and

C hach ap oyas
W
m ad e 1 89 3 un d er th e p at
!
‘

mnagé of th e lane
£11 515
monograp h is res p ectfully d e d ic ated .
)
 HISTORIC AL RECORDS A ND STUDIES .

TH E I NDI A N S A N D ABOR I G I N AL RU I N S N EAR

C HA C H APO Y A S I N N O R THER N PER U .

(Exp lorations made in 1 8 9 3 un der th e p atronage of th e l ate

MR HE NR Y V ILL AR D to th e mem ory of w h om
.
,

this monograp h is r esp ectfully d e dicate d ) .

Th e town of O h ach ap oy as is th e pit al

ca of th e D ep artment
”
A mazon as in
° '

of rth ern P eru I t li es in l atitu de 6 1 3 40

,
no .

° '

S outh longitude W est 77 5 0 4 5 an d at an altitud e of ab out

,

feet Th e cli mate is mild th e only di sagree able feature

.
1 z
,

being its gr eat humidity V eget able s of th e temp erate z one grow
.

th e re as well as th e pl ant ain th e orange and th e chirimoy a , ,

.

C h ach ap oy as li es on a small pl ate au from every direction one ,

must as cen d to r each th e t own (Pl ate I a ) T all cacti of th e

. .

" ‘
column ar sp ec i es are v ery common so are th e p alt a lucuma , ,

an d ot h e r tr ees b e aring e dibl e fruit In th e n arrow gorges in to .

whi ch th e western secti on of th e D e p artment of Amazon as is

r ent th e Palo d c B alsa looms up in stately be auty an d in
,
ls
,

cl e ft s of th e envi rons of L ev c m to th re e le agues from t own ar

, , ,

b oriferous fern s app ear by th e w aysid e

,
Th e st eep l p es .

encasing v all eys ar e cl ad in mon ot onous emer ald gree n Thi s -

h ue is d ue to gr ass onl y on th e high est ridge s eve rywh e re e lse ,

shrubb e ry and timb er p eople decliviti es Th e tr ees are loade d .

with p ar asiti c br omeliw Thi s s ecti on of Amaz on as is a l aby

f
.

r inth of cl efts of enormous depth at th e b ott om of whi ch li mpid ,

stream s r ush or mean d er to th e Marafion riv er Ab out ten

, ,
.

miles north east of C h ach ap oy as lie th e salines of Bituy a of ,

g r e at i mp o rt an ce on ce to th e is ol at e d S p an ish l
co on ist “
At .

pr es ent s alt is still exp orte d to th e coast in reas onable quanti

,

7
8 THE IND IA NS A ND A B O R I G INA L R UINS
t i es
. b een t aken out of th e qu artz rock at Santa
G old h as -

T omas d c (Jui llay tw enty th ree miles sou th of C h ach ap oyas

,
7 -

tow ards th e M arafi on Th ere is th e usual t alk ab out m in es

. ,

m ore or less r i ch an d de sulto ry prospecting is goin g on

,
To .

th e N orth an d E ast b e gi n th e d en se fo rest s of th e Am az on i an

b asi n with st reams e x p anding to mar shes during th e rainy
, ,

cont r ac ti ng to r i v e r s and cre eks in th e d ry se ason Th e R io ,

.

H uallaga di v id es th e D ep artment of Am az onas from th at of

L or eto th e P e ruvi an extreme li mit t ow ard s th e Atl anti c
,
.

Ani mal life is more vi sible in thi s secti on of th e eastern

.

sl op e of th e A n d es t h an fur t h e r S outh on th e d e cliviti es of th e

,

Bolivi an r anges When scarcity of r ainfall during wi nter

.

month s sets m any pl ant s temp or arily at r est de ad en ing th e ,

b rilli ancy of foli age with out always causing leav es to fall in ,

sect s an d re ptile s r e ti re i nt o th e so d for sleep Th e l arge r .

ve rteb rates th en app e ar m ore numerous b ecause they leav e th e ir

lurking pl aces l n quest of food Thi s so calle d d ry season l asts .
-

a few mon ths only Alre ady in August thun dersh ow ers occur
.

and th e t r av el er c aught by night on th e ar id se ash ore al on g

,

whi ch h e must travel some di st ance b efore striking for th e in

terior is surp ris e d at th e sight of lurid ligh tn in g to th e east
,

w ard It rain s in th e S i erra, an d th e fi ery w riting in th e

.

c loud s i n di c at es to h im th e w h ereab out s of th e P eruv i an moun

t ai ns .

A s soon as th e fi rst h eavy r ain s set in in S ept emb er and ,

thun derstorm s b egi n to ch ase e ach other reptil es ag ai n app ear ,

on th e surf ace Th e great b ush sp id e r leaves its subt err anean

.

r est in g pl ace -

Bu tt erfli es flit o v e r p ool s an d w at ercour ses

. A .

t oad th e dw ell er of dense thi cke t s announces its p resence by

, ,

a cry soun ding like an an vil st r oke in a still n ight E v ery foot “

of groun d t eem s w ith l ife oft en p ainf ully fe l t

,
an d th e air ,

sw arm s w ith sti ngi ng dip t e r a Th e ey e admi res th e luxu ri an t

.

v eget ati on an d th e d az z li ng col or s of l arge winge d i nse cts ; th e

n atur ali st en j oys searchi ng for un di scove r e d typ es an d ob se rv
ing f am ili ar sp eci es ; But h uman comfort l ong s for a l ess an i
'

m at e d an d le ss t roubl e som e p eri o d of th e ye ar .

Among v erteb rate s m an is p e rh ap s le ast numerously rep , ,

 PL A T E I .

E N TRA N C E T O O AS
C H AC H A P Y .

V A LLE Y or U TC U BA M BA .
 NE A R C HA C H A P O ms IN NO RTHERN PER U 9

res ente d . s of th e republi c of P e ru is as y et incom

Th e censu , ,

le te n d this i v ry x u bl n sid ering th e v astness of th e

p , a s e e c sa e co

c ountry and th e thinn e ss of th e p op ul ati on There are no wild .

In di ans in th e neighborhood of C h ach ap oyas Th e Aguarunas .

,
8
th e ne ar e st roam i ng trib e shift th rough forests furth er north ,
.

They are alte rnately fri endly or h ostile accordi ng to i mp ulse ,

an d opp ortunity an d th e ir num b e rs are much sm all e r th an

,

is supp ose d T ow ards th e H uall aga othe r tribe s app ear Th e

.
9
.

nomencl ature of th e roam i ng clust er s of Indi ans is still v ery

1 0
confuse d .

Th e maj ority of th e se d ent ary p op ul ati on of Amaz onas an d

of th e vi cin ity of C h ach ap oyas in p ar ti cul ar is comp ose d of ,

vill age In di ans spe aking th e Quich ua idi om or general l anguage

-

of th e ab origi n e s in th e P e ruv i an highl and s In p ronunci ati on .

,

th e C h ach ap oy as In di ans soft en conson ant s ch angi ng P in t o B , ,

“ ” “ ” “ ” “
T i nto D Thus P amp a soun d s Bamb a
. S un tur Son , ,
” ”
R t urn s i n to L as in L eymeb amb a in
“
d or or Sh und ur .
,
” “ ” ”
st e ad of
“
R ay mip amp a M alca i n pl ace of
“
M a ca
r
,
Thi s,
.

s ofteni ng of conson ants in th e Q ui chu a is noti ceable b oth south

and n orth of C uz co an d of th e r ange of th e Ay m ar a idi om in

s outhe aste rn P eru an d nor th ern Boli v i a South of th e Aym ar a .

is a Q ui chu a sp eaki ng p op ulati on as far as nort hern Argentin a

-
.

Whe th e r th e h ar d p ronunci ation of con son ants in th e C uz co

Q ui chua (in cluding P un o an d Ayacuch o ) and th e Aymar a
con fin i n g with it is d ue to original rel ati onship or simply to
,

cont ac t is n ot asc ert ai ne d

,
.

While th e pre s ent In di ans of C h ach ap oyas are Q ui ch ua it ,

is not cert ain wh eth er th at language h as alw ays b een sp oken

in th e r egi on or not Th ere are loc al n ame s i nex pli cable by
.

Q ui chua alone Th e etymology of th e w or d C h ach ap oyas it self

.

is in d oubt A short j ourney from C h ach ap oyas there is a

.
1 1

— -
“
r ui n calle d to d ay A y maraBamba meaning pl ain (or level ) ‘

”
o f th e Aym ar a Th ere are also n ames of localiti es derive d from
.
,

a tongue of whi ch no t r ac e is l eft Kuélap C amd sh ian M acr o .

, , ,

ar e ne ith e r Q uich u a n or Aymar a Legend s about th e p ast of .

C hach ap oy as pr es erve d in S p an ish s our ce s an d fr om p urp or te d

Inca tr aditi on are v ery i nde fin ite ab out th e trib es th at inh ab
,
10 TH E INDIA NS A ND A BO RI G INA L R UINS
ite d it fifteenth century an d before
in th e When th e S p an .
13

i ard s obt aine d th eir first foo th old in C h ach ap oy as (or C h iach a !

“
o as as it w as writt en some t im e s in th e e arli e r p e ri ods ) after
p y ,

a pr eli min ary vi sit in th ey settle d at L ev anto, calli ng it

San J uan d e la Fron tcm I t w as afte rwards tr ansferred to
.

6 1
th e sit e of th e C h ach ap oy as of to d ay -
.

L ev an to is th e first ab origin al n ame from th e r egion, (that

of C h ach ap oy as ex cepte d ) whi ch I fin d menti oned ,
Later on, .

n ames of I n di an chi efs app ear w h o con ducte d th e fruitless re

,

sistance of th e native s ag ains t th e S p ani ards Among th es e .

w e noti ce Guaman (Hu aman ) a comm on p ersonal name in

Quich ua Guay amamil Guaqucmila Guay amil and Y

, , , ,

If the se are corr ectly rep orte d the y would not seem to belong ,

to th e Q uich ua id iom Neith e r is it ce rt ain th at th ey are p er

'

.
,

sonal names Local n ame s h ave in early ti me s, not s eldom been

.
,
-

appli e d to promi nent individuals th r ough mis un derstandin

g .

Of local names menti one d Quita L ongud C h arasmal Ooz oon , , , , ,

”
Hasallao Tonch e C h illao an d B agud are not (all Qui chua
‘

.
, , , ,

Hence th e coun try of C h ach ap oyas w as once inh ab ited by a

trib e or trib es th at b el onged to a stock different from th e
,

P eruvi an mount aineer s th ei r w e ste rn neighb ors ,

.

As in th e c as e of all oth er secti ons of P eru C h ach ap oyas w as ,

r aid ed up on b y th e Inc a, but regarding Inca conquests on th e

easte rn slop e of th e An d es the r e is consider abl e confus ion an d

con tr adi cti on Th e mo st lik ely in te rpretation of th e nebulous

“

st atements seems to b e th at in th e course of th e fi fteenth

-

c entury a descen t w as m ad e b y Inca w arri ors up on th e upp e r

v alleys of th e M ar anon an d a little beyon d Th e fi rst foray .

w as unsuccessful but up on r enewing the attempt, th e Inca

,

succee d e d in gaini n
g a footh old an d s ome of th e inh abitants
mov e d or were remov e d to th e v i cinity of C uz co “ O n th e
-
.

p eni nsul a of C op acav an a in Bolivi a th ere is a pl ace called

“

C h ach ap oyas , and In di ans from th e coast from Huach o nor th , ,

”
of L i m a
0 2 “
we re calle d C h ach ap oyas als o
, Th e C olonies .

pl ante d by order of th e In ca dwindle to small gr oups th at ,

e ith e r of th eir ow n accor d or by comp ul si on ch anged th e ir ,

21
pl ace of ab ode .
 PLA T E II .

RU I NS or MA C RO .

I N DI A N HOU S E S AT SU TA .
 NEA R CHA CHA P O YA S IN NOR THE R N P ER U 1 1

The re traces of irrup ti ons and occup ation by tribe s

are

f r om th e S i e rr a Th e anci ent buildings at Puma coch a are

.

b uilt afte r a different pl an from th at met with furth er E ast .

Th e re dwellings are mostly circul ar whereas at P uma coch a

, ,
-

th ey are qu adr angul ar Th e mas onry is goo d b ut th e work at

.
,

Kuélap though as well d one, is not Inca work Th e se ttle rs

,
.

at P um acoch a and Le ymeb amb a we r e Q ui chu a an d may h av e

22
,

c ome from th e r egi on of C aj amar ca Leymeb amb a is s aid to .

28
h ave b een occupi e d b efore th e In ca visite d th e country Of .

th e Inc a roads sp oken of by C i ez a (and oth ers aft er h im ) th ere

i s not th e slight est v e stige .

Th e Indi ans ar oun d C h ach ap oyas liv e in v ill ages th eir ,

h ous es are of stone ad ob e an d in th e w arm an d p artly tim

, , ,

b ere d v all ey b ottoms of wood Th e roofs are mostly of th atch

,
.

with gables at a high pitch (Pl ate II b ) Th e form of anci en t . .

dwellings w as round with coni cal roofs and at a p ueblo calle d

, ,

J alca th e re are still cir cul ar h ouses of stone in actu al use S ome .

“
f
o th e se a e said to b e tw o stori e d and h ence app ear like t owe r s
r -

Th e costume of th e men is of d ark blue woollen cloth coars e an d , ,

c onsists of tr ous ers wid e an d somewh at simil ar to th os e worn by

,

th e Ay mara In di ans to d ay a coarse whit e Shirt an d a d ark

-

, ,

blue j ack et or th e p on ch o Aroun d th e h ead men i nv ari ably

.
,

wear a re d cotton h an dk erchi e f and s ometim es a straw h at ov er ,

it, b ut usually th e h andk e rchi ef alone fold ed so as to resemble ,

“ s
a night c ap-
.

Women d ress in th e same d ark blue or bl ack woollen mate

ri al w hi ch they spin and w eave on p rimi t i v e looms
, ,
.

Th e re w as (in 1 8 9 3 wh en I made my vi sit to C h ach ap oyas)

a gener al c om pl ai nt among th e few white s and mesti z os ag ai nst ,

th e t en acity with whi ch th e In di an s clun g to anci en t customs

and e sp eci ally ag ainst th e ir m od e of t enur e of l an ds Th e .

holdings were th en commun al and th e are as v ery l arge Thus

, ,
.

th e vill age of Su ta (south s outh east from C h ach ap oyas t ow ards

- -

th e Mar anon ) h ad not ove r tw o hun dre d i nh abit ants an d ow n e d

twenty sq uare league s ! Much of thi s is of cour se p astu re in th e

high and c old J alca or Puna still th e obstin ate refus al of th e ,

In di ans to sell or leas e groun d whi ch th ey are not able to use

12 TH E IND IA NS A ND A B O R I G INA L R UINS
th e mselves is regard e d as an imp e dim en t to p rogre ss Th e
,
“
.

fairly se ttle d p ar t of th e D ep artment w h e re th e c i t y of C h ach a

p oy as is locate d h as not v e ry much arable l an d Th e $0 1 1 1 s
,
.

r i ch b ut th e sur f ac e so cut an d cl e f t th at c om p ar ati v ely littl e of

it is cap able of cul t iv ati on Ne arly e v ery v alley is occupi ed by

.

H ac i en d as an d th e se v alleys are excee dingly narrow E ast of .

C h ach ap oyas th e forest s b egin and slop es at L e v ant o Tingo

, , ,

an d v i c i n i t y are co v e re d by thi ck e t s th at opp ose se ri ous oh

,

stacles to cul t iv ati on A t an al titu de of ten th ousan d feet the

.

'

summ i t s of th e h eight s calle d Ku élap I n cup uy etc are still

, , .
,

d ensely ov ergrow n .

Among th e v ar i ous st at ements m ad e to me concerning

l an de d tenure in Am az on as th ere is one i n di cat ing a feature
whi ch is not prim i tive I w as told th at every family coul d
.

ali e n at e th e l an d assi gn e d to it an d th at ab an d onment th ereof

,

for a ny l ength of ti me did n ot i n v alid at e th e title Thi s if .

,

true would b e a first step tow ards th e di ssolution of th e com

,

mun ities in accor d ance with l aws p assed in P eru after its sep a
,

r ati on fr om S p ai n
26
.

Th e v ill age auth oriti e s w er e (always sp eaking of th e time

w h en I vi site d th e coun tr y ) a Gobernad or app ointe d by th e ,

Sub P re fect (w h o is th e high est office r of th e Province ) con

-

firme d by th e Prefect or sup eri or auth ority of th e Dep artment;

a L i eut en ant G ov e r no r app oi n te d by th e Sub Pr ef ect an d for
- -

w h om con fi rm at i on by th e P re fec t w as not r equire d D i sp utes .

to b e d ec id e d by law of e ach p uebl o w e re committe d to J ust i ces

o f th e P eac e app oi n t e d by th e high e r t rib un al s Fin ally e ach .
,
“ ”
p ueblo h ad its R egid or es or council men electe d by th e p eople ,

an d really th e only office rs ch osen by In di ans or M esti z os In .

religi ous affai rs a Oura adm in i ste re d some ti mes as many os

four v ill ages each of whi ch h ad its F iscales w h o c ared for th e
,

m ai n t e n ance of e difi c es and th e coll ec t i on of t i th es an d dues .

T h e C h ach ap oy as I n di an s are of course nom i nally R oman

C ath oli cs . But th ey st ill p rese rve a gre at many ri t e s an d cus
t oms from p rim iti v e tim es I did not see any of th ei r d ances
.

b ut w as assure d th at th e d ance rs p erforme d w i th th e i r f aces

p ai nte d or w earin v ari ous m ask s an d h av ing rattles of d eer
,
g
,
 NEA R CHA CHA P O YA S IN NOR THE R N P ER U 13

hoofs turtle sh ell O the rs app eare d in th e garb of sav age s

and -
.

