Solutions Manual to Accompany

Differential Equations for Engineers and Scientists

By
Y. Cengel and W. Palm III

Solutions to Problems in Chapter Three

Problems 3-141 Through 3-170

Solutions prepared by:

Tahsin Engin, University of Sakarya

And
William Palm III, University of Rhode Island

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3-141 Given: A pin fin of diameter , length , and thermal conductivity
is considered. Knowing that the base temperature is , heat released is
, and the convective heat transfer coefficient is , the temperature
distribution along the fin is to be determined.
Solution: Since
( )

at the fin base, we determine ( ) to be

( )
( )( ( ) )

The differential equation that governs the temperature distribution is given by, (Eq. 3-34),

where
( )
( ) ( )

Then the differential equation becomes , whose general solution is found to be

( )

The derivative of this solution yields

( )
( )

Introducing initial conditions ( ) , and ( ) , we obtain following

two algebraic equations

from which we get and . Substituting

( )

which is the desired solution.

3-142 Given: The temperature at the middle of the fin discussed in the previous problem, and
the slope of the temperature profile at the tip of the fin are to be determined.
Solution: Temperature distribution along the fin was determined in Prob. 3-118 to be

( )

Taking for the middle of the fin, we have

( )
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The slope of the temperature profile can be evaluated as

( )

( )

The temperature and its derivative along the fin are illustrated at right.

3-143 A pin fin of diameter , length , and thermal conductivity

is considered. The base of the fin is maintained at , and heat loss from the
fin tip is assumed to be negligible. Noting that Fourier’s law of heat conduction at the fin base
can be expressed as ( ) ( ), the temperature distribution along the fin is to be
determined.
Solution: Since heat conduction at the fin tip is negligible, we write

( ) ( ) ( )
The differential equation that governs the temperature distribution is given by, (Eq. 3-34),

where
( )
( ) ( )

Then the differential equation becomes , whose general solution is found to be

( )

The derivative of this solution yields

( )
( )

Introducing initial conditions ( ) , and ( ) , we obtain following two

algebraic equations

from which we get and . Substituting

( )

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which is the desired solution. The temperature distribution along the fin is shown below:

3.6. Theory of Nonhomogeneous Equations

3-144C No. A function which appears in the homogeneous solution makes the related
homogeneous differential equation zero, and cannot be a particular solution.

3-145C A nonhomogeneous equation can have more than one particular solution, and therefore
the particular solution of a differential equation is not unique. Any function which is linearly
dependent on fundamental set of solutions of the homogeneous equation can be added to the
simplest particular solution to generate different particular solutions. This does not mean that
the general solution of a nonhomogeneous equation is not unique, since the functions which
involve any solution of the related homogeneous equation can be combined with the
homogeneous solution, leaving only the simplest particular solution to stand apart from
homogeneous solution.

3-146C The functions which involve any solution of the related homogeneous equation can be
combined with the homogeneous solution, leaving only the simplest particular solution to stand
apart from homogeneous solution.

In Problems 3-147 to 3-151, we determine the general solution of the second order linear
nonhomogeneous equation with constant coefficients using the given particular solution, and
express it in the simplest form.

3-147
(a) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation is , and its characteristic equation is

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The roots of this equation are and . Thus the general solution of the related
homogeneous differential equation is

Then the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous equation becomes

(b) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation is , and its characteristic equation is

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the general solution of the related
homogeneous differential equation is

Then the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous equation becomes

( )

or

where .

3-148
(a) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation is , and its characteristic equation is

( )

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the general solution of the related
homogeneous differential equation is

Then the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous equation becomes

(b) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation is , and its characteristic equation is

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 ( )

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the general solution of the related
homogeneous differential equation is

Then the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous equation becomes

( )
or

where .
3-149
(a) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation is , and its characteristic
equation is
( )

The roots of this equation are . Thus the general solution of the related
homogeneous differential equation is

Then the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous equation becomes

(b) Given: ( )
Solution: The related homogeneous equation is , and its characteristic
equation is
( )

The roots of this equation are . Thus the general solution of the related
homogeneous differential equation is

Then the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous equation becomes

( )
or

( )

3-150
(a) Given:

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Solution: The related homogeneous equation is , and its characteristic
equation is

The roots of this equation are √ and √ . Thus the general solution of
the related homogeneous differential equation is

( √ √ )

Then the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous equation becomes

( √ √ )

(b) Given: √
Solution: The related homogeneous equation is , and its characteristic
equation is

The roots of this equation are √ and √ . Thus the general solution of
the related homogeneous differential equation is

( √ √ )

Then the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous equation becomes

( √ √ ) √
or

( √ √ √ )

[ √ ( ) √ ]

3-151
(a) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation is , and its characteristic equation is

The roots of this equation are . Thus the general solution of the related
homogeneous differential equation is

Then the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous equation becomes

or

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(b) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation is , and its characteristic equation is

The roots of this equation are . Thus the general solution of the related
homogeneous differential equation is

Then the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous equation becomes

or
( ) ( )

where and .

