h at on a pin bein

-
t o uched at the ti me
, g ,

o f ob servation made a b l ac k spot on the dial ; an d this

,

process coul d be repeated at very cl ose intervals so as ,

to record the exac t m omen ts o f a n u m be r of obs erved

phenomena following each other very r apid ly without ,

th e necessity of tak ing th e eye 0 3 the object watch ed

for in order to l ook at the dia l
, .

A sil ver watch which perform ed whil e suspended in

,

a gl ass gl ob e filled wi th water containi ng gol dfis h was ,

exh ibite d by Messrs Petti t T h e object of thi s i nventi on

. .

being to secure the protection of tim ekeepin g and other

i nstru ments fro m water an d sea d am p -
.

I n t he S wiss coll ection s from G eneva was a m ini ature

watch three sixteen th s of an in ch in d ia m eter in sert ed
,
-
,

in the top of a pencil case and in dicatin g on its tin y

-
,

dial not onl y the how min utes and seconds but al so , , ,

t h e days of the m onth .

Mr Funnel of Brigh ton exhi bited a smal l l ever-watch

.
, , ,

the d ia meter of whi ch was that of a th re epen n y pi ece -

.

T he R ose watc h was the name u nder whi c h Mr

-
.

Jones of the S trand exhi bited a bea utiful ly moun te d

, ,
-

watch the decoration of which was suggesti ve through

,
368 WA TCH S IMIL E .

q
re ueste d that his l ordship woul d do him the hon our to

A n enamell ed gol d snuff-box, with a watch 111 ovem en t

and di amond h an ds, was sol d by auction by Mess rs .

Debenh am and S torr on O ctober 1 8 th, 18 65 , for twenty

four gui neas .

Mr J T Pickb urn
. . .
, a gen tl e man who is well kn own
am ng ,
o and r es e cte p d by , the peopl e
C ler ken well , of

the g rea t watchmaking centre, drew th e foll o wing simil e

in a speech mad e by h im at a public d in ner in 18 6 5, at
which man y horol ogists were present That excellent
contri van ce, ca ll ed the B ri tish C on stitu tion, is li k e a

watch th at goes upon a di amond, John Bull s pocket

’

being the mine from whence the m etalli c substance is

derived that forms the m ain spring T he House of-
.

C om mons is the r egul ator ; t he House of Lords the

bal ance-wheel ; the Ministe rs the wheels within wheel s ;
a nd that other estate of th e rea l m , th e Press , does d uty

as th e di al , by which we l ear n h ow th e tim e goes But .

th e je wel upon whi ch the whol e fabric turns is the

”
S overeign .

Mr Benson, the emi nent cl ock an d watch mak er of

.

London , has withi n the l ast few years in vente d an

ins trum ent called a C hron ograph which is chiefly used
,

for timing the durati on of horse ra ces I t con sists of-

.

an ordinar y quick tra in l ev er m ovemen t, on a scale

sufficientl y l arge to car ry the han ds fo r an e igh t in ch

-

dial , and with th e addition of a long seconds-hand,

which t rav erses the di al , instead of bein g, as usu al , j ust
abov e th e fi ur e VI
g T.h e pecul iari ty of th e C hron o

raph co n si st s in this seco nds h n d an d th e m ec hani s m

- a
g
connecte d wi th it The hand itself is do ub le, or formed
.

of two di stinct han ds , on e l yin g ov er the other T he .

l ower one, at its extreme e nd, is furnished with a sm all

 T HE C H R O NO GR A PH . 369

cu or reser voir with a minute orifice at th e botto m

p ,
.

T he corresponding extremity of th e upper han d is bent

ov er so as to rest exactl y over this puncture and the ,

reser voir ha ving bee n filled with i n k of a thickn ess

between ordi n ary writing fluid and printer s i nk th e ’

C hronograph is r eady for action T he operator who .

,

hol ds tigh tl y grasped in his h an d a stout strin g con

u seted wi th the m echanism p ec uliar to this i nstru ment ,

keeps a steady l ook out for the fall of the starter s flag
-
’
.

S im ultan eousl y th erefor e with the sta rt of th e r ace

, , ,

th e string he holds is pul le d by hi m and at th e sam e ,

m om ent th e upper h and dips do wn th r ough th e reservoir

in the l ower and l eaves a li ttle dot or speck of in k
,

upon th e dial This is repeated as the hors es pass the

.

winni ng post so that a las ti ng an d in d isp utabl e recor d

-
,

is aflor ded by the dots on the di al of th e time—e xact

'

—
to the tenth of a seco nd whi ch is occupied in r unni ng
the race A s an exam pl e of the r es ul ts of thi s inst ru
.

m ent s operations we m ay ad d that it ti med t he start

’

and arri v al of the D erby race in 1 8 66 as foll ows

S tart 3 hours 34 min 0 sec

, arrival 3 hours 36 m in
. .
,
.

49 sec ; duration of race 2 min 4 9 sec

.
,
. .

C harl otte Fl orenti a D uch ess Dowager of Northu m

,

berl and by her will proved on S eptember 28 th 18 6 6

, , , ,

bequeathed to Lady Williams her dia mon d watch the ,

chain of diamonds an d pearls belongin g to it and t h e ,

seal s.
 CH A PT E R X I .

Mechanical Details of W atchm Divisions in the W atchm ki n g

T rade Wa tch C hain H a ir S pring T icks of a Watc h Watch
G l asses A G ood Wa tch maker S wiss Watc hes Watches I n -

t d in t E l nd D u ti es on W tch es D e res sion of W a tc h

po r e o ng a p a

F raud s in Watc h es E pitaph s on Watch makers Moore s '

T rad e
L ines with a Watch Prover bs on W tc hes S h erida n s S tra te gem
’

to get a W a tch Wa shington s S ecre tar y s W tch A necdote of

’ ’
a

a L ord Mayor of L ond on C u Poisson d A vril

’
H ow a C l er gyma n
t Watc h from a T hief — Wa tch with l e ttered Dia l — H ow a
go a

W atchmaker got h e d e W atch Papers Poetry of W atch

S tands .

W E here pro pose to give hort accou nt of som e of th e

a s

curios iti es of th e m echan ical de ta ils of watches A .

od th r ee quarter plate watc h as u sual ly made require s

-
g o

no fewer than one hu ndred and th irty e ight dis tinct -

pieces in its fra me trai n esca pem ent potence fusees

, , , , ,

arbors cl icks ratc hets an d oth er n icel y co ntri v ed and

, , ,
-

adj us ted const itu en ts To th ese appl iances m us t be

.

added th e ch ain w hich conta ins sixty t hree l inks an d

,
-

fort y two riv ets to ever y inch an d bein g generall y six

-
,

inches in length comprises six hun dre d and t hirty

pieces ; thus swelling the contents of a common d e
tac hed l ever watch to sev en hun dred and sixty e ight
- -

separate pi eces to construct wh ich gives occupati on to

,

no l ess than thirty eight or fort y diffe r ent kin ds of

-

artificers Babbage in his Econom y of Manufac tures

. , ,
’

tells us that the div ision of l abour ca nn ot be su ccessfull y

prac tised unl ess there exist a great demand for i ts
produce ; and it requires a l arge capital to be em ployed
in those arts in whi ch it is used I n watchmakin g it .
372 WA T C H T IC K S .

become of great price for the labour bestowed ; bu t art

offers no exa mpl e wherein the cost of the mater ial is so
”
enh anced by hum an ski ll as in th e bal ance spring -
.

T he p en dul um spring of a watch which gove rns the

-
,

vibrations of the bal an ce costs at th e retail price two

,

pence and we ighs fifteen one hundredths of a grain

,
-
,

whil e th e r etai l pr ice of a poun d of th e best iron the ,

ra w m ate ria l ou t of whi ch fifty thousand such springs are

made is the sam e su m of t wopence

, .

A watch it is said ticks seventeen thousan d on e hun

d red a nd sixty ti m es in an hour that is four hun dred ,

a nd el e v en th ousan d eight hundred an d forty tim es in a

d ay and one hun dred a nd fifty m illi ons four hun dr ed

,

an d twe n ty four thousand five h un d re d an d te n ti m es i n

-

a y e ar all o wi ng the yea r to be th ree h undred and si xty

,

five days and six hou rs l ong I f a w atch went as some

.
,

will for one hund red years it woul d beat fiftee n thousan d
, ,

an d forty two m ill io ns fou r h un dred an d fifty six thou

- -

s an d t im es .

Watch glasses were formerl y made i n Englan d by

wo rkmen who pu rchased from the gl ass house gl obes of -

five or six in ches in dia m ete r out of whic h by m eans

,

of a p iece of r ed hot tobacco pipe gu ided r ou nd a ,

patte rn watch glass placed on th e globe the y cracked

-
,

five other s ; these wer e afterwards ground an d s m oothed

o n th e ed ge s I n th e Tyr ol th e rough watch glasses
.
-

are suppli ed at once from the gl as s house ; th e wor km an -

a pplying a thi ck ring of col d glas s to eac h gl obe as s oon

as it is bl o wn caus es a piece of th e size of a watch gl ass -

to be cracked out T he re maini ng portion of the globe

.

is imm ediatel y brok en an d r eturn ed to th e m elting pot .

Form erl y this process coul d not be adopted in England

with th e sam e econom y beca use the whol e of the glass
,

taken out of th e pot was subj ect to excise duty In .

 WA T C H GLA S S E S . 373

E ngl and at the present time th e crown glas s used for , ,

en cl osing th e dials of cl ocks a nd w atch es before bein g ,

m oul ded or bent into th e requ ired form is first cut into ,

circ ular shape by m eans of a circl e cutter which con -

,

sists of a circ ul ar boar d cov ered with was h l eath er

,
-
,

which is m ade to r e vol ve on a pivot by one hand of the

operator whil e with the other hand he presses down a
,

diamon d on to the glass ; th e diam on d is fixed at the

en d of an adj us tabl e ar m which tr av erses a slot , ,

the exact dia meter of th e circul ar plate to be cut being

r egul a ted by an ind e x fix ed at the sid e of th e sl ot .

T he circular fla t pl ates wh ich are rem oved to m oul ds

,

tu rned out of sol id fireston e th e sinking of the m oul ds,

being of flat elliptica l section are put into on e or oth er ,

of the furn ac es accordi n to t h e size of th e gl ass to be

g ,

bent ; whil e in the furnace th e m ould is kept in con ,

tinnel cir cul ar m otion by the l ong ir on r od of the

operator until th e glass sinks in to th e requi red form
, .

T h e grinding an d poli shi ng th e edge of th e gl ass is th e

next operation By a si m pl e and i ngenious contrivance
.

the edge s of cl ock and watc h glas ses are groun d T he .

O perato r stands i n fr on t of th e work wi th hi s r igh t ,

han d turning roun d a handle placed verticall y above ,

th e bench and wi th h is l eft han d hol di ng a sort of

,

hood or cup supplied with em ery powder by which

, , ,

th e grindi n g is pa rtiall y effect ed ; the gl ass to be gro un d

is te mpor arily fixed on a boxwood m all et by m eans of ,

cem e n t at th e top of a spin dle wh ich passes throu gh

, ,

th e bench and to which r api d m otion is comm uni cated

,

by a r ou nd band from a hor izontal wheel bel o w the

bench turn ed by the right ha nd of the operator A fte r
, .

the grin ding is com pl eted the edge of the glass is , .

sm oo thed with pum ice stone a n d final l y poli shed with

-
,

oxide of tin usuall y call ed putty powder

,
-
.
 S W I S S WA T C H E S .

“
To become a good watch maker says Berthou d ,
it ,

is nec ess ary to be an arithmeti cian in ord er to fi n d

accur ate l y the r evol u tions of eac h wheel ; a ge o m e

tricia n to d eterm in e corr ectl y the cur ve of t he te e t h ;

,

9 m echani cia n to find precisel y th e forces tha t m u s t be

.
,

appl ied ; an d an arti s t to be a bl e to put in to pe r fec t

,

execution th e p r i ncipl es and r ul es which t hes e scie n c es

pres cribe H e m ust know how fluids resist bodie s i n

.

motio n an d be well acquai nted with the e fiects of h e a t

'

an d col d i n di fier en t metal s ; in addi tion to th es e

'

acquir e ments he mus t be e ndowed by natu re with a

happy genius to be abl e to appl y the m all in the c on

str uction of a n ac curate m eas urer of time .

A s to S wiss watches I t has bee n sta ted th at the be

.

g in n in
g of th e G en eva wa tch trad e was o win
-
g to t h e

bloody pe rsecution of the Protesta nts in France to war d s

th e cl o se of th e s ix teen th centur y wh ich ca used som e ,

F rench watc h makers to take r efuge in S witzerland In .

1587 C ha rl es Gusin of Autun in Bu rgundy settl ed in

, , ,

G eneva as a manufactur er of watches which wer e t h e n ,

sol d fo r th eir we igh t i n gol d H e ha d m any schola rs

.
,

an d h is succe ss n atu rall y dre w l abour fro m l e ss profi t

a ble e m pl oy m ent a n d sp read th e watc h makin g trad e

,

v ery rapidl y Bu t th e su bstantial in troduction of watch

.

m anufact u r e into S witzerland whi ch by the extensi ve

, ,

em pl oy m en t of femal e l a bour com p ete s su ccess full

, y
with E ngl and occurre d in this m ann er
,
— I n 1 6 79 a
native of S wi tzerl and afte r a v isi t to this country took
, ,

home with him from London a watch which was a ,

n ov el ty in his m ountain l an d an d greatl y excited th e

,

curi osity an d i nterest of al l who sa w it there O n its .

tt i n out of ord er th e o wn e r of th e wa tc h tr u sted it

g e g
for r epair to a m echa ni c n a m ed Dan iel John R ichard
, ,

of L a S ange who after atte ntivel y exam ini ng th e me

, ,
376 W A T C HE S I MPO RTED .

thick, an d was in fact a cl c watc h ; it had an al am m ,

o k -

and s ho wed on the difierent circl es of its face the h ours

'

an d the peri od of the d a w h ether m orning n oo n e v en

y , , ,

i ng or n igh t by certai n all egorica l figures en graved o n

, ,

a r e vol vin g d isc whi ch ch a nged su ddenl y and p re

, ,

sente d themsel v es at proper times T he d ays of t h e .

week wer e also represente d by r evolving figures t h e ,

days of the m onth the na me of the m onth and the n um

, ,

ber of days it conta ined together wi th the sign of th e ,

zodi ac in wh ich th e sun was the a e of the m oon an d

g ,

its ph ases a nd th e four seas ons of the year

, as they in ,

their circl e r un by all egorica l figures e n graved on a

re vol ving d isc in th e sam e m ann er as th e four pe riods

of the day This com pl icated and beautiful piece of

.

mech anism was n ot quite in its original state ; so me

former possess or a bou t a century and a half ago ca used
a n ew bal an ce wheel with pe n dul u m sprin
-
to be dd ed -
g a ,

to m ake it perform m ore regul arl y I t was e nc l ose d in .

a trav el li ng case of bl ack l eath er

- or na men ted with ,

sil ver studs .

The im portation of cheap foreign watches in great

nu m bers in to E n gland obvi ousl y m u st ha ve a depressing

influence u pon th e En gli sh trad e by l essen ing the d e ,

mand as n umbers of un wary pe rsons wh o study a false

,

econ om y pur chase those of S wiss ma k e on account of

, ,

th ei r tem ptin g ch eapness T he n u m ber of watc hes .

imported from S witzerl and into this countr y i n 1 8 5 8

was thr ee hu n dr ed a nd forty six thousan d eigh t h undr ed -

The returns of G oldsm iths Hall

’
an d n in ety four -
.

afford the foll owin g statistics of E ngli s h ma nufac tu re in

the n umber of watch cas es hall marked in 1 8 5 8 - -

,

London eighty three thousand six hundred an d four

,
-

teen sil ver a nd twen ty six thousand e ight hun dred and
,
-

seven ty gol d ; i n C o v entr y sixty thousan d sil ver By , .

 WA TC H E S I MPO R T E D . 377

our tran satl anti c o British watches were pr eferred ;

c usin s

th us in 1 8 5 7 we expor ted to Am erica fou rtee n thousan d

,

one hundr ed a n d forty on e watch es of hom e m an ufac

-

t ure and four hun dred of foreign mak e

, O n the con .

trary Australia showed a pr efer ence for fo reign wa tches

, ,

by ta king six thousand seven hun dred and twenty two -

of th em an d on l y thr ee thousand an d eigh ty two of

,
-

British manufac ture During the year 1 8 60 one hun

.

dred thousan d foreign watches passed through the

custom h ouse for hom e u se
-
The n um ber of foreign
.

watches im ported into E n glan d free of duty dur in g th e

first sev en m onths of the year 18 6 5 was eighty six thou -

san d on e hun dr ed an d fourteen a n d du ri n th fi t

g e r
, s

eight m on ths ni n ety six tho usan d four hundr ed an d one

-

as against eighty sev en tho usa n d two hun dred and

-

ei hty t wo in 1 8 64
-
d n hu nd d tho d i
g a n o e , r e u sa n n n e

hundre d and thirty eight in 1 8 63 periods corresponding

-
,

with th e l atter m onths .

T he parli am en tar y inq uiries whi ch hav e been in sti

tuted from ti me to ti me into v arious m a tters conn ected
with th e cl ock and watch trad e have serve d to enli ghten
us as to i ts extent an d the regula ti ons by whic h it was
,

contr oll ed A ll th e cl ockrn akers and oth er person s

.

usin g their trad e within Lon don an d ten m il es th ere

from were in corporated into one body with po wers to ,

mak e by l aws for the go vernm ent of those persons wh o

-

us ed the trad e throu ghout En gl and an d to con tr ol th e ,

importati on of forei gn cl ocks and watches in to this

coun try and to m ar k such as wer e im ported
, By th e .

custom of m arkin g foreign watches with th e stam p of

the C l ockmakers C ompan y of m arki ng each E nglish

’
,

watch with the m aker s n am e an d of the stam ping of

’

the cas es at G ol dsm iths Hall th e n um ber of watch es

’

produced in England became tolerabl y well ascertained .

378 DU T IE S or: W AT C H ES .

In a re ort p ommittee of the Hou se of Com

fr o m a c

mons in 1 8 1 8 it is stated that th e n um ber of gol d

a nd sil ver watch cases marke d at G ol dsm iths H all in
’
-

the year 1 796 a mounted to one h undred and n inety one -

t housan d six hundre d and seven ty e ight ; and in th e -

year 1798 wh en duties were i mposed on cl ocks and

,

watches and a licence to deal ther e in was mad e n eces

,

sar y th e nu mber of watch cas es ha l l m ar ked was re

,
- -

d uced to on e hundred and twenty eight thousand se ven -

hundr ed and ni nety eight showi ng a decr ease of sixty

-
,

t wo thousand eight hund red an d eighty Al though .

these d u ties were re p eal ed the m anu facture never re

,

covered itsel f I n 18 08 the n um ber of watch cases

.
-

ma rked was m ost approximate it be ing one hundr ed ,

and eighty thousand thr ee h und red and eigh ty nin e -

.

F ro m t h is year the numb er di min ished so that in 1 8 1 5 ,

o nly one h und red and thirty four thousand two hundred -

an d six ty nin e watc h es we re hall m a rked ; and i n 1 8 1 6

- -

only one hundr ed and two tho usa nd one h undr ed and
twe lv e rather m o re than on e hal f of the num ber m arked
,
-

in 1 796 Babbage in his E con omy of Manufactures

.
, ,
’

says that the n u m ber of watches m an ufac ture d for home

c onsumptio n was in 1 798 about fi fty thousa nd I f this -

.

suppl y was for G r eat Bri tain onl y it was cons um ed by ,

about ten an d a half m illi ons of p ersons .

T wo ca uses are cl earl y assignable for th e sig na l

declension in the manufac ture of watches as mentioned ,

above n amel y the im position of a d uty on cl ocks and

, ,

wa tc hes in 1 797 a nd t h e illicit importa tion of foreign

,

watc hes D uri ng the Pitt adm inistration an act was

.
,

passed l evyi ng certain duties upon cl ocks an d watches ,

to be paid by the posses sors of them I t was or der ed .

by this act that after Jul y 5 th 1 797 an annual duty of

, , ,

five shillings shoul d be charged on ever y clock or tim e

38 0 DU TI E S on WA T C HE S .

Exch equer stated in th e House of Commons th at the

repea l of the watc h act wou l d cause a defici e nc y of

an d as this tax was proved by expe rien c e to

p ress heavily upon a ver y industrious and useful part of

the co mmunity he wo ul d in o rder to m eet th e r ul es
, ,

of th e Hou se s impl y p ropose to r epeal the tax on cl ocks

, ,

watch es and ti me k ee pers ; an d on a future d ay brin g

,
-

forward another m easure to meet such deficien cy H is .

motion for mall y was tha t the tax on cl ocks wa tc hes

, , ,

an d tim eke epers m a d e l ast sessi on shou l d cease an d

”
deter mine which was a gree d to O n the foll owin g day
, .