”
from th e fore sts Th at they celebr ate th e usual feast d ays I
.
-

saw at th e vill ag e of Snta an d no tice d th at my p re s ence (p ure ly

,

accid en t al ) w as as un d esi r able to t h em as it h ad b een years

ago in s ome of th e New Me x i can p uebl os wh en th ey cel ebr ate d ,

a sp eci al d an ce of old O f sorcery b eli ef and th e pr actice of

.

so rcery I h e ar d a gre at d eal .

While at th e vill age of Tingo el even miles south of C h ach a ,

p oyas I vi site d a numb er of In di an h ous es Th ey were mostly

,
.

of st one an d ad ob e with a r oof of th atch b ut some of th em we r e ,

al so b uilt of c an e s Th ere w as usually b ut one r oom and th e

.

floor w as of mud In case th e re is a p artiti on (of canes) th e

.
,

main sp ace is us e d for sittin g working and sometimes as , , ,

dormitory A pl atform of canes or sti ck s se rve d as b e ds t e ad

. .

Th e sc an ty furn i tu re w as scatt e r e d ove r th e floor or shov e d

i nto corne rs Th e d oor h ad w ood en hinge s In th e w all facin g
. .

it w as a ni ch e w i th th e image of th e p atron saint h aving b e

,

fore i t a bowl or cup of gour d (mate ) or of cl ay or a small ,

bottle sh ap e d gourd This w as th e c ase in eve ry house b ut one

-
. .

O n e x aminati on of th e s e v essels I foun d th at th e y w ere fille d

with w h eat! Th e anci ent d rum or l arge t ambouri ne I noti ce d
in ev e ry dwe lling .

At thi s vill age of Tingo w itchcr aft pl ays an i mp ort ant p art .

A curr en t term among th e p eople in general use d to desi gnate ,

“ ”
th e I n di an me d icinemen i s : H er bater o In oth e r p arts of .

P eru and Bolivi a H er bolarco is use d Both (S p ani sh ) te rms

“ '

signify th e same n amely : one w h o h andl es h er bs

,
“
By h an .
2B

”
d ling th e use of pl ant s for h e aling an d curing is me an t
, Th e .

med icinemen in Amazonas cure mostly with v egetabl e r em

e di es
,
of whi ch th e r ank v ege t ati on furni sh e s many S till I .

h av e b een ass ure d by physi ci ans th at th e num ber and i mp or

t ance of th ese Indi an h erb s is much ex aggerate d Witchcr aft is !
.
,
“ ”
of course at th e b ott om of alm o st e v e ry I n di an
, cure Th e .

me d icinem en or S h am ans use much whit e and yellow corn ,

meal! Th e y sprink le an d rub it ove r th e b ody of th e p ati ent . .

While engaged in this they const antly sm oke tob acco an d thi s
, ,

wee d toge th er with C oca an d a pl ant calle d Sh ay r are their

, ,
14 THE INDIA NS A ND A B O RI G IN A L R UINS O

c hi e f r eme di e s Th e
.
“
S h ayr i s said to b e extr em e ly n ar coti c

and is sprinkl ed in e v e ry di recti on to p urify th e air At l east .

this is th e interpr et ati on of th e p roce ss by Mesti zos and whites .

”
Th e w ord “
S h ayr is suspi ci ously like th e Q ui chua
for tobacco and it might b e th at the reby th e wild, indigenous ,

pl ant (gr owing in Amaz on as) i s m ean t to di stinguish it from ,

th e cul tiv ate d pl ant C oc a or t ob acco, s ometimes b oth, are

.
29

pl ace d un der a stone near to th e pl ace where excav ations are

,

to b e p e rforme d as a p ropiti ato ry offe ring

,
I t is al so a ch arm .

By thi s n ame th ey designate th e

”
Pa ra mach os
“
against th e .

sk ulls of th eir pre de cessor s or an cesto rs D read of thes e human .

remain s is v e ry gre at among th e Mes tiz os w h o cl aim th at th e

”
“
m
Puru ach os only hur t th em an d not th e In di ans I observe d .

this more th an once I t is a b eli e f foun d al so among th e Ay

.

m ar a an d Q ui chua of P eru an d Bolivi a onl y th at among th e ,

Aym ar ath e appr eh ensi on is not confined to th e ch olos (as h alf

‘

bree ds are gener ally calle d ) Th e ofi ering of coca and tobacco

,
.
,

pr eliminary to excav ati on s corr esp onds to th e ti/aka without

,
“
,

whi ch no attempt at ex cav ati on in Bolivi a would b e considered

s afe or profit abl e by th e In di an s .

It w as st at e d to me th at ther e are three cl ass es of v eget able

,

medi cines in use and th at th e gen eri c name for them is mish
“

a O ne o f th e th r e e is c all e d toy o and pr op er to th e f orest

y .

Indi ans Th e oth e r is th e j ustly d re ad ed uar nar or red d a

.
-

tura th e effects of which when t ak en in small doses ar e s aid

, , ,

to b e ton i c whe r e as in l arger qu antiti e s it cr e ates imb ecility or

,

i nsan ity . Th e n ar u ar or d atum sanguine a (ch amico in Ay

-

mar a) is use d all ove r th e P e ru v i an an d Bolivi an hi ghl ands ,

s ecretly of course .

Wiz ards or S h aman are c al le d bruja camajni This “

.

word app e ars to b e comp ose d of two l anguage s : th e Sp ani sh

“ ” ”
bruj a an t e Q ui chua c amani to make or to create
d h “
, ,
.

Thes e med icinem en are for goo d as well as for evil When any .

b ody h as b een hurt by falling or by striki ng a r ock, or when

’

h e f alls ill at s ome p art i cular sp ot th e S h aman t akes s oil from ,

th at sp ot or breaks off a pi ece of th e stone mixes its p owd er ,

with alcohol, coca tob acco and othe r sub st ance s , and rubs it
,
 PL A T E lll .

G RO U N DPLA N A ND C ROSS —SE C T I ONS .

KU ELA P .
1 6 THE INDIA NS A ND A B O R I G INA L R UINS
u tterly in adequate and thi s con tribute d to make th e In di ans
,

more h aughty and d efi an t wh enev er auth oriti e s wer e not on th e

sp ot . Th e compl aint on th at sco r e w as gene r al in C h ach ap oyas ,

e v en among th os e w h o h ad i n st igat e d th e uprising Vill acort a .

w as nev er r eally ch asti se d an d di e d a few years ago in full

,

p osse s si on of his (mostly ill got ten ) p rop e rty .

These fr agment ary n ot i ce s of th e p re sent Indi ans of s outh

e rn A maz on as sh ould pr op e rly b e f ollowe d by a sket ch of th e

ab origine s as th ey w e r e in r e C ol umbi an ti me s Th e informa

p
-
.

tion thus far acce ssible to me is excee dingly me agre so th at it ,

is almost unwo rthy of menti on Accor ding to offici al d ata from.

1 5 9 1 th e tribut ary In di an s of th at r egion at th e time of th e

, ,

V i ce roy G ar ci a Hu rt ado d e M en d oz a M arques of C afiete , (1 5 90

to numb e re d 7 1 5 5 r e p re sen tin
g a tot al of about
,

i nh abit ants Th is did not inclu de th e eastern distri cts roamed

.

ov e r by for e st trib es nor th e se ttl emen t of Mo obamba

“
, y .

As already st ate d th e r e are traces of an Indi an p op ulation

,

in western Amaz onas th at may n ot h ave been of Q ui chua stoc k .

Allusi ons h ave als o b een m ade to names hinting at Aymara

r oots With out attemp t ing to trace these res embl ances any
.
'

further I would rec all th at th ere is on th e peninsul a of C op a ,

cav ana in Bolivi a a site c all e d C h ach ap oy as th e Indi ans of

, ,

whi ch sp e ak Aymar a Th e In di ans of Leymeb amb a are called

“
.
s

“
mitimas or foreigners in th e sixtee nth century 1 Such sug
gesti on s sh oul d not b e lost sight of wh en th e idioms of th at
region once unde rgo th orough inve stigation .

L i mite d by l ack of docum en tary sources, to wh atever tes

,

timony th e abori gin al ruins could affor d I begin at th e f arthe st

.

p oint north (vi cinity of th e capital ) retracing my steps south ,

to th e Mar anon an d thus cov eri ng th e s mall area I w as abl e

,

to ex ami ne .

E ast or north of th e c apital I he ard of a number of ruins

whi ch I w as unabl e to vi sit I w as told of r uins at 0 am .

87
Djian .Th ey we re d escrib e d as a cluster of circul ar stone
h ous es on a t all cr est co v ere d by d ense timber S tone mort ars
, .

and o th er i mpl ements are said to b e scatt er ed amon th e d ebris

g ,

and th e l arge mo rt ar or roun d grindi ng pl at e

(Pl ate IX b ) is
-
 NEA R CHA CHA P O YA S IN NO R THE R N P ER U 17

s aid to h av e come from th e pl ace At Yaa h C an th ere is an .

-
38

o th e r ruine d vill age In th e v i cinity of th e c apit al I h eard of

—
.

Quid J i J ic A t th e salt dep osits of Bita ga als o ruin s are said

-

.
-

to exi st I saw ne ar L ev ant o a structure irr egul arly p olygon al

.
, , ,

an d b uilt of st one f ai rly cut and l aid Like ev erything in ruins .

th at e x hibits a more car eful constructi on in western S outh

Ameri c a it is s aid to b e Inca
,
“ ”
.

O ne of th e cau s es th at le d me to vi sit C h ach ap oy as h ad

been th at in 1 8 9 2 gl owing accounts app eare d in Li ma (from
, ,

offici al sources ) of th e r uin s of Kuélap ! I t is not my h abit

to run afte r th e s en s ati on al but th e r ep orts furni sh e d reason s
,

for vi siting a r egi on th en still of difficult acces s an d comp ar a ,

tiv ely little know n I u se d Kuélap as a pre text for recon

.

noissan ce of th e country Arriving at C h ach ap oyas my in

.
,

tenti on w as recogni z e d by th e authoriti es as l egiti m ate (an im

p ortant p oint as th e P eruvi an gove rnment h ad j ust p romul
,

gate d a senseless decree on anti quari an rese arch whi ch w as

'

p ut in ex ec ut i on only against me an d h as not b een h eard of ,

si n ce ) an d I g rat e fully reco rd h e re th e ki ndness an d fr i end ship

of th e P re fe c t of Am az on as th e l ate Don J osé A lay z a of h is

, ,

s ecret ary D on L eop old o P érez and of th e Sub P refect Don ,

-

M anuel Arce Were I to m enti on ev erybody to wh om I am

.

in de bte d for hospit ali ty an d effici ent aid at C h ach ap oyas ,

am on g offic i al s as w ell as am ong reside nts (like D on J ose R e

v ore d o for in st an ce
) th e li st would b e an e x tende d one I left
, .

C h ach ap oy as for Kuélap on S eptembe r th e fourteen th 1 8 9 3 ,

.

I d escen de d into th e n arrow and long gorge of th e Utou

b amba stream (Plate I b ) tribut ary to th e Mar anon Th e bottom .

is c overe d with b eautiful v eget ati on and cultiv at e d in p art O n .

b oth sid es ri se stup en dous h eights ; sometime s nake d cli ffs ,

ag ai n sl op es ov e rgr own with ti mb e r or with sh rubb e ry b egi n

'

, ,

n ing to di spl ay coun tl e ss bl o s soms Ab ove th e ti mbe re d z one .

“ ”
rose th e c old P un a or J alca whe re th e p ot ato h as its h ome
, .

In th e bott om sugar cane an d coffee are occasi on ally seen

,
-

or ange s and oth e r tropi cal fruit grow in profusi on Th ree d is .

tinct zones of v ege tati on may be surveye d by th e ey e gl ancing

upw ard for th ousan ds of feet .
1 8

W TH E INDIA NS A ND A B O R I G INA L

kirte d th e steep sl op es for se v eral h ours an d descen d e d

e s

ag ain in t o th e gorge at th e S argen to

st r uc t e d of can es an d ti mb e r
,
a group of h u t s con

wh ere coffee w as r ai se d as far

,

as th e ve ry li mit e d e xt en si on of th e b o t t om allow s
,

T rees and
R UINS

.
,

r ank und ergr owth cover every sp ot n ot c on st antly cl eare d In .

th e timb e r are a few sh ap el ess h e ap s b arely n oti ceabl e th at, ,

may h av e b een sm all h ouse s te rr ace d g arden b e d s (and enes)

,
-

or bu t tre sses for h oldin g th e groun d on th e sl op e .

O f th e ruins of M acr o a sh ort di st ance only outside of th e

,

vill age of Tingo I sh all tre at hereafter Le aving Tingo and

,
.

crossi ng th e riv e r to its w este rn b ank a v ery ste ep an d l ong

,

ascent b e g an on a slop e almost d enu d e d

,
rocky and sh eer in , ,

m an y pl aces Th e gl anc e down to th e river b rought on v ertigo

. .

Thi s ascent took tw o full h ours O n th e summit w e lost sight.

o f th e r iver and d escen d e d i nto a ti mb ere d b asin with some

cul tiv ate d p atch es Ab ove it ris es a t all ridge s upp orting a
.

Mesa cover e d wi th forest an d line d by a high stone wall Thi s -

.

w all th at looks almost cyclop ean from a di stance is p art of

, ,

th e rui ns c alle d Ku élap Th e Indi ans h owever call them

.
, ,

Malca a corrupti on of Marea signifying house in Q ui chua

“ ”
, , ,

a vill age or settle m ent in Aym ar a ; Many also apply to it th e

S p an ish te rm mur o or wall “
This Mesa is (according to R ai
.

mondi ) 3 0 7 2 meters or feet above sea level Th e alti .

tu de of C h ach ap oyas h avi ng b een d etermined at 2 32 8 meters

or 7 7 3 5 fe e t it follows th at th e r uins li e 2 3 0 0 fe et h igh er th an
,

th at town or over 4 0 0 0 feet ab ove th e Utcub amb a river 0

As .
4

I afterwar d s noti ce d th ey are pl ai nly v isible from th e tr ail

,

between th e Marafion and C hach ap oyas .

In th e b asin at th e foot of this ruin c row ned h eight st ands -

th e sm all woo d en h ouse of th e H aci en d a Th e timber near by .

cove rs oth e r r ui n s, round str uct ur e s of st one some of whi ch ,

w e e x c av ate d se curing a few br oken mortars an d p estles and

, ,

p ot sh er ds crudely d ecor ate d r es emblin g th e bl ack and whit e

-

an d re d and bl ack w are so common in small h ous e r uins of -

New Me x i co Thi s pl ace is calle d I/irio Th e w ord may be

‘

. .

S p ani sh and de signates lili es or Am arylli s as there are many ,

in th e timb e r and of very striking si z e and hues I t is cert ai nly .

 PL A T E lv .

THE H E IG H T or KU ELA P , F RO M TH E SO U T H .

EA S T E RN E N T RA N C E A ND W A LL , KU ELA P ,
RO M
F THE O UT S I DE .
 NEA R CHA CHA P O YA S IN NOR THE RN P ER U 19

n ot Q ui chua ; at least not originally A numb er of S p ani sh .

terms h ave crept into th at l anguage but I h av e not he ar d th at ,

word among th em Th e pri mitiv e se ttlem ent at “ Liri o” ap

.

p ears to h av e b een of v ery m od erate size .

A l ong slop e tedi ous to ascend l eads from th e H aci end a

, ,

b uildin g to th e main rui ns to whi ch (as st ate d ) th e n am es of ,

M alca an d Ma r c are v ari ously giv en I am

” “ ”
,
“
.

incline d to beli ev e th at th e fi rst is th e true one But there is .

no ce rtain ty Th e n ame i s appli e d to th e H aciend a in th e fifth

.

41
decade of th e eighteenth century In th e census of 1 5 9 1 .
,

C oni lap and C onlap ap p ear w ith th e n umbe rs of tribut ary

“ ‘

In di an s in e ach pl ace C onila li es ne ar Luy a nine miles (air

.
42
,

” “
line ) west of C h ach ap oy as h ence i t is prob ably th e O onilap ,

of 1 5 9 1 Th e o th e r is menti on e d in connecti on w ith L ev anto

. .

an d migh t st an d for R u e lap

43
If so th en th e pl ace h ad 1 1 3
' ’

.
,

tribut ary Indi ans or nearly four h un dred inh abitants I t is

W
.
,

v e ry doubtful if at th at time the re w as st ill a settl ement on

, ,

th e Mesa .

I he ard t y according to whi ch Kuélap w as i nh abite d

a s or

at th e ti me of th e first arr iv al of th e S p an i ar d s But th e gen .

e r al tr en d of tr aditi on goe s to in di cat e th at th e r uin s ar e th ose

of a vill age ab an d one d be for e th at ti me .

e are told als o th at th e p e ople of Kuélap w ere at w ar

,

with thos e of Lev anto and Huanca and const antly at a d is ,

adv an t ag e un til th ey r eare d gr eat w alls

,
After th at they h eld .

their ow n A n Indi an from Tingo a v ery age d m an told me

.
, , ,
”
th at th e i nh abitants of Mal c a were sorcerers calle d Ualqui
“ “

”
Sh aos ,an d th at from th e p ueblo of Onemia situate d fifte en ,

miles to th e w est of s outh ne ar th e M ar anon th ere cam e a ,

”
p owerful wi zar d a C h imal Ualqui w h o in one b oun d leap e d
’
,
“
,

to th e top of a steep h eight c alle d I ncup ny a sh ort dist ance ,

south of Kuéla
p and with ruin s of an ci ent b uildings A second .

b oun d l an d ed h im in th e gorge of Sicach at th e southe rn b ase ,

o f M al ca wh ence h e j ump e d to th e top of th e Me sa wh er e th e

, ,

p eople were fast asle ep with th eir fe et ex tend e d H e kille d .

th em all with a h ammer Thi s is like genuine In di an folk .

l ore I he ard no tr aditi on conn ecting th e rui ns with th e Inca

. .
20 THE INDIA NS A ND A B O RI G INA L R UINS
Th e tendency of the s e t ale s aside from th e one stating th at

W
“
Ma ca h ad b een t aken by th e S p ani ar d s 1 3 th at Kuélap w as
l ”
, ,

alr eady ab andone d at th e t i me of th e con quest C onsidering .

th e nature of th e pl ace an d its comman ding p ositi on, mention

would surely h av e b een made of in early S p anish r ep orts , h ad
it b een occupi e d in 1 5 3 5 or l ate r .