Mr Hobart brought up a re port of th is r esolu ti on of

.

the C om m ittee of th e whole House whic h w as re ad ,

and assented to T he act i m posing th e du ty had

.

sioned reat d ist ress a m on th e wa tc h m akers of

g g
C lerken well .

O n J un e 6 th 1 8 1 4 S ir Willi am C urtis presen ted a

, ,

petition to Parliament from th e clock an d watch

mak ers stating that th ey exported goods to the val ue of
,

annual l y ; an d that their t rade was in danger

of bein g ruin ed by the im port ation of foreig n cl ocks

and watch es to which the n am es of E n l is h w or km en g

were affixed I n the ye ars 1 8 1 6 and 1 8 1 7 great dis

.
,

tress prev ailed am ong the watchm akers of C lerken

well many of whom wer e reduced to the extrem ity of
,

want A t n o peri od since 1 797 had there been such a

.

l ack of empl oym en t the earnings of s uch as obtai ne d

work in the l ast three m onths of 181 6 av eraged se ven
sh il lings and sixp en ce per week A phi lanthropic.

society was fo rmed an d u pwards of three thousan d

,

in di gen t workmen were r elie ved from its fu nd s T wo .

pawn brokers in C l erkenwell al one had watchm akers ’

tools i n pl ed ge to th e a m oun t of 1 9OZ a su m n ot ex .

,

ceedi n g one thir d of th eir real val ue

- This depression .
 WA T C H F R A U DS . 38 1

i n th e cl c o k an d watch trade was b

attri ute d to the
extensive ill icit impor tation of s uch a rticles from G eneva
a n d other p ar ts of S witze rl an d the m ov e m en ts be in
, g
b rought over in to this countr y put into E nglis h cases
, ,

a nd then sol d as E ngli sh watch es ; whil e o thers were

made up compl ete so as to rese mbl e those of Bri tish

m anufactur e Babbage wr iting in 1 8 35 says th at in
.
, ,

the watc h trade the practi ce of d eceit in forgin g th e ,

marks an d n am es of r espectabl e m akers had been ,

carr i ed to a reat ex ten t both by f o r ei n ers an d

g g
nativ es ; an d the effect upon our export trade had
been most inj urious as the foll owin g extra ct from
,

th e eviden ce before a C o mmittee of th e House of C om

mons prov ed
Q uestio n H .o w l on
g h av e y ou b een in t h e tr ad e ?
A nswer N ear l y thirty years
. .

Q . Th e t r a d e is a t p res en t m u ch d is tr ess e d ?
A Y es sadl y
.
, .

Q . Wh a t i s yo u r op in io n of th e cause of that

di str ess
A I t hink i t is o win g to a n u mb er of wa tch es tha t
.

have been ma de so exceedingl y bad that th ey will

ha rdly l ook at them in the foreign m arkets ; all with
a ha n dsom e ou tside show, an d the wor ks har dl y fit for

anyt hi ng .

Q . Do you m ean to sa y, t ha t all th e watc h es ma d e

in this countr y are of that description

A N0 ; onl y a nu m ber whi ch are m ade up by some
.

of the Jews, an d other l ow m an ufacturers I recoll ect .

som eth in g of th e sort y ears ago, of a fall ofl of the

'

East In dia work, owing to there being a number of

handsome lookin g watch es sent out, for instan ce, wi th
-

hands on and figures, as if they showed seconds, and

had not an y work r egular to show the seconds : th e hand
went r oun d, but it was not r egula r .
38 2 W A T C H MA K E R S
’
EPI T APHS .

Q Th.ey h ad no perfect mov ements

A No they
.
, had n ot ; that was a l ong tim e since ,

and we h ad not any E as t I ndia wor k for a l on

g ti me

afterwa r s d .

I n the h om e market inferior but showy watc hes w ere

mad e at a ch eap rate, whi ch were not warranted by the
k
m a e to go
r a bo v e h al f-e u -hour ; abou t the time occu
pied by the Jew pedlar in deludi ng his countr y cus

Accordi ng to the census of 1 8 6 1 there were eight

n d
hundred a seve y seven watch and cl ock makers in
nt -

C l erken wel l .

A t Lyd ford, in D evonshir e ,

is the foll owing e pitaph
on a watch mak er

H ere l ies in a hor izontal position,

th e ou tside ca se of
G eorge Ben tlei gh , watchmaker,
wh ose abil ities in that lin e w ere an h onour to h is professi on .

I ntegrity w as the ma i nsp r ing, and prudence the regula tor

of all the acti ons of h is life ;

H umane, generous, and l iberal, h is ha nd never stepp ed

t ill h e had relieved d is tress
S o nicely r egul a ted was his m ovements,
th at he nev er wen t w r ong,
except w hen set a -going

by people w ho d id not know his key

E v en th en h e w as eas ily set r ight ag ain .

H e had the art of dispos ing of his time

so wel l,

T hat his hou r s glided away in on e

con tinua l r oun d of pleas ure and del igh t,

T ill an unl ucky mom en t pu t a p er iod to h is exis tence

N
.

H e d eparted th is l ife ovember 1 4, 1 8 02

A ged 5 7, w ound up ,
in hopes of being taken in ha nd by h is Ma ker
A nd of bei ng thorough ly clea ned , rep a ired , and set a-going
”
for th e world to com e .

In Uttox eter ch urchv ard is th e foll owing pitaph

e ,
384 S H E RI DA NS
’
WA TC H .

l will tel l thee that the winged day

‘
"

C an ne er be chain d by man s endeavour ;

’ ’ ’

T hat l ife and ti me shall fade a way,

W hile h eaven and vi rtue bloom for ev er
”
.

T h e foll owing t wo ol d prover bs rel ate to watch es

Y ou may be a wise m an though you ca nn ot m ake a
“
watch A man , like a watch, is to be valued for his
”
g o in.
gs
’
This story is tol d of S heridan s stratagem to get a
watch Harris, the p roprietor of C ovent G arden
Th eatre, who had a gr eat r egard for S he ridan, h ad at
d ifferent ti mes frequent occasion to m eet him on busi
n ess, a nd made a ppointmen t after a ppoi nt m en t wi th

h im , not one of which was e ver kept by S heridan, who

during his life wasted m uch of old Tim e s sa nd A t ’
.

l engt h Ha rris, wearied out, begged his friend Pal m er,

of B a th , t o see S herida n , an d tell hi m that unl ess he

kept th e next appointm ent m ade for t heir m eeting,

all ac qua in tan ce between them must e n d for e ver .

S heridan expressed great sor row for wha t in fact had

been in evitable, and positivel y fix ed on e o cl ock the ’

n ext da y to call u pon Harris at the thea tr e A t a bo ut .

three o clock h e m ade his appearance in Hart S tre e t,

’

wh ere h e met T regen t, the cel e brate d F r en ch wa tch

m aker, who was extrem el y t heatrica l, and had bee n
th e in timate fr ien d of G ar ri ck S heridan tol d him
.

tha t h e was on hi s way to ca l l upon H an is -

I ha ve .

”
j ust left him, said T re gen t, in a viol ent pas sion, hav .

W hat
”
ing wai te d for you e ver since one o cl ock
’
.

h ave you been doing at th e theatre ? said S heridan .

”
Why, repli ed T regent, Harris is going to make
Ba te Dudl ey a pres ent of a gold watch, an d I ha ve
l f —
tak en h im ha a dozen that he m ay choose one for that
-

”
pur pose . I nd sa id S heridan They wished ea ch
.
 WA S HI N G TO N
S S E C RE T A R Y
’
.
385

h good day and parted S heridan proceeded to

o t er .

Harr is s room and when h e addressed hi m it was evi

’

den t that h is want of pun ctual ity h ad produced the

”
e fi ec t which T r e en t h ad d escri bed
'

W ll i said
g e s r .
, ,

H arris I have waited at l eas t t wo hou rs for you

,

again ; I h ad al most
g iv en y ou u
p a n d if S top , ,
”
m y dear Harris said S her ida n in terr upting h im
, I , ,

ass u re you th ese thi n s o ccur m or e fr om m

g y m isf or

tun es than m y faul t ; I d ecl ar e I thought it was but

one o cl ock for i t so happens th at I h ave n o watc h
’

, ,

a n d t o tell th t th m t poo t b b t
yo u e r u a oo r o u
y ,o n e ; u

when the d ay co mes t hat I ca n you wil l see I shal l be ,

W ell then said

”
as pu nctua l as an y other m a n .
, ,

th e unsuspect ing H arris if th at be all you shall n ot

, ,

l ong want a watch for he r e (open in g hi s drawer )

,

a re ha lf a dozen of T re en t s best ; choose a n

’
- - on e you
g y
”
like an d do m e th e favour of a cceptin g i t
, S her idan .

a fi ected th e greatest surpr ise a t th e appearan ce of th e

'

wa tches ; but did as he was bid an d sel ected certa inl y ,

n ot th e wo rst for hi s p resen t .

When W as hington s secr etar y excused himsel f for

’

the l aten ess of his attendan ce a n d l aid the bl am e upon ,

his wat ch hi s m aster quietly said

, Then you m ust get ,

an oth er watc h or I ano ther secretary

, .

Th e follo win g or iginal anecdote h as been comm u

ni cated to the author by Mr John B ull o ck of S ev en .
,

—
oaks A gentl em an who n ow fills a resp ons ible si tua
,

tion in on e of the n ational ex hibitions s om e years si n ce ,

becam e bail for a frien d ; an d wen t before the then

Lord Mayor of London to justi fy when this conversation ,

took place
L or d Ma yor Wh at is your n a me ?
.

Bail W . F
38 6 A NAPRI L JO K E .

L or d Mayor Well, Mr F . .
y ou ha v e co m e h e re

to be bail for your frien d ; wha t a re you

Bail A n ar ticul ator, my l ord A n arti cul a tor is
.
( .

one who puts in correct or der the bon es or skel eto ns of

ani m als ) .

L or d Mayor s Cler k What is that

’
.

L ord Mayor O h ! I kno w, you have to do with

.

cl ocks a n d watches .

T he Bail, being unwilling to expose m y Lord, bowed

assent ; an d so th e chi ef magistrate of th e C ity pas sed

for wise , an d m atte rs went off satisfactor il y .

I t is related that a F rench l ady ha ving stol en a watc h

from a fr iend s house on th e first of April, endea vour ed
’

after d ete cti on to pass off the affair as a n p oi sson

d Avr il, an April joke O n denying that the watc h

’
.

was in her possession, a m essenger was se nt to h er

apartmen ts, wh ere it was found upon a chimney piec e -
.

”
Y es, said th e thi ef, I thin k I ha v e m ade the m es
s en er a fin e p oisson d A B
’
ut th e m agi strate
g
before whom she was taken said she m ust be im prisoned
un til th e first of Ap ril in th e en suin g year, comma a n

oi sson d A w il
’

p
Dr Bigsby tells the author that an ol d fri end of h is,
.

a No ttingham shir e clergym an , being i n Lon don, we n t

one e ven in g to the pit of Dr ur y Lan e Thea tre to see

so m e famous actor of the da y — Kembl e or Kea n There .

was a gr eat rush for ad mission at the entran ce, and,

while sor el y pressed by the cr o wd , h e felt som ebo dy s
’

hand busy with his watch pocket S ea r ching to see

-
.

if his watch was safe, he found that his fob was e m pty ;
h
w e eur pon , r e m a r ki n
g a sus p ic i o us-l ook i n
g fe ll o w i m
m ediatel y in advance of him , h e prom ptly ch arged hi m ,
but in a whisper onl y, wi th the r obbery You ve got ’
.

my watc h, said be A t the n ext mom ent a watc h was

.
38 8 W A T C H PA PE RS .

C onseq uently th e o wn ers of them sent them to th e n ew

com er tc be repaired an d set right .

By the way we may add a few particulars rel ating to

watc h papers as they were cal led, but which wer e as
-

often of sil k, v el v et and mu slin, p rinted or work ed

,

with th e needl e, as of th e m aterial wh ence they deri ve

th eir n ame . Thes e papers were used in th e oute r cases
of the lar e ol d fashi on ed watches, be fo re the in tr od ucti on
-
g
of the present com pact for m of such instr um ents ; a nd

were d ecorated with v erses or devices, as to kens of l ove

or frien dship T he papers were frequentl y very n eatl y
.

cut wi th el aborate designs, someti m es sp rea di ng ove r

the whol e field, while at othe rs a cir cl e or oval was l eft

in the centre, on wh ich was pa i nted a m iniatur e O ne .

ol d paper had these l in es engraved upo n it

C onte n t th y selfe y
w ithe th ne es t-
at,

A nd sende n o poore W igh t from thy gate ;

F or why, th is councell I thee gi ve,
”
T o l earns to dye, and dye to l y ve .

In another the fol lo wing lines were so

,
re
g ul a te d as

to be prin ted in a circ le wi thout a brea k :

O n ward
Perpetu ally mo v i ng
These fai th ful h ands are prov in g
H ow soft the hou rs s teal by
T his mon i tory pulse- l ike bea ting,
I s often times m eth inks repea ting,
S wift, s wi ft, th e h ome d o fly l
R ead y, be read y ! perha ps before
T h ese hands h ave made
O ne revolu tion m ore,
L i fe s spring is sna pt,
’

Y ou die 1

Anoth er version of th ese li nes was set to music earl y

in the present century
 W A T C H PA PE R S . 389

O nward perpetual ly moving,

T hese faithfu l hands are ev er proving
H ow quick th e hou rs fly by ;
T his monitory pu lse l ike beating -

I s o ften tim es methi nks repeating,

‘
S wi ft ! s wift ! th e moments fly .

Read er, be read y , fo r perhaps before

T hese hands ha ve m ad e one rev olution more ,
L ife s sprin g is snapt— you die l ”
’

In a n ol d sil ver - watch were these printed l ines

T i m e is— th e present m omen t w ell empl oy ;
T ime was — is pas t— thou ca ns t n ot it enj oy ;
T i me future— i s not, and m ay nev er be ;
—
T ime presen t is the only time for thee ”
.

\Ve find the foll owing Lin es on a Watc h-paper m

th e Gen tlem an s Magazin e for Ma y, 1 797, with the
’

ini tials M E L
. .

L i fe s morning hour s un though t -of fly,

’

W i thou t watch
L i fe s noon tide n egl ecte d die
’
hours
By deaf watch
L ife s
’ ’
p
ev e s re en ta nce makes us cry,
F or stop w atch ;
L ife s midnigh t hour t h en beats by sigh ,
’

”
A death wa tch .

A watchmaker named Adams who practised his craft ,

earl y in th is cent ur y a t C hur c h S tre et Hackn ey was , ,

fond of putting scraps of poetr y in th e outer cases of

watches sen t to hi m for repa ir O ne of his eflus ions
'
‘
.

was as follows
T o-morrow i yes, to-morrow i you ll repent
’

A tra in o f years in v ice and fol ly s pent

T o-morrow com es—no pen iten tial sor row
.

A ppears th erei n, for s till i t is to morrow .

A t len gth to-morrow s uch a ha bit gains ,

T hat you l l forget th e time that H eav en orda ins,
’

A nd y ou ll belie ve that d ay too soon wil l be

’

W hen more to-morrow s you re denied to see

’ ”
.

T wo watch papers
-
, x
e ec ute d at th e c ommencem ent
390 W A TC H S T A NDS .

of the re ign of G eorge I II , the one of wh ite cam bric

.

wrought i n gold th r ea d with th e l ette rs G M 0 wi th in . . .

a doubl e circle of Im p c ha in work ; a n d th e oth er of

-

white musli n , with the in i tials S G in brown ha ir ar e

. .
,

still preser v ed . Printed watch papers with the hea d of

-

Willia m , D uke of C um berland, were pu blis hed in 1 746 ,

and som e of whi te an d p in k sati n wi t h th e portrait of

Q u e e n C aro li n e w ere co m m on abo u t th e y ea r 1 8 21 .

Perhaps the m ost am ous watch papers w ere those

f -

prin ted on the ice duri ng the frost fair of 1 8 1 4 .

I t seem s that watchsta n ds ca me into use about th e

middl e of th e sevente enth centu ry, but their history is
very uncertain O ne of that date is still pre served ; it
.

is of carved oak, eigh t inches hig h, and in design m u ch

rese m b l es so m e of the m ural m onum en ts of th e pe r iod .

T wo scr olls fo rm a sort of pedi m e nt above, wi th an

escal op shell in fron t
- . I t h as side col umns with four
large flowers sur roun ding th e circul ar O pening for the
face of th e watch , and th e l o wer part is poin ted At .

the back is a cu rved cha nn el to con tai n th e cha in, whi ch

wh en pl ace d in the stand ether wi th t he watc h was

shu t in with a sl i d in g back Im mediatel y

the shell is a r oun d hole to admit a hook or n ail, by
whi ch the stand was suspen ded agai nst a wall Ther e .

is also extant another watchsta nd of car ved wood, n in e

inches an d thre e quar ters high, of Ge rm an worm an
—
ship, of t he ti m e of Fr an cis I , 1 741 1 765
.
— I t repre
.

sents the t o h eaded eagl e, th e i m perial c rown being

w -

placed between the n ecks ; a branch of l aurel proceeds

from t h e cro wn and fall s on each side of th e cir cul ar
opening in th e breast of the bird T he sockets of the
.

wings a re still visi bl e, but th e win gs th em sel v es a re

g on e. Th e b i r d stan ds u po n a bas e of three sta es, and

g
th e whol e is painted in various col ours .
 C HA P T E R XII .

T he C h ronometer Philip I I I oflers a R e ward for Dr H oolne s S ug

' ’

. .

ges tion s L ord K i ngka rd ine s

'
Projec t M aj or H ol mes s E xperi
'

ment R eward offer ed by th e E ng lish G over nmen t fo r D iscovery

of L on gi tu de Joh n H a rr iso n s I nvention G raha m s A d vice
’ ’

H a rrison s Voyages with h is C h ronometers

'
O bta ins th e R e wa rd
Publicati ons rel a ting to h is C hronometer and Voyages B i s T omb
Bert houd T h o mas M ud ge Joh n A rnold T homas E arnsha w
A pplica tion of th e C hro nomete r I nstances of th e A d va n tag es o f
the C hr onome ter C a ptai n C ook s C bron ometer P rizes for good
’

C hron ometers T h e C hronometer R oom at G re enwic h O bser va tory

Dent s C hronomete rs C hronometer R epea ter C hronometer a
'

reli c of th e F ran kli n E xpedi ti on .

TH E history of that importan t and

instr u v aluabl e
m ent, the chron ometer, we th ink, wi l l be most in
teresting . To find th e l on gitude at sea, that is , the
distance of any pl a ce eastward or westward from the
first fixed m er id ian of a coun tr y was for ages a d es idera
tum . Th e atten tion of n av igators and m athe m ati cians
was in earl y tim es espe cial l y d ir ected to it in con
sequen ce of i ts extre m e i m porta nce Phili p III of . .

S pain , as earl y as the yea r 15 98 , offered a r eward of

'

one hu ndr ed tho us and cr o wns to a n y p erson who shoul d

d iscover the m ea ns of findin g the l on gitude of a ship at

sea ; a nd not l on g afte r wards th e S ta tes G en eral of

Holl and, to whi ch as a m aritime nation it was m ost im

portant, oflered ten thousan d florin s to anyone who
'

shoul d sol ve th e probl em , whi c h was th e n co n sidered to

be so difli cul t that Morin, spea king to C ard in al R i che

,

l ieu ou th e difficul ty of const ructi n g an in st rum ent that

shoul d keep tim 0 with th e accurac y re qu ir ed for su ch a
 L ORD K I NGK A R DINE A ND C L OC K .
393

pur pose said I know not what such an undertaking

, ,

w ould be to the devil hi m s elf bu t to man it woul d uh ,

”
doubtedly be the height of fol ly .

I n th e yea r 1 6 62 Dr H ooks wh o di sputed m or e than

, .
,

one of N e wton s d iscover ies tells us in a paper read

’

before the R oyal S ociety The Lord K ingkar dine did ,

resol v e to m ak e som e trial wh at m i ht be don e by carry

g
ing a pen d ulu m cl ock to sea for which end h e contrived
-
,

to m ake the watch part to be m oved by a spr ing inst ead

of a we i ht an d th e n ma kin t h f t h l o k v y
g , g e ca se o e c c e r

heavy with l ead be suspen ded it underneath the deck

,

of th e s hip by a ball an d soc k et of bras s m akin g the ,

pen dul um but shor t n am el y to vibrate half secon ds ;

, ,
-

and that h e might be the be tter enabl ed to j ud e of the

g
effe ct of i t h e cau sed two of t he sa m e kind of pen dul um
,

cl oc ks to be m ade an d s usp ended them both pr etty n ear

,

the mi ddl e of the vessel un dern eath the deck , Thus .

done ha vin g first adjusted them to go equal to one

,

ano ther and pretty n ear to th e tr ue ti me h e ca used

, ,

them fir st to m ov e parall el to on e an other that is in ,

, ,

th e plan e of the l ength of the shi p ; an d a fterwards he

turn ed on e to m ov e in a plan e at right an gles with th e
form er ; and in both th es e cases i t was foun d by trials
made at sea (at whi ch I was present) that they woul d
”
v ar y fr om on e an oth er thou h not v e r y m u ch T h e
g , .

phil osopher con cludes by saying that th ey migh t be

of v er y good u s e at sea if som e farther contrivances
”
abou t them wer e thought u on an d u t in to pr actice
p p .