Th e h eig ht of th e r uins ab ove th e Haci end a is given by

erth emann at ab out se v en h u n dr e d fe e t As st ate d, th e bluff .

is pl ainl y s een from th e tr ail to C h ach ap oy as By tr ail I mean .

th e efficial road to th at tow n from th e b ank s of th e Maraiion

“ ”
.
,

Al th ough th at road li es nearly four thou s a

“ ”
n d fe et lower and

is fiv e miles aw ay w i th towe ring c rest s inte rvening still th e

, ;

ruin s of Kuélap rise ab ove th em .

Th e annex e d pl an an d secti on s (Pl ate III ) convey an idea of

th e form and di mensi ons of this bluff I t is an irregul ar trap .

ez oid ,
th e gr eatest length from n or th to s outh, b eing nineteen
,

hundre d feet and th e gr eatest w idth (fr om east to west) five

,

hun dred feet Th e sid es of thi s M esa are ve rti cal On th e east
“
'

. .

its h eight v ari es b etween fifty one an d twenty feet, th e greatest

-

elev ati on b e i ng fr om D to B T owards th e s outhern end th e

.

w all l owers consid er ably al so tow ards th e northern where at

, ,

F it t e rminates in an angle on whi ch st ands a quad r angul ar

,

tower like structur e Th e surf ace i n clines from west to east

-
.
,

an d b oth on th e no rth e rn an d sou th e rn thirds of it an upper

ti er of rocks ri se s on th e weste rn h alf of th e s urface Both tiers .

of th e M esa are so d ense ly ov e rgrown with timb er th at I h ad

to cut my w ay th rough it Th e trees are cove re d wi th p ar asites

.
,

shrubs obstruct eve ry ste p an d stou t c r eep e rs form almost im

,

p enetr able networks With th e assi stance of In di ans I p ene

W
.
,

trate d this l abyri nth of v eget at i on in many pl aces and in ev ery

directi on Aside from thorny an d p ois onous pl an ts my In
.
,

di ans only s eemed to fe ar th e tiger cat on account of its irri -

tab ility wh en surpri se d Th e p um a is s aid to h aunt th e Mesa

.

occasi onally an d w e n oti ce d its app ro ach at n

, i ght s ev er al times ,

b ut during my st ay at th e r ui n s (which l aste d s ev en d ays a

)
few birds w ere th e on ly v e rt eb rat es s e en h il e aft er th e .
,

r ains h ave once fairly set in th e forest is s aid to t eem w ith

,
 NE A R CHA CHA P O YA S IN NOR THER N PER U 21

no xi ous i n se cts ti cks alone were b othersom e an d l arge re d ants

, ,

th at more th an once u rge d me to a ch ange of b ase for my th eod

o lit e
. At L i ri o in th e course of e x cav ati ons a p air of huge
, ,

bird spide rs (my gale ) came to light along w ith p ot sherds and
- -

c ause d liv ely s catte ring of m

y com p ani ons sh owing th at th e ,

little monsters are no f avorite s of th e p eopl e .

Thi s bluff is a n atur al fortre ss (Pl ate IV a ) Th e weste rn

. .

s lop e of th e ridge is exceedingly steep ; d e scen t and as cent are

e qually l abori ous an d not d ev oid of d ange r It is cove r ed with .

th e same kind of fore st as th e pl atform an d d escends for more ,

th an a th ous an d feet to a b ottom wh er e a stream of p erman ent

w ate r i s running Thi s gorge is call e d Sicsij an d is b ut a v ery
.
,

“ ”
deep gash lik e all so calle d v all eys in th at regi on I copy
,
-
.

from my j ournal of S eptemb er 1 893

“
Th e sp ot is a pl ace of safety w ell fitte d for obs erv at i on
, ,

as it ov e rl ooks v ast str etc h es con si sting of th e usual l abyri nth

o f n arrow an d d eep Qu ebrad as st ee p slop es and woo d e d or

,

b are crests Not a sh arp p e ak in any directi on A wildernes s

. .

of r idg es an d g orges h e re an d th e r e p atch es of fi eld s an d l onely

,
”
h ut s .

Th e west ern face of th e bluff (Pl ates III and V ,

1 a and 2 a ) is girded like th e oth e r sides by a w all

, ,
.

I ts elev ati on at B is thi rty ni ne (3 9 ) feet an d it slop e s gr ad

n ally to b oth th e north e rn and th e south ern end —
-

p oints So .
,

th e mass of th e rock is p rot ecte d by a stone p lating of

v ary i ng height and h aving a p eri me ter of 4 1 00 fee t of whi ch ,

1 840 belong to th e easte rn 1 80 0 to th e weste rn f ace and 3 6 6

, ,

to th e s outh e rn whil e th e north ern en d run s alm ost to a p oi n t

,
.

This w all is not a circumv alation ; it is built against not on , ,

th e rock an d consi sts of an oute r arm or m ad e of f ai rly cut

p arallelopip e d ons of stone of unequal si z es ab out three feet ,

thi ck b ehin d whi ch is a filling of rubble tw o to three feet wide

,

at th e b ase an d tw o to e ight fee t at th e top Th e wh ole r ep .

res ents as many as cubi c fee t of m as onry .

Th e r eason s for coverin g th e sides of a large bluff with an

armor of mas on ry we re tw o fold First to p revent sc aling
-
.
,

of th e Me s a ; nex t to p revent disi ntegr ati on of th e cliffs by

,
22 TH E IND IA NS A ND A B O R I G INA L R UINS
r ain . face w all is c arefully l aid an d a thin se am of mud
Th e ,

or igi n ally b oun d th e bl ock s In pl aces thi s h as b een w ash ed .

aw ay by torr en ti al r ains th at w ould h av e e n d an ge r e d p or ti ons

of th e Mes a or cli ff in cou rs e of t i me .

,

Thus with its top ren d ere d almost inacce ssible th e Mes a
, ,

still r e qu i re d pl ace s or con tr iv an ces for ascent The se were .

suppli e d by n ature At A on th e e astern face a d eep cut

.
,
"

ente r s th e b o dy of th e blufi e x t en ding in to it we stw ard for a

di st ance of 2 0 2 fee t Thi s n atur al cl eft forms a n arrow and .

r apidly ascen ding p as sage At A (Plate III an d a Plate VI ) .

, ,

it is 4 8 feet deep whil e 2 0 2 feet b eyon d it emerges on th e

,

surf ace of th e pl atform Ne arly opp osite at B (Plate III .

, ,

an d b Pl ate V I ) , a sim il ar cut p enetr at e s from th e west for

,

ab out fe et ; 3 9 fee t d eep at th e weste rn entrance and i ssu

ing on th e pl atform 5 0 feet fr om th e e ast ern p assage so th at ,

th er e are tw o n arrow incline d pl anes cutting through th e

Me s a Both are n atur ally uneven an d now p artly obstructed
.
,

by d ebris and p artly by vege tati on th at h as encroached every

,

wh ere A simil ar cut also n atur al into th e eastern side of th e

.
, ,

blufi op en s at 0 (Pl ate III ) but it is short and less deep

’
, ,
.

H ence th e pl atform c an b e reache d by a general ascent at tw o

p oints from th e e ast and at one pl ace from th e west It may ,
.

als o b e gai ne d fr om th e n or th e rn en d b ut with consider able ,

difficulty (E ) .

Th e p assage A is of v arying width s (Pl ate IV b ) At th e . .

en tr ance an d for sixty four fee t i nw ards it is eight feet at -

th e b as e t ap ering to four ab ov e ; th en foll ows a w idening for

,

fifty e ight fe et d ue to decay ; th e remain der b egins with a

-

wid th of four feet and t ap e rs to th e upp er exit where th e arti

ficial w all s mee t at th e top form ing a low gateway (Pl ates VI , ,

1 ; V ,

Th e entr ance from th e west is ten feet wide on th e f ace ,

n arrowing gr ad ually (Pl ate V 2 an d V I 2 ) t ow ards th e up , , ,

p er en d .

p assage s are li ne d by w alls simil ar to thos e facing th e

Both
bluff (Pl ates V 1 V I and V II ) At th e upp er end th e
, , .

east ern p assage w as origin ally close d A trap ezoid al d oorway .

,
PL A T E V I .
 NE A R CHA CHA P O Y A S IN NOR THERN PER U 23

s ix fee t highight feet at th e b ase and a little ov er tw o at th e

e
,

top w as cut thr ou h th e r ock an d line d with masonry (Pl ate

, g .

V , Th e p assage s are n atur al fiss ure s line d by stonework , ,

to arr est th e d amagi ng effect s of e rosi on .

Th e surf ace of th e Mes a is as alre ady st ate d un even an d , ,

un d ul ati ng The s e un dul ati ons could not b e more th an in di

.

c ated on th e pl an as th ey are b ur i e d in d ense timb e r

,
Th e .

general dip is from west to east but there is al so one from ,

north to s outh Be side s ther e is as men tione d an upp er ti er

.
, ,

of r ocks of v arying h e ight

,
N orth of th e entr ances a qu ad
.

r angl e (Pl ate III ) h as b een cle ared on th e M esa for about
thirty feet in width O n thi s area th e buildings may b e
.
,

studi e d with l ess difficulty .

As in dicat e d by tr adition Kuélap w as not simply a pl ace ,

o f r efuge in cas e of d ang e r : it w as p e rman en tly inh abit e d an d

a fortifi e d vill age its n at ur al strength h aving b een artifici ally

,

increase d H ous es are s cattere d all ov e r th e Mesa

. In th e .

c l e are d sp ace I loc ate d for ty an d as f ar as I could e x ami n e,

th e ti mb e re d s ecti ons th e r e must b e n early th ree h un dre d

,

dwellings mor e Thi s would giv e for th e trib e living at Kué

.
,

lap a p op ul ati on of not ov er tw o th ou s an d s ouls or six hun dr e d

, ,

w arri ors Th at numb e r of In di ans could b ecome form id abl e

.
,

in an almost i mpr egnable p ositi on I w as told of a tr aditi on .

acc or di ng to whi ch Kuélap must e re d men at arms in

its w ars with th e In di ans of Huanca an d Lev anto but thi s ,
"

statement aside from com ing from a source th at i nspi re d no

,
‘ 4
confi d e nce is abs urd on th e v ery face
,
.

Th e dwellings on Kuélap were circular structur es of mod est

dimensi on s (Pl ate s III V I an d V III ) th e ex teri or di ameter
, ,

of th ose I measu r e d v aryi ng b etween 2 0 an d 2 9 fee t (See .

pl ans ) Th eir walls of br oken stone laid in mud r arely are

.
, ,

mor e th an 1 8 inch e s in thi ckness No tr ace is le ft of roofs . .

The s e h ous es are mostly re duce d to a ci rcle ri sing b ut a few

feet ab ove th e ground They st an d is ol ate d as well as in .

c lu st e rs of tw o or thre e (P l at e I X a ) E xcav ati ons uncovere d .

ru de fl oor s of p oun d e d e arth with sl abs of st one occasi onall y

imbe dd e d Th e soil on th e pl atform is very thin and no un de r

.
24 I
TH E IND A NS A ND A B O R I GINA L R UINS
groun d ch amb ers m ay b e look e d for since th e In di an h ad no ,

me an s to r emove solid r ock .

I also measur e d ci rcul ar structure s th at stan d on a m ass1 v e

b ase O ne of th e se b ases w as six feet ab ov e groun d an d h ad
.

an out e r di ame t e r of 2 8 fee t O n it r o se th e dwelling prop er

. ,

m e asuring 2 4 fee t acro ss out side Anoth er h ad a b as e four

,
.

feet high b ut its di ame ter w as 5 0 feet an d th at of th e upp er

,

structur e 2 8 fe e t Adj acen t to thi s were tw o sm aller circles

.
,

m e asurin g r e sp ecti v ely 1 6 an d 1 9 fee t ac ross th at app eared ,

.

lik e annex e s In th ese b uildings an d ab out th em w e foun d

.
,
.

r ud e m ort ars of st on e p estle s deer p rongs and sherds of

, , ,

th e typ e alre ady m enti on e d Also fragments of fl at .

grin ding sl ab s or h an d mills like those in use all over th e ,

western coast of P e ru Not a tr ace of met al or stone imp le

.
-

men t s n o fiint nor ob sidi an

,
Th e exi stence of stone ax es w as
.
-

men ti on e d to me b ut no sp eci m en sh own

,
It is more than .

likely th at by investigating th e ruins covered by ti mber (which

I could not d o ow i n g to p rohibiti on ) many artefacts will come
to light . Th e forest t rib e s of Am azonas (like most forest
45
In di ans of Pe ru an d Bolivi a) h ave stone axes to d ay and it - -

is alm ost c ert ain th at se den t ary trib es p ossesse d th em also .

E v erything of p e ri sh abl e m ateri al h ad dis appeared Around .

th e ri m s of th e s olid b ase s of h ouses a ring of p ro

je cting pl ates forms a rude cornice (see di agr ams) In

“

d ense ti mb er on th e north ern h alf of th e pl atform I w as led ,

to a group of c i rcul ar b uildi n gs one of w hi ch h ad a corni ce ,

made of a mosai c of loz enges (See Pl ate X b ) Th e stone .

,
.

work on th at building (th e p eri met er of w hi ch w as b ut little

di fferen t from th at of th e othe rs) w as as well done as any on
th e g re at wall s and I saw a few oth e r s th at di spl aye d equally
,

fai r workm anship .

In my e x cursi on s through tim b er and thi cke t s I now h ere

saw any str uc ture th at app e are d to b e for c ere mon i al p urp os es .

I foun d one r ect angul ar h ouse ve ry s mall and an othe r (ex , ,

'

cee d ingly ru d e
) w ith rounde d corne rs Th e tow e r (at F .
,

Pl ate III an d Pl ate V III 4 and 4 a ) is a quadr angul ar

, ,
,
m easuring 2 4 by 2 5 fee t b ut a solid mass ; it app e ars from
,
,
 NEA R CHA CHA P O YA S IN NOR THERN PER U 25

its p ositi on, to h av e b een a l ookout I would ob serve th at th e .

“ ” ”
t r
e m s c r
“
i cular and rectangul ar are to b e un derstoo d as
appr oximati ons onl y Th e h ouses are never accur at ely circu
.

lar, and th e tower is b ut an approximate rect an gle .

Th e tower (3 , 3 a 3 b Pl ate V III ) stan d s as said on

, , , ,

an eminence in th e fore st and vege t ati on on its top is low so , ,

th at a goo d outlook over th e ruins can be obt ai ned from it not ,

as e xt ens ive h ow ev er, as from th e one at F P l ate III

,
I t is ,
.

a truncate d cone, i nv erted , its di amet er at th e top b ei ng 46 at ,

th e b ottom 40 feet and th e h eight 1 5 feet ,

I t r ecall s in sh ap e .

th e towe r s of Sillus tani in southw e st ern P er u n ear L ake Titi

caca . Th e mass of this building is r ubbl e and an armor of well ,

cut and l aid p ar all el opip e d on s of stone lines it to a thi ckne ss

of tw o fee t Against thi s structure an d leading to its upp er

.

level is an incline d pl ane of earth Fourteen feet insid e of

, . . .

where th at incline d pl ane re aches th e top , an opening over ,

three fee t s quar e giv es access to a b ottle sh ap ed cy st th at goes

,
-

d own through th e whole structure and even a few fee t b el ow .

(V III 3 b ) It is like th e bottle sh ap ed underground rooms

,
.
-

for stor age found in th e ruin s of C a amarqnilla near Txima

, j ,

als o like th e ch amb ers in th e Sillustani t owers This cyst is .

l ine d with v ery good masonry careful ly d one and th e stones

v e ry c lose fitting -
In it water from th e r ains th at we r e th en
.
,

vi siting th e country h ad collecte d This ch ambe r looke d like

, .

a ci st e rn an d th e t owe r is so pl ace d as to r ece iv e r ain from

,

e v e ry di recti on .

Th e annex e d ph otogr aph not only give s an id ea of th e

neatn ess of th e mas onry but als o a pi cture of th e only carvi n
, g
of any ki n d I saw at th e r uin s It repres ents th e h e ad of a .

man and p rob ably even tw o he ads in reli ef Th e figure (or

, , , .

figures ) is very rud e b ut h as th e me rit of Sh owing th e h ead

d ress .
I h ave p urp os ely pl ace d my chi ef workman th e In di an ,

P edro Huam an from T ingo alongsid e to show h ow m uch this ,

h eadgear resembles th at of th e In di ans of C h ach ap oyas of to

d ay .
They are so strikingly alike as to arous e a s uspi ci on th at
th e c arvi ng might be r ecent ! (See P late X a
, ) .

Th e suggesti on th at this towe r w as p erh aps a cistern le ads

26 TH E IND IA NS A ND A B O R I GINA L R UINS
q ti f t pply A f k n wn i n 1 8 9 3,
to th e u es on o w a e r su -
. s ar a s o

no p e rm n t
a en w a e t r h a d b e en fo un d on th e M e sa . T h e d en s e

v eget ati on ab sorb s all m oi stur e and no p ools can form on th e

su r f ac e . Ne i t h e r h ad any sp rings o r sourc es b een noti ced .

When Kuélap w as i nh abite d v eget ati on did not cov er th e p la

“

t eau in such dense m asse s as to d ay , an d if th e wh ole could

-

on ce b e cle ar e d ,
t ank s might p erh ap s b e brought to light th at,
as at A com a in New M exi co h eld suffic i ent r ai n w ate r for th e
-

p op ul ati on Th ere is a sm all p erenn i al str eam runni ng in th e

.

gorge of Sicsij at th e weste rn foot of th e Mes a Des cent is .

d ifficult and long still In di an s make it , als o whit es and Mes

,

tiz os wh en hun ting an d it is ne ith er st eep e r nor higher th an th e

,

B arran ca out of w hi ch th e women of th e vill ag e of San Mateo

O zolco in C entr al Me x ico we r e w ont to get th e w at er for th ei r
househ olds in 1 8 8 1 E ven if Kuélap (as th e legend declares)
.

w as at w ar with nei ghb oring t rib e s an d occasi onally h ard

pre ss e d, thi s w arfar e di d not and coul d not take th e p rop orti ons
of a len gthy si e ge R ep eate d h ar as sing r aids , di s continued
.

an d r esum e d un til a s urpri se or ass ault b ecame p ossible, were

th e only m ilit ary op e r ati ons of whi ch th e natives were cap able
in primitiv e time s .For months an d p erh ap s years , th e women
from th e Mesa might descen d to Sicsij unmolested ; again a
h ostile p arty might lie in w ait for them and comp el th e p eopl e
to fall b ack up on some sto r e of w ater on th e pl atform,
un til th e enem y h ad b een dri v en off or h ad withdr awn of

h is ow n accord . I n th ese d ensely woode d r anges am

,

bushes an d su rpri ses (little pr actis e d on th e b arren highl ands )

w ere th e p r incip al t acti c s , as to d a -

y a m on g th e shifti ng fore st

tribes .

It is not lik ely th at th e Indi ans of th e Me s a coul d pr actis e

till age to any e x tent The re is h ar dly room for it Hence it
.
.

is p rob able th at th ey r ai se d th ei r c rop s e ith e r on th e slop es or

in th e v alle y .
Th e re is a group of r ound hous e s outside th e
great e astern w all an d th e r ui n s of L i ri o may b e thos e of
“0
dw lli g
e n s occ u pi d d i g pl an ti ng and h arvesting
e u r n .
There
are a numb er of c i rcul ar b uildi ngs sin gle and in groups
, ,

scatt e re d t hr ough th e t i mb e r on sl op e s an d crest s near th e

PLA T E V III
.
 NEA R CHA CHA P O YA S IN NOR THERN PE R U 27

ruin s b ut th e s ettlement on th e Me sa w as th e only l arge and

,

comp act one .

S S E of th e Mesa exten d s a lowe r ridge ov ergrown w ith

. . .
,
”
Sh und ur migh t b e a cor
“
brush only and calle d Sh und ur .

“
rupti on of Suntnr or Sa nta meaning in Q uichua a h eap a , , , ,

name s ome t imes giv en to cir cul ar h ous es with coni cal th atch

roofs . Th e gov ernor of Tingo w h o accomp ani e d me on th e

48

j ourn ey to Kuélap suggeste d this exp lan ati on Alth ough th ere .

is no timb er on Sh un d ur ruins th ere are mor e decaye d th an ,

thos e on th e Mes a They consist of ab out twenty roun d .

buildings like those d escrib ed and of a wall th at run s ,

al ong th e low e r en d of th e south ern de clivity from ab out E S E . . .

to W N W for ov er 1 6 60 feet
. . At its e astern te rmin ati on it
. .

turns to th e northw ard and up th e slop e ab out 3 0 0 fe et to th e

c r est on whi ch th e h ouse s are group e d Between th e south

W
.
,

western corner of Kuélap and Sh und ur th er e is a depressi on , , ,

an d th e wall of th e l att e r is so pl ace d as to pr ot ect th e sm all

s ettlement from th e west where an approach is p ossible along ,

th e edge of th e gorge of Sicsij Th at wall is re duced to little .

more th an an abutment Whether Sh und ur w as an annex .

to Kuélap an in d ep en d ent s ettl emen t or one p r evi ously for

, ,

sak en it is not p ossible to d ecide

, e foun d nothi ng to .

r ev e al its r el ative age an d no arte f ac ts b e yon d th e usu al

p ot sh erds
-
.

Th e gre at w alls of Kuélap are also beginnin g to crum ble .

In many pl aces th ey b ulge out in conse quence of di si nte gr ati on

'
, .

R ain is const an tly w ashing out th e mud se ams b etween th e

course s an d veget ati on bre ak s through th e w all or eats in t o

fis sures with root s and cr eep ers (Pl ate V II ) In th e p as sage s . .

e nte ring th e b lufi from th e east tr e es tw o feet in di amete r h ave

'

pi er ce d through th e m ason ry Man h as contribute d to thi s d e .

structi on In many pl aces th e front w as torn op en in se ar ch of

.

tr easure This v and ali sm reveale d th at all along th e w all as

.
, ,

high as fiv e or si x feet from th e ground burial nich es ex ist in it , ,

cl os e d by bl ocks of ston e I saw m any of the se n ich es an d ob

.

taine d h uman skulls and b ones out of some E v e rythin g el se h ad .

b een t ak en out though I could not learn th at anything except

,
28 TH E INDIA NS A ND A B O R IG INA L R UINS
human rem ain s we re ev er foun d I w as not p ermi tte d to op en .

any myself .

Th e n i ch es w ere of v ari ou s siz es and usu ally l arge enough

for a squ attin g b ody For th e skulls I re fe r t o th e adj oi ning
.
,
.

pl ate as w ell as for th e oth er arte facts obt aine d in th e Ama

z on as regi on
(Plate IX b ) .
,
.

Th e governor of Tingo Tue stas t old m e th at wh en y et a , , ,

b oy h e saw th e e astern slop e of Ku élap cove r e d w ith skulls

,

an d sk e l e t on s Thi s st at emen t w as m ade in supp ort of an

.

alle ge d t r aditi on accor ding to whi ch th e M e sa w as i nh abite d ,

w h en Al on so d e Alv ar ad o fi rst came to C h ach ap oyas and th at

th e S p an i ard s whil e b esi eging Kuélap h ad di e d of hun

“
,
ge r , .

H e al so st at e d th at from th e slop e e ast of th e ruins a number

, ,
m
of
“
mumm ies w ere t ak en I t is sin gul ar th at while human
’ 0
.
,

r em ai ns in th e w ell pr o t ec t e d n i ch es h av e well nigh d isinte ,

grate d th ey should h ave remaine d in tact in th e thin soil of

,

th e sl op e for at l e ast thr e e and a h alf centuri es !

Nich e burial in th e g re at w all lining t h e p erimeter of
-

th e bluff w as th ere fore p r ac ti ce d by th e p eople of Kuélap at

,

l east in th e m aj ority of c ases Low er down (as I sh all soon .

h av e occasi on to st ate ) cav es were use d for th e purpose But .

aroun d Kuélap th e re are no n atur al c aviti es nor h av e I h ear d

of artifici al ones I can onl y surmis e from wh at I saw after

'

.
,

war d s th at th e corp ses we re pl ace d in a squatting p ositi on an d

,

p ossibly sid ew ays as in m any Aym ara buri als ,

.

In one of th e houses some thi ng like a b ench or seat of ,

st on e w as di sc o v e re d a ru d e pil e r ais e d ag ai n st on e of th e
,
.

sid es .I n an oth er a d oorway tw o fe et w id e whi ch h ad b een

'

, ,

w all e d up s h ow ing th at th e ab and onment of th e building took

,

pl ace w ith out h aste or hurry Most of th e mort ars and p estles .

w ere b roken an d some b ott oms of v essel s sh ow e d p e rfor ati on

'

,
“ ”
kill ed as th e New Mexic an In d ian s d o
‘

as if th e y h ad b e en
,

with p ottery wh en out of use T h e story rel ate d to me th at .

,

Kuélap w as ab an done d in con sequence of an epidemi c ma

y
'

h av e originate d from th e skele tons whi ch th e gov e rnor of Tingo

'

saw scatt e re d ov e r th e sl op e ag ai n i t m a
y d er ive some con , .

firm ation from th e signs ab o v e menti one d whi ch in New

,
 NEA R C H A C H AP O M s IN NO R THERN PER U 29

Mexi co, would be con strue d as proving slow and gradual ab an

d onment .

Th e re is al so a story afloat among th e w hite and Me sti z o

i nh abit ant s th at while th e big w all w as being con structe d
,

those w h o refuse d to work on it we re im mure d ali v e Thi s is .

pl i ly a Myth of O b serv ati on

a n
“ ”
.
1

I t is man ifest th at Kuélap w as a vill age of l an d tilli ng ab -

o ri i ne s w h o r esid e d on th e blufi for s afe ty This feature is

g .

not excepti on al in th at regi on alth ough Kuélap is th e most ,

str iki n g ex ampl e so f ar kn own All or ne arly all anci ent ruin s
.

lie ab d v e th e ri v er bott oms and mor e th an one sh ows t r aces,

of a pl atfor m f ace d by m asonry si mil ar to Kuélap Th e n atur e .

of th e coun tr y oblige d th e n ativ e to dw ell on s1 0 p es an d crests .

H e could not clear th e timb ere d b ottoms with tools of stone or

copp e r an d b urn ing of th e fore st w as of n o av ail ; six month s
,

l ate r ev erything w as ag ain cov ere d with vegetati on Furth er .

m ore th e stre am s th at wat e r th e v alleys are t orrents subj ect

, ,

to s udd en an d d am agi ng ri ses To es cap e from th em th e n a.

,

tiv es h ad to liv e on slop es and c r ests

'

I t app e ars from w h at littl e is at my comm an d ab out th e

,

e arli e st S p an i sh ex p e diti ons into th e C h ach ap oyas di stri ct ,

th at its inh abitants were divid e d into in depen dent tribes some ,

of whi ch fo rm e d a confe d e r ati on ag ainst th e E urop eans in th e

b eginni ng A s long as th ere w as no outside p eril the s e tribes

.
,

w arre d with each oth er frequently H ence security from ag .

5 2

gression mor e th an anything el se det ermin e d th e ch oi ce of a

W
dwelli ng site .

T ales and tr aditi ons are very contradi ctory on th e ultimate

fate of Kuélap Th e sam e age d In di an w h o rel ate d th e story
.

of th e killi ng of its i n h abit ant s by a i z ar d from Onemia al so

st at e d th at th e p eopl e h ad b een e x t ermi n at e d by an epid e mi c !

Not all for at th e sam e tim e h e sp oke of sur v ivors w h o re ti re d

,

to C oni lo '
O hiringote
, an d Santa T omas d e Qui llay !
5 3

Th e pl ac e is not menti on e d by n ame in any early d ocumen t

acce ssibl e to me nor h av e I foun d any descripti on th at w ould
,

r ecall even faintly Kuélap or any statement leading to infe r ,

th at th e S p ani ards saw it So conspi cuous an obj ect h owev er

.
, ,
 30 THE INDIA NS A ND A B O R I G IN A L R UINS

cou ld ily escap e noti ce h ad it b een inh abite d in 1 5 3 6

n ot eas ,
.

H ence I conclude (until oth e rwi se in form e d ) th at th e sit e

,

w as for saken b e fore any white men v i sit e d C h ach ap oy as .

Tree growth on Kuélap is no criteri on for th e approx imate

-

d ate of ab an donm ent T rees as well know n grow with great .

, ,

r apidi ty 1 n th e t ropi cs .

I descende d from Kuélap on an oth er trail P assi ng close .

to th e st eep h e ight of Incup uy I could se e th e rui n s on its top

b ut n ot vi sit th em Th ey app eare d to b e smaller th an th ose of
.

Kuélap an d th e buildi ngs are said to re sembl e th e l atte r in

c onst ructi on But th unde rshowe r up on th un d er sh ow er swept
.

th e r egi on an d it w ould h ave c Ost too much time an d l ab or to

c ut th e w ay t h r ou gh ti mb e r an d t hi cke ts Th erefore I returned .

to Ti ngo th en c e to v i sit th e ruin s scatt ere d al ong th e n arrow

,

gorge of th e U tcub amb a riv er .

At Tingo th e h eights rece de from th e river for a sh ort d is

tance b ut soon close in ag ai n form ing a n arrow g ateway wi th
‘ '

l
,

v erti cal rock s on th e west ve ry steep d ecliv iti es on th e east , ,

ov e rgrow n by th or ny pl an t s O n thi s side an d ab out a mile .

dow n th e ri v er from Tingo th e ruins of M acro are seen from ,

th e t rail Th e ann e x e d ph ot ogr aph is t aken fr om th e O pp osite

.

b ank (Pl ate II a ) Th e gr oundpl an sh ow s 2 1 circul ar

.
,
.

h ouses (Pl ate X I built against a slop e th at I s nearly v er

,

ti cal .
(Plate X I 1 a ) M e asurements are excee dingly d itfi
,
.

cul t . S ome of th e h ouses h ave th e d ecor ati on found in th e

timb e r of Kuélap an d represen t e d on Pl ate X b loz enges

W
,

of m osai c w or k rud e ly e x ecu t e d Th e si z e of th e h ou ses does .

n ot d ifi er from th ose at Kuéla

p Sh un d ur an d Li ri o n eith e r , , ,

doe s th ei r con structi on M acro m ay h av e sh elte r e d in th e .

neighb orh ood of a h un d re d soul s Its el e v ati on ab o v e th e v ale .

,

an d th e p e rp en di cul ar rock s in its rear m ad e an att ack di fficult

, .

b ut it c ould e asily b e cut off from w ater I copy from my .

j ou r n al o f m
S epte b er 2 4 1 8 9 3 — “
e p asse d al ong th e r i v e r,

b elow M agd alen a after crossing th e stre am on th e cov ered

,

bridge S ugar c ane in small p atch es m any or ange tree s an d

.
-

,
-

th e usu al h ut s then climb e d slop es cov e re d w ith a scrubby

. .

an d t h orn y v ege t ati on th en t urn e d a high cliff an d aft e r wi nd

, ,
PLA T E X .
 NEA R CHA CHA P O YA S IN NOR THER N PER U 31

ing r
a ound steep and rugged heights stood in th e sugar cane ,
-

p atch on th e right b ank ab ove whi ch, on a v e ry steep slop e ov er

grown w ith c acti and oth er thorns also with maguey st an d , ,
.

th e thr ee lines of r oun d structur es th e lowest of whi ch is at ,

an e l ev ati on of 1 9 5 feet above th e river b anks I t w as h ar d .

work to climb thi s slop e eve ry step h av ing to b e cut out Up on

,
.

arr i v i ng foun d th e rui n s to b e b ut thr ee sup erp ose d row s of

,

ci rcul ar h ouses some one st ory oth e r s tw o st ori e s high e x ac t ly

, , ,

like those of Malca and th e other ones so far seen by me Ply .

ing th emselv es to th e nature of th e gr ound th e cir cular form ,

h as been p reserve d outsid e or sev e r al h ouses h av e b een so

. .

j oine d as to pres ent b ut a very slightly un dul ating front All .

w alls are w ell constructe d an d of th e usual thi ckness of eigh

te en inch es about Little ni ch es in th e walls no win dows but
.
, ,

in one pl ace an O lla w alle d in so as to s erv e as a ni ch e an d a ,

sculpture d st on e als o s unk en in th e w all r e pr e senting th e f ace ,

”
and a p art of a h uman bo dy .

“
Three of th e h ouses of th e upp e rmost ti er h ave a rim of
l oz enge— sh ap e d mosai c b ut w e saw nothi ng el se of i mp ort ance
, ,

not even p ot sh er d s
-
S ome of th e ch amb ers are p artly c arve d
.

out of th e rock an d a thi n w all of st one h as b een pl ace d ag ainst

th e natur al surface Th e h ouses are cl e arly in p art on a

.
, ,

pl atform or b asi s whi ch serves as sub str ucture and foun d ation .

. O n th e h e ight on th e opp osit e side of th e ri v e r th e re are

circul ar h ous es s catt er e d and goi ng tow ard s Magd alena w e
,

encountere d s ev e r al of th e s am e de s cripti on on th e slop es to

wards th e rive r an d d escending from th e p ueblo ” .

From Tingo I followe d th e R io d e Ut cub amb a again as

far as th e S argento wh ere I remaine d four d ays improving
, ,

interv als b etween thund ersh owers for th e ex amin ati on of ruins
in th at neighb orh ood .

Ab out a mile from th e S argento an d ab ov e a cluste r of

modern huts b earing th e unusual n ame of O clel are th e rui ns 5 5
’

of A y mard —
,

Bamba This name is interesting as meaning

.

”
“
plain of th e Aym ar a They ris e on a gr adual slop e near th e
.

bottom (see P l ate X I 2 and 2 a) and cont ai n ab out twenty

,

roun d h ous e s some of whi ch stand in a gul ch formi ng th e

,
32 THE INDIA NS A ND A B ORI G IN A L R UINS

no rthe rn limit of th e old settlement Across this as well as .

,

across th e s outh ern gul ch d ams or buttress e s of stone h av e

,

been e recte d r ecalling th e dyke s in th e beds Of th e torrents of

S onora (north e rn Mex i co ) an d th e re c all e d
“
Ban quitos M ost .

of th e h ous es h owe v e r st an d on a r idge b etw een b oth gulch e s

, ,
.