Another experiment was m ade by Major Holmes in ,

a voy age from th e coast of G u in ea in 1 6 65 whi ch l ed ,

the cel ebrated m athematician H uygens wh o was born , ,

in 1 6 29 and d ied in 1695 an d who had paid great

, ,

atten tion to watches and writte n a treat ise on their

,

use in findi ng the l on itude at sea to determin e if

g p os ,
394 JO H NHA RR I S O N .

sibl e to improve a watch for that purpose ; but h e

found himself hamed by th e ir regul arities of action
ca used by the al te rnations of heat and col d I n th e
Phi losophica l Transactions appea rs A N
.

arra ti ve

co nce rning the s uccess of Pend ul um Watc hes a t S ea .

for the Longitude 16 6 5 by Maj or Hol mes I n the

’

, ,
.

same work we find Instructions con ce rni ng th e U se of

Pendul um Watches for finding the Longitude at S ea, ’

1 675 by C hristian H uygen s

, .

I n th e year 17 1 4 th e British G ov ernm ent exceed ed

,

in l i be r ali ty any premi um s before offered for th e desi red

and m uch d clayed discov er y of the mann er of findi ng
-

the l ongitu de at sea A Board of Longitude was

.

formed and an A ct of Parlia m ent was pass ed in th e

,

twelfth y ear of th e reig n of Q ueen Ann e for a sum

not excee di n
g for de frayin
g th e co st o f th e

necessary ex erim ents for ascertain ing the l on itu de

p g ,

a nd for nt i n p roportion ate re ward to an p n

g r a g a y er so

whose in v entions or im pr ov emen ts shoul d be an ad

van cem ent of the
g re at obj ect in view T h e lim i ts w er e
.

withi n sixty forty or thirty mil es

, , .

Prev ious to the ofier of the li beral reward by the

'

Britis h G overnm ent str enu ous efiorts were made and
’

experiments tr i ed by vari ous in di vi duals ; but it was

reserve d for John Harris on a nativ e of York shi re who

, ,

was born in 1 6 93 a nd was the son of a ca rpenter to

, ,

mak e the grand discovery whi ch woul d be of eve1 ~

lasting benefit to manki nd H e was a thoughtful

.
,

ingeni ous and accurate m echani c I n the year 1 728

,
.

he cam e to Lo ndon bringing with him diagrams of a

,

machine for determining th e l ongitu de in expecta tion ,

of bein g engaged to mak e one for th e Board of Longi

tude . H is inv ention was exami ned by the celebrated

396 J OH N H A R R I S O N .

m issioners for lea ve to m ake xper iment with it in a an e

voya ge to the W est Indies Perm iss ion was g ranted.

,
’
but in considerat ion of Ha rr iso n s advanced age his son
, ,

was allo wed to proc eed to J a m aica instea d of h im self .

Afte r eighteen days sailin g on the voyage whi ch was to

’

te st Har rison s ch ro nom eter the vess el w as s upposed by

’
,

th e capta in to be thir tee n de grees fifty m in utes wes t of

Pl ymouth ; but th e chr onomete r gave fifte en degre es
nineteen m in utes or a bout a degr ee and a h alf m ore
, .

This variatio n destroy ed for a ti me all confidence in

the instr ument But Ha r rison s son sur m ised tha t th e
’
.

act ual e r ror m i ht be in th e ch art and so firm l y m ain

g ,

tai ned that Portla n d Isl a nd would be seen the foll owing
d a y that the capta in was induced to pursu e the sam e
,

co urse ; an d th e islan d was act ually di scover ed th e n e xt

day . When the vessel a rrived at Port R oyal in Ja ,

ma ica a fter a voyage of e ighty one days the chr on o

,
-
,

m ete r was foun d to be about two sec onds too sl ow On .

t he retur n to Ports m ou th a fte r a voyage of fi ve m onths

, ,

the variation had am oun ted to n ea r ly one minute a nd

five seconds which ga ve an error of sixteen m il es o f
,

l ongitu de A further test was allo wed the chronom e ter

.
,

an d th e younge r Ha r rison u nd ertook a voyage to Bar

bedocs carrying it with him I ts performan ce was ex

,
.

ce llent ; an d a l l th e r equ i r em en ts of th e A c t of Pa rl ia

ment being full y satisfied John H arri son the first chro , ,

n om e te r m a ker n ow an ol d m an r ecei ved the j ustl y

-
, ,

m erited r eward of pe rsev er ing gen ius and unrem itting

toi l th e
, offered by G overnm ent for the d is
co ver y which he ha d so com pl etely m ad e .

A t a m ee ti ng of th e Board of Lon gi tu de hel d on ,

Febru ary 9th 1 76 5 it was unani m ous l y deter min ed

, ,

that th e pe rform an ce of H arrison s time-k ee pe r h ad

’

been such as to enti tl e him to the offered reward ; but it

 JO H NH A RR I S O N . 397

was r esolv ed that until certai n conditions had been

c om pl ied wi th onl y shou ld be p aid
, I t w as .

part of Ha rrison s agreement to take to pieces and ex

’

plain th e principl es and constr uction of his tim e keeper -

.

This he d id on August 22nd 1 76 5 in th e presence of , ,

the foll ow ing gentl em en wh o had b een appointed by th e ,

Board an d of the R ev Mr M askelyn e who insisted on

,
. .
,

havin g a right to atte nd as being a commissmner ,

John Mitchell W illiam Ludlam J ohn Bird Thom as

, , ,

Mudge W il liam Math e w and L arcum Kendal I t was

, , .

n ot u n til th e yea r 1 7 73 that H arr ison s ucceed ed in

O bta i n in g an A ct O f Parl ia m ent for payment O f t he

rem a inin g H e empl oyed t h e latter days O f his

li fe in cons tru cting a fifth chron om eter which was so ,
’
far accu rate th at after ten weeks trial in the Ki ng s
’

, ,

priv ate O bservato ry at R ichm ond it was found to hav e ,

err ed onl y four and a hal f sec o nds -

T he success of
- -
.

H arrison s chronom eter was owing to the application

’

O f a sel f c ompensatin g piece

- O f m ech anis m to the
balance wheel which contr i van ce according to hi s pro
-
, ,

vin cial dial ect h e called a kni b ; but i t is n ow m ore

,

eu phoni ousl y cal l ed the com pe nsa ti on cur b a nd is -

,

applied to watches for correcting v ariati ons in the ra te

o f goin g from cha nges in te m p rat ure e .

I n 1 7 65 was published a work entitl ed Minutes O f ,

th e Pr oceedings of the C om m issioners con cern ing Mr .

’
Harrison s Tim e Pieces
’
After wards was publ ished .

A n Account o f the go ing of Mr H arrison s “atch at

’
r
.

the R oyal O bservatory from May 6 th 1 76 6 to March , ,

d tb 17 67
,
I n th e la tte r yea r was publishe d T he
Principles O f Mr H arrison s Time Keeper by Ne vil
’ ’
.
,

Mas kel yn e with pl ates and n otes, issued by order of the

,

C om missioners of Longitude I n 1 775 Harrison pub .

lished A D escription concernin g such Mechanism as

398 H A R R I SO NS
’
T O MB .

will a ff r
od a nice or tr ue Mens uration O f Ti me T he .
’

au t hor was a cl ever m ech ani c but h e was utterly

,

un q ual ified to expl ain by his publications his own no

tions and i nventi ons .

A n engra ved bust O f Lo ngitude Har rison as h e ,

was ca lled who died at his house in R ed L ion S quare

, ,

on Mar ch 24th 1 776 aged e ighty t hree a pp ears in the

-
, , ,

E uropean Magazine for 1 788 the artist being B , .

R eadin g H i s portrait als o appea rs in Kn ight s Por

’
.

trait G allery fro m an engr avi ng by T assaert pu blished

’
, ,

in 1 76 8 after a paintin g by King

,
I n the Memoirs of
.

a T rait i n the C haracter O f Ge org e by Johan

H orrin s (th e anagram of John Harrison ) 1 835 we read , ,

that T h e rem ains O f John Har rison were consigne d to

a v aul t on the so uth s ide O f Ham ps te ad churc h ; but a

di fference O f opini on arisin g between his son an d

daughter on th e subj ect O f a m onu ment the place ,

remain ed un noti ced for sever al years Afte r the death .

O f his sister Will iam Ha rrison erecte d a to mb from a

,

re gul ar desi gn in the pre vaili ng style with an i n

, ,

scripti on i n di cative O f hi s r espect for h is father s gen ius

’

but the tas te of which ca nn ot be comm en ded as it ma y ,

be said to smell of the O il in a sense di fferent from that

pp lied to th e compo sitions of D emosthenes T h e
a .

ce leb rity O f the first m an that foun d the l ongi tud e

might have been estim ate d here for al though it was , ,

man y years a fter h e had departed this subl unary scen e ,

th e n e ws O f the m onum ent and of the epita ph soon

travel] ed rapidly thr ough an al pha betica l n omenclature ,

and parties were formed in grea t Au g usta (as the poe ts

ca ll Lo ndon ) for a wa l k to Hampstead to view th is ,

se p u l chr e an d th e r ec o r d of i ts o p
cc u an t— not in de ed , ,

so num er ous as the pil gri m s O f Thomas a Becket bu t ,

e t suffici ently so to sho w the contrast between the

y
400 TH OMA S MU DGE .

In c nse uen ce of
o q a re port mad e by the sel ec t com

m ittee a re ward of was granted by Par lia ment

for h is im provements i n the c onstruction of chro n om ete rs .

I n 1 76 5 was publ ished T houghts on the m ea ns O f

imp roving “fe tches, an d par ticu larl y t hose for use at
S ea , by Thom as Mudge I n 1 772 was publ is h e d the
’
.

m ezzotinto portrait O f M udge, sitting, engrave d by

Townley after N Dance T he subj ect of it d ied in
. .

1 794 . A full ac coun t of his inven tion, and O f the

ci rcumstan ces in th e histor y of chro nom etry c onn ected

with it, wil l be fo und in a work p ublished by h is son,

Thomas Mudge the younger, in 1 799, en titl ed A
Description, with Plates, of the Ti me Keeper in ven ted
by Mr Thomas Mudge
. .
’

E n p assa nt, we m ay state th at Ma dge appears to h ave

b een a friend O f S ir Joshua Re yn ol ds James North .

cote , the artist, whose pas sion for art l ong re m ai ned

u n gra tified , was com pell e d by hi s fath er, who dis cou raged

his year nings, to drudge in the watch trad e H is eldest .

b rother, S am uel , was sent to Lo ndon in 1 7 6 6, to get

instr ucted in the business, a nd Mudge gave him a n i a
”
troduction to R eyn ol ds DO go ofte n to R e yn olds s
’
.
,

James wrote to hi m, that when I have th e pl eas ure of

see i ng you I ma y hear al l a bout it Mr M a dge sa ys
. .

h e kn ows you are e xceedingl y welcome, as he is th e

”
most good us turod creature li v ing
-
.

’
T he co mplex constr uction of Harrison s chronom eters ,
and the high p rice, 4001 , d e man ded by K en dall , his

assistan t, to m ak e th em ren dered n ecessary th e discovery

of a ti me k eeper t hat woul d come with in :th e m eans O f

-

purchase by private indi viduals I n this Earnsha w first

.

succeeded ; but h is i mpr ov em en ts were pira ted by J ohn

Ar nol d, who cl a imed al so the in vention of th e d etac h e d

esca pement, which Ear nsha w was the first to app l y .
 AR NO LD A ND EA R NS HA W . 4 01

This esca em ent all o ws the vibrations O f the balance to

p
be m ore free and eq ual than in an ord inary tim epiece ,

by completel y detaching it from the train O f wheels

du ring the greater part of each vibration T wo experi .

menta l watc hes now in the possess ion of the R oyal

,

S ociety appear to contain Ar nol d s first attempt at t h e

’

deta ched escapement A noth er importan t i mprovem ent

.

in troduced by E arns h aw and adopte d by Arnold about ,

1 77 6 was th e cylindri cal bal ance sprin g whi ch is mor e

,
-
,

perfect in actio n than the ord inary spiral bal ance sprin g - .

Arn ol d appears to h ave b een th e first to m ake balance

spr in gs O f go l d to a void co rrosion
, h e al so used sil ver
and pl ati nu m i n the for mation of bal an ces to obvia te ,

th e ev ils fo un d to ari se d ur ing a thund erstorm from

the magnetizati on of the ste el H e also was th e first
.

who by sys tematizin g th e bus iness of chr onometer

,

making red uced the price to such a n amount as to

,

ren der th em generall y a v ail abl e .

I n J un e 1 793 a cla im for a r eward for im provem ents

, ,

in chron om eters ha vi ng bee n m ade by M udge and ,

O pposed by th e Boar d of Lo ngitud e it was brought b

y ,

petition befor e the House O f C omm on s and referred to ,

a sel ect co mm ittee who call ed to th eir awistance a su b

,

comm ittee consistin g O f so m e of th e m ost cel ebrated

,

watc h mak ers an d m a he

t m ati cal i ns tr um e t makers O f
n -

that da y The comm ittee reported favourabl y to th e

.

House on Mudge s clai m an d h e received

’
, r eward

as pr e viousl y stated S ubseq uentl y Ar nol d and E ar n

. ,

sha w appli ed for the rewar ds O fler ed for the di scov ery
'

O f th e l on gitude The cl aims O f th e r ival can dida tes

.

were ver y wa rml y supported th e firs t by S ir Joseph ,

Banks th e second by Dr Maskel yne The whole matter

,
. .

was brought before th e Board O f Longitude and ul ti ,

matel y each O f the claimants received I n S ir

2 n
402 DU KE O F MA R L BO R O U G H .

J oh n S oan e s Museum is a chr onomete r wh ich was m ad e

’
.

by Ma dge as a companion to that for which he received

t he parlia mentary r eward A n in scription r ou n d the .

to p states that it was in ve nted i n 1 793 by this m ech an ic .

I t is n ow in goin g order and it form er l y bel onged to the

-
,

D uke of Marlboro ugh .

I n 1 78 0 was pu blish e d A n Acco un t k ept d uring ‘

th i r te en m onths in the R oyal S oci ety a t G r eenwich of

the goin g O f a Pocket C h ronom eter m ad e on a n e w con
s tr u cti on hav ing h is n ew in vented balan ce sprin g and
,
-
,

a com pe nsat ion for th e effects O f h ea t a n d c o l d i n th e

ba lan ce ; publish ed by p erm ission O f th e Boar d of L ou

b J oh n A r n old I n 1 78 1 was p u bl ish ed a
’
it ud e
g , y .

t rea tise O n th e Lo ngitude ; in a L etter to th e Hon ou r

a bl e C o mm i ssion ers O f th a t Boar d ; co n ta inin R m r ks
g e a

on th e accoun ts giv en O f a C l ock at M anh ei m a nd th at ,

of a Pock et C h r on om eter at G reen wic h both m ade by ,

Mr J oh n Arn ol d I n 1 78 1 also was publishe d in

’
. .

Lon don fro m th e G erm an A Letter fro m Mr C hris tia n

, , .

M eyer As tronom er to th e E l ector Palatin e to Mr

, , .

N N on the goin g O f a n ew Pendulum C l ock m a de by

.
,

Mr J ohn A rn ol d an d set up in the E lector s O bserva

’
.
,

t ory a t M anhei m I n 18 06 was p ubl ish ed E xpl ana

’
.

tio ns of T im e Ke epers con str u cted by th e Auth or and

,

the la te John Ar nold publ ished by o rder O f t h e C o m

’

m ission ers of Lon gitud e by Thom as E am shaw , In .

1 8 09 th e sam e wr iter publis hed A n appeal to the

publi c stating the au thor s claims to the origina l im
,
’

rov e m ent s i n his T im e K eepe rs Joh n A r n ol d d i e d

’

p .

i n 1 799 age d fi fty five an d was burie d in C hi s lehu rst

,
-
,

c h ur chya rd

I n 1 772 was publish ed A Vo yage to N

.

e wfoun d land

a nd S a ll ee to m ak e Experim en ts on L e R o
’
s T im e
y
404 C H RO NOME T E R S TO R I ES .

fiftee n d egrees eas t or west for each hour or fifteen ,

minutes of a degree for each m in ute of tim e ; th e

place bein g in east l ongitude when the time at th e
pl ac e is l ater th an that O f G reenwich an d in west lon gi ,

tude when it is earli er O f how accurate l y chr ono

.

m ete rs are m ade to perform n um er ous in sta nces migh t

”
be addu ced A fter several months spent at sea
.
,

wr ites Dr Am ott . in a l on g passage from S outh

,

Am erica to As ia my pock et chronomete r and others

, ,

on boar d ann ounced one m orni n t h at a certa in point

, g
O f l and was the n bea ring n orth from th e ship at a ,

d ista nce O f fifty mil es I n an hour afte r wards when a

. ,

m ist had cl ea re d awa y th e l oc ker out on the mast gave

,
-

th e j oyous call O f La n d ahead l v erifyi ng th e r e po rts

’

of the chron ometers al m ost to on e m il e afte r a voyage ,

of tho usa nds of m iles I t is al lowabl e at suc h a

.

mom ent with the dange rs an d u ncerta in ties of an cient

,

n av i ation b efore th e mi n d to exa l t in con te mpl ati n

g g
what m an h as n ow ach iev ed H ad th e rate O f the . .

wo nd erful littl e in strum ent in all that tim e qu icken ed

or Bl acken ed ev er so sli htl y its ann ouncem ent woul d
g
have been usel ess or even worse ; but in th e night and
,

in the day in stor m a nd in cal m in h eat an d i n col d

, , ,

its stea dy bea t went o n keeping exac t accoun t O f the

,

rol lin g O f the ear th an d stars ; an d in th e m idst of th e

trackl e ss wa ves which r etain n o m ark it was al ways

, ,

r eady to tell its ma ic ta l e i n dicatin th e v er y spot

g g ,
”
over the glob e ov er which it h ad arrived .

Th e foll o wing story in il l ustration of the great util ity

of the chro no m eter in the sa vin f t im i rel ated by
g O e s

Dr C arp enter as havi ng been told to him soo n a fter it

.
,

o ccurred Two ships were r eturning to London about

th e same tim e a fte r l ong v oyages on e O f them p rovided ,

w i th ch ro nom ete rs and th e oth er d estitute O f them

,
.
 C APT A I NC OO K S ’
CH RO NOME T E R . 405

T he wea th er was hazy an d the winds bafi i ng so that

, ,

n o sh ip whose po si tion was u ncerta in co ul d be sa fel y

ca rr ied u p th e British C hannel C onfident in his posi .

tion the capta in O f th e firs t sh ip stood boldly on wards

, ,

and arri v e d safel y in the Tham es whil s t the other sh ip ,

was still beatin g abo ut in uncertain ty n ear the entran ce

to th e C hann el T he first shi p discharge d h er cargo
.
,

to ok in another set sa il on a fr esh voyage an d actual l y

, ,

in m nn in g down the C hann el encountered the seco nd

ship stil l toil so m el y m a kin g h er wa y to por t .

I n th e M us eum O f th e R oyal U n ited S er vice In sti

'

tution W hitehall Yard is th e chron om eter tha t aec o m

, ,

nie d C ap ta in J am es C ook who was k ill ed in 1 779

p a , ,

in his voyages r oun d the wo rl d I t is a m ost excell e nt

.

t im e k eeper to the presen t d ay

-
.

Between the y ears 18 22 and 1 835 th e Admiral ty ,

v r e war ds as pr i zes for the good pe r form an ce O f

g a e

individual chr on om eters two or th ree sum s being

iv en a nn u all y to the m ak ers of th os e wh ich sho wed
g
th e sm al l est am oun t of error T he trial s were con
.

ducted at G reenwich O bser vatory under the Astro ,

n o m er R oyal I n 1 830 two of F rodsha m s ch ronom eter

’
.
,

watches after twel v e m on ths trial at G r een wich vari ed

’

one th e 8 6 100 of a se con d an d th e other 5 7 1 00 parts

-
,
-

onl y After the year 1 835 the prizes were withdrawn

.
, .