Th e high est p art of th e ruin s is 1 8 5 fee t ab ov e th e v alley .

m n o a n e a e ma e
H ere I saw a numb e r of Batanes
“
a d bt i d w ll d ’

grinde r Pot sher d s were ex actly like those at Kuélap black

.
-

an d white or with out deco r ative line s

,
.

O ne h our of te di ous ascent ab o v e this ruin on a narrow ,

c re st nearly a th ous an d fee t ab o v e th e bottom, b uri e d in den s e

shrubbe ry are th e r uins to which th e name of Tsh a Sh in is

-

given b ut bette r known to th e p eople as Sh iv anu C unga

,
.

(Pl ate X I Th e l atter h as one Q ui ch ua w ord in it : C unga,

,

whi ch means a p oint or c rest th at can b e p ass e d and is ap ,

p rop riate for th e si t e I t se ems to b e th e more r ecent name

. .

T sh ush in is n ot Q ui chu a I r efe r to th e pl an for an id ea of

.

th e pl ace Th e circ ul ar h ouses abo ut forty in numb er lie on

.
,
.
,

a narr ow an d elongate d pl ate au p rotec te d by a stone w all imi

t at ing on a small s cal e th e w all of Kuélap I t is only ab out .

four feet high an d built r ath er to p re v ent th e soil b ehin d fr om

b eing w ash ed away th an for defense In on e pl ace of thi s w all .

I saw a broken incline d pl ane like those on th e P e ruvi an coast ,

at Surco Pach acamac an d C h aa

, h an (Pl ate XII, This
double ascent each s ecti on of which is ab out 1 4 feet long and
,

fiv e feet high (th e first inclin e be ing lowe r th an th e wall )

leads to th e pl ateau on which th e houses stan d At its s outh e rn .

e nd and somewh at b elow is an an gul ar structure

(see pl ate
X II 1 ) als o of stone be t t er buil t th an th e roun d h ouse s and
, ,

s uggesting S p ani sh origi n by its cou rt resembling a ceme tery .

I t h as a window and s ever al ni ch e s an d in one of th ese I foun d ,

th e r emain s of wh at th e p eopl e h ad told me w as a “ mummy .

O nly a few b ones and shre d s of d ark blue cl oth w ere l eft th e ,

skull w as gone F rom th ei r si z e th ey app eare d to be th e remains

.

of a wom an and I gath e re d th e i mp ressi on th at th ey we re

,

placed th er e after th e ab and onmen t of th e p l ace p erh aps for ,

p urp os es of witch cr aft O f th e p ast of this r uin whi ch w as a

.
 NEA R CHA CHA P O YA S IN NOR THERN PER U 33

s ettlement twi ce as l arge as Macro and Aymara Bamb a I -

could not le arn anythi ng ; th e p eople ass e rte d th at th e quad ra

n

u l r st ruc ture h ad b ee n a ch ur ch a st ate ment to whi ch ap

g a ,

ea rances le n d some supp o rt Th e p ott ery is id enti cal with

p .

th at of Kuélap and other p oints in th e neighborh ood Tsh ush in .

is pr ob ably th e pl ace at whi ch I w as t old copp er pi ns and cop -

, ,

p er sp oons h ad b een found

-
.

North of Tsh ush in an d in pl ain vi ew of it but sever al ,

h undre d feet higher some almost circul ar knolls c ap a h eight

,
“
d ensely overgrown to which th e name Pucard is given
,
Puc .

u c u a and Aym ar a and d esignates a pl ace of

” is b th Q i h
a ar o

safety n ot necess arily for tifi e d or w all ed in but any n atur ally
, ,

str on g p ositi on i nh abite d or occupi e d

,
These ruins are i n dee d .

in a r emark ably f avor abl e situati on for d efense an d ob se r v a

ti on Not as elev ate d as Kuélap they still comm an d an ex
.
,

t ensi v e view and enj oy b eside s th e adv antage of p ermanent

, ,

w ater I could not owing to a heavy thund er shower survey

.
, ,

th e enti re pl ace Th e princip al P uc ar a h as still p orti ons of

.

“ ”
armor ag ai nst th e r ock th e stone work is e v en b e t t er th an on -

th e big w all of Ku élap and on th e summ it st an d th e remn an ts

,

of s ome twenty r ound h ouses and of se v e r al qu adr angul ar ones ;

als o quadr angul ar enclosur es connect e d with h ouse s (Pl ate X I I .

,
“ ”
2 an d Th e s econ d P ucar a li e s high er th an th e fi rst an d
th ere one of th e side w alls w as entire I t me asures 2 2 feet in
-

length is tw o feet high on th e top and fiv e feet thi ck on one

, ,

sid e Th e numb er of houses is twenty als o N orth east of th ese

. .
,

s ep ar ated from them by a deep cleft li es a thi rd one on a ridge , ,

and not far aw ay ar e remn ants of a ci rcul ar w all Th ese four .

group s s eem to h ave forme d one cluster Th e p ot sherd s (whi ch .

-

are th e only art ef acts I noti ce d

) were of th e same d e s cripti on as
at Kuélap ,

“
Wh ile at th e S argento I h eard of a mummy in a n atural
,

cavity near th e b ottom at Aym ar ab amb a I t w as so decaye d -

th at th e skull and sh re d s of th e dress alone could b e preserve d .

These shr e ds r epr esent an outer en v elop e of coarse cotton simi

lar to th at of an ci en t coast buri als a pi ece of dre s s bl ack an d
-

white ; and a b elt in tw o colors Then I l earn ed th at thi s .

9
U 4 THE IND IA NS A ND A B OR I G INA L R UINS
vi cini ty ab oun d s in n atural caviti e s an d crevi ces use d ancientl v
for buri als Most of them are v ery di fficult of acce ss an d it
.

is n atur al th at th e n ativ es sh ould h ave resort e d to th em Th e .

bottom w as ti mbere d slop es are const antly w ash e d by torrenti al

,

r ain s so th at h ol es in th e r ocks c r evi ce s an d r ents w e r e th e ,

, ,

only pl aces wh e re b odi es might b e p r e s erv e d I am not c ert ain .

,

however th at th e rem ai ns n e ar Aym arab amb a are anci ent

,
-
.

Th e t ext il es are too suspi ci ou sly like th ose from th e coast Sh ould .

mor e b e foun d it would p erh ap s in di c at e th at th e form e r in

h abi t ant s wore th e same costume as th ose on th e P e ruvi an se a
sh ore I also obt aine d a few pi eces of wh ole p otte ry but th e y
.
,

w ere wi t h one or tw o e x cepti on s onl y from th e b ank s of th e

, ,

Mar afi on in th e we st Tw o of them rec all th e pl asti c anci ent

.

coast p ott e ry O ne h as a green i sh gl az e th at m ay b e d u e to

.

s ub se quent h eating These j ars were in p riv ate h an d s and h ad

.

been use d for h ousehold p urp oses for m any years I t is not
'

unlikely th ey suffere d acc id en t al r e— b aking (Pl ate I X b ) .

,
.

I left C h ach ap oyas on O ctob e r 1 1 th Th e w eath e r allow e d .

no fur th er ex pl or ati ons an d fur th ermor e I w as call e d to th e ,

coast by i mp or t an t n ew s .

While on my w ay to C h ach ap oyas in Se ptemb er I h ad ,

m e asure d some ruin s at C h auar betw een Leymeb amb a an d ,

5 7

S ut a w hi ch are much dec aye d Th ey app e ar to b e w all s of

,
.

th e typ e of those of P uc ar a b uilt ag ain st th e sl op e of a w ood e d

,

hill No artefacts were seen I menti on th em here as th e

. .
,

route whi ch I took on my return d eflec te d from th e m ain road

b efore re achin g S ut a Th e p arty accomp an ying me w hi ch
.
,

th e P re fect le d in p e rson c ross e d th e r i v er at L op e can ch a to

,
-

th e we st side an d w e sp ent th e first n ight at th e H ac i en d a of

Su mén in a gorge covere d by th e u su al ve get ati on T h e v ale is

. .

e x cee di ngly n arrow an d th e fi eld s of wh eat

, corn an d b arley , ,

are m e r e p at ch es At Sumen I w as shown a n atural c avity

.

high up on th e opp osite sid e of w hi ch it w as st ate d it containe d,

mummi es Here also th e t ale of th e ab andonmen t of Kué

.
,

lap in cons equence of th e coming of th e S p an i ar ds w as rep e at e d

to m e Anci en t remain s were sp oken of chi efly c av e s an d
.

h ouses b uilt against th e rock a st atem ent b o rn e out by th e ,

PLA T E X II
.

So “ of !
 NEA R CHA CHA P O YA S IN NOR THERN PER U 35

mmerous cliffs loomi ng up heights S anto T omas

l
a ong th e .

ls C uillay w as s aid to be th e place wh ere cav es formerly in

Labited we re b est r epresent e d, and th e P re fect insist ed I sh ould

Lccomp any h im to s ome ab and one d gold mi ne s in th at vi cinity .

”
luillay li es on a pl ateau ab ove a deep cleft and h ad , th en,

W
.
bout a thous and inh abit ants mostly In di ans ; with a ch urch ,
,

1nd s ome l arge r h ouses of stone an d adob e while th e maj ority ,

.re h uts Th e caves were p ointe d out to me from th e vil l age ;

.

h ey are on th e brink of a cliff opposite and app ear to number ,

mly a doz en close to each other To visit th em woul d h ave .

ent ai led more time th an I coul d disp ose of, bette r state of

iealth and less r ain e went to th e so call e d mines, s ome of

-

.
,

vhi ch were old Sp an i sh workings ab an done d wh en th e Sp an

ards we re exp elle d from P er u Th ey w er e again w ork ed for

.

I sh ort p eri od fifty year s ago by an E ngli shman, wh om th e

.
, ,

> eop le of th e vill age d rov e away Thirty years after another
.
,

ittem t w as mad e with n ative capit al whi ch als o f ai led

p Th e,
.

:old is i mbedde d in qu artz and th e p ercent age so v ari ous ly

tate d th at I d o not care to re p e at it From S ant o T omas I .

eturned to th e Mar an on at Bal sas by th e w ay of Gallon leav ,

ng th e r uins at Puma C och a to th e e ast

-
Thes e ruins wer e .

aid to be Inca Their gener al asp ect d oes not agree with th at
.

pini on neith er did th ey app ear to resemble Kuélap Wh at I

,
.

aw wh en comi ng to C h ach ap oy as w as a little v al e cov e re d

rith fine gr ass and fl ank e d by s te ep hills o v e rgrown by fe rns

nd low shrubbe ry A limpid stream runs through th e v all ey,

.

nd ruin s are s cattere d on th e b row of th e lowest hills They .

>ok ed like quadrangul ar stone h ou s e s with enclosures th e

-

alls f airly cons tructed , but not of th e ni ce fittin

g mas onr y
f -

haracteristic of Inca b ui ldings A low an d sh ap el ess moun d

.

hands in th e b ott om of th e v ale P um a coch a l i es near th e

.
-

dge of tree v e et ati on and I g ath ere d th e i mpre ssi on th at it

- g
,

ad not b een a s ettl ement of m uch i mp ort anc e

“
D r Midden . .

orf visite d C h ach ap oy as a few ye ar s pre v i ous to m

y j ourney
Am azonas , ex clusively in quest of remains of th e Inca, and
w as assur ed th at h e returne d d h aving foun d
m y tr ace of Inca ar chit ecture I . ession .
36 THE INDIA NS A ND A B OR I GINA L R UINS
I t is ce rt ain th at th e c ir cul ar h
'
Ou se or dw e lli ng of st one
,
"0
and mud , with its roof of th atch i s u s e d to d ay Th e ruine d -
.

dwellings at Kuélap and el sewh ere were of th e same typ e h ence ,

th e p resent In di an s eith er copi e d th e ar chite cture o f un kn own

pre decess ors or b elonge d to th e same stock Th e c ircul ar hous e .

is common on th e old P un a of P eru an d Bolivi a an d in th e

W
latter country it seems to be as old a typ e as th e quadr an gul ar .

In Am az on as th e qu adr angul ar h as sup ers e d e d th e roun d .

S till in centr al Bolivi a th e roun d form is mostly giv en to out

, ,

houses or stor erooms to ann e x es of th e dwelling prop er

,
.

My j ourney from S anto T omas to G ollon h ad to b e made

across an angl e of th e J alca or P un a an d in a t e mp est of r ain , ,

h ail an d sleet e w e r e const an t ly in a d ense c lou d

.
Th e .

st orm sub sid e d as w e descen d e d i nto th e w arm an d h an d some

gorge w here th e H aci en d a of G ollon st an ds I h ear d of no .

ruin s in th at n e ighb or h ood After crossin g timb ere d cl efts w e

.
,

climb e d a sp ur of th e sides w h er e th e t r ail run s along s ome of

,

th e m ost fr ightful p recipi ces I e v er saw Th e w alls ar e for

W
.
,

hun dreds of feet as sheer as masonry an d th e p ath often h ardly

,

wide en ough for a horse or mule I felt d e cid e d reli ef wh en .

these di zz y stretches were overcome an d th e crest of C ach a

conga al so d ange rou s fr om di sin t egr atin g r ock an d ab ruptne s s
, ,

la b ehi n d us From its s ummit w e saw again th e ch asm in

y .

which run s th e Marafi on r i v er at least six thou san d feet b elow .

61

Descent to its b anks at Balsas w as m ade in four h ours e .

were on th e regul ar road to th e coast .

62

B alsas i s a h amlet and as th e foregoing in di cat es in a v e ry

, ,

deep gorge on th e b ank s of th e mu ddy and swift M ar aii on Its

, .

el ev at i on ab ov e th e se a b e ing (accor di ng to R ai mon d

) only ab out
three thousand feet ; th e clim ate is h ot Th orny pl an ts p re
68
.

v ail tall C erei being as ab und an t as on th e upp er Y aqui riv er

,

of S onor a .I could not h elp re callin g v ividly th e gorges of th e

Y aqui at D ur az o an d G uassav as wh en I saw th e thi ckets an d ,

arb oriferous C acti of thi s p art of th e M ar anon an d th ean al o y

g ,

is emph asi ze d by t emp er atur e and s cene ry O n th e nor th or .

Amaz on as sid e w h ere Bal sas st an d s th e b ottom ex p an d s some

,
.

wh at ; ou th e other side there is b arely room for cultiv ati on ,

 NEA R CHA CHA P O YA S IN NOR THER N PERU 37

but it h as an Acequi a although much less level ground Near

,
.

Bals as coca of an in feri or quality is r ais e d

,
Th e Mar anon
.

r uns through simil ar c h asms for a consider able distance and

th er e are few s ettl ements on its b anks as far as th e P ongo d e
Manserich e (w h e re it ente rs th e Amaz oni an b asi n prop e r ) ,

more th an tw o degrees north and ab out one degree east “ Al .

though I heard of r uins in th e long an d deep cleft there s eem ,

to b e none of i mp ort ance whi ch is also to b e infe r re d from

,

early de s cr ip t i ons . But I w as assure d th at ruins exist e d in

th e i mme di ate vi cinity of Bals as and th er efore pr ocee d e d to
,

e x amine th em .

I foun d th at none of th e buildings res emble d Inca work ,

but still it w as sup eri or to wh at I h ad y et s een in C h ach ap oy as ,

“
a d
n r ath e r r esembl e d th e so calle d
-

ch urc at Tsh ush in On .

th e slop es are rem ain s of anci ent te rr aces an d on th e cr ests

structur es qu adr an ul ar and bui lt of pi e ces of th e h ard gr anite
, g ,

with crystals of feld sp ar whi ch is th e rock in situ I re fer

m
.

to acco p anyi ng pl an s and di agr ams (Pl ate X III ) Imme

. .

d iately abov e th e ri v er is th e depre ssi on (1 an d 1 a Pl ate ,

X III ) si milar to a double t ank four f eet d eep an d lin e d by a

stone w all insid e . Th e s ep ar ati on is by a double w all fille d in
with rubble and e ight feet thi ck Th e p ot sh erds lying ab out
.
-

th e ruin s re sem bl e th os e at oth er pl ace s in Am az on as b ut th er e ,

is b esid es corrugate d w are an d some with de cor ati on s rep re

, ,

s enting un couth human and an im al form s Th e l atte r rec all .

th e pl asti c p ott ery whi ch I obt aine d at th e S argent o an d of

whi ch I w as told came from M end an .

In regar d to th e age of th ese structur es it is lik ely th ey d o

not ante d ate th e p e ri od of th e con que st by man y years I t is .

”
a pri e st w o admi niste r e d
“
st t d
a e on t h e auth ority o f h R eque ,

a coast vill age wh ere on e of th e co ast lan ua es w as sp oken in

g g
-

1 6 44 th at th e same idi om w as use d by th e In di an s of Balsas

,

w h o we r e d e scen d ants of coast In di an s transfe rr e d to th e M a

-

rafion not tw o h und r e d ye ar s pri or to 1 644 in con s e quen ce of

,

th e r aids of th e Inca up on th e ir settl emen ts

65
Sh ould this st ate
.

ment b e oth e rwis e confirm e d it might be worth while to look

for th e origin of some loc al n ames along or near th e Marafi on ,
 38 THE IND IA NS A ND A B OR I GINA L R UINS
a mong languages of P eru N ame s lik e Tup eng
th e coast . ,

Mend an and th e like, d o not seem to b e Q ui chua H ow far .

”
b eyond th e Mar anon th e rep orte d coloni es from th e coast
“

may h ave reach e d, I h ave not b een able to as cert ain .

I le ft Bals as on th e twenti e th of O ctobe r, re turning to C a

jamarca lei surely in fiv e d ays, h eavy r ains and del ays of th e
p ack tr ain det aini ng me at C elen din for tw o d ays , dur ing which
it w as not p ossibl e to d o any work in th e field My trip to th e .

Am az on as D ep artment h ad b een a r econn oiss ance onl y whi ch ,

p rov ed th at there is in th at secti on of northern Pe ru a ri ch

,

fi eld for arch aeological and e thnological inv estigati on But, .

ev en if such inv estig ati ons sh ould b e und ertaken th e i r r esul t ,

will remain in doubt so long un til documents can b e p rocur e d ,

that contain much more de taile d (while of cour se auth en ti c )

inform ation about th e Indi ans of C h ach ap oyas in th eir p rim
itiv e con di tion th an as y et known Without th e supp or t of .

document ary informati on, th e p ast of a p eopl e and its cultur e

r emain alw ays a matter of con j ectur e, at least to a c ert ai n
ex tent .

AD F BA ND EL I E R
. . .

New Y ork C i ty, February 1 2, 1 907 .

page
of

resid e n

C . a
Mr
1

fter
An

t
W
W
tonio
erth e

of

R aimond i , E l
R aimond i
tt
A l i ud e , 2 32 8

Peru

e rth e
mann
.

mann
, a
:

Per il (ut
.
q
E ual to
El
N O T ES
P eril (To mo
meters or 7 63 6 f ee t T h e fig

p
su ra ) ,

F
me an
.
.

G erman ci vi l and mi ni ng engi neer

B ut
I II , L i
.

annua l

I d
b ro

o not
1 1 , C up

temperature :
ures
.

k now th e leng h
XX
are

and
V III
th ose
lon g

t
,

of time th e b
v tions emb raced
o ser a .

C a lled i n Mexico A h uac ate Persea rati ssima

g , .

L ucuma obov ata ; see R aimond i E le mentos d e , B otani cal (L ima ,

1 85 7 . Ind ice d e los nombres vulgar es
“
.

O c hroma p iscatoria (R ai mond i ut sup ra

) , .

A lso called V i ta y a . R aimond i , P eril (V olume III L i b II p age

, .
,

tt
A l i ud e , 1 9 63 me ters or 6 4 38 fee t .

7
In th e A tlas d el Peril by R aimond i , fol . 1 " th e al i ud tt e of th e
vi llage is gi ve n a t 2 89 1 meters or 9 48 2 feet .
 NE A R CHA CHA P O YA S IN NOR THERN PER U 39

A tlas d e l Peril
R aimond i, f ol 7 , th e A guarunas are
,
laced S of . p .

th e gr ea t b end of th e M aranon, a ou i n L a i ud e b t tt
It x g t is b usual to e a gera e th e num er s of Ind ians roamin in th e
g
forests Th t t h ft
. th I h v
eir cons an s i ings are th e cause of is a e , f or .

i nst ance h eard it grav ely asserted th at th e C amp us or C h anc h os num

, ,

b ered h und red s of th ousand s .

w ould not b e e asy for inst ance to id ent ify many of th e t rib e s
me ntioned by T sch ud i Peru R eiseskizz en aus d en J ah ren 1 888 —
" It 1
, ,

1 8 42

W
,
, ,

(V ol II pp 222 et seq ) w ith th e names of clusters of w ild I nd i ans

.
, . .

named in th e C omp end i o h i stéri co d e los Trab aj os, F atig as, S ud ores y
Muer te s q ue los Mi ni stros ev angélicos d e la Serd flca R eligi on h an p ad e
ctd o p or la C onversion d e las A lmas d e los G entiles en las Montanas
los A nd es, p erteneci entes a las Provinci as d el Peru (Lima, 1 8 5 2 ,
'

d e .

by Fa ther J osé A mic h , J S . .

C h ach a, accord in g to T sch ud i, D ie Kech ua Sp rach e, -

orterb uch

(1 8 5 3 ,
p age means : “
to s h ake th e d us t from c loth es
”
. F or Chacha
p oy a , w hile he mentions th e w ord h e gi es no anslation (p . v tr .

Nor d oes F ather D iego

Q ui ch ua (Lima ,
— y
b
Torres R u io, A r te y Vocab ular io d e la L engua
In A mara, C h ach a means man or us and h b .

—
See F a h er t Lud ovico t B er onio, S egund o. Par te d el Vocabulario A y mara
(J uly 1 6 1 2 £ 0 1 , . T o d ay , Puy n i s used
-
g t
to d esi na e a ea er in f th
A ymara is so t t and ransla ed i n th e V ocab ularto d e las Voces a sua les

d e A y mard al C astellano y Q uich ua (L a Paz, 1 8 9 4, p age There is

h ard ly any comfort to be d e rived from these d ata But . there is a

s ingular by G arcilasso d e la V e ga in C omentartos reales

t t
s a e ment ,

(V olume I I consult th e Ed itio p ri ncep s pub lished at Lisb on in 1 6 09

.

w i th colophon from 1 6 08 Lib V III C ap II f olio H e calls th e , .

, .
,

—
C h ach ap oyas C h ach as ad d ing : q ue tamb i en ad miti an e ste nomb re
” “ ' ” “
.

C h ach a as sta ted si gni fies man in A ymara Pulmy n” in Q uichua

“
.
, , ,

means cloud mist or fog G arcilasso (fol 1 97 ) also says th at Fa th er

, , . .

Bla s V a lera asser ted C hac h ap uya to signify p lace of s trong men ” .

Unti l oth erwi se informed I p lace no fai th in th is exp lana ti on .

‘
O nly name s of localiti es are give n w i th out d irect refere nce to
1
,

any trib al app ellative th e e x amp le record ed i n th e note pr eced i ng ,

ex ce pt ed .

See A ntonio d e H erre ra : H i stori a gener al d e los Hech os d e los

C astellanos en las I slas 1/ la Ti erra fir me d el M ar O céano (Ed i tion of
1 7 2 6 V ol II D écad a V p ages 7 4 9 7 1 7 2
, .
, B ut h e also w ri t es , , , ,

C h ach ap oy as .

1‘
H errera, H istori a general (V o l . II D ecad a V p age
, , put s th e
d t
a e of 1 5 35 . In th e Primeros
D escrub ri mtentos 11 C onq ui stas d e los
C h ach ap uy as p or v c l O ap itan A lon so d c A lv ar ad o (in olume IV o f th e

R eluctance geogrd fl oas d e I nd ie s, U l imo A énd ice,

t p p ages 1 1 e t
no d ate is given b ut th e d ep arture of A lv arad o on th is p reliminary t e
,

co nnoissance is p laced :
“
d esp ues d e h ab er (Piz arro ) d es ped id o e n c l
‘

C uzco a D D iego d e A lma gro q ue ib a a su d escubri miento d e C h it

gnana O d e O Mlli
. .

T h e agreement be tw ee n Piz arro and A lmm gro — ,

sub seq uent to w hich A lmagro le ft f or C hile b ears d at e J une 1 2 1 5 3 5 , , ,

40 TH E I NDIA NS A ND A B O R I GINA L R UINS
hence varad o b egan h is first j ourney to C h ach ap oy as it see ms i n
Al , ,

th e second h alf of th at y ear H e w as acc omp anie d by th ir tee n me n :

.

Primer os D escubrimi ento s y conq uistas d e lo s C h aoh ap ny as (p age II ) .

y
This exp ed i tion only w ent as far as C och ab amb a (Id em p III ) : .
“

él d esp ue s d e h ab er h a b lad o largo con los se iiores y t ornad o d e llos

,

noti ci a d e la ti e rr a d e ad e lante y e sf orz and olos con la amis t ad d e los ,

e sp a nole s v olv i o a Tr uj i llo d e d ond e no p a ro h as t a la mar a i nf ormar

, ,

al go b ernad or d e lo q ue p as ab a T h e Primeros D escn b rimi entos

are t ak en from th e thi rd p art of C i ez a of L e on C r oni ca d e l P eril M S ,
.

(p age II ) F ollow ing up on the se ch apte rs f rom C iez a i s a M emor ia

.

d e las C osas p rimeras q ue acontecie r on en los C h ac h ap oy as w ritte n by ,

an I nd i an ca lled J uan d e A lv ar ad o and i n w hi ch i t i s sa i d th a t A lo ns o

d e A lv arad o a ske d leave to e xp lore C h ac h ap oy as ano y med i o p oco

“
,

mas 6 me nos d esp ue s d e pob lad a esta c iud ad d e L i ma

, (p age X I V ) .

T h e a ct of found ation of L ima b e ars d a te J a nuary 1 8 1 5 3 5 : I/ib r o p ri ,

me r o d e Gab i ld os d e L i ma (V ol I L ima 1 8 8 8 ; p age Thi s w ould .

, ,

p lace th e first j ourne y of A lv arad o in th e second h alf of 1 5 3 6 I d o not .

r e ly much on I nd i an d a te s ; the y are us u a lly v a gue A ll th a t s ee ms .

p ositiv e is th at th e exp ed ition took p lace e ithe r la te in 1 5 3 5 or e arly

i n 1 5 3 6 —T h e la te D on M arc os J ime ne z d e la E sp ad a ed i tor of th e i n
,

-
.
,

valuab le collection of R elaci ones geogrd ficas (a lre ad y quote d ) in V o l , .

IV p age X X V III a ssigns to th e fir st e xp ed i t ion to C h a ch ap oy as th e

, ,

d a te of 1 5 3 5 .

T h e d ate of th at se tt leme nt i s give n as 1 5 36 by C iez a Pr i mer a

15
,

P ar te d e la C r éni ca d e l Per il (in V ed ia, H i stori a d ore s p ri mi tiv o s d e

I n d i as, V olume II p age yf , t Pob lo und o la c iud ad d e la F ron era
d e lo s C h ac h ap oy as e l c api t an A lonso d e A lb ar ad o e n nomb re d e su
maj e st ad si e nd o su gob e rnad or d e l Peru e l ad e lant ad o d on F r anci sco
,

Piz arro ano d e nuestra re p ar acion d e 1 5 3 6 anos

, O n p age 4 6 9 C h ap .
”
, .

IX of th e H i storia d el D escub rimi ento y C on q ui sta d e la P ov inci a r

d el Peril y d e las G uerr as g C osas senalad as en e l la by A ugusti n d e

, ,

zarate (in V ed i a V o lume II a lso ) it is st ated :

, M as ad e lante o tra s
, ,
“

ochen t a leguas h ay una p rov i nci a q ue se d ice d e los C h ac h ap oy as d ond e

,

h ay un a p ob lacion d e cristi anos q ue se int itula L e v anto Est a p ro

v inci a p ob lo d e cristi ano s e l mari sca l A lonso d e A lb ar ad o a q ui en
es t ab a encome nd ad a — ”
! arat e came to Peru in 1 5 44 on an i mp or t ant
mi ssion —
.

H errera H i stori a gener a l (V o lume I D escrip cion p age 4 2

,
) , ,

En est a P rovi nci a e nt ro e l M ariscal A lo nso d e A lv arad o ano d e 1 5 3 6

“
,

p or ord e n d e l M arq ues D on Francisc o P i c arro 1 la p aci fi ed i p ob 1 6 la , ,

d ich a C iud ad e n un si ti o fuert e llamad o L e v anto i les ues se p aso a

p , ,

la Prov i ncia d e los G uanc as (I d em V olume II D ecad a V p age

”
.
, , ,
“
Y p oco d esp ues d e e sto quand o A lonso d e A lv arad o accab o d e p acificar
,

est as Prov i ncia s fund o e n e llas una C iud ad

,
q ue llam6 San J uan d e la ,

Front era en um si t io d i ch o L ev anto L ugar asp e ro i ue p ara f b ‘

,
q a ricar , ,

las C asas f ué ne cesari o a llanar le con Picos aunq ue p re st

,
o la mud 6 a
los G uancas p orque se h allo se r C omarc a mas sana —Gn an
,

”
,
c as i s now
a v ery sma ll p lace th ree miles north of C h ach apoya —
.

s J imenez d e la
Esp ad a in R elaciones geogr d ficas (V o l I V p a e X X III i nc lin
g ) es to th e .
,
 NEA R CHACHA P O YA S IN N O R THERN PER U 41

b elief th at Ch achap oyas w as only found ed in 1 5 38 and it is ind eed

,
,

singular th at no menti on is mad e of th e found ation

in th e Memo rl a ,

also th a t i n th e Tercera P arte d e la C ronica d el P eru (C h ap L

X XX IV . ,

quoted by J ime nez ) it is stated th at A lvarad o fund o y p ob lé en el “

—
v alle d e L ev anto la ciud ad d e la Frontera” after th e b attle of Salinas ,

A pril 1 5 3 8 ! In th e Primeros D esoub ri mientos (p age X II ) Ciez a states ,

th at A lv arad o told th e Ind i ans th at h e w ould estab lish a Sp ani sh

tow n after h e h ad furth er emp lore d th e country I t is th erefore lik ely
,
.

th at th e op inion of th e d istinguished Spanish anti quari an is correc t

and 1 5 38 th e d ate w e mus t accept f or th e found ation of Ch ach p y
a o as .

If not th en th e p resumpti on arises th at a pre liminary se ttlement may

,

have t ak en place at L ev anto in 1 5 86 w hich in 1 5 38 w as mov ed to th e ,

present si te In th e Nota d e las Pob laoiones d e Esp artoles en el P eru

'

.
,

1 5 7 1 or 1 5 72 (V ol I R elacione s geogrd flcas p

, .
,
C hach apoyas is , .

cred i ted w ith 1 5 0 Sp ani sh i nh abi t an ts w hich p rob ab ly includ e s a l i

l n

th e count ry In th e R elaci on d e los I nd i es trib utari os q ue h ay al p re

.

sente R einos v Prov i nci as d el P eru, fech a p er mand a d o d el

en estos

senor M arq ués d e C arl ete , la cual se h izo p or L uis d e M or ales Figuer oa .

p or cl Lib ra d e las Tasas d e la Vi si ta general, etc , (i n V olume

V I of .

th e C olecoi on d e D ocumentos inéd i tos d el A r ch iv o d e I nd ias, a e 5 5 ) p g

L evanto is p ut d ow n as con taining fifty -
one tributary I nd ians .
Thi s
w as be t w een 1 5 9 0 and 1 5 9 6 .

C i ez a, Primera Par te (p age

G uaman or Huaman means h aw k (T orre s R ub ico, A rte g Vocabu
these mes Primeros D esoub ri mientos and
'

la/ri o, fol . F or na see also

'
Herrera, H istori a (Vol bro v i Ch ap lx i and x 1 1 )
. 1 1 , D ecad a v , Li , . .

T he re is a d iscre p ancy in th e sp elling to w hich I d o not a ssign th e i m

portance attached to it by J imenez d e la Esp ad a Th e M SS of C i ez a . .

also sp ells th e same name in tw o d ifi erent w ays some time s .

“
T h e d ifferences b e tw een local names give n by H errera and th ose
1
,

given by Ciez a are of more import ance th an those b e tw een p ersonal

,

names T hus H errera h as (ut sup ra p age 1 7 4 ) L ongiay mb a ” w h ere as

“
.
,

th e Primeros D escubrimientos (p V ) h av e L ongi a E (i t a lic my ow n)

“ '
.

X unbia ” T h ere i s a h amlet called L onva six miles w es t oi: th e cap ital
“

(Ch ac h ap oy as ) I t is not c lear w h e th er

. th e L o ny a
”
of C iez ais w h at
“

o ya h L y a g d e w h ic h flatter lie s
" “ ” “
to d ay is call d
-
e L n c i co or on ra n ,

much furth er aw ay near th e Maranon and can h ard ly h ave b ee n th e

, ,

p lace w hence a hostile tribe came to attack those of w v anto Q wita .

might b e th e C he to of to d ay fiv e mi les east of Lev anto t llao of

Herrera (p 1 7 6 ) is Onili o of C ieza —In th e Proceso con tr a el C ap itan
-

, ,

A lonso d e A lv ar ad o (D ocumentos ined i tos p ar a le Hi storia d e ‘

eéca

C hile v ol V II , p 5 6 ) from 1 5 45 a cacique of C M lla is menti oned

“ ”
.
, . , .

There i s a p lace c alled C h i llo, i n a h and some gorge of th e U tcub amb a

riv er on th e route from B alsas to C h ach ap oyas B aguan may b e B agua .
,

not far from th e confl uence of th e U t cub amb a w ith th e M arafion A ll .

these names w ould tend to ind icate that A lvarad o entered th e region
from northern C aj amarca R aimond i Peru (V olume I p age at .
, ,

tempts to trace th e route w hich A lvarad o follow ed to re ach Ch ach a

42 TH E IND IA NS A ND A B OR I G INA L R UINS
o yas I p osadsi b ld
e i d t
th e
e n i fi ca ti on of C h ilio w i th th e C hi llo of
p .

alth ough th e o b serv at ion of th e d i st ingui sh e d

to d ay
-
n a tura lis t th a t ,
,

C h illao w as ment ioned j oi nt ly w i th L uy a i n th e e ighte e nth ce nt u y

r is ,

not to b e ov erlo ok ed T h e Tonc h e of H erre r a a nd C ie z a mig ht b e

.

S ono h e i n th e v i
, ci n i ty o f t h e ca p i t a l I n th e d ocu m e nt a lread y quot e d .

R elaci on d e los I nd i e s trib utari os ( (p p 5 5 &c ) there i s b e sid e s L e .

,
. ,

b anto C h ilch o S anch e B agua and a fe w more th a t re semb le some in

, , , ,

th t k H ra ) C h armal
h
t e au o rs m e n i on e d li e : C h os c o n (C oa c on,
o f e rre ,

C aseay ung as and

(C h o/rra smal of H errera ) , and C h illa o . B esid e s,

G uancas me ntioned Th ere is in th e M emori a d e las C osas p rime

are .

r as (p age X V I ) a n i mp or t a nt s t at e me nt by its a uth or th e I nd i a

n J ua n ,

v y d esd e C uch ab amb a h ast a C ax a marq ui lla ; h ay

“
d e A l arad o He sa s : .

trece leguas c amino tod a la noc he y p re nd i ole ant es q ue ama necie se .