I n su ccess ive y ears di fferent makers O btain ed the post

O f hon o ur in a com petitio n on th e score of repu tation

and comm ercial adva n tage ; for instance Pool e in ,

1845 ; H utton in 1 8 46 ; Frodsh am in 1847 ; H ewett

in 184 8 ; E ifle in 1849 I n the five y ears h ere indi
'

cated t wo h undred an d n in ete en ch ron om eters were

,

te sted at G reen wich of whi ch seven ty n ine were bought

,
-

for public use at a m axim um price of 621

, .

I n Hous ehold Words for 18 5 0 is an interesting

4 06 C H RO NO ME T E R S A T G RE E NWI C H .

p a
per on G reenwich O bserv a tory . In r e fer e nce to the
c h ronom ete r r oom th er e t he wr iter sa ys D uring
the first th r ee Mond ays in th e year the , c h i e f watch

m akers Lon don send in the ir choicest instru m ents

of

for examina tion and tr ial T he watch es rem a i n for a

.

g oo d po rt io n o f a y e a r ; th e ir rat es b e in g n o t ed d a
y
by day by two perso ns ; and th en the m akers O f the
,

be s t receive p rizes a nd the ir in st rum ents a re p u rchas ed

,

for the n a vy O th er comp etitors obta in ce rt ifica tes O f

.

e xc e ll en ce which bring c u sto m e rs fr o m th e m e r ch an t

,

se r v ice ; wh i ls t o th ers pass un re wa rd ed T O e nter the .

roo m w h er e these a d mirabl e in str um en ts are kep t su

g ,

g e s ts t h e i d e a o f g o in g i n to a B robd in n
g ga W a tc h
factor y .R ound the pl ace are ran ged she l ve s on which ,

t he large watch es ar e pl aced a l l ticking in the m ost ,

d istinct an d form idabl e way one against a nother W hen .

t h ey first a rri v e in J anuary th ey a r e left to the or di

, ,

n a ry atmo sph er ic temp era tu re for som e m onths Th eir .

ra t e s b ei n ta k n unde r th e se circ u msta n c es l

g e a a r
g e ,

s to ve in th e c e ntr e O f the a partm en t is li hted n d

g a ,

he at got up to a sort of artificial East India or G old

C o ast poi nt . Tried under th ese in fluen ces they are
placed in an iron tr ay ov er th e stove li ke so m any ,

watc h pies i n a baker s di sh an d the fire being en cou

’
-
,

ra ged th ey are l iterall y kept ba king to see h ow th eir

, ,

m e tal will sta nd that styl e O f treatm en t W hilst thus .

hot thei r r ates a re once m ore ta k en ; a n d then after

, ,

this fier y ord eal s uch O f them as th eir o wn ers li ke t o

,

t ru st to an opposite tes t a re pu t into freezing mi xture s !

,

Y et so beautifull y made ar e th ese trium phs of hu man

,

—
i ngen ui ty so well is th eir m echanism corrected for
c o mpensa tin g the expan si on ca use d by the h eat a nd th e ,

con tr action i n d uced by the c ol d — that an e ven rate O f

g o in
g is e st a b li sh e d so n ea rl y th at its v ar iati on und er
, ,
4 08 CH RO NOME T E R RE LI C .

tude at London Edi nburgh and Makerstown wer e

, ,

taken ; and by a m ea n of a ll t he O bser vation s taken in

g o in
g to th e l atte r station on retu rn i n g t he y we r e
,

found to difler onl y by five on e— h undredths O f a secon d

'

A n eight d ay chron ometer re peate r the co nstr ucti on

- -
,

O f whi ch was the l abour O f ei ht ea rs w as on ce ex

g y ,

hibited by Mr Al ex an der Watki ns I t st ru ck th e h ou rs

. .

sim ilar to the O l d strikin g watches an d ch im ed the -

,

q uarte rs on five bells ; and it also showed the d ay O f

th e m on th T he whol e was composed O f two hun dred
.

pieces including a then n ewl y invented compe nsation

,
-

pendulu m Th e same maker also exhibited two chr o

.

n om ete rs whi ch w ere su pposed to be th e small es t O f

,

the kin d in th e world .

Amon g the relics O f th e Frankl in expedition d is ,

covered i n the arcti c regions by C apta in M C lin tock

‘
,

and br ou ght to E ngl an d in 1 8 5 9 wer e two pocket ,

ch ron o m ete rs in e xcellent p reser vation

, one of which ,

had stopped at four O cl ock ; also a sm all sil ver w atch

’

”
by A Myers London
.
,
.
 A P PE ND I X .

Page 32 .
- Mv E R utter has a
. . sq uare meta l -gil t table-clock of th e
fifteen th centu r y
, wi th s
q uare s i l v er p i ll ars a t th e an gl es , and s il ver
borders at the top and bottom . In th e panels of th e d oo rs at the
three s ides are n iello m edal lions of S t Mark, A u gusti nus
O f th e L i on .

Barbaricus, and L eonard us L ored an us , Doges of V enice O n th e .

fou rth is a sil ver d ial sh owing th e h ou r, t h e days of th e m onth, and

the signs of th e zod ia c i n gold on bl ue enamel A cu pola top .

en closes the bell, on the low er par t O f w h ich is an i nsc ription T he .

hei gh t i s sev en i nches and seven-eigh ths Mr G H Morla nd has a . . . .

h exagonal metal -gil t table-clock O f th e begi nning of the sixteen th

century , in the form O f a ba ttl em en ted tower, w i th a d ome-s ha ped

top coveri ng th e bel l O n one O f its sid es is a d ial , the centre of

.

w hich is om s ms nted w ith tran slu cen t enamel flow ers T he heigh t .

is eigh t inches .

Pa ge 56 — Mr W B S tO pford has a s ilv er-gil t clock O f F rench

. . . .

w ork abou t 15 20
. I t s tand s O n a h exago nal pedestal ; the panels
.

O f gold scrolls on bl ue ena mel h avi ng in the cen tre of ea ch a m edal

l ion w i th a proj ec ti ng h ead in ca r v ed iv ory I t has enamel pi las ters .

a t th e an gles , res ting on six cla ws and aga te ba lls A bove this is a .

g lass cy li n d e r sh o w i n g th e w or ks ,
a nd a si l v er d ial w i th an ind ex to
s how the m inu tes, a gil t bor d er a t ta p an d b ottom, s e t w ith ga rnets ,

and si x scroll bracke ts s u ppo r ting a pierced d ome set w ith garnets,
’
rou n d the ed e o f w h ich are t rian u l ar ornamen ts an d d ra ons
g g g
heads, w ith smal l amorin i be tw ee n hold in g sh ield s , and a la rge
figure of Mars poin tin g w i th a spear to a w hi te ena melled globe a t
the s um m it on w h ich a re pa in ted t he nu merals den oting th e hou r
, .

Between the gl obe and the dome is an hexang ular bos s set w ith
carbuncle s on b l ue ena me l T he h eigh t is th irteen and a ha l f in ches
. .

T h e E arl O f H ome has a s ilv er- gil t clock O f abou t th e yea r 1 54 7 .

I t is in the fo rm O f a h exas ty le te m ple of s ix I onic col um ns O f s teel,

damascened wi th gold w rea ths , and in s il ver the lette r H crow ned ,
the monogram H D or H C i nterlaced , and three crescents, the
. . . .
4 10 A PPE NDI X .

d ev ices of H en ry I I o f F rance T hese are repeated round th e

. .

d ta l i n ld l e t te rs on b lue ena mel ; roun d t he en ta h la tu re

p e es go

be t w een t he colu m n s are a bo w , crescent. and the sa m e m ono g ram s .

I t is s urmoun ted by a cu pola s u ppo rted by si x gil t te rm ina l fi g ures ;

t he d ome is ena me l led w i th d ev i ces in gold o f bo w s arro w s , q u iv ers, .

and c rescen ts A t the to p is a s ta tuette o f T im e ; be nea th th e d om e

.

is a circ ular dia l O f blue en am el ornamen te d w i th scrolls , a w h i te

c i rcle O f n u m era ls, and i n the cen tre the m onogra ms repea te d . T he
w orks are enclosed by c ry s ta l panels . R es t ing on s ix gi l t balls
a bo v e the col umns, ar e d amas cen ed s te el v ases . T he h eigh t O f the
w h ol e is t wel ve and hal f inch es
a T h e bo w s, . a rro w s, a nd q u i ve rs

w ere t he bad ges of Dia na d e Poictiers , an d the occu rrence O f t h ese

badges w i th the H , th e mon og ram H D in te rlaced , a nd the
crowned . .

t h ree crescen ts , lend s w eigh t to th e s u pposi tion tha t th is clock w as

mad e fo r Diana by ord er of h e r roy al lover .

Mr G H Morland has th e case O f an astmlogi cal clock, w i th a

. . .

d ial in the to p en g rav ed w ith the s igns of the zod iac, mo n t h s, a nd

co ns tella tions A t the bottom is a m ap O f H olland an d G e rm any
.

d ated 1 553 R ou nd th e s id e is a repoussé bord er o f cinqu e-c en to

.

car toucbes of mas ks , te rm in al figures , a nd sc rolls T h e he igh t is .

t w o inc hes and seven-eigh ths, and th e di ameter seven i nch es an d

fi v e-e igh t hs .

Mr G eo ge ie d a
. r F l h s a gi l t-metal c l ock , O f th e s i xtee n th ce n tu ry ,

i n t he sha pe of a v as e wi th t wo hand les R ound the s id es are fou r .

o v a l s il v er repo u ssé medall io ns of figu res emblem a tical o f th e

S easons, w i th chas ed sc rol ls be tw ee n I n fron t is a si l ver d ial w i th
.

i nlaid enamel show in g the h ou r, an d a sm aller ci rcle for se tti n g

the ala rum ; a t th e back is another d ial-pla te T h e h eigh t is tw el v e .

i nches and a q u a rte r .

Page 8 6 .L ord d e H i d e and Dud ley has an octagonal ped es tal

-

i l t-
m e tal as t rologi cal clock of t h e begi n n i n g O f the sev en teen th cen
g
t u ry. I t is on an ebony s ta nd , the foot bei n g repoussé w ith figu ra
emblem a tical o f th e four q uarte rs of th e globe, w i th a mori ni between .

A pierced boss on t h e s te m O f ea gles and flo we rs contains the bell,

and th ree C u pid s on d ol ph ins s uppo rt i ng a cy l ind er O f com pl ica ted

w ork . A la rge sil ver d ial plate is i n fron t, w i th a cal enda r for e v ery
-

day in th e year, to wh ich a small fig ure of T i me poin ts as i t re v ol v es ,

sh owi n g also th e h ou rs , th e d ay s O f th e w ee k an d mon th , t he a ge of

th e m oon, and th e constel lation A t the back are s ix sma ll d ial s

.

enclosed by gl ass O n the top of the cyl inder is a squa re clock,

.

s how ing th e h our , a nd for se ttin g an alar um T h e sid es are pi erced, .

above which is a canopy , and a pain ted sil ver statu ette O f S t G eorge .
 A PPE NDI X .

heigh t is nine inches and a quarter A lso a hexagonal gil t and

.

engra ved tab le-c lock, w i th a s il ver dial, and a ball at the lo w er part ;

i t res ts on six fee t ; the maker w as P L antz ; i ts h eigh t i s two .

inch es and three quar te rs, and its d iam eter th ree i nches .

Mr D C Marjoribanks has a circular table-clock, w ith a n i vory

. . .

pedes tal carved in high rel ief w ith n umerous figu res, the prin cipal
g r o u p b ein g A n th o ny and C leopat ra sea ted , the lat ter d ro pin g the
p
pearl in to a cup I t res ts on a si lv er-gil t stand on th ree h igh cla ws
. .

O n the top is a dial re poussé in th e centre w i th figu res of Ma rs and

Venus R ound th e border are the signs of the zod iac T h e h eight
. .

is fi ve inches and th ree quarters , and the d iameter s i x i nches and

se ven -eigh ths .

Mr C harles W inn has a brass cy lindrical clock, fou r i nch es in

.

d iameter, attach ed to a m ahogany inclined plane, two feet si x inches

long . I nside the cyli nd er is a cen tral pi vot, a t each end of wh ich is
a hand poin ti ng to the h ou r on he d ial plate ; from th is
t -
p i v ot is

s us pe nded a heavy l eaden w eigh t so poised as to act upon th e works

i ns te ad of a spri ng and pendu l um ; i t is regulated by a screw to go

fas ter or slower aw ard in g to t he inclina tion of the planet R o un d the
s id e is inscribed Descen d o ins ensibili te r sed su bi to to l lor .

A b raham von G rail en rid t d er

‘

Z
ei t H erzog Johan G eorgs d ea Q

C ur fii rstens zu S axen, bes ta lter C am mer J un ker und S ch v eitzer

ls ibquardie H aubtman F ra u w R osina cine gerborne und ve rma h el te
.

Dresd en an no MDC L XXI

”
v on G rafienried t
'

. .

Page 26 9 —Mil ton s w atch, beq ueathed to the na tion by S ir C harles

’
.

F el lows , was presen ted by h is son in 1 8 6 2 .

Page 278 — A watch of C ro m wel l, now in the Bri tish Museum,

.

w as bequea thed to the nation in 1 784 by S ir Robert Rich , Ba rt .

Page 36 7 — A mong the loot taken from the I m perial S ummer

.

Palace at Pekin, during the last C h inese w ar in 1 8 60, were m an y

ar ticles of E uropean j ewel lery , w h ich had been p resen ted a t various

times to the E mperor O ne was a beau ti ful telescope o f th e time

.

of L ouis XVI , en rich ed w i th pea rls and enamels of fruit on a red

.

g rou n d , an d w re a t h s of fl ow ers i n g old on a bla ck g rou n d ; t he

obj ect-glass being formed of a w a tch set with pea r ls O th ers were
.

l d w ai t -clas ps wi th watches in th eir cen tres A n o th a r ti l

g o s er . c e

w as a g old enamel led box, w hich w as sa id to h a ve been pres ented by

Maria A n toinette to th e E mperor I t was d ivided i n to th ree oom
.

p a r t m e n ts , on e b e in g a m usi cal b o x, w i th an au tom a ton mou n t e

bank ; another, a sn u ff- box ; and the th ird , a watch -case with a
medal lion of the Peti t T rianon U nderneath was a sec ret com par t
.
'

ment, opened by touch ing three small springs a t a time .

 I ND E X .

A l bion Place, 1 21 .

A lbon e , 36 .

A l brec h t, Z M G , 31 4 . . . .

A bd a l la, K i ng o f Persia . sen ds cl ep A l co ck, T hom as , 287 .

s yd ra to C h arl emagn e, A l d erl ey, c loc k at. 1 08 , 1 09 .

A berd een, 24 1 . A l d ers gate, 23 .

A bin gto n, Mrs E , pawns her watch, . S treet, 1 01, 347, 348 .

34 1 . A l exand er , F a ther, 1 19 .

E mpe r or, watches of, 358 .

34 5 . th e G r at. 28 9 e
.

A ccid en t wi th a clock. 95 . A l exandria, 9 .

A cke rs, 31 1 A lfred the G rea t, cand le-cl ock of, 1

A cor n w atc h es , 245, 24 9 . 1 4, 1 6 .

A d am , 330 . A l l e n, 73, 26 2 .

do S od bury, A bbot, cre ate a clock, A l l ma nd , W

ill iam, 121 .

37 .

A d a ms 299, 389
,
. 1 34 .

A d a mso n A r c h bish op. 244

, . A lmanac ]: 1 93cl ocks, .

H u mfry 1 03 . . watch es , 25 7, 34 1 , 342. 376 .

A d d erbury 345 , . A l mond , watch size of. 247 .

A d d in gto n, S , 304 , 8 29 . . A l ost, 214 .

A d d is . W il lia m, 34 6 . A l ph a clock, 1 94. 1 95 .

A d onis, 304 , A lsatia. 45 .

B ro nan t resented with a watch by A l va nus, 1 7 .

G eorge V , 35 2, 35 3 . . A malri c. 35 1 .

A frica ns and cl ock. A mbrosius O amal d ul ensis. 5 5 .

A ga te - as e d wa tc h es
c . A m a ica , 1 86 , 21 6, 21 7, 269, 277. 321
A men t r elating to the clock of old 339, 377. 404 .

t Pa ul s C a th edral. L ond on. 1 8 , 1 9 ol d est c l ock i n, 97

’
. .
.

A h a z. 7 .

A H S T , 257
., . . . . 239 .

A ir -cl oc ks, A merican clocks , 21 1 , 21 6- 21 8 .

A iry 1 8 3, 203. 205, 206 . A mes, Dr . 309 . .

A ix, 248 . A mh ers t, L o rd watch es of, 210, 282 . .

A l a is , H , 292 . . A ms terd a m, 272 .

A -l a-Mode , Monsi eur , 31 6 . A na c hr oni sm, watc h, 357 .

A l ar um wa tc h es. 25 7, 265 , 273, 301 , A na xima nd er sai d to have inven

302, 35 0 37 6 the sund ial , 7
N
.
, .

A l bert Y anza , 344

'

Prin ce, 36 1 watchchain of, 362 .

S ir C harles watch of. 282 . .

 I NDE X .

A nd ersoni an U ni versit , y watch in, A stron omi co-musical cl ock; —

1 22 1 25
240 .

A ndre w, 34 . A tkin s F ran cis , 346

,
.

A ng e l C ou rt 347 . . R o bert 34 6 . .

I nn, 367 . A tlan ti c, the, 185 .

A ngou les me, C onte d pa

’
, ys for clocks , A tlas . 8 0 .

tm h eric
A nne, Q u ee n, 1 1 9, 1 20, 1 31, 313, 394 . A tw fi G eorg e, 399 403
, ,
.

A nnge ll , R ic , 54 . A uber 208, .

A ns e ll , 348 . A ubre y 244 , 26 2

, .

A n thony, 5 7. 412 . A u d it O fli ce , 26 7 .

A ntwe rp, 26 6 . A u g ier J t han 285

, , .

c h i me s a t, 21 4 . A u gm en ta tio ns, C o urt of, 58 .

A pian, 28 0, 28 1 . A ug s bur g c loc ks 73, 79, 80, 93, 4 1 1 ,

.

A pri l lo, 47, 1 00, 1 31 . watc h es 289 . .

A pplebe e, 1 22 . A u gus t a, 398 .

A pp l e-sh ape d watch . 326 . A u gu s tin, 329 .

A ppo ld , 1 76 .

A rabia ns an d th e pend ul um, 72 . A u gus tus , 1 00 .

ma de s triking c l oc ks, 16 . A us tra lia , 277 377 ,

.

A rbuth no t H o n Mrs 249 , . . . A uto-ch ron ogra h, 36 5 .

A rc h e r, H e nry, 91 . A u to ma ton tel ing the hours , 1

A r c h imed es , 1 4, 232 .

A rio s to 270 , . A utun , 249, 302, 374 .

A r isto tl e s d efini tion of T i me, 2 A u xerre c lo c k, 54

’
. .

( h s t rip tio n of c lepsyd r a , 7 A xbrid ge, 149

'

A ri thme t a c lot k, 1 72—

. .

ic l -
1 74 .

A rk wri g h t, R ic hard , 1 50 .

A rl is 35 6
, .

A rn o l d Joh n, 327- 329, 355 , 400- 4 02

, . Bananas , 6 4, 139, 147 172, 360 37 , ,

A rno tt D r , 404 . . 378 . 38 1 .

A rth aud Lo u is , 350

, . Ba c ch u s 301 , .

A r tific ial c l ockmaker th e, 1 1 4 , . Bac kwel l E d ward , 298 ,

.

A rti ller G ro u nd. 352 . Bac o n F riar , 1 62

, .

A rmrd e A l e tlrea , C ountess of, pre Bad en c locks exporte d fr om, 21 3

,
.

sents a w atc h , 26 5 . Bag es Joha n nes , 277

, .

E arl of 233 , . Ba g ford 1 00 131 , , .

A sh bum e, L eo nard , 1 29 . Bag well C olonel 27 8, , .

A sh bu rn h am, Be rtram, 76 . Ba i l ey Joh n 36 7

, , .

C hurch watch a t, 275 , 276 , . Bai l lon J B 35 4, . .

J oh n, 27 6 . Ba i n A lexa nd er 1 76
, , .

A sh mo lea n Museum , watch i n, 25 5 , Ba ird, Joh n 34 6 , .

278 . Ba ker, 1 63 344 , .

A sia, 404 . Ba l a c lock a t 1 35

, , .

D
A sn iere, uke of, possesses a watch , 52 . Ba lea ric, c lock cal l ed th e, 1 60 .

A Bpin u al l , Jos e p h , 273 . Ba ll c l ocks 98 1 1 2, 1 1 3 , , .

S am uel , 272, 273 . Ba mpton, c l ock at. 1 30 .

A ss e r, 1 3 . Ba nbrid ge 1 5 8 , .

A ston , L o rd , a wa tch maker 327 , . Ba nc lrory 24 1 , .