H e nce th e d ist ance from C aj amarquilla to C och ab a mb a must h av e b ee n

quite short H e also sta te s th at th e I nd i ans f rom C aj amarqui lla as
.

f ar a s L ameb amb a (L e yme b amb a ) ob e d e c ieron a este C ac que Now

”
“
i .
,

C aj amarqui lla or litt le C aj amarca li e s south of C h ac h ap oy as a nd

”

w est of th e upp er course of th e M araiion C uch ab amb a mus t f rom . ,

these ind icati ons h ave b ee n a sh ort d istance nor th of C aj amarquilla

,
.

I t i s a lso signifi cant th at A lvarad o in ev ery one of h is j ourne ys to

C h ach ap oy a s started f rom th e co as t a t Truxillo h ence h i s sh or test ,

r out e ent e re d th e C h ac h ap oy as re gi on from th e south not f rom th e ,

w e st .

T h e b e st e v id e nce of co nt ac t b e tw e e n th e I nc a a nd th e p eop le of
19

C h ach ap oyas i n p re Sp an ish t imes i s th e p re s ence of C h a ch a p oyas I n

-

d i ans ne ar C u co w h ere th e y w e re se tt led a lre ad y b efore 1 5 33

’

z , C i ez a .
,

Primer a Par te (p age w ri t es of th e C h ac h ap o y as I nd i an s near

C u co as fo llow s : Y asi d esp ues q ue tuv ieron sob re si e l mand o re a l
“
z ,

d e l I nga f ueron much os a l C uz co p or su mand ad o ; ad ond e les d i o

,

t ie rras p ara lab rar y lugares p ara cas as no muy lej os d e un collad o
q ue e sta p eg ad o a la ciud ad llamad o C arme ng a Y p orq ue d e l t od o
, .

no est ab an p acifi cas Ias p rov inci as d e la serra ni a confi n antes a los

C ha ch ap oy a s los i ngas mand aron con e llos y con a lgu no s ore j ones d e l
C uzc o h ace r fronter a y guarni cion p ara tenerlo t od o seguro —I n S e
,

”
, .

gund a P ar te h e sp e ak s of tw o a tt e mpts by th e I nca to conq ue r C h ac ha

p oyas Fir st by Tup ac Yup anqui (p age 2 1 1 ) C ue nt an sin esto q ue
.
“
, ,

e ntro p or l o d e G uanuc o y q ue mand o h ace r e l p a lac io tan p ri mo q ue

‘

h oy v emos h echo ; q ue ye nd o a los C h ach ap oy a s le d i eron t anta guerra , ,

q ue ai na d e tod o punt o los d esb ara t aran t ales p alab r as le s p ud o d ec ir

’
, ,

q ue e llos mismos se le of rec ieron Thi s w ould ind icate a tre aty of ”
.

p e a ce after ind ecisiv e fi ghting H i s succ essor H uayna C ap ac w h o d ied

‘
.
,

ab out 1 5 2 6 mad e w ar up on th e C h ach ap o y as aga in and w as at fi rst

,

d efe ate d (p E n los C h ach ap oy as h a llo G uay na C ap ac gran re

“
.

siste nci a ; t anto q ue p or d os v eces v olv io huy e nd o d esb ara t ad o a los

,

fuertes q ue para su d efe nsa se h acian ; y con f avore s q ue le vinieron ,

se r ev olv i o sob re los C h ach ap oy as y los que branto d e tal manera

q ue ,

p id ieron p az cesand o p or su p arte la guerra D iose con cond ici one s

, .

provec hosas ai I nca q ue mand o p asar muc hos d e llos a q ue resid ie sen
,
44 TH E INDIA NS A ND A B O R I GINA L R UINS
n anz as q ue c l senor Vi se R ey D e n Fr anci sco d e T ole d o h izo p ar a el
-

b uen ge b i ern o d e estas R ey nos d el Pe ru 11 R ep ub li cas d e c l (R e laci e nes

d e les Vi rey es y A ud i enci as q ue h an g ob ernad o c l P er u, L ima , 1 8 6 7 ,
Tti ulo XXIII p , ag e 9 3 , V o lI ) , th e Ch h p y
ac a o a s and C a i.
ares of C uz co

t
are men i oned x pt f
as e e m ro mt b t
r i u e to th e k p
ing of S ain, b e ca use

they h ad serv id o e n la guerra en tiemp o d e la conquista como d e

“
, ,

ot ros muchos q ue se les h ab ian llegad o d eb aj o d e la d i ch a o ca sion ,

.

I nfor maci ones acer ca d e l S e ne ri e y G eb ierno d e le s I ng as (p age

2°

O ne of th e w i t ne sses i s d on D i ego L ucan a p ri ncip a l d e lo s

“
,

mitimae s C ana ris y C h ach ap oyas y L laguas q ue estan e n e l re p a rti

miento d e los L uri nh uanca s e n la Purific acion d e H uach o —
,

,
In .

1 5 90 -
1 5 9 6 th ere w ere C h a ch ap oy as I nd ians to ge th e r w i th C anaris a s , ,

tribut ary Ind ians in th e D istrict of T ruxillo : R e lacion d e los I nd i e s

tributar ie s (p age Their numb er is gi ven as thi rty I t is not e .

w orthy tha t w hi le i n T ruxillo th e C h ach apoy as paid t rib ute th e y w ere

,

e xe mpt f rom i t i n C uzco T h e e st a b lishment of M itimae s or M i ti

.
“

mas at C op acav ana is attributed by R amos H istori a d e C op acab ana

”
,

y d e su mi lagr osa I md j en d e la Vi rj e n (L a P az 1 8 6 0 C h ap 7 p age , ,

.
,

to Tup a c Y up anqui b ut w i th suc h a form id ab le list of t rib a l a nd local

,

names app end ed th at th e e xagge ra tions are manif est (T h e b ook .

quoted is a quasi re p rint of R amos by F athe r R af ae l Sans Some of .

th e first ch apte rs of R amos are la ck ing T h e r emai nd er w as com .

p ared by th e R R d Bish op of L a P az F ray Nicolas A rme nti a w i th an

.
, ,

original e d it ion at S ucre and found to b e correct w i th f e w e x c e pti o ns .

W
I d o not hesitate th erefore to quote th e ab ov e as d ue to th e p en of
R amos .

”
1
Th e e x aggera tions i n num b ers and mi sreprese nta ti on of th e na
ture of these se calle d
-

colonies ar e v er y grea t .

M i tma fi es “
me r f ro m t b rought from
—T
sig ni a co th e ou s id e , or one
th e ou sid et orr es R u i o, b A r te y V ocab ulari o
(f o l . T sch ud i ,
er ter b uch (p age I n A ymara M i th ma means , a t
s r ange r or

foreigner , one w h o is not a na t iv e of th e p lace No thi ng . i n th e origina l

sense of th e w ord im lie s
p a forcib le transfer to th e si e t w h ere th e
M ith ma i s lo cated ,
ne i ther in Q ui chua nor in A ymar a . See , i n re gard
to A ymara : B ertonio , V e cab ulari o (f ol .

It i s to C iez a that a muc h

t of th e M itimas or e x agge ra ted a ccoun

M itma or M itmac i s d ue S egund a P ar te (C h ap XXII ) . H e d ed i cates . .

th at ch apter to a refutation of an anterior st atement by F ranci sco

L op ez d e G omara H i stori a ge nera l d e las I nd i as (in V ed i a H i stor
.
, .

p ri mi tiv e s & ca V olume I p age

, G omara sta tes th a t th e Mi timas
,

w e re s lav e s w h e reas C iez a ma k es of the m an i ns ti tution f r amed by

,

th e I ncas ab out th e mid d le of th e fifteenth ce ntury Th is w ould imp ly .

a r ather rece nt origin Nei th er G omar a nor C iez a are fully i n th e

.

right There w ere few slaves if any among th e Peruv ian I nd i ans
.
,
”
, .

as th ere w as b ut litt le lab or to p erform by o th er th an by me mb r

e s of
th e clan or househ old A s to C iez a h is ad miration f or th e I nca le d h im
.
,

i nt o gross ex aggerat ions I f th e M itimas w ere an insti tuti on” found ed

.
“

by th e Inca w ith in less th an a century previous to th e ad v e nt of th e

 NEA R CHACHA P O YA S IN NO R THER N PER U 45

Sp ani ard s ,
possib le that h is p icture of th e magnitud e of th e
it is im
“ ”
h yth lik t J u n d e B e t an z os auth or of
colonies s ould b e a n i n g e r u e a . ,

th e im p o r t a n t w or k e nt i t le d S u m o g N ar ra c i e n d e lo s Incas q ue los

indi e s lla m a n C ap a cc u n a & ca un f or tu n a t e ly i n co

,
m p le t e w as a con ,

temporary of C iez a and h ad th e superior ad v ant age of b eing a re sid ent

of C u z c o a n d m ar rie d to a n I nd i an g ir l f r o m t h e I nca t rib e H e no .

w here ih h i s p rolix rep orts on th e d oings of Y up anq ui (to w h om C

ieza
,

attribut es th e id ea of th e Mi tima s ) ment ions th e estab lish me nt of ,

suc h a p o
“
li c y B u t. as s t a te d o n ly p a r t o f t h e w or
, k o f B e t anz os is ,

e i ther accessible or in e x iste nce z ara te H i stori a (C h ap XII p age

. ,
.
,

En conquistand o a lguna p rov incia la primera cosa q ue h aci a

“
,

era p asar tod os los v asallos 6 los mas p rincip ale s a ot

ra p ob lacion ,
,

est a ma
anti gua a p ob lar aque lla t ierra d e los i nd ios y a suj e tes y d
,
,

ne ra l o asegurab a tod o Y esta tal gente q ue remud ab a d e unas t ierras

.

t
en o ras llama an mitimae s b zarate w h o came to Peru th ir tee n
”
.
,

years subsequent to th e land ing of Piz arro alre ad y incre ases th e ex ag ,

ger ati ons of C iez a H is statement is only a rep e tition of th at conta ined
.

in G onzalo F e rnand ez d e O vied o y V ald és : H i stori a genera l 11 natur al

d e I nd i as (reprint by D on J ose A mad or d e los R ios M ad rid 1 85 5 , , ,

V olume IV L ib X LV I C h ap XV II page é p ara tener seguras

“
, .
, .
,

las p rovinc i as e pueb los q ue p oni a d eb axo d e su d omi nio h i gO q ue las ,

gentes é ve cinos d e una p rovinci a fuessen a vi vir a la otra é p or Ie x e s ,

q ue f uesse lo uno d e lo otro los trocab a I t w i ll b e observed th at th e

,
.
”

e s tab lis hment of M i timas as a p olicy is h ere attri but ed to th e I nca

w ar ch ie f w h o d ied about 1 5 2 6 or h a lf a ce ntury later th an C iez a puts
-
,

it . O v ied o h ad h i s inf ormation from Sp ani ard s w h o w e re i n P eru i n

th e fourth d ecad e of th e sixteenth ce ntury In tw enty years or le ss .

such a me asure could not h av e b ee n enforced to th e e xt ent c laimed .

From offi cial d ocuments from th e second half of th e six te enth century
it result s tha t th e Mi timas w ere not by f ar as numerous nor as w id ely
d istributed T h e D escrip ci on g R elaci on d e la Provi nci a d e les Y auy os
.

tod a A nan Yauy os y L orin Y auy os h eeh a p er D iego D av i la B r izeno

, , ,

corregid or d e G uar e ch eri 1 5 86 (R e l geogr af , V ol 1 p age . spe a k s .

, .
,

of Mi timaes C h ocorb os T h e C h ocorb os w ere simp ly ne ighb ors of

.

Yauyos w h o t resp assed on th e range of th e latt er after both h ad b een ,

overrun by th e I n ca T h e same i s th e c ase in th e d i stric t or (Sp anish )

.

province of J auj a D escrip ci on q ue se h ize en la p rov inci a d e X aud a

.
'

&ca by A nd res d e V ega 1 5 8 2 (I b id em p age

, , w h ere I nd i ans from ,

Yauyos h ad estab lished themselves D escrip cion fe ch a d e la p rov inci a .

d e Vilcas Guaman by D on Ped ro d e C arb aj al 1 5 86 (I b id

, p age , .
,

Tod os estos i nd ios d esta p rov incia son i nd i os ad v e ned iz os y tr as

“

puestos p or el Inga d el C uzco He excepts four vi llages There are .

”
.

a numb er of other ofii cial rep orts of th e same p eriod on oth er pro v inces ,

only one of w h ich menti ons Mitimas T h e D escrip ci on y R e lacion d e .

la Ciud ad d e L a P az 1 5 8 6 (R el g eograf V ol II p age

, . sp e ak s of .
, .
,

C op acav ana b ut w ith out re ferring to M itimas

, I n th e R elaci on q ue .

enbie a man d ar su magesta d se h izi ese d esta ciud ad d e C uenca 11 d e

tod a su p rov incia, by An tonio B e llo G a yoso in 1 5 8 2 (R el geegr , V ol
. . .
 46 THE INDIA NS A ND A B O R IG INA L R UINS
111. p age follow ing sta teme nt concerning th e Canares
th ere is th e
of south ern Ecuad or : Y a esta causa se llamaron estos naturales d e
“

los terminos d e C uenc a C anar es y a si h ab lan la d ich a lengu a d e los ,

canares entrellos y la conv e rsan ; p e ro t od os s ab en y h ab lan la lengua

d el I ng a general y entre no sotros y o tras gentes t rat an y conv ersan

,

con la d ich a lengua ; p orque d i ce n q ue l I nga e xp resamente les mand ab a

q ue la h ab lasen y p ara e llo p ob l6 p or aq ui ge nte d e l C uzco q ue agora

, ,
‘
llamanos M i timas q ue q ui ere d e ci r tr aspue stos d e una p rov inca e n otr a
‘
, ,

y asi t iene n y e stan cerca d este p ueb lo un p ue b lo llamad o C oxitamb o d ond e ,

estan los d i ch os mitimas ; y quiere d ec ir C ox tamb o

‘
asiento d ich oso ;
’
i ,

d e los cuales d ep rend ieron la le ngua ge ner al conque agora se trat an

entre noso tr os There seems to h a ve b e en an exch ange some of th e
. ,

C anare s removi ng to C uz co and Q ui c huas se ttling in south er n Ecuad or

—
.
,

T h e R elaci ones geegr aficas con t ain o ver thi rty offi ci al d escript ions of .

as many sep ara te d is tric ts of Peru from th e years 1 5 82 to 1 5 8 6 and , ,

those above are th e only ones mentioning M iti mas T h e R elacion d e .

les I nd ie s trib utarie s (1 5 9 1 p ages 4 3 44 5 5 5 6 and mentions i n

, , , , ,

all P eru i nclud ing Ecuad or and B oliv i a tw enty one se tt leme nts of M it
, ,
-

imas : five in th e d istri ct of L ima si x i n th a t of T rux illo six in H ua , ,

manga one in H uanuco tw o in C h ach ap oyas and one in Ecuad or

, , ,

among th e C anaris T h e tot al numb e r i s giv en at

. trib ut ary In
d ians or a li ttle o v er e ight th o usand souls Th is is very f ar from th e .

st at ement of C i ez a Primer a P ar te d e la C r onic a (C h ap X LI p age

, .
,

q ue luego q ue conqui st ab an un a p rov incia d es tas grand es man

“
393 )
d ab an salir 6 p assar d e alli d ie z 6 d oce mi l h omb res con sus muj eres ,

6 seis mi l 6 la cantitad q ue q uer ia n T h e gross e x aggera tion is p lain

”
, . .

Th at remnants of trib e s w ere re mov ed after an Inca foray to a d i s , ,

t ant region is very like ly Such t ransfe rs also occurred in M exico and
among th e North A meri can I nd i ans —
.

-
G arci lasso d e la V e ga w h o in .
,

some cases i s ev en more e x ub er ant th an C iez a af t er g iv ing a glow ing

, ,

p tu e o t e colonies p lanted by th e Inca states ab out th e Miti

ic r f h ” “
,
“

maes” (C omentari os r eales V ol I f ol 1 6 5 ) Y e ste h e 1 0 d icho p orque

, .
, .
“

en es tos Collas y en tod os los mas v a lles d el P er u q ue p or ser frios no

, ,

eran tan f erfi les y ab und antes como los pue b los calid os y b ien prou

cid os : mand aron q ue p ue s la gran s err ani a d e los A nd es comarcaua

con la mayor p ar te d e los pue b los q ue d e cad a v mo salies se c ier ta can ,

tid aa d e Ynd ios con sus mugeres y es tos tales pues tos e n las p artes , ,

q ue sus C aciques les mand auan y s e fi alab an lab rauan los camp os , ,

e n d ond e semb rauan lo q ue taltana e n sus n aturalez as

p rouey end o con ,

e l fruto q ue cegian a sus se n ores 6 capi t an es y eran llamad os Mit ,

i maes ” O n p age 1 66 h e s ays :

. T r asp l antau an los tamb ien p or otro
“

resp e to y e ra q uand o s uian conqui st ad o al una

, g p rouinci a b elicosa d e ,

quien se t emia q ue p or estar lexes d e l G ozce y p or ser d e ge nte feroz ,

y b rana no auia d e ser tan leal

, y much as vezes la sacauan t od a ,

y la p assauan a otra p rouinci a d e las d omésticas A tod os estos .