A s tro l a be , S ir F ra nc is r ake s, 25 0 D '

Ba n ru 1 5
k
.
.
,

A s t rol o ger wa tch make r 325 326 . , . Ba n s S ir Joseph 401 , .

A s tron rn ie u l c l t ks , 5 4 41 0 4 1 1
o o
-
, , . Ba nks i d e 7 1 , .

wa tch es, 35 8 , 36 6 376 , . Ba rbud oes , 1 8 0, 396 .

416 I NDE X .

Blind cl ockmakers, 43, 44, 158 . y

Bra l ey, 27 5 .

watch make rs 364 . Bread, a ll owance of, to a c lock

wa tc h es for th e, 299, 300 .

Blois, 229 238 , 25 7, 258, 269, 280, 28 1 ,

, Bre a dalba ne, L ord cl ock a t; 157 , .

291 , 292, 304 . Breq u et, 1 71, 299, 358 , 35 9 .

Bloomsbu ry, 269, 325, 326 . Bre to n, H em, 26 .

Blown o rton clock, 224, 225 . B reto nnea u, A ug uste, 282 .

Bl und y, Jose ph , 347 . Brett J W , 4 1 1

. . . .

Bock, J 28 5 , 350 . Bre wster, S ir Davi d 1 47 148 , , .

Bod leian L rbru y , 31 . Br id aine, Ja cq ues, 220 .

Bod min, 1 21 . Bridges H enry 142 , , .

Boekel ts , 350 . Brid gewater, E arl of; robbed of

Boethi us, 1 5 . watch , 342, 34 3 .

Bo ue t, 304 S quare 1 25 347

g
. , .
,

B0 emia 208 . . Bri gh ton, 293 36 6 , .

Boh e mian clock bel ongin g to the Bris ban e, S ir T h omas, 407 .

c ie ty of A n ti varies, 32, 56 . Brisc al l, J 193 .

Bol eyn, A nne , 0 o ck of, 58 . Bris lingto n, 1 07 .

Bolin gbroke, 83, 294 . Bris tol. 109. 1 90 .

Bol og na, c lock at, 50 . clock at, 1 07 .

Bol t and T un , 399 . Bri tain 14 , .

C ourt. 1 35 . y
c leps dra found in. by Juli
Bol ton, 1 5 0 . O m ar, 10 .

Bombas tes F urioso, 357 . Britannia, 317 .

Bona S forzal us, 32 . British Museum, 31, 5 2. 86 , 99 1 ,

Bo o k-
ah a ed watch, 3 01 . 1 31 , 31 0, 11 2 «
.

Booth , E w ard , 297 . wa tch es in, 258, m , 27 1 , 27 8 .

G eorge , 277 . Britten , 27 5 .

Borgi a , H enr , 1 12 y . Brockba nk, 347 .

Bos to n, 5 4 . Brome 26 2 , .

Bouch er, 1 06 . Bro mflel d H ouse, 1 07 .

Bou gu et, 25 0, 304 . Bro oke, R ev 349, 350 . .

y
Boulb , 266 . y
Brookl n , 2 7
”

Bo ul e, 1 1 6 . Bro uncke r L ord , wa tc h of 279

, . .

D
Bouqu et, avid, 271 , 28 1 . Brown 339 , .

Brown s Build ing s, 347

’
Bour ml t, 310 . .

Bou rse, th e, L ond on , clock at, 1 84 . Bruce C astl e, 230 .

Bo w C h u rch clock, 108 . L ord , 35 9 .

Bowd en 1 06 . R obert, K in g of S cotla nd, m

Bowen, Rev John, . sa id to h ave bel ong ed to . 230 231 , .

R i chard , 276 . Brug es, 31 .

y D
Bowl , evereux, 150 . ch i mes at, 21 3 214 , .

Box, clock to ope n a, 209 Bru otti 1 08

°

. .

Boxes , wa tch es in, 247, 4 1 2 .

Boyce. J ames, 1 91 .

Boyne, 304 .

Brace l ets. watches in. 246 , 25 1 .

Brad ley, L a ng, 21 , 6 2, 1 25 .

Bra ike nr id g e, R ev G W , 1 07 . . . . l mm
Bra im er , C a tain, 31 8 . Joh n, 1 57 .

C o lone Jac ob, 31 8 . Bryson, A l exa nd er ,

Brand enburg , 284 . Bu cki ngh am Duke of, 21 , .

Brasenose C oll ege. 285 . clock of, 188 .

 I NDEX . 4 17

king ham, Duke of , wa tch sent to, C anada 217 , .

67 C and le clock of A l fred th e G reat, 1 3,

G a te . 348 . 1 4, 1 6 .

H ouse , 31 8 . clock to l ight a, 1 6 2 .

Pa lace , c lock at, 6 2 . moves a cl ock, 100, 101 .

ki n h amsh ire, 8 1, 97 , 1 26, 278 . C a nni ng, E lizabeth , 325 , 326 .

an Month , 387 . L o rd , 203 .

E man uel 88 , . C a nnon c lock, 1 7 1 .

E d m u nd 242 , . y
C an terbur , 29, 30, 84, 208, 21 5 .

J oh n 368 , . C a thed ral , first cl ock at, 20, 29 .

C a pri I sl and of, 353

'
R a nu l ph , 8 8 . , .

et c l oc k s 99 , . C aris bmoke C astl e, 276 .

ock Joh n 34 1 35 2 385

, , , , . C ar leto n, G eneral , 339 .

Wi ll ia m, 36 0 . C am cel , C , 286 . .

lunh i l l F iel d s 297 , . C arol i ne, ueen , 327 390 Q .

R ow 34 8 , . C a non, 319, 320 .

n ting , W illi a m, 269 . C ar penter, Dr , 404 . .

i d ea n, 1 1 5 1 1 6 , . C ar pentier, 5 2 .

urd e tt, 291 . C an , 31 8 .

rgh l e L ord cl ock of, 6 6 , 67 C ar ra ra. Prin ce of, er ecta a cl ock, 37

}
.
. , .

g oh n, 25 9 .

l urg ua d y 374 , . C ar rington , R ic hard 347 , .

Duke of, car ries away a clock, 37 . (b ratens H einric h 35 0

. , .

ur net, Bish op, 309 . C artier, Jaques, 278 .

beq ue sts of cl ocks and watch es C asseiopeia , 76 .

by, 1 20, 1 21 . C assio, 5 .

ar ns id e, B J 284 . . C as tl e A lley, 314 .

ur n al ey W ill” 1 1 2
, . T avern, 91 .

ury S t E d m und s 1 91
’
B . , .

”
82g
c loc k a t, 1 8 53 , .

by s F oll y, 312 t ut in w a tch ea, 241 , 287

’

. .

a te, Ma rqui s of, clock of, 64 . C a t herine 345 .

tterwor t h 31 1 , . C a tl yn, 25 .

0, H enry, 5 3 .
C a u n te r, R obert, 263 .

n D r J , li nes on a watch by, C eci l, S ir Will iam, clock of, 66 , 67

y r or , . . .

321, 322 . C e li a, 1 06 .

ron , L ord. 202 .

E d ward, 247 . C ensus re turna 382 .

C e r es, 362 .

C , G M, 390
O
. . .

C had well, Jo h n, 31 4
.

h amm 346 347

. . . C ha ins, watch, 262, 268 , 371 .

h del l , T 1 46 ., . C hamberlaine, T h omaa, 303 .

loan, 35 . C hamberlayne , S ir T h oma s, said to

rl eo n, 1 6 1 . h ave introd uced watch es into E ng
car S i r Juli us, writes
,
b
a out a clock,

89 .
C han cery l a ne, 129 .

T ower, K enil worth , 68, 69 . C hand os S tre et, 34 1 .

H ouse 272 , . C hange A l l ey, 34 8 .

rid ge 30 65 , . . C han ti ng watc h , 345 .

en 1 02 289, 308
, , . C ha pman, L ady, 344 .

C lock fro m Pekin, 209. 21 0 . S ir John, 344 .

n , F A , 28 4 . . . C haring C ress, 1 02, 288 , 290,

2 1:
41 8 I NDE X .

C harisma 0 , clepsyd ra sent to, by C hina, 1 97, 1 98 , 209, 220, 229 .

K ing 0 Pe rs ia 1 1 1 2 , , . E mperor of, cl ocks of, 1 4 1, 148

C ha rles I 38 102, 255 , 267 27 0 283 , , , . 1 49, 1 54 .

c loc ks be longing to , 98 , 1 03 . wa tc h es of, 4 1 2 .

c l oc k whic h r egula ted the time C hi nes e and wa tches , 344 .

of the d ea th of, 97 . C hisle hu rst, 402 .

c loc k-kee per of, 28 . wa tc h fo und at, 290 .

cloc kmake r of 88 , . C hi vasso , d ivis ion of time a t, 5 .

incorpora tes L ond on C lock y

C hol mond e le , T ho mas , 27 5 .

makers 90 , . C hris t C hu rc h , Br is tol , cl oc k at, 1 07 .

wa c es o , 27 277
t h f 3— L o n d on , 168
N
. .

C ha r les 1 02, 28 7 304 , . or wic h, c l oc k bells at, 6 5 .

c loc ks be lo n g in g to, 98 99, 103 C hrist s C o ll ege, O xford , c l ock at,

'
.
,

i l o c k 97 C hr onog ra ph , the , 36 8 , 36 9
g v o s a. c , . .

watc h e s of 278 27 9 292 293, 295 C hronome tc rs fi rs t re quire d, 392

—
, , , . .

C ha rles 11 of S pa m c l o ck of, 1 1 8
. , .
p rac t i ca l u se of, 403 405 .

C ha rles 1 11 of S pa i n establ ishes r e wa rd s ofi e red for, 392, 3 94

'

. .

wa tc hmaki ng sc hoo l 326 , . tri a ls of, 405 - 407 .

C ha rles v c lo c ks a nd watch es of,

.
, C h ron osc ope, th e, 1 54 .

231- 233, 245 246 ,

. C h urc h, 7 2 .

C ha rles V
of F ran c e erec t-
. s cl oc ks , 5 0 . S tree t, 307, 389 .

C ha rl e s V I I 1 a pp lied to for a c l oc k, 54
. . C h urches , c loc ks commenc ed to be
C ha rest 326 . . u p in , 1 5, 1 6 .

C ha rtier, I saac , 347 . C hu rto n , 28 5 .

C hartier s , 280 . C i nq u e Ports, 282 .

C har we ll , James, 350 . C lare Ma rke t, 299 .

C has teau neuf 52 , . C lay, W il l ia m , 278 .

C hatea u S u rr, 279 . C le men c e, a bel l, 208 .

C ha telu ine wa tc h es, 284, 302, 31 6, 319, C lemen t 298 , .

s29 C le men t s L ane, 346

'

. .

C hat r E lin or, 347

c
, . C leopa tra, 4 1 2 .

James 347 , . C l e psyrl rm, c urious, 99, 1 00 .

C hauce r s re ference to a cl o ck, 35

'

. fi rs t forms of, 7 10 — .

C heapside 1 08, 129, 1 30, 290

, . firs t u se o f, 7- 1 0 .

cond ui t 1 29 , .
p pe r e t ua l , 7 0 .

C heke, S ir Jo h n, c lock of, 6 6, 67 . sou nd i ng, 1 3 .

C hel ms ford, 303 . C le rken w e l l , 40, 7 3, 75, 93, 121 , 1 2

C helsea 6 1 1 1 4 , 318
, , . 1 38 . 14 1, 142, 1 5 0, 1 91 , 299, 346
C henhal l 209 , . 34 7, 348, 36 8 , 379, 380, 38 2 .

C hequer s C o urt, wa tch at, 278

’
. C lose , 347 .

y
C her r h as C ourt, 347 . C loak L an e, 347 .

C h es ha m, L ord , wa tc hes of, 316 . C lochi er t he, 65

, .

C hesh ir e, 25 7, 275 . C lock, d eri va tion of th e word , 6 .

C hes non, S al omon , 291 , 292 . J o h n, 8 9 .

C heste r, 275 , 326 . C loch e, Pe ter , 89 .

C heste rfie ld , L ord , 359 . C o mpa ny, 88 , 267 269

Phil ip, E arl of, presents rake s D '
270 27 1, 273, 274 , 28 7, 295, 307, 37 7
,

astro l a be, 25 0 379

H istory of, 90—
. .

C heva li er d e S t G eorge, watch of, 314 . . 92 .

C hevall ey J D , 163 , . . . C lockwor th y, W il l iam, 89 .

C hi ch es ter, 6 . C lokerr e , th e, 65 .

hifli nc h, W
i ll iam, 1 03 . C l onmel l , 278 .

C himes in the Lo w C ountries, 213- 216 . C l orinda , 272, 28 1 .

 420 I NDE X .

Dale A bbey clock , 61 . Dep ing J B 35 7 , . .

, .

De lamaige, Jeha n, 52 . Der y, 1 8 1, 203 36 9 , .

Dance, 138 c lock a t,

1 34
N
. .

, 400 . . Margaret, C ountess of. we re

Da nd el i on seed cal led a cl ock 83a
, . a wa tc h, 25 1 .

D '
ante s refere nce to a cl ock 33
, . Derbyshi re, 6 1 1 34, 1 50. 25 0 . .

Da r t 29
. . Der ham, D r i lliam, 1 14. 235 , 30s
. W
Da sypod iua C o nrad us, 43, 44 . De L amborne , 1 02 .

Dm is, E d ward , 1 42 . De S t L eu ,
. aniel , 3 47 D .

James 354 , . De S onaba, 31 .

Dea d hea t esca pement i nvented, 315 . Des V

oeux, L ad S ophia , wat ch y
watch es , 344 .

Deal, cl ock a t, 178 . Detector cl ock 1 97 , .

D ea n of S t S t e h en s a c l ock-kee er,
p
’
.
p Deto nating clock 172 , .

27 . Det ude Jo hn, 309

, .

Dea th and a w atc h maker, 360 .

c lock o f th e ki n s, 1 1 7
g
’
. Devil i n a wa tch , 263 .

B e r s-hea d watch es , 236 - 239, 24 5, D e vis, John, 347

ga
'

g Dev o
n, 87 .

D eba ufres, J acob , 306 -31 0 . D e vonport, 1 8 6 .

Peter, 306 -310 . De vons h ire, 1 60. 382 .

D ebea an d S to rr , 368 . Dewh u rst , Be rna rd o, 260 .

De Bry, T h eodore, 258 , 25 9 . D E yneourt, C a ptai n E , 1 80

’
.

D e C a ssini, 403 . C T , 1 80
. . .

D e C ha rmes, Davi d, 305 . Di al and on e crown, 399 .

S imon, 305 . an d th ree crowns , 1 1 1 .

Decker 20, 26 1 , . Dial s, cl ocks wi th ou t, 20 .

D e G e nnes, 1 1 4 . wa tc h first enamell ed , 28 0

, .

Degr e va n t, S ir, 30 . D iana , 47 248, 284 , .

De H eck, G e rhar t, of Poi tiers, 236 .

De la F a bvolliere , 102 . cl oc k of, 409, 41 0 .

De la Mere, A bbot, 36 . Dibdin, Dr , 49 . .

H ouse , 25 7 . D ieu, B , 26 5 . .

L ord, wa tch of, 275 . Dij on, c lock at 37 . .

D e l ft, 5 1 . D ingl inger, 282 .

De L isle and D udl ey, Lord , clock o f, D in gsley 304 , .

4 10 . D iogen es, 289 .

D e L ac, 399 . D istress of watchmakers , 380 .

De Marain vill e 1 02 , . D itmar, 1 6 .

De Mare, H , 314 .
,
D ivis ions i n th e wa tch trade, 370, 37
D e mo lyn, Jo h n, 6 7 . DO bson , A c lander, 1 91 .

Demos t h enes 398 , . Dock head , 347

D eu bara, 1 07 . Dod d , 297 .

D n iw n, 205 206
e
. . Dominico Maria Vulparia, 230 .

De nmark, 327 . Domini c, Marcus A nto nius d o, 26 8 .

S tree t, 34 8 . Doncaster, clock at, 21 1 .

De nny, L ad y A rabella, gives a clock, Dond is, Joh n d e, 3 7 .

Don S al tero s Museum,

’
140 .

S i r A n thony, presents a cl ock to a t’ m ’

H en ry V II I 6 0 .
, . Dorisny. a 0b eat . 52
Den t, E J 1 8 1 1 8 2, 203, 205. 210,
.
, Dorrel l , W
ill iam , 1 25 .

300, 36 5, 407 . Dorset, D

uch ess of, 1 32 .

D enzil S treet, 358 .

 I NDE X .

Doubl e set meaning of 5

, , . E aston, 24 .

Douboule Jcan Baptist 375

, , . E a ton , C aptai n, 259 .

E d en , 237 .

C astl e, c lock at ,
41 . E d inb urgh, 145, 146, 1 76 , 1 92, 236 ,
M useum, wa tch es in , 25 9, 260 . 240, 24 2, 407, 408 .

Do wn , 15 8 . U ni versity, wa tch found at, 1 91 .

D rake, Joh n, 303 . E d mon ton, 244 .

S i r F ranc is, as trola be of, 250 . E d mun d the M artyr , 1 9 .

S tre et, 209 . E d war d I , 24 . .

Ed ward I I , 33 . .

Ed ward I II , 20 . .

buil ds a c lock tower, 25, 26 .

Dr nlard y, 57 . encourages the maki ng of a

Dr nmmcnd, th e poet, wa tch of, 263 .

Drury L’ ane T h ea tre, 38 6 . invi tes D

utch cl ockmakers to
Dryd en s referen ce to a cl ock, 1 1 0 . E n gl and and char te rs th em, 5 1
E d ward W ,
.

D ubie, 28 0 . 233 .

Dublin, 1 92, 31 8 , 319 . E d ward V

cl ockmaker of, 66
.

E d ward vi . 58 , 31 1
.

workh ouse, cl ock a t, 1 39, 1 40 .

g i ft of a c lock by, 66, 67 .

watch of, 235 .

256 . E dwards ; J 1 92 .

J T , 1 93
E gg—
. . .

cl ock, 1 75 .

L o rd , clock of, 4 10 . sh a ped watch es 229, 245, 249, .

Duet, Pierre, 350 25 5, 25 9 26 6 , 27 1 , 283. 345

, .

Dugdale, 20 . E g in h art, A bbot , 1 1 .

D nham el , Pierre, 289 . E gypti an H a l l, 360 .

Du il l er , 306 . E gyp tians , di vi sions of time , 3 by .

Duke of Marlborou gh s H ead , 131

’ ’
. use c lepsyd ra , 9 .

Dul wich C ol lege, 67 . E ifle, 405

‘

Du mfriessh ire, 149 E ichi nger , H ans C on rad , 272

E l ectr ical clocks, 1 75 - 1 78 1 98—
. .

D unkarto n, 1 38 . 202 , .

Dunkerl ey, S amuel , 1 91 . lementary cl ocks, 99, 1 00 .

Dunsta ble Priory clock, 54 . lgin E arl of, 220

, .

D upont, 302 . lizabe th, Q

ueen, 25, 6 6, 68 , 6 9, 8 1 ,

Durant, I L , 28 1
. . 233, 24 3, 244, 249, 25 7, 260, 26 7,
Durham, 266 . 31 1 .

Dutch clocks, 21 1 213 -

. cl ocks b
el on ging to, 74 .

c l ock mak ers in vited to E ngland , cloc k-keeper of, 28 , 74 .

and c hartered by E d ward I I I , 1 5 1 . . c lockmak er of, 67, 74, 260 .

Duti es on clocks and watch es, 378 w atch es bel ongin g to, 25 1- 255 .

E lkin gto n, 196 .

E ll ico tt, John , 1 37, 138 , 347 .

E l l is and S on , 1 90 .

S ir H , 57, 67 . .

a m -sa am watch , 25 7 . E l vei n, 1 5 .

E a rnsha w, Th omas, 1 26 , 400, 401, 402 . E l y, R icha rd, Bishop of, clock or watch
E arth cl ocks, bequ ea th ed to, 68 , 247

_
.

E as t, E d ward , 278 E mer , 35 1 y

ndia C ompany preserit clocks,
. .

y
E mi l , 1 59
I —
.

1 48 E namel lin g, watch . 279 28 2 .

E nderli n, 1 1 9 .
 I NDE X .

E 28 4 . F a lse watches worn 343, 344 , .

E 25 . F ard ingd al e, I n d y. 312 .

E ngla nd 1 8, 29 32, 35 , 5 1, 58 6 1, 6 5,
, , , F a rmer, 93 .

7 1, 75 78 , 89, 90 92, 1 07 1 1 5 , 124,

, , , F ar n ley H ail , wa tch a t, 278 .

1 35 , 1 5 1, 1 80 210 21 2, 21 7 229 , , , , F arra h R ober t, 347

, .

233, 236 , 239 243, 249 250 268 , , , , F or m r, 303 .