Y nd ios t rocad os d est a mane r a llamauan M itma c assi a los q lleuauan ,

—
como a los q ue tr ays quie re d e ai r trasp lant ad os 6 , ad uened iz os q ue ,

Settlements of M itimas in th e low land s w ere few since

”
t o d o e s v n o . -
 NE A R CHA CHA P O YA S IN NOR THERN PER U 47

th e I nd i an f rom t h e h igh p la t eaux d oes no t e as ily re s i st a ch ange of

climate f rom co ld to h ot Th e inv erse also is d e tri me nt al to h i m

.
,

though not in th e same d egree Settlement of fore ign Ind ians on th e .

range of other e v en d i st ant trib es,

i s alw ays p ossib le and v ari ous ,

causes may lead to i t Th e I roq uois (w i th w h ose me thod s of conque st

.

those of th e I ncas h av e much greater analogy th an commonly sup

posed ) allow ed th e T uscaroras and th e Moh ek unnuck s and a p art of ,

th e New England t rib es (up on w hom th e y h ad mad e b lood y w ar ) to

se ttle w i th in their h unti ng ground s and th eir p ossessions w ere sub “

sequent ly secure d to e ach b and by t rea ty (L ew is H M organ L eague

”
. . ,

of th e Ir oq uoi s p ages 44 and ,

T h e Eries or rathe r a p art of th e m , ,

w ere incorp orated w ith th e Senecas (M organ Sy stems of C onsangui ni g

t ,

and A wh/ itu of th e H uman F ami ly 1 8 7 1 p age I t is notew orthy , , ,

that w ith th e exception of th e I nca w arriors that h ad b een comp elled ,

through d istance and inevitab le long ab sence from C uzco to sett le in ,

Ecuad or there are v ery f ew t race s of Inca se ttleme nts outsid e of th e

,

C uz co range In thi s also th e analogy w i th th e I roquois (and w i th

. ,

th e ancie nt M exicans ) i s strik ing H errera Hi stori a gener al (V olume . ,

”
II D ecad a V p age consid ers th e Mitimas as chose n
“
sold iers
, ,

from foreign trib es on account of greater fid elity T h e bi tter feeling .

th at prevailed among th e few hund red s of C anares and C h ach apoyas

near C uz co against th e I nca is h ard ly i n fav or of thi s v iew
,
.

Th e names ind ic ate i t alread y

2“
Pumacoch a means L ake of th e .
“

Puma and L eyme bamb a is a corruption of R ay mi Pamp a : p lain or

,
-

leve l of th e d a nc e called R ay mi said to h ave b ee n th e most i mp ort ant ,

one ce le brated e very year I t is not improb ab le th at L eymeb amb a w as

.

on th e confi nes of Q uichua sp eaking t rib es north of H uanuco and it i s -

w e ll to no te th at its p eop le are ca lled M itimas i n 1 5 9 1 (R e laci on d e

le s I nd ie s trib utari e s p age ,

Th at L eymeb amb a w as p eop led w hen A lv arad o came to C h ach a

b“

poyas is p lain from th e M emori a d e las ce sas p rimeras by J uan d e A I ,

v arad o R el G eograf V olume IV p age X V ) From th e manner i n

.
, .

w h ich h e me ntions th e w illing ness of th e p e op le of th at v i cinity to

listen to th e me ssage s of M ango I nca to ri se agai nst th e Sp ani ard s , ,

it seems p rob ab le th at th e y w ere Q uichua I nd i ans Ne ver the less G ar .

,

cilasso assure s us (C omentari os V olume I D e a lli p asse

“
f ol , , .

ech o leguas conq uist and o tod os los p ueb los q ue h allo h ast a v n p ueb lo ,

d e los p rincip ales q ue llama R ay mip amp a q ue q uie re d ez ir camp o d e

la fiesta y p asqua p rincip al d e l So l llamad a R ay mi y p orq ue , ,

Tupac Inca Yup anqui auiend o ganad o a que l pueb lo q ue esta e n v n h er

,

mesissimo v alle ce leb r6 en e l camp o aque lla fi esta d e l So l le llamaro n

, ,

assi q uitad ole el nomb re antiguo q ue t e ni a

, H ow f ar th is state
ment th at L e ymeb amb a h a d an oth er n ame b efore th e I nca v isited it
, ,

is true I cannot ascert ain

, Nei ther can I find anything re li ab le con
.

cerning P umacoch a T h e R e lac ion d e los I nd i es tri b utar i e s (p age 5 6 )

.

ascrib es to Pomacoch a 1 2 7 tr ib utary I nd ians in 1 5 9 1

“ ”
.

‘ i s cont ai ned in th e list of trib ut ary I nd i ans

“
2
X alca as L axalca , ,

from 1 5 9 1 (p age G arcilasso C om r eales (I fo lio 1 99 ) sp eak s of , .

,
48 THE INDIANS A ND A BO RIGINAL R UINS
S uta as from L eymeb amba Th is w ould corre sp ond to
three leagues .

h
t e S u t a o f te d ay app ro x im
-
a t e l y J a lca li e s i n th e P u na a s h or t d i s
.

t ance ab ove Suta T h e tw o storied circular build ings might b e i n

.
-

re ali ty comp osed of a massive b ase w i th an uppe r tier th t

a w as in

h ab ited as at Kuélap and M acro

,
.

" 9
G arcilasso C omentari os (I Lib V III fol c la i ms th at in . ,
.
, ,

p rimi tive times th e C h ach ap oyas w e re a sling around th e h ead as d is

tinctiv e h ead d ress M ore th an one trib e fr om th e Si err a w e re slings
.

a s he ad b and s .

See D ecr e te of J u ly 4 1 82 5
2°
and th e p re v ious one of A p ri l 8
, , ,

1 82 4 . These d isp ositions w ere often ch anged e specially in B oliv ia ,

.

“ 2
H e rr era H i stori a gener al (V olume II D ecad a V p age
, , ,

d escrib es a d ance w hic h th e I nd i ans of C och ab amb a p erf ormed on th e .

arriv a l of A lv a rad o at th eir vi llage C och ab amb a as w e h a v e seen .

, ,

d id not p ert ai n to th e C h ach ap oy as region b ut th e re is h ard ly any ,

d oubt th at th e C h ac h ap oy as h ad similar customs T h e d ance i s a lso .

me ntio ned i n Pri mer os D escub ri m/iente s (p III ) w h e n i t i s stat ed th e .

Ind ia ns w ere d e corated w i th gold and silv er orname nts T o d ay th e .

-

Q uichua I nd i ans of C h arassani in north ern B oli v i a s till w ear w h ile ,

d anci ng ornaments of silv er and gold esp e ci a lly th e w ome n

, ,
.

A b o ut th e re lig ious i d e a s of th e C h ach ap oy a s w e k now a lmost

2“

noth ing G arcilasso C omentari os (V ol I f ol E ste s C h ac h a

“
. .
.
, ,

p uyas ad orauan culebras y t e nia ai aue G untur p or su princip al D i e s ,

.
”

O n folio 1 9 9 h e ment ions th e I nd i ans of H uancab amb a H ua ncab a mb a .

li e s i n th e D e p art me n t of C aj amarca nor thw est of C h ac h ap oy as w es t ,

of th e M ara non Th at th e customs w ere th e same is w h i le not uh

.
,

lik e ly not p rov e n as y e t

, En su re li gion f ueron tan b esti ales 6 ma s
.

q ue en su v id a mora l a d orauan muchos d ieses cad a n aci on cad a , , ,

c ap i t ani a 6 q uad ri lla y cad a c as a t e ni a e l suyo

, , V nos ad or auan ani
, .

ma le s o tro s a ne s otros y eruas y p lant as otros c erros f ue nte s y r ios

, , , , , ,

cad a lo q se le a utoj aua : sob re lo qu a l ta mb ie n aula g rand es b at allas ,

y p end enci as e n comun y p articular sob re qual d e sus D ie ses e ra e l

mej or Th is hold s good not alone for th at p articular region b ut f or
.
,

th e Pe ruv i an I nd i a ns i n ge ne ra l ; th e I nc a not e xce pted a lth ough G ar ,

c i lasso w ou ld h av e us b e lie v e th e latt er stood on a much h ig her p lane .

"
C omentari os r e ales (I f ol D e l arb o lillo q ue les Es
2 “
, .

p a fiole s llaman T ab aco y los Y nd ios S ay ri , F a th er B e rnab é C ob e ,

SJ
. . H i stori c d e l Nuev e M und e (comp le ted 1 6 5 3 and p ub lish ed f or th e
,

first time in Se villa in 1 8 90 V o lume I L ib IV C h ap LV I p ages 402 to , , .

, .
,

d ist inguish es tw o k ind s une h orte nse q ue es e l q ue aqui h e

“
,

pint ad o y otre salv aj e q ue nace en lugares inculte s e l cual no crece

, , , ,

tan a lto ui p rod uce tan gra nd es hoj a s p ero es d e mas fue rte y e fi caz
v irtud q ue e l horte nse —
,

I saw much w i ld tob acco i n A maz onas C ob e

”
.
.

re gard s t ob a cco a s h igh ly med i ci nal e v e n th e r oots of th e w ild sp ecies , ,

of w h ich h e says (p 40 3 ) A la r aiz d e l t ab ac o silv estre llaman los

“
.

ind ie s d e l Peru C or e d e la cual usan p ar a much as e nferme d ad es ” O f

, , .

tob acco in general h e asserts (p E n la le ngua ge ne ra l d e l .

“

Pe ru se llama S ay ri ” H e mentions a p lant ca lled T ep asay ri th e p e w

.
,
 NEA R CHACHA P O YA S IN N O R THERN P ER U 49

d er of w hich is s ernu at
t tive : q ue son mas e ficaces p ara e ste q ue los
d el T ab aco Y mucho mas fuertes q ue los unos y los o tros son unos
.

p olvos blances d e cierta p lant a q ue vend en e n la p laz a d e Mexico los

ind i os herb olarios T h e latter i s e vid ent ly H e lleb ore such as th e
”
. ,

C allauay a I nd i ans f rom C urv a in Boliv ia to d ay p ed d le and se ll as a -

c ure f or h ead ach e .

C ob e also menti ons th e use of cornmeal by th e med icine me n and ,

of ma iz e in general (V olume I V p age 1 4 0 ) Par a las e nf ermed ad es ,

muy g rav es q ue con las med icinas y curas comunes no sanab an h aci a n ,

los h ech iceros me te r al e nfermo e n nu ap e sento se cre te q ue p ri me ro ,

p rep araban d esta manera : limp iab anle muy bien y p ara p urificalle , ,

tomaban en las mane s M aiz negro y traianlo refregand o con e l las

p ared es y suelo sop land o a tod as p artes mientras este h acian y luego
, ,

W
quemab an el M aiz en el mismo ap esento y te mand o luego M aiz b lanco , ,

h acian lo mismo y d eSp ues asp erj ab an tod o el ap esento con ag ua t e

,

v uelta con h arina d e M aiz y d e esta suerte le s p urificab an ”

, .

O n th e I sland of Titicaca my w ife once hurt he rse lf by striking

3°

a gainst a rock in th e ruins T h e med icineman w h o w as h e r st ead y .

comp anion and assi st ant in th e ex cav ations sh e cond uct e d insi st ed ,

s h e sh ould eat a piece of th e rock le st it hurt h e r again h en child re n , .

are se t on th e ground b efore th e age at w h ich the y are a llow ed to b e

taken into th e field s they are mad e to sw a llow some of th e e arth on

.
,

w hi ch the y are p laced T h e A ymara Sh am ans call th e sp irit the y in

.

voke at night in th e field s son of a guinea p ig ” “

T h e H ach a—
-

, .

T ata or great Sh amans of th e A ymara in B oliv i a at ,

this d ay k eep ow ls for p urp oses of w i tchcraft C ob e H i stori a d e l .

,

Nuev o M un d e (V ol IV p age C uand o oian c antar L echuzas

.
,
“
,

Buhos 6 otras av es extrafi as 6 aullar P erre s lo teni an p e r mal ag ii e ro , ,

y presagie d e su muerte 6 d e la d e sus hijos 6 v ecinos y p articularme nte ,

d e la d e aquel e n cuy a casa 6 lugar cantab an 6 aullab an ; y se lian

ofrecerles C eca y otras cosas pid iénd oles
q ue d afi asen y ma t ase n a ,

sus enemigos y no a e llos

”
.

Th is be lief to d ay obt ains in th e C hinch a v alle y south of L ima

“2 -

, .

Th e turke y buz z ard on th e coast

-

approac h es, d w e lli ngs w ith th e ,

greatest unconcern .

“
E slab on me ans in o ld Sp ani sh a p i e ce of iron used to stri ke fi re
8
, ,

w ith and th e sh ap e of th e trousers ma

,
y h av e giv en rise to th e na me .

For d e fi nition co mp are : Primer a P ar te d e l Teser e d e la L en ua caste l

g
lana e esp anola by Seb asti an d e C ov arruv i as O re z co
, ,
(M ad rid 1 6 7 4 , ,

fol .
I t w as originally w ri tten (at least some times ) E slav on .

R elaci on d e los In d i e s tri b utari es (ut supra ) T h e p op ulation of .

Moy ob amb a i s giv en a t 6 7 8 me n or ab out 2 30 0 in a ll (p , .

3“
Ut S up r a .

R e lac ion ( p .

C o/md j ian lies ne ar M olino -

P amp a , b t
a ou th of e ast
te n miles nor
of C hach apoyas . Th e ruins w ere st ated to b e w i thout p ro t ectiv e w a lls .

Th e w ord is unin te lligib le to me , ne ith er could any of my i nf ormants

exp lain it in Q uichua .
5 0 THE INDIANS A ND A B O RIGINA L R UINS
“
3
Y auh can is said to b e near L ongui ta on th e w es t sid e of th e
Utcub amb a b t f s tream t Kuélap in a d irect line
a ou our mile s w es of

W
.
,

A ll my d ist ances are given aft er th e A tlas d el P eru by A R aimond i ,

.
,

fol 7 and 1 2 and ind icate air li nes

.
,
B y tr ai l owing to th e b rok e n . ,

nature of th e surface the y are ve r y much great er T h e ruins of

,
.

Ya uh can are sai d to b e b uried in t all timb er I find no e ty mology to . .

WW
th e w ord i n Q uichua nor in A y mara ; still it might also b e L lauc an .

Torre s R ubio A rte (te a (fol 1 5 9 ) h as : el alto 6 sobrad o d e vna “

casa —
.
, .

.A n upper story or le f t T sch ud i or terb uch (p age de .

,
”
fine s th e w e rd as village I n A ymar a M arca i s v i l ge p b
” “
“
l a u e lo . , , .

B er toni o V ocab ulario (I f ol 3 8 7 ; II

, , .
,

R aimond i E l P eru (V olume II p age , gives for th e ruins of ,

Malca accord in g to
, erth emann 2 938 meters or 9 637 f ee t O n th e ,
.

A tlas (f o l 1 2 ) h e h as 3 07 2 me ters
. Tingo erth emann p lace s at 1 742 .
,

me ters or 5 7 1 4 feet hence th e d iffe rence b etw een th e ruins and th e U t

,

cub amb a is 43 6 2 fee t I cannot ascertain th e d egree of re li ab ili ty of

'
.

these figures not being ab le to find out w h at i nstruments w ere used

,
.

I n th e p amph le t e nti t led Bi enes d e la B enefl cenci a d e la C ap i tal

d el D ep ar tamento d e A maz onas (Lima 1 876 p ages 7 2 and I find , ,

record ed th e follow ing tw o d o cume n ts :

B etw ee n th e ye ars 1 7 4 0 an d 1 7 44 V enta a censo p er p ag ar c ad a .

—
ter ci o 40 p esos p er la h aci end a d e C uélap a J uan J osé Fr ance , p e r le s
R ever end os Pad res M er ce d
—C
d e la .

t
B e w een 1 8 26 and 1 8 30 . esi on . J uan M anuel 1; J uan J osé
O y ar ce , d e la h aci end a d e C uélap a la M erce d .

(p ages 5 5
‘
2
R elaci on d e le s Ind ie s trib utari es
—
and

(Ibid e m ) In th e sec ond p ar t of th e Li bre d e C ab ild o s d e L ima

(Volume II ) thi s d ocumen t i s pub li sh ed
, und er th e t
s range t
ti le of
R e laci on d e las Encemie nd as ea i stentes en cl
-
Peru cuand o p r acti ce la
visi ta e h iz o cl rep ar to g ener al cl Vii r eg -
D : F r anci sco d e T o le d o
(p ages 1 3 7 to T h e ed i tor a sse r s t it to b e th e d ocumen t t
con ai ned
in V olume I
(sh ould b e V I ) of th e D ocumentes i néd i te s an d i n V o lume ,

II of th e M emori as d e los Virey es y A ud ienci as q ue h an g ob er nad o el

Peru (M ad rid 1 8 7 1 p ages 3 1 1 , I cannot e xp lain th e imp ortant
, ,

d iffere nc e in th e title Th e No te i n th e latt er tw o v olume s sa ys that

.

th e copy i s from a M S i n V olume IV of th e M SS of th e M arq ues . .

d e l R isco th at th e volume a lso contains th e v isit a” by T oled o

and “
.

It is ei th er an imp ard onab le error of M unoz from w hose p e n th e a b ove ,

note comes or e lse th e ed itor of th e Lib r o d e C ab i ld es h as commi tted

,

an imp ard ona b le b lund er Th e re p ut ation of J uan B aut is ta M unoz .

,

h is car e fulness and e xceptional f ami lia ri ty w ith th e arch i v es of h is

c ountry makes it high ly improb ab le th at h e sh ould
, h ave conf ound ed
th e ce nsus o f 1 5 9 1 w i th th e one by T oled o sixteen years p re v ious a nd ,

this throw s a grave d oubt also on any of th e ch anges w h ich th e ed itor

of th e L ib r o d e C ab ild os h as mad e as ”
of th e tw o p ub li
“
corrections
cations Thus ih p lace of C onilap h e puts C anilap ” (p “ ” “
.
L uy a .

lies farthe r north of Kuélap th an C h ach ap oyas .