26 9, 275 278 305, 306, 309 314 ,

, , ,
F a rr ier becomes a cel ebra ted
31 5, 321, 35 2, 36 5, 372- 377. 408 . maker, 293 .

E p hesus, 100 . F a rringdon Wi th in, 89 .

E pitaph. o n cl ockmakers 1 49 . . F a ulconbrid ge, 27 .

on wa tc hmakers, 382, 383 . F a ulkner 101, 305 , .

Eq uation -c lock 1 1 8 , . F a un a Montre, th e, 343, 344 .

of time, 1 1 9 . F a w kes, 122 .

E rasmus, 6 1 . J H , 27 8
. . .

E resby, l a d y W
illoughby d e, wa tc h F ea t, da nge rous, wi th
of 329
, . F , E I , 250
. . . .

L ord W illoughb d e, watches of, y F ell o ws, L ad y, clocks of, 4 1 1 .

304, 305 . wa tche of, 25 6 25 7, 274, ,

E scapeme nt of a clock, 1 39 . 292, 300- 303, 350, 35 1 .

E sp iens, Jan . 267 . S ir C ha rles, watch es of, see, 4 1

E ss ex and E w e, E arl of. cl ock of, 75 . F e male c lock-keeper, 27 .

E ster, H e nry 256 , . F em bl e used for cl ock lines, 54 .

J H , 256
. . . F en ce r, 28 .

E u cl id. 297 . F errch urch S treet, 62, 347 , 348 .

F eni l, C ount, 310 .

E urope, 12, 1 7, 35 36 , 54, 79, 1 15, 1 1 7, ,

1 27 , 1 4 1 , 1 93 31 5, 354 , . F erment, 304 .

E vans, James. 347 . F erra ra , Duke of, wa tch of, 235 .

E ve lyn, Joh n, sees some curious cl ocks, F erro l , 35 3 .

7 1, 94, 98 , 99 .

F evre , G o defi roy ls, 52

'

E verton, 1 35 . .

E we and E mex, Fa rl o f, clock of, 75 . F, H ,

. .

E xc hange A lley, 1 1 1, 303, 347 . F ield, G eorge, 304, 41 0 .

E as ter, 190, 399 .

Bishop of, cl ock of, 121 . F igaro, autho r of. a watchmaker,

C a th ed ra l cloc k, 8 2, 33 . 321 .

cl ock, 1 93, 194 F im bl e, erde Pemble

‘

. .

Marquis of, cl ock of, 1 57 . F inel ly, 248 .

E xh ibition , U ni versa l, of 1 8 5 1 . F i nes on a watchmaker, 346 .

c locks in, 1 91 - 202 . on uni vers i t studen ts to pro vid y

wa tc h es in, 235 36 36 7
5 -
. . a cl ock, 53 .

of 1 8 6 2, cl ocks in , 21 0 . F insb 35 2 .

watches in, 36 7 . F ire an a c lock, i ncident of, 1 84 .

E xning, 1 57 . cl ocks , 99, 1 00 .

F irst portabl e cl ocks, 30-32 .

wh eel cl ock in E ngland, 1 8 , 29 .

Fi sh er, T , 1 58 . .

F u n , 1 27 . F i tter , 35 2 .

F abyan, 1 2 T h omason, 347

N —
. .

F accio, icholas, 306 31 0 . F itz A llan , E arl of A rund el, 233 .

F ace , clocks without, 21 1 . Fi tzgera ld , L ad O , watch es of, y .

F al con S tre et, 34 8 . 25 7, 25 9, 273 .

F almouth . 31 8 , 35 4 . F it: Walter , R obert, 33 .

424 I NDE X .

G eorge IV .
, clocks of, 17 1 . G out, R al ph. 347— 349 .

resentswa tch es, G racec h urc h S tre et 348

i;
.
,

G eorg T W , I G2 G raflenri d t, A bra ham V on 4 1 2

'

. . .
. ,

G erbert. a monk, said to ha ve inven ted G ra fton Duke of, cl ock of 1 57

, , .

cloc ks, 1 6 . G ra ha m , G eorge 1 19 1 26 192, , , .

Germaine, L ad E lizabeth, p resents a y 315 , 316 , 329 394, 395 , ,

cl ock, 5 8 . G ra nd Piam , en ice, 94 V .

G erma n cl ocks, 78. 8 3 . S i or , c l ock of, 1 55 .

G range onse , 236 .

G ermany 16, 43, 48, 50, 6 5, 78 , 21 1 ,

, G rav es , 60 .

21 2, 224, 229, 239, 304, 321 , 4 1 0 . y

G ra , A d am , 347 .

G heele, G h ylis V an, 257 . L ad y K a th eri ne, watch

G ian t s T ou rs, 214 d
'
.
q u ea t h e to , 260 .

watch. 35 6 G ra y s I nn, clock in, 98

’
. .

G ifiord , 1 2 G rea t Bri ck hi ll , cl oc k at, 97

'

. .

G ill , D r 333 Brita i n , 1 90, 36 2, 378 .

G i ll ier, C , 302
., .

. . K irh S tre e t, 34 7 .

G ira ld us , 1 5 . Marl roug h S tr eet, 31 1 .

G i ra rd , T h eod ore, 304 . Mar lo w, clo k a t, 8 1 c

.

G l ascwm , 15 . Mogul orga n mad e for, 1 22 , .

G las gow, 1 90, 230 . T om, 208 .

C ol lege cl o k. 224
c . W
igsto n, clock at. 81 .

G lam ba lan ce spring 407 . G reato re x, 31 2 .

wh eels used for c locks, 1 92 . G reban ul , 301 .

G lan ce, wa tch , 372. 373 . G reba y, Phi li p, 27 1 .

G lass hou se Ya rd , 23 . G reeks used cl e ps ydra . 7 .

G las tonb ur , 234 y . G ree n, James, 347 .

A bbey c lock, 374 0 . S tre e t, 96 .

clock at, 75 . G ree n wi c h H os pital, astrola b e a t, 2

G l encross, 241 O bserva tory 1 08 1 26 , 1 38 1 4
—
.
, , ,

G l ouces ter, 56 , 277 . 1 46 , 1 77 . 1 7 8 203, 206, 4 02 407 , .

c lock at, 208 . y

G regor , Ch pta in Jen ny 1 85 , .

D uc hess of, mis h ap wi th G res h am, S ir T homas , 1 8 4 .

striki ng clock of, G rassh am James, 31 , .

S treet, 34 8 . G rib l in , 25 7. 258

e
.

G lou cestersbire, 1 36 , 233 . G ri fli n c lock, 86 .

G obets , 35 . G ri ma ld i Jo e, w atch of 35 6
, , .

G od dard, Joh n, 90 G rinki n, R ob r t, 27 l , 301 e

N
. .

G od ol phin , I n d y, gives a watch, 240 . G roll ier d e S ervier e , ich o las, c uri
G od win, 5 7 . c l ocks of, 1 1 2- 1 1 4 .

H en ry, 291 . G ronow , C ap ta in, 359 .

G ofi, R , 73
‘

. . G ross , 29, 6 2 .

G 1 08 . G rosvenor S q uare , 270 .

G o d C oast, 406 . G rove H al l, 305 .

watc h es sol d for their weig ht m, G , B , 390

'

. . .

374 G u ido F a wkes, watc h of, 264 .

G ol d en S a l mon , 1 01 G ui ld ford , L o rd K eeper, 97

G old smi th s H all, 376 —
. .

G u il d ha l l, L ondon, 1 08. 1 5 1 , 257

’
379 . .

Go li ath , 1 80 G u inea 393

m
. . .

D
G om, av id , 283 . G ul l s H orn
'

20, 26 1 .

Good man s F i el d s, 348

'

. G un-c lock, 1 7 1 .

Goodrich C ourt, c lock a t, 80 . G us ta vus A d olph us. watch of, 31 7

Goslinge, R ichard, 1 01 . 31 8 .
 I NDE X .
425

H ar t, 36 1 .

S tree t 384 , .

H a nus cm 43 '
, . H a rvey, W il liam, 1 94 .

I m ae 7 5 , 7 8
, . H a tfiel d, Joh n, 23 .

B ecke tt, 20 . H a therl eig h, cl ock cus tom at, 1 6 0 .

H a ck ney, 38 9 . H a tton , 25 1 .

H ad d ington , 236 . G ard en. 347 .

H agbourn, 1 30 . H autevi l le, John , 294 .

H ag ue, th e 26 6 , 28 2 289, 350

, , . H a vre, cl ock at, 170 .

H air -s rin g , 37 1 , 372 . V

H awa rd en , i scou n t, clock of, 80 .

H a l e, ir Ma tth ew, gives a clock, 1 08, H a wkesl ey, 278

1 09 . H awkes worth Dr a watch maker , 345 .

H aley Joh n, 403

, . H awkins, J H , 28 6 . . .

H a l l, Bish op , clock of, 1 21 . H a wthom den, 263 .

T , 321
. . H ays , 284 .

H a lle 395 . H a yma rket,

H a ll i x, Joh n 1 91 , . H ays, 1 50 .

H amil to n, H enr y, 244 . H ayton, 8 9 .

-
H ammersmith 1 01 1 75 , 305 , . . H azl itt, 1 73 .

H a mmond, C ol onel, watc h of, 276 . H eck, G erh a r t d e, 26 6 .

Joh n , 31 1 John and en , 26 6 V

N
. .

H amps tead , 398 . i chol as V and er , 266 .

H a mpton C ourt Pal ace, 298 . H eid e ger, 1 28 .

cl ocks at, 6 1— 64 . H eid e berg, 214 .

H and and S tar, th e, 31 1 . H einl ein, A ndreas, 246

H and e, T homas , 301 . H el e, Peter , 229, 230 .

H a ndschu hsh eim, 21 5 . H elrnet R ow, 347 .

H anover S q uare, 347 . H ench e, U l drich , 8 7 .

H a nusch , 55 . H en d erson , R obert, 350 .

H an well, 87 . H au gh am. S ir R al ph d e cl ock set up ,

H a rcourts, 31 ou t of a fi n e im ose d o n , 25 , 28
.
p .

H ar d wicke, E arl of, cl ock of. 157 . y

H enl e -on-Tha mes 99 , .

H a rd y John 347
, , . H enrietta Maria , ueen , watch of, 277 Q .

H arington, S ir John , 270 . y

H e n r H , 236. .

H ar ley, T homas, 91 . H enry I I of F rance, clock of, 409, 41 0

. .

H arman , G eorg e, 1 25 . y
H enr I I I 29 .

John, 326 . y
H e n r I V , 84 , 261
. .

H aroun-al-Basch id, K in g of Persi a, a poin ts a c l ockmaker, 26 .

sen ds clepsydr a to C h a rl ema gn e, 1 I . H enr yV of F ra nce, represen ted in a

.

12 cl ock l 1 1
He y v 4 8
.

H arris , 384, 38 5
:
.

R ic h ard , 70, 71 . cl ock of, 26 .

T homas , 1 03 . y
H enr V I , 39, 8 4. .

H arrison , 299 o in ts a ch o ir-kee er, 26 , 27

. a p .

A nthony, 31 4 . H enr y 1 37 .

John, 1 86 , 315 . H enr yV I I I , 6 , 35 , 38, 55 , 65 , 233

. .

first c h ronome ter of, 1 56 . cl ocks o f, 57

i nven ts the chro nometer,394- 397 . watch es o f, 235 .

y
H enr de E stria, r im ; 29
g
.

to mb of, 398 , 399 . Pri nce, cl oc di et per of, 28 , 88

-
.

W
i l liam , 398, 399 . wa tches of, 26 6 . 26 7
H arrys, T h omas, 103, 1 04 . H enson, 99 .
426 I NDE X .

H entzner d escribes a cl ock, 74 . H ooks , Dr R obert, 103, 292, 293.

.

H erau t, 28 4 . 393 .

H erbert. S ir T hom watc h of, 27 4, H ope, A J B B 8 6 , 310. . . .

z75 . H orace 237 ,

H erc ules, 80, 1 04 . H orizonta l escapement invented , 31 5

H ere fordsh ire, 262 . H e rma n 1 2 , .

H eriot, G eorg e, 267 H orol oge of the F ields. 1 59, 160 .

H ermitage Palace, Petersburg. cl ocks H orol ogi cal tower at Ven ice , 95 .

a t, 1 73 . H orolo giu m, firs t name of clocks , 5 , 1

H errma n, 310 . H orolog i us, a fa mil y name 37 . .

H ertfo rd c lock at. 1 57

, . K orrina Joh an, 398. .

Marquis of, purchased cl ock H orse G ua rds c lock, 1 38, 170 .

fig ures 1 06 , . H orsfi e ld, 275 .

H ertfords h ire 36 , . H osea. 7 7 .

H erve, L ouis 302 , . H otel d e Vill e, Paris, clock at 1 5 1

H esse, G rand Duke of, bid s for a cl ock, 1 57 .

1 72 . H otspur, 8 4 .

L and grave of, uses a 01001: H o unds di tc h, 90 .

astronomi cal purposes, 5 4 H our gl ass i a c h urch es, 5 4 , 312

'

. .

H ewett, 405 . i n ven te d, 1 3 .

H G , 303. . used i n p lac e of wa tch es 24 4 .

H ie rosme. 301 . H ours clock, 1 96 .

H igh H olborn , 348 . firs t d ivis ion of, 3 4 , .

Wycomb, 1 25 . H ouse of C ommons. 28 7. 307,

H ighgate H ill , 35 6 . 37 1 , 37 8 , 380, 38 1 , 399, 401 .

H igh s, 150 . cl ock a t, 1 97 .

H i ll, Benj amin 27 1 . of L ords , 36 8 , 379 .

J oh n, 26 0 . H ouses of Par l iament. 25 .

H ind le H en ry, 35 0 . H oward, E d ward , 347 .

oh n, 1 37 . S ir Wi lli am, wa tch prem uted

H ippod rome C o nsta nti nople, 8
, .

H itch in, J oseph , 34 7 . H owe, 234 .

H , J H , 270 H owland S treet, 1 17

— H —s, 1 35
. . . . .

H ll— na, 135 . .

H obart, 38 0 . H uaud l s Puis né 28 0. 28 1, 28 2 ,

.

H od da m, 1 49 . H ubert, E tienne, 24 1, 242. 284,

H ogarth, William. 291, 31 7 .

of, 1 27 , 128
Noel
.

H ol beach, 364 . , 291 .

H o lbein design s a clock. 60, 6 1 . Prince of C arm a. er ect: a cl

H ol bom . 1 5 0 269, 298 299, 346 , 367
, , . 37 .

H old red, T heO p h i lua 35 8 . H u d son, 1 27 .

H ol la nd , 21 1 , 21 2, 392, 410 . H uggeford, I gnati us, 308 .

H oll ar, 29, 27 1 . H uman c lock, 1 63 .

H olloway, 7 3 .

H olmes , John, 347 . H um minges. T h o 260 .

Maj or, 393 394 H umphrey old

N
, . , ,

es to r 1 8 5 , . H unt and Bosh ell, 35 1

H l T rini ty C hurch, Bristol , cl ock at,
-
H un ter, T h omas , 347
a
g
.

7 H untingdon Priory, cl ock ball at, 56

H ome, E arl of cl ock of. 409, 4 10 , . H untle Wi ll iam, 364 , .

use, 28 4 .

H urst C as e. 276 .
428 I NDEX .

J udah 7 , . l a ke S ir Ed ward , bequea th s a

.

J uli us C m finds clepsydra in 1 01 . 102 .

l a mb 347 , .

J ung er , Jac ob Mayr 4 1 1 , . L ambeth, clock a t 73 , .

J uno, 310 . Pa lac e, cl oc k a t 1 32 , .

J upite r 47, 1 43, 257, 310 L amb s C ond ui t S treet 347

'

—
. .
, ,

J ura, 7 5 . La pm a n d cl ock com b i n d

e , 1 28 1
Juzon, Bishop, watc h of, 27 5 . 1 92, 1 93 .

L a ncaster, 297 .

l a nd h eld upon the ser vice of

s ns sr, 344 m a c lock, 33
i
.

L an rfi, 14
’

K a ufha us , C oblentz, clock at, 1 62 .

'
.

K ay, 150 . L a ne. Ja ne, 97 .

L a neham, 6 9 .

K ee pers , c l ock , 27 , 28 , 53, 54, 6 5 , 6 7 , I a nes borough , E ar l of, 1 39 .

7 3, 74, 88 . L s n tz, P , 4 12 . .

K el l, R e v E , 270 . . . L aplace d e fin es T ime, 2 .

R amble, 38 6 .

K e nda l , L arcum, 397 374 .

Museum, c lock i n, 97, 98 . L a S cu, ch urch o f, cl ock at, 1 5 9 .

K e nda l l, 400 . L aud er, S ir J w atch of, 236 -239 . D

K en e y, incent, 57 V . S ir T D , 237 . . .

K eni l wor th C astle, cl ock at, 6 8, 69 . I a ur ie, 1 27 .

K en ned y, i llia m, 1 58 W . L a w, 8 1 .

K ent, 346 . L aw C o ur ts , cl eps ydm used i n , 1 0 .

D
uc h e ss of, cl ock inci dent t e L a wson, S ir W , w a tch of, 35 1 . .

la ting to 207 , . L ead enha l l Ma rket, 314 .

K ctt ri ngfield, watch found at, 345

e
. L e Bon, 1 1 9 .

K ing 398 , . L eda , 265 .

K i ng kard in e , L ord, constructs a ebro L eed s C as tl e, K ent, cl ock at, 21 1 .

nometer, 393 . watch foun d near 354 , .

K i ng s C olleg e, Mad rid, 326 . L egen d s, cl ock, 224, 225 .

K ins a le, 356 . Le G rande, F , 240 . .

K loste m euberg , monas tery of, wa tch L e T a v ern , 1 22

g
.

at 239 L e mann , 5 2
N
, . .

K ,
.
, 248. . L e i bnitz, G od fre ill iam d e, 298 yW .

K n el ler, 293 . L e ices ter , cl ock at, 1 70 .

K ne vett, T homas, 25 2 . E arl of, cl ock of, 6 8, 69 .

K nibb, Joseph , 1 03, 1 12 .

p re se n ts wa tc hes to ue e n Q
K i i h t, b eth ,
h
K o e, cl ocks at, 1 32 .
— S q u a re 34 7 .

K nox, Joh n, watc h of, 240- 242 . L eicestersh ire ,

K iini gsberg, 249 . L e ig h ,
K resa, F ath er, 1 1 8 . L e ipzig, 298 36 0 . .

K riegse i ssen , 1 19 . F air , cl ocks sold at, 79 .

K u bai e wslry, 35 8
N
.

K u l ubi n, 345 . L eman d re, icholas, 26 9 .

K yn vyn , James. 75 . L o nox, D uke of watc h of 282 , , .

L eona rd us L oreda mu s, 409 .

Is L eopol d , G rand D uke found s c l

,
. ,

A B 283
. . an d wa tch mahsr s sc h oo l, 21 3
’
.

L A dmira ud , 1 19
’

. L e pante, 1 5 6 .

I a gisse, Pierre, 804 . L epi ne, 342 .

 I NDE X .

L R oy J ulien, 1 1 9, 297, 402

e , . L on d on brid ge, 1 9, 1 78 , 326 .

L es l ie, 24 2 .
p ga ea nt , h oro logy i n, 93 .

G ene ral , 318 . tavern, 92 .

L e sto u rgeon, T homas 1 91 , . tower of, 296 .

L e tters i ns tead of figur es on a wa tch Lo nd o nd e rry, Marquis of, 359 .

d ia l , 38 7 . L ong fellow, 94, 1 6 2, 21 4, 21 8, 220 .

L e von E arl of 31 8, , . L ongitud e, clock to as cer tain, 60, 7

c er , S ir A s hton, watc h es of, 235, 264 . 1 03 .

L evy, 202 . H arrison, 398 .

L e yd en , L u cas V an 269 Lo rd Mayor s mista ke, 385 , 386

’
.
, .

'
L H orl oge rle Princ es, '
L orenzo d i ulparia, 230 V .

L ibra ry C ity of L ond o n watch in , 257

, , . L orrai ne, 344 .

L iebour c, J e h an 52 , . L o st child, a clock house, 1 59 .

L ie tuyt, Joh n 5 1 , . wa tch es ad vertis ed , 287, 288 , 2 '

L ig h tfoo t, Peter , a monk, constr ucts a 299 31 1 , 31 2, 314, 31 8

. .

c l oc k, 37 . L o th bury, 7 1 , 1 21 .

L ig h tn i n g cl oc k struc k by, 49
, . L ottery of c l ocks. 1 5 1 , 154, 1 73 .

L il iwa ti a nd a c l epsyd ra , s tory of, 1 1 . L ondon, 1 73 .

L i l li e, C ha rles, 31 3 . L oui s X L , 32 .

L i l lip u tia n wa tch es 327—329 36 6 408 , , , . watc h of, 24 5 .

L il ly H ouse S tra nd Brid ge , 1 1 2 , . L ouis K I I L , 1 1 7 .

L im mrd 249 , . wa tc h of, 273 .

L i ncol n C rthe dra l 1 02 , . L ouis X I V , 1 12, 1 20 . .

cl oc k a t 27 , . c lock mad e for, 1 22 .

L incol n s I nn F ield s 314 cl ock mad e i n com li ment

’

, .
p
L i ncol ns b ire, 5 4, 1 02, 1 8 0, 329, 339,
36 4 . watc hes 295 , 329 of, .

L ind ores , John L ealie, L ord, 31 7 L ouis XV exa mines a watch , 320
N
. . .

L ipp, ic holas, 82 . i
g ves a watc h, 342 .

L is bo n, L ouis X V I , 4 1 2
1
. .

L itc h fi eld C a thed ral clock, 21 .

gives a cl ock, 1 32 .

L i verpool , L o uis XV
I I I , 32 . .

L iv ing cl ock, 1 63 . L ouvre, th e, 280 .

L , M E , 38 9
. . . . L ovelace, 193 .

L oa d ston e clock, 1 03 . Lo w C oun tries, ch imcs in, 21 3- 21 6 .

L och l e ven C astl e, 240 . L , R , 41

. .

L ock and clock com bined, 209 . b

L u eck, 329, 35 0 .

L ockh art, 234 . cl ock at, 78 .

L ocl e, clock at, 1 7 . L ucas , S , 26 6. .

L od J , 154 L uci an, 1 3

g:
. . .

L om rd S treet, 1 50, 290 . L ucien, Prince, watch of, 36 0 .

L ond on, 1 8, 1 9, 25 , 34, 49, 58 , 70, 7 1 , L ud gate, 1 9 .

73, 8 9- 92, 97, 1 01 , 1 03- 105, 107 , L udl a m, W

il liam, 397 .

1 08 , 1 1 1 , 1 1 4, 1 1 8 , 1 20, 125 , 134, L ukmore , 255 .

1 50, 1 55 , 1 68 , 1 69, 1 77, 1 78 , 1 80, V

L unard i, incent. watch of, 35 2, 353 .

1 8 4, 1 91 - 193, 207, 21 0, 21 1 , 21 7, L ur n, 1 41 .

L us ng ton , A l derman , 379

'

223, 230, 239, 25 0, 25 9, 26 0, 27 0,

274 , 27 6 , 27 7, 287 , 290, 29 1 , 294, L u ton Park, clock a t, 64
—
.

296 299, 30 4 306 , 308 L uxembourg, clock at, 17 1 .

31 1 , 31 6 , 318 , 327, 329, 346 , 35 0 L yd ford , 38 2 .

35 2, y
L d gate, 6 .

37 7, 38 5 , 38 6 , 394, 395, 398 , 400, L ynd es, S ir Th omas, gives a clock, 3

404, 407, 408 . L yons, 1 12, 265 , 283, 302, 350 .
 I NDE X .

L yons C ath ed ral , cl ock at, 8 1 , 8 2 . Ma rtin T homas, 347

, .

L ys ue y , S e bas tia n, 66 . c i s 273 , .

L yttle to n , Lo rd G eorge, li nes by, wi th Mart inea u , J ose h, 28 7, 347 .

a wa tch , 31 9 Mar ti nell i s cloc 99

'

. .

L ycile, 5 7 . Marti not, Bar na b , 89 y .

Ma rx, Pa u l , 4 l l .

Ma ry Ma gda l en 4 1 1 , .

Q
uee n, 31 1 , 31 9 .

Macc lesfield E a rl of 1 27 , , . clocks o f, 67 236 .

Mac erats clock a t 94 , , . w a tc hes of, 236 .

Ma c Ka ren 354 355 , ,

. Q
uee n of Boots, 243 .

Ma c le una n K enneth 31 7 , , . wa tc h es o f 2236 —24 2 , .

Ma d watch makers 322 323 354 , , , . Q

uee n ( i ll i am 1 1138 W consort
Ma drid , wa tc h maki ng school at, 326 .

Ma gne t clocks 1 1 3 , . Virgin 49 77 , 8 1 , 82, 94

, ,

Magnia c C o lonel, cl ocks of, 1 4 1

, . 1 02, 1 90, 237 , 24 3, 24 8 , 273, 4 1 1 .

Mag og 1 08 Me ss y, T h oma s , 5 3
N
. .
,

Ma ids tone c lock at 15 8 , , . Maske lyne . D r e vil , 1 37, 397 , 40 1

.

Ma c res I sla nd o f c l oc k at, 16 0 Mason, 1 5 5

'

. .
, ,

Me or o f h o u rs 36 1 , . C harl es, 1 37 .

Makers town 408 , . Jo h n, 1 09 .

Ma tin e e cl ock di a l at, 215

, . W
il lia m, 34 7 .

Ma il the 278
, , . Masq uera de clock by H oga rth , 12
Mell y 1 49 , . 1 28 .

Mal mesbury 16 , . Mass ie,

Ma l volio 26 1 , . Masson H enry “ 308
,

Man in the C ustom H ouse 1 62 M ter ia ls used in the first cl ocks, l

a
.
,

Manby H 28 1 , . 0
Ma nch es ter 16 9 , . w atch es, 245 , 246 .

Man he irn 402 ,

. M a thema tic ian wa tc h maker, 358 .

Manor H ouse C hisl eh urst , , watch found M ath e w, i lliam, 397 W

a t, 290 . Ma ti, 360 .

Ma nsfiel d , E a rl of, watch es of, 327 . Ma tte i Palace, R ome, 7 .

L o rd , 346 . Ma u perti us 31 5 , .

Mansion H ouse, Pal ms , clock at, 16 0 . Mayflow e r, the, 239 .

Ma p , cl ock, 190 . Ma yo r of C o ventry, a wa tch mah

Marchand, L u ci en, 1 95 . 31 8 .

Marg a te , 354 . of K en da l prese n ts a clock , 98 .

Ma rgue ri te d e al ois, 6 9 V . Ma s Bui ldi ngs 347

’
, .

Ma ria A n toinette , cloc k o f, 1 16 . M be, Ja m es, 34 7 .

w a tc h pr esente d by, 4 1 2 . M C l in tock, C aptai n, 408

‘
.

Ma riette, 6 0 . M C rie, D r , 241 , 242

‘
. .

Mari ne c l ock, 72 . Mean Ti me, 1 1 9 .

Ma rion , E l ias, 309 . Mears, 1 8 4 .

M ori banks , l ) C , 4 1 2 Mech anicus, 329- 338

'

. . . .

Mar et H arborou h, c lock at, 1 36 . Med sch id , S ul tan A bdul, watch 0

Marl bo rough , e of, ch ronometer D 36 1 , 36 2 .

of, 4 02 . Mel on-s ha ped watc hes, 245 , 255 , 35 1 .

cl ock of, 1 57 . Mel vi ll e, R ev James, 244 . .

Mars, 45 , 47 , 304, 409 4 1 2 , . Mem mi ngen , 1 7 2 .

Marti al h umorou sl al ludes to s cl ep y Meneh x Jeha n De , 52 .

syd ra , 1 0 Merce rs H al l , 1 8 1
'

. .

Martin, John , 329 . y

Merc ur , 47, 362 .
4 32 I NDE X .

New cas tle . 326 . Nremb

u erg, clocks mad e at, 53, 56.
c l ock a t, 1 78 . 79, 80 .

-
upon-T yne 295 d ivis i on of tim e a t, 5
Nw m 36
, . .

e co e, egg wa tches, 229 245 , 25 9

Nw f u nd l d 402
. .
,

e o an wa tch es mad e at, 24 6

Nwp rt 16 1
, . .

e o

Nw m B tholomew 73 74 260
, .

e sa ar

Nowec E d ward 73
, , . . .

i n,

Nwt n S ir l a 70 309 393

.
,

e o ,
ser , , . .

wa tc h of, 317
N
.

D
ibl e tt, 1 277
N
. .

ic ho l s, 25 1 O s m , C aptain, 249
N
. .

ic ho las, 5 7 O a tlnnds. 88
N
. .

O Bri en, Pa trick, 35 6

’
ic h ol son, 403
N
. .

icol, G , 1 4 6 O d e nwald , 215

N
. . .

ico l a a S ir H arris, 57, 235 O d eveere 75

Ni la f F l
. .
,

co 55 us o ore nce, ( E d ipus , 1 10

Nic l J hn 20
. .

o e, o O kel y, F rancis, 339

Nig l 1 05
.
, .

e O kin g. 57
Nig h t l k 1 1 3
, . .

c oc s, O ld Beth] 347
Nile 344
. .

Prete n er, watch oi

Nil e H n 89
, .

o a s, S treet, 347
Nix J 354
. .
,
on , O l iph an t, 220
N h 95
. .

oa O men, cl ock, 207, 208

Nbl R v M k 247 N
. .
,

o e, e ar C , , 61

N t n l l k 136
.
, . . . .

oc ur a c oc O ne-ha nd cl ock, 1 78
Noel A yme 301
. .
,

hand watc hes . 294

Nol leken 1 51
.
, , .

s, ea rs, c lock
goin y
g, 64
Noon 1 29
. .

O rgan cl ocks, 1 44, 1 73

Norman S tre t 347
. .
,

O rt 7a
iz
e
Normanton clock gi ven t ;
.
,

o, 1 01, 1 02 Or re, the, 27

North 97
.
,

, . O rl a nd o, 83 .

Wil liam 302 F urioso, 270, 28 1

N thampt n hir 345
, . .

or o s e, O rl eannois, 292
N th t J m 400
. .

or co e, a es, . O rl ean s, 28 0, 294 .

S m l 400 a ue Duc h ess of, pa ys for a cl ock, 5

Nrth mb l nd C h rl
.
,

o n F l orentia,
er a , a otte Duke o f, clocks of, 5 2 .

Duc h ess of, be ueaths a watch , 36 9 . O rp heus, 142, 316 .

E arl of, c ocks mentioned i n O th el l o, 5 .

H ouseh old Book of, 55 y

O uvr , h ed erick, 266 , 273
N
. .

or ton 1 02, 1 25 , . O verl eig h, 275 .

E ard ley, 347 O xend o n S tree t, 35 3

N
. .

orwegi an peasant ma kes a watch , O xfo rd, 35 , 5 3, 87 , 1 1 2, 132, 1 78,

357, 358 233, 25 5 . 278 28 5 , 367
N
. .
.

or wic h , Bish op of, cl ock of, 1 21 . E a rl of, 9 1 .

Ca thed ral clock, 34, 35 , 1 07 . R oad, 346 .

c l ock bel l s at, 6 5 O xfords hire, 1 30

N
. .

or wood , cl ock a t, 1 6 4

Nottingh a m, 226
N
.

ottin g h a ms h ire, 25 0, 386 , 387

N
.

S c otia. H uygens clock found in,

'

?
o] Ps cm ccs, A rchd eacon of Verona ,
'

No well . Dean, 285 . to ha ve in vented cl ocks . 1 6 .

 I NDE X . 433

Pad ua clock at, 37, 50

. . Peautrer S teph en , 1 9
, .

Page J oh n 1 91
, , . Peckett, H enr , 32 y .

Paine , 1 6 8 234 , . Peckham 35 1 , .

Palace Y a rd , 28 . Pec o ck, Dr R eginald , 6 . .

Palais de Jus ti ce Paris 50 , , . Ped es tal wa tc h, 257 .

R oyal Pari s, cl ock a t, 171 . . Ped ometer watc hes, 348 , 349, 359, 36 0 .

Palazzo di C ol onn s at R ome, cl ock at, Pekin , cl ocks and watch es at, 209, 21 0,
64 . 4 12 .

Pall as, 313 . P el l , 87

Pa l l Mall 1 29, 1 86 1 87 , 278, 353
, , . Pe nc il -ca se, wa tc h in , 36 6 .

Palma, cl ock at. 1 60 . Pen da n t-wa tch es, 246 , 25 2 .

P alm e r, 98 , 384 . Pe nd rel l , 27 9 .

Pal m ers ton, L ord , watch of, 36 7 . Pend u l u m-sprin g for watc h es invented ,
Pan , 28 . 292—294 .

Pan ciro l l us, 247 Pend ul ums firs t appl ied , 6 5, 70, 7 1 .

Pa nier , J osue, 350 . F re nc h, 1 57 .

Panl yn , R obert, 54 . i mprovements in, 1 26, 1 27, 137 ,

Pa pe r cl ock, 1 70 . 1 38 , 1 5 6 .

P apon , L eonard , 303 . P en el ope , 329 .

Pa p us, 302 . Penn ingto n , 33 .

Pa ri s , 32, 52, 5 3, 6 6, 90, 120, 1 32, 1 72, Pep in K i ng of F rance, clock sent to , 1 6
, .

1 92, 202. 233, 242, 259, 26 5, 28 2, 28 4 , Pepys, Joh n, 327 .

28 5 , 297 , 303, 31 6 , 31 9, 322, 340, 34 2, S am uel, sees curi ous cl ocks , 99,
35 0 35 1 , 35 4 , 357 , 36 1 , 366 , 4 07
. .

cl oc ks a t, 50, 1 5 6 , 1 64 , 17 1 . sees a wa tch , 279 .

E xh i bition in 1 8 55 , 202 . Percy, 26 4 .

first c lock a t, 50 . Perpetua l cl eps d ra, 70 y .

R oya l A ce d em cl ock a t, 1 42 . cl ocks, 1 54, 209 .

Parker, A rc hbish op, equ eaths a cl oc k motio n wa tches 322 . .

or wa tch , 6 8 , 24 7, 260 . Pe rsia, K i ng of, send s cleps d ra to y

Parnass us , 24, 1 42 . C harl emagne, 1 1 1 2 , .

Parr, Dr S am u e l , cl ock story of, 1 6 8 Persia ns , d ivi s ion of time b 3

k
. . .

Pascal, C laud e , 284 . Pete r bor ough C a th edral cloc m] , 223 .

Passemen t, 1 19 . Pete rsburg , clocks a t, 1 73 .

Pas ton , S ir Joh n, writes about a clock, Pe ti t T rinnon, 4 1 2 .

31 . Pettigrew, Dr v , 27 1 . W . . .

Pa tek, 36 3 . Pe tti t . 36 6 .

Pa te rnos t r R ow, 1 29, 1 30. 277

e
. Peyton, 326 , 327 .

Pattru, 303 . S ir H enr y, watch of, 367 .

Paul 1 Pope , send s a clock to K ing of Ph easa nt th e, 35 5

, .

F rance 1 6 , . Ph el ps, 40 .

Pau l s J acks , 20, 21 , 84, 1 07 R i chard , 22

’
. .

Paxton 1 88 , . Ph il ad elp hia, cl ocks at, 97, 1 50 .

Payn , Joh n , 53 . Ph il ip, 31 9 .

P , E 249
. . Ph ilip H , 233
. .

Pea cock , G eorge, 347 Phil ip I I oflers reward for a ch rono

‘

Pea r-sh e ( 1 wa tch es, 245, 256 . me ter, 392 .

Peasa n t, l gis u , makes a clock, 1 89, Phi l ipe l a H ard i, Duke of Burg und , y
1 90 ca rr ies a wa y a cl ock, 37

N
. .

o rwegian , makes a watch , 35 7. Ph illi ps , S ir R ich ard , 346 , 354 .

S i r T h omas, 1 7 .

Russian makes a watch , 345 Ph il p , 34 8

Ni h
. .
,

Peau trer , c ol e, 19 . Ph oebus, 39, 1 33 .

434 I NDE X .

Piazza d e S ignore 96 Portable clocks, t he firs t, 30- 32

’

of S t Marc Veni ce, 94—

. . .

. 96 , . Portland I s la nd, 396 .

S a n Ma rco 96 , . Place , 234 .

Picca dilly 299, 36 0 , . Por ts mou th 396 , .

Prckb ur n, Ja mes T , 36 8 . . Portsoken ard , 90 W .

F ickerin S ir Wil l ia m, 66 . Pos t O fi ce, Ge n eral 211 . .

Pilgr im e th ers , wa tch of, 239 c lock at, 1 85 , 1 86

‘
. .

Pilki ngto n, 6 1 . Pe te, 319 .

Pi nch bec k C h risto ph er, 1 21- 1 25

, . Potter, G eorge, 31 8 .

Ed wa rd , 1 23- 125 . Poul th e, 1 29 .

watches, 1 24 . Pow el 233 .

P ine l, 322 . Poyns t, Joh n, Bis h op of Win

Pi nks , W J 73 . .
p re se n ts a c l oc k to H en ry III , V .

Pi pert 172
, . Prag ue 32. 1 1 2 . .

P iq uet, 301 . c l ock at, 5 5 .

Pisa. 7 0 . U ni versi t of, cl ock models y

Pistol -wa tch 249 , . 1 39 .

Pi ts ligo , L or d , c harged with detaining Prescot S treet. 348 .

a wa tch , 288 .

Pi tt. 378 , 379 .

Plaisto w, 31 1 . 54 .

Pla ncemont, 140 . P7 18 2. 348 .

Pl anch é 39 . . Pr ince s C o ll ege, Rat is

’
bon , cl ock at , 4
Pl iny, 1 0 . S t reet, 299 .

Pl ymo uth , 1 85 , 1 86 . 190, 209, 396 .

H a rbour 1 8 6 , .

S oun d , 1 8 5 . the poet, refers to a cl ock, 1 21 .

Pocket-c l oc ks, 229 245 246 , , . Pr oj ec ti ng pu bl ic c l ocks , 1 08 .

Poe n , as trola be men ti oned in, 250, Proverbs about c locks, 223
g
.

2 l
c locks mentioned i n, 6 2, 6 3, 1 1 4 , Prussia , 35 8 .

1 21 , 1 6 0, 1 78 , 179, Psych e, 1 96 .

on T i me, 1 09 . Pto l ema ic c lock, 56 .

wa tch es menti oned in, 230, 300, P urbach , George, 231 .

31 ,9 3 2 1 325 , 333 339 34 2, 354 ,

-
, . Purse-sh aped wa tch ea 245 .

35 6 , 35 7, 35 9. 36 1 , 38 3, 38 4, 38 8 , Puzzl e cl ock, 222 .

38 9 .

Poi c tiers, 236 4 1 0 , .

’
Poisson d A vril , 38 6 .

H enry, 120 .

Pol and 36 3, 36 4 Q uaxxns burying ground 297

’
. . ,

K ing of cl ock of, 32 , . Q ua re , D

a ni el , 6 4, 294. 295 , 297 .

P olemberg 28 1 , . Q ua rter bo s, 107 y .

Polish wa tch , 363, 364 . Q uee n S tre et, 290 .

Pol ybus, 1 1 0 . Q ueux, Pierre l e, 5 2 .

Pompad our , Madame d o, watch of, 320 .

Pompey orders cl epsyd ra to be us ed, 1 0 .

Ponte frac t, 1 01 , 277 .

Pool e, 405 . R A , 356 357

.
. .

G eorge, 98 . R aba nnus Maurus, 16 .

Pope s H ea d A ll e , 249, 269

'

y . R a i nbow an d Dove, the, 1 29 .

Popl ar 354 , . R a iney, J 35 1 .

Por t R oyal , 396 . Ba in go, l 72 .

436 I NDE X .

Bummer, th e , 290 . S a int Jud e 243 , .

R ussel l, 26 6 . Jus te 231, 232, .

E arl of, pr esents a w atch , 252 L uke s. 347

’
. .

L ad y F ra nk lan d, wa tc h of, 27 8 . Margaret s

'

, Westmi nster , c
W , 28 2
. . a t, 65 93 .

R ussia, E mperor of, ofiers mon ey for

'

a w atch , 328 .

R ussian peasan t makes a wa tch , 345 . Martin s A l d ersga te, 101

’

,
.

D
R u tland , uke of, c lock of, 1 57 . ch urc h , York, cl ock a t, 1 37
R utter, B , 409. . C ourt, 347 .

R yley, 1 27
R ymer, 5 1 . la G ra n d , 1 01 .

Mary A xe 347 . .

W
arwick, cl ock at, 1 1 9 .

Mar y s church, Bury S t

‘
.

S ABI N I AN US , 1 6 . mund a, clock a t, 53 .

S ad dl e, watch in a, 35 5 . C oll ege, O xford. clock at

S ad ler s Well s T h eatre, 356
’
.

S ai lo r a nd watch 354, 35 5 , . Priory, H unti ngd on, clock

S a i nt A l ban s A bbey, cl ock at. 35,
’
a t, 56 .

S treet, 1 29 O lave s, S ou th wark, 89

’
. .

A n d rew s, 230, 244

'
. Pa te rnus, 1 4, 1 5 .

C an terbur y clock , P a ul , 243, 332 .

b ed to 29 30 Paul s C ath ed ral, ol d , 26 1

’

q u ea t , , . .

agreemen t rela tin g to cl ock

’
A nn e s, 307 .

A n n s L ane, K endal, 98
'
.

Brid e s, 354
’
. i -
ii st cl ock at, 18
ch urc h , cl ock at, 1 69 . n ew, 1 31 .

C atherine, 282 .
presen t c l ock a t, 21- 24 ,
C loud , cl ock at, 1 1 7 . 29, 1 69 .

David , 1 4, 1 5 .

Dania, 323 . at, 23, 24 207 . .

D un stan s, cl ock at, 20, C h urc hyard, 1 46

’
.

G eorge , 283, 304, 4 1 0 . C ovent Ga rden , clock at.

G eorge s C ourt. 1 21 , 1 22
’
.

i n the E as t, 1 6 2 . P eter 24 3 , .

G erma in, F auxbourg, 69 Peter s C a thedral , G eneva, cl ock

’
.

G il es, 348 . a t, 208 .

i n the F i el ds, ch urch of, R ome, cl ock-face of, 4 .

cl ock a t, 1 6 8 Petersb ur , 34 5
g
. .

S epul chre s cl ock, 26 1 .

at, 137 . S te ph en, 35 7 .

James 243 S hen s, 27

’
. .

James s Park 1 38
’
, . T ei vus 1 4, 1 5 , .

S m ; 299, 329 . U lr ic a nd A fra , monas tery of,

Joh n 24 8 . cl ock a t, 93 .
,
John 8 C athedral , L yons,
8 1, 82 . cl ock of, 21 l .

C l erken wel l , 1 21 . V
incent d e Paul s
'
ch urch , Paris.
G l astonbur y, cl ock at. 75 . cl ock a t, l 56 .

L ane, 1 21 , 1 22 . F errier, 35 7 .

S quare, 1 4 1 , 347 . Yuste, 231 .

S treet, 299, 347, 348 . b y

S alis ur , 89, 1 20 .
 I NDE X .

hur y, Marquis of, cl ock o f 1 57

t , . S ei gni or R obert, 1 03 , .

S p ire watch cl eaned on , 35 5

,
. S el by, 349 .

S tr eet 346 . . S el f-wind ing watc hes, 35 9, 366 , 367

1 d ea Pend ul es, Versa il l es , 1 1 6 . S enebi er 25 8 , .

e, 4 02 . S enez, G , 286 . .

n s
’
Waxwork E xhibition, cl ock S en s, cl ock at. 50 .

1 01 . S erv ier, 8 2 .

l S etoun, Mary, 237 .

lan ce used in p lac e of watch es , S e tters, cl ock 27, 28

g
.
,

44 S evenoaks 341, ,

demon, H enr , 348 y . S ev ill e , 320 .

d y s, Dr E d wi n, Bish op of W or cl ock at 52
'

.
, .

aster, clock of, 6 6 , 6 7. S h aks pea re an d cl ocks, 21 , 27, 28 , 78,

82
wa tc h es, 26 1 .

cl ock,
K ing of, wa tch bequeathed S h apes of ea rly wa tc hes, 245 .

S hark, wa tch foun d m a, 354 .

S har pe C har l es K 234

, . .

S harpman, E d wa rd , 21 .

clocks, 158 . S ha w,
S h e the pronoun o f a cl ock 224
, , .

on E l ec tor of, has a watch in a S hell -shaped watch es,

1d Is , 355 . S h e l to n, 35 1 .

0, H enr , 308 y . John , 1 37, 1 38 .

tlings of th e Ma rquis of W orces S a mpson 91 , .

r, 1 36 S h e h erd 5 el ec tri cal cl ocks, 1 77 , 1 98

g
.

boroug h, 350 . z 0

a fi hausen , 43 S her born, cl ock a t,

'

. 1 7, 1 8 .

neider, J o h a nnea 4 1 1 Sh er ida n s a watch, stra tagem to get

'
.

00 1, cl oc k an d wa tch makers , at
'
38 4 38 5 , .

urtwan g n, 21 3 e
. S h iel ds, cl ock at. 1 78 .

i n S pa in, 326 S hips, cl oc k to d es tr o y 1 59

N
. , .

1 rebbys, ic hol as, 53 . S h oe L ane 1 06 1 5 0 , , .

1 wil g ue, J B , 49 S hoe maker construc ts a cl ock, 1 93

N
. . . .

p i o a si ca sa i d to in ve inven ted S hort, Jamea 1 37 .

l eps ydm , 7
'
S horwell , 277 .

t, 321 . S ho vel , S ir C loud esl ey, gives a clock,

J 242 . 1 20 .

la nd , 217, 223, 239, 242, 263, 282, S hr ewsbur y, 38 3

S id erea l ti me, 1 26 .

K i ng of watch said to ha ve be , S i d ey, Be nj amin , 348 .

aged to, 230, 231 . S igismm d L , K ing of Pola nd , cl ock

278
, . of, 32 .

Dr , 24 1 . . S im monds, 21 6 .

John , 348 . S i nclair , L o r d , d etains a watc h , 288 .

R E 31 8 . S ingl eto n, 35 1 .

S ir W
al ter, 105 234 , . S ion H ill H ouse, 250 .

S iret, 28 1
N
.

S ir I saac ewton s H ead , the 31 9

’
24 . . .

ca, G eorge, 31 7 . S ixtus V

Pe pe , clock made for, 78
. .

stian. 26 1 S ki p xm P h il i p
l —
.

2
'

S kul wa t ch es . 33
6 239,
438 I NDEX .

Blad e , 25 8 .

S mal l s , Lc wia 73 .

S meaton Joh n 35 1 , , .

S meth wicke, John , 106 .

pe
S mi th , 239 293 , . S pence, Joh n, 350 .

A l bert d escribes a . Dutch clock, S pencer , 34 8 .

S p in n i ng J enny cl ockma k er h el ps ,

C har lotte 1 59 , . in ve n t 1 50
, .

Dr J A 31 7 S p ire, cl oc k at, 5 2
S pir i tuali zed wa tc h, 329—
. . .
.
, .

J and S ons, 1 42, 1 97, 198

. . 338 .

S mithfield 91 , . S pittlefiel ds , 309 .

S myth A dmiral, 5 7
, . Ma rket, 31 4 .

S poleto , 99 .

S now H i l l, 348 . S p ontoni, 209 .

S u nf -boxes watch es in, 36 8 , 4 1 2 , . S pr ing G ard e ns, 1 5 1 .

S oa ne, S ir Jo h n c h ronometer in the S ta flord , E d war d, 25 2

'

, .

museum of, 402 . R o w, 348 .

clock in th e museum of 1 72 S tafi o rds hire, 223

'

. .
,

wa tc h i n th e museu m o f, 314 . S tain e s, S i r W

illiam, gi ves a d oc
S ocie t for Phi l osop h ica l T ransac tions, bell , 1 25
y
;
.

c l oc mad e for , 1 1 1 . S tai r, L ord , 287 .

S ocra tes 31 8 S takes, w a tc hes l ayed

g
.
,

S oho 32
, . S tamford and ‘ arri ng ton, E arl 0
S omers et, A nne, uch ess of, watc h D w a tc h of, 28 3 .

bequea the d by, 26 0 . S ta nh ope, F ra n ces, 250 .

H ouse 26 7, 347 , .

wa tch a t, 345 . S ta nton , John 295 , .

W harf, 18 1 . manor 25 0, .

S omersets h ire , 40, 1 49, 223, 234 . S taple I n n , 89 .

S omne r 29 , . S ta r I nn , 28 8 .

S onla ges C oll ec tion, wa tches in, 248 , S ta te Paper O fii ce, 8 9, 93 .

287 . S ta tu tes re l a ti ng to cl ocks an d watch

S ou th K en singto n Museu m 0100113 i n, ,

68 73 79, 8 6 94 120, 202

. , , ,
S ta un to n , John, 6 1 .

watc h e s i n 247 24 8 256 — 258 , , S team clock, 21 0 .

26 5 , 26 9, 27 3 283—
, ,

28 7, 28 9, 297, 31 0, , power used for wa tc h makin

31 1 , 31 4, 319 326 349 , , . 31 8 , 36 5.

S ou th am pton S treet 347 , . S teele proposes a novel watch , 31 2, 31

watc h -se a l fou nd a t, 270 . S te ngel ius, 93 .

S ou th cote, J us tice, 25 . S tep neth , A l ban e, 260 .

S ou th ern A frica 1 79 , . S te v en s, Jac k, 38 7 .

S outhwark, 1 8 7 1 8 9 347 , , , . S tiel e r , 304 .

F a ir cl ocks exhibi te d at 1 22
, . S ti rlin g, 1 94 .

S o u th wold 5 3 , . S to kes, H e nry, 74 .

S pain, 28 1 1 8 220, 233, 25 0. 267 268 ,

. , . L a urence, 36 .

326 392, . R ober t, 7 5 .

c l o cks i n, 1 5 9 . S tol len werk, 18 8 .

first clock in 5 2 . . S toneh o use, 1 8 6 .

K in g of, c lock o f 131 , 1 32 , . S te pford W B , 409

, . . .

wa tch e s of 297 299 , , . S to n es of c h ron ometer s,

S pal nten sis 268 , . c locks , 1 6 8 , 223- 226 .

S pa l d i ng, 329 36 4 w atc h es, 26 3, 293, 31

—
, .

S peaking-cl ock, 14 0, 1 41 . 316 , 320. 34 3, 34 5, 354, 355 , 384 38

440 I NDE X .

T h ree F l e urs- d e-lis , th e 299 , . T unstal , 5 5 .

year going cl ock, 191 1 92 , . T urkey , 1 97 . 198 .

T h re ip la nd S ir P M wa tc h of, 240
, . . . . T u rner, 1 57 .

T hrogmo rto n S treet 347 , . W

ill iam 1 92 , .

T h ur c t. 1 20 . T ur nmill S tr eet, 74 .

T wai tes, 138 . T urn ney, 8 9 .

a n d R e id , 40 1 25 , 205 , . T usca ny, G rand uke of, watc h 0 D

T icks of a w a tch , 372 . 314, 31 6 .

T ime, d e fi ni tio ns of 2 3 , , . wr ite s ab ou t a cl ock, 1 03 .

firs t d iV i si o ns of, 3, 4 T ussau d s E xhi bi tion, wa tches i n ,

’
.

la id on 1 78 , . T u te t, E d w ard 34 8 . .

var iou s d ivisi ons o f —

, 2 5 . T wo wa tc h es w orn, 34 2, 344 .

T i n-pl a t W orln rs C ompa ny, 91

e
. T wyfo rd , 292 .

T i te , Wi ll ia m, 1 8 0 . R ober t, 348 .

T okens i s s ued by c lockm akers, 1 1 2 . T yburn G ate c lock 1 63 , .

T ol ed o clock a t, 1 59
, . T yc ho Bra h e s clocks, 6 7, 68 .

T om o f Wes tmin s ter 24, 28 , . y

T rol , th e , 43, 372 .

T om pion, T h om as 21 6 2, 1 1 0, 1 1 1 , , ,

—
292 294 , 297 298 . 31 5 , .

T onga ta boo , 1 5 8 .

i h o a e, 1 5 8
'

fi
.

T oo of a n ea r l y cl oc kmaker, 73. 74 . U ni t, cl ocks mad e at, 79 .

T orn ney, 8 9 . U l ste r , 319 .

T orpic lw n L ord , watc h of, 272, 273

. . U lysse s 329 , .

T orraum , 24 I . U nd er wood , R obert, 34 8 .

T orre ( it l l O rol og io at icenza , 96

’
V . U neman J oh n , 5 1 , .

T orr ia no , Wil lia m 5 1 , .

T orr icelli E van g el ism, 97

, . U n ited S t ates, 21 6 .

T ortol a s h ell watc h , 35 1 U p oh n , James 8 4 8

'

. .
,

T ottc l , R i c hard , 311 U r ino Duke o f oflered a wa tch, 24

‘

N
.
, ,

T ouch -w a tc lw s U rsea u , ic h o las, 6 7, 74

U rs ewa N
, .

T oung , H t n r iou s, 28 8 ichola s, 6 7

N
.
. ,

T our d e l H o rl oge Paris. 50 U rsi n

’
, . ,i c h ol a s, 6 7 .

d es I l al les, Brugcs , chimes at. U ttoxeter, 38 2

T
.

14.

T ou ti n, H enr 28 1 y , .

J c an 27 9, 28 0 .

T own el e y, R i c hard , 309 .

T own lt y, 400 . Vale R oyal A bbey , watch at, 27 5 .

T rans it cl oc k, 1 26 . S a muel , 318 .

T ra n spar e n t wa tch ,; 36 l Vid a C r stal . y W i l l iam, 34 8 .

watc hes . V a l en cia , 357

T reasu ry C h ambers , cl ock a t, 1 03 . V a l e nc ie n n es cl ock, 6 9 .

T rege n t 38 4 , 38 5
. . V al li er, Jea n , 302 .

T rov isa, 27 . V al ue of ea rl y wa tch es , 27 1 .

T rick, wa tc h maker s, to obtain emplo

’
y V a n A el s t, Pe ter, 298 .

me n t, 331 38 8 , . C eu l en Johanne s, 282 , .

T rini ty C o l lego, u b l in , cl ock at, 224 D . h omp s watc h , 277, 278

'

T r otma n, S a n ders, 1 92 . V a nquer , R obert, 280, 28 1 .

T rou g h to n 399 , . V eg ec ius 27 , .

T ucker, C ha rles. 292 . V elocentime tcr the, 194 , .

T ul ip-sha pe d wa tch es, 245, 256 , 258 Venice, 96 , 409 .

clock a t, 55, 94 96 , 1 03 -
.
 I NDE X .

enus , 47. 302, 304, 350, 41 2 . Wal pol e H orace, 266, .

e rc iel , 1 1 2 . cl ock of, 5 8 , 6 0 .

em on, H on B W , cl ock . W . . . of, 86 . Wal sall clock, 223 .

We lshy, Wil liam, 27 .

ersa il les, 320 . W alsyngh am, S ir F ra ncis, 74 .

c loc ks a t, 1 1 6, 1 1 7 . Wal ter, 195 .

er tu e, G eorge, 1 23 . th e O rgo n er , 1 —
8 20
’
.

ar ms, 37 Wal tham A bbey, 142 .

ice n za, cl ock-tower at, 96 . Wal ther , 54 .

ick, H enry d e, 5 0 .

ic toria , Mad ame, 320 .

Queen, cl ockmaker of, 1 8 6 . War ner , 40, 7 5 , 234 .

cl ocks of, 58, 96 , 36 1, 3 6 2, Warren , S amuel , 202 .

l
na 231 , 239, 31 5, 329
, .

c locks i n T reas ur at, 56 y . 283 .

r , 365 . Warsa w 358 , .

anti , Gas par, 230 Warwick 36 2 . .

Joh n, A rc hbish op of Mil an, cl ock a t, 1 19 .

erects a cl ock, 50 . Wasey R ev G S 297

, . . .
, .

isit of th e Magi re presented in a Was hington s secretary s watch ’ '

385
clock, 94 —
, .

96 . Wa tc h clock to set a 171

, , .

i truvi us descri bes a cl epsydra, 8 . d eri va tion of th e word , 229 .

oad ici a , Q
ueen , 100 . keys, 27 9, 287, 28 9 .

c an] cl ock, 1 40, 1 4 1 .

ol ta ire, 232 .

ui car, J B , 301. . . stands, 390, 391 .

n ll ia my, B L , 6 2, 1 38 , 1 39, 1 56 , W tch maker of the Co urt of S pain

15 7, 1 64, 1 6 5 , 1 67, 1 85 — a
. .
,

1 88 , 202, 8 .

203, 21 5 , 21 6 , 35 3 . W ater -c l ocks, aide Cl eps dr a y .

nolt, J C , 300 L ane, 1 04

'

. . . .

wa tch , 366 .

Waterloo, 1 8 4 .

Waterton H al l , 010 01: a t, 6 0 .

W a tkins, A l exand er, 408 .

“ arou ses, watch es i n, 4 1 2 . W atson, 354 .

alreflel d 192 , . S am uel , 103,

alberswick clock, 53 . W a ttea u 35 1 ,

W ebb, 347 .

a l cott, 23 . W ebs ter, 348 .

al es , 266 , 275 . W
il l iam. 1 1 1 .

Pr ince of ( George presents W eekerlin , E lias , 301 .

watch , 35 2, 353 . W ed wood, Josia h , 1 35 .

Will iam, 403 . W e] 1 03 .

ter , E zeki el , 403 . Welk e, C hri s d e, 34 6 . .

Joh n , 128 , 1 29 . W el li n gton . ulce of, 168 D .

R e v R obert, 121
. . watc h es of, 299, 358 .

W el lowe, Joh n, 91 .

W ell s, 1 06 .

all , Ba ring 1 89 , . C ath ed ral hell , 7 .

alli ngford, A bbot R ich ard th , con

str ucts a clock, 1 4, 35 . Mother , 325 .

al l wood, William, 244 . Welsh hard abuses a clock . 40 .

26
442 I NDE X .

Wes ley , R ev . J , d escribes

. a cl ock, William I I I watch of 295 .
, , .

14 1 . William I V Drake s astro labe . ,

’

p
West I ndi es, 25 0, 396 .

Wes tell. 309 d e Pikews ll 1 8

m
. . .

Wes tern O cea n, 18 5 Joac L 277

i
. . .
,

Wes tminster, 23, 24 , 5 1, 6 5, 93, 99. of h mos har y, 1 6 .

A bbe v. 867 . the S ac ris t, 1 7 .

firs t clock at, 24, 25 . W il l iams , L ad y, watch of, 369 .

H all , 25 , 28 W i llia mson, 31 8

N
. .

ew Palace cl ock, 1 34, 1 70, 1 78 , Joseph, 1 1 8. 1 19 .

1 80, 202- 208 , 216 . W il lis , 6 5 .

Pal ac e, 25 , 26 31 , 66 , . W ills hire, James, 34 8 .

cl ocks at, 5 9 60, 8 8 . . W il son, D , 1 46 . .

watch at, 235 W i nc hest er, Bis hop of,

second cl ock at, 25 —
.

29 to H enr yVI I I , 57
N
. . .

W e th ere l l, T , 68 . . . wa tc h fou nd a t, 24 2, 24 3 .

W eymou th , 367 W ind c lock, 1 46 1 47 .

.

W h eatston e, 1 75, 204, 205 . W ind sor, 23, 24, 1 14 , 207, 343 .

W h ee l -c locks, fi rst i n E n g land, 1 8 . C as tle, c locks at, 5 8 , l ‘

i nvention of, 1 4 — 16 . 1 68 .

W h ee l er, R ev Maur ice, 1 1 4 . . W in s O ffice C ou rt, 1 33 .

W hela n, 27 1 , 27 2 . W inn, C ha rles, 6 1 . 4 1 2 .

W hisha w, Francis, 1 94, 1 98 . W i nter Palace at Pete rsburg. cl

Wh ite. 95 . a t, 1 73.

Co nd uit F iel d s, 31 1 W ise, L uke, 298 .

H art , th e , 1 29 . W ither, G eo rge, 262 .

H ar t Co ur t, 34 8 . W ob ur n, 26 6 .

H orse a nd Bell , the, 1 29 . W olkmsts ni ns, 44 .

Ja mes 209 , . W ol sey, C ardi nal , 6 1 .

W hitsc ha pel , clock at, 16 9 . cl ock of, 55 .

W h itehall, 1 38. 274 . d ea th of, 55 .

Palace, c lock at, 74 , 87, 97, 103 . W ome n a nd wa tch work, 37 5 .

Yard 405 , . Wood. 123 .

W hi teh ead T M 28 2 . . . E d ward , J , 73 . .

W iteh urst, Joh n, 1 34, 135 , 1 8 1 , 203, W ool ston , W , 34 5

h
. .

05 . W ool wich, 1 6 4 .

W hiting, A bbot, R ichard , watch of, c l ocks at, 1 65 .

W orcester , 37, 97, 1 1 4, 293, 31 0 .

E l izabeth 234 , . Bis hop of, clock of, 66 .

W h i tworth, L ord , cl ock presen ted to, Marqu is of, proposes a floati n
cl ock, 1 36 .

Wickham Market 209 . . a perpetual wa tch , 32

‘

R e v R 292
. .
, . W ors l ey, 276 . 277 .

W ickstcs d 348 , . W ol ver ha mpton , 1 93 .

W i g tott clock, 54
'
. W re n, S ir C hristoph er , 22 .

W i l brah am G F , 257 , . . .
p pro o ses a c l ock, 1 4 6 .

W illemin , 31 wa tch 0 12314

N
.

m
.

Will ia m I K i ng of the etherland s, ac k, Pieter , 289 .

clock of 75 — 78
, . W right, 33 .

w iam II I , 23, 64 92, 298, 304, 31 0, W rights , Joh n , 300

gl6 m
. .
,

. W yn ttv ille, S ir Ja e y, 167 .

represented in a clock, 1 15 . W y c k , C h arles d e, 50 .