In Problems 3-152 to 3-155, we determine the general solution of the given differential equation by
using superposition principle (Theorem 3-7)

3-152 Given: , ⁄ , ⁄
Solution: The related homogeneous equation is , and its characteristic equation is

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the general solution of the related
homogeneous differential equation is

Knowing that ⁄ is a particular solution of , and ⁄ is a particular

solution of , the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous differential equation
becomes, from Theorem 3-7,

3-153 Given: , ,
Solution: The related homogeneous equation is , and its characteristic equation is

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the general solution of the related
homogeneous differential equation is

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Knowing that is a particular solution of , and is a
particular solution of , the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous
differential equation becomes, from Theorem 3-7,

3-154 Given: , ,
Solution: The related homogeneous equation is , and its characteristic
equation is

( )

The roots of this equation are . Thus the general solution of the related
homogeneous differential equation is

Knowing that is a particular solution of , and

is a particular solution of , the general solution of the
given nonhomogeneous differential equation becomes, from Theorem 3-7,

3-155 Given: , ,
Solution: The related homogeneous equation is , and its characteristic equation is

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the general solution of the related
homogeneous differential equation is

Knowing that is a particular solution of , and is a

particular solution of , the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous differential
equation becomes, from Theorem 3-7,

3.7. Nonhomogeneous Equations: The Method of Undetermined Coefficients

3-156C If ( ) is a solution of the related homogeneous differential equation, then we can offer
a particular solution corresponding to a nonhomogeneous term ( ) is of the form ( )
where is a constant.

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3-157C If ( ) is a solution of the related homogeneous differential equation, then we can offer
a particular solution corresponding to a nonhomogeneous term ( ) is of the form ( )
where is a constant.

3-158C Consider a second order linear nonhomogeneous differential equation

( ). If , then the general form of a particular solution corresponding to a
nonhomogeneous term ( ) is of the form , where is a constant.

3-159C If we offer a particular solution corresponding to a nonhomogeneous term ,

we will see that it does not work since the derivatives of are , , , ,
and which are not constant multiples of . That is the functions , , ,
, and are linearly independent. Therefore the proper form of the particular solution
is a linear combination of these linearly independent functions:

In Problems 3-160 to 3-166, we determine the general solution of the following second order linear
nonhomogeneous equations using the method of undetermined coefficients.

3-160
(a) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the general solution of the
homogeneous equation is

We propose a particular solution corresponding to ( ) in the form of

Taking first and second derivatives we have

Substituting into the given differential equation

( )

and equating the coefficients of the like functions on both sides of the equation yields

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Then the particular solution of given differential equation is obtained to be

Thus the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous differential equation becomes

(b) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the general solution of the
homogeneous equation is

We propose a particular solution corresponding to ( ) in the form of

( )( )
or equivalently,

Taking first and second derivatives we have

Substituting into the given differential equation

( )
or
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Equating the coefficients of the like functions on both sides of the equation yields

( )

( )

Then the particular solution of given differential equation is obtained to be

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Thus the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous differential equation becomes

(c) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the general solution of the
homogeneous equation is

Since is a solution of the related homogeneous equation, we propose a particular solution

corresponding to ( ) in the form of

( )
Taking first and second derivatives we have

Substituting into the given differential equation and simplifying

( )
or
( ) ( )

Equating the coefficients of the like functions on both sides of the equation yields

Then the particular solution of given differential equation is obtained to be

Thus the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous differential equation becomes

Maple solution
> restart;
> a := 1; b := 0; c := 9;
> R := -3*cos(3*x);

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> ode := a*(diff(diff(y(x), x), x))+b*(diff(y(x), x))+c*y(x) = R;

> F := R = lhs(ode);

>
> a*m^2+b*m+c = 0;

> m1 := (-b-sqrt(b^2-4*a*c))/(2*a);

> m2 := (-b+sqrt(b^2-4*a*c))/(2*a);

> y[h] := c1*exp(m1*x)+c2*exp(m2*x);

> Y[h] := collect(collect(simplify(convert(%, trig)), sin(3*x)), cos(3*x));

> subs(c1+c2 = C1, Y[h]);

> y[h] := subs(-I*c1+I*c2 = C2, %);

>
> yp := A*x*cos(3*x)+B*x*sin(3*x);

> diff(yp(x), x);

>
> diff(%, x);

>
> eval(simplify(subs(y(x) = yp, F)));

>
> eqns := [coeffs(rhs(%), cos(3*x))];

> systemofequations := {eqns[1] = 0, eqns[2] = -3};

> Coefficients := solve(systemofequations, {A, B});

> y[p] := subs(Coefficients, yp);

> y = convert(y[h]+y[p], trig);

(d) Given:
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Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the general solution of the
homogeneous equation is

We propose a particular solution corresponding to ( ) in the form of

( )( )
or equivalently

Taking first and second derivatives we have, from Maple,

Substituting into the given differential equation and simplifying

or

Equating the coefficients of the like functions on both sides of the equation yields

> restart;

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> e1 := 6*L+2*N-4*K-4*M = 0;

> e2 := 6*K+2*M+4*L+4*N = 0;

> e3 := 6*N-4*M = 1;

> e4 := 6*M+4*N = 0;

> solve({e1, e2, e3, e4}, {K, L, M, N});

from which we obtain

Then the particular solution due to ( ) is obtained to be

or
( )

We propose a particular solution corresponding to ( ) in the form of

Taking first and second derivatives we have

Substituting into the given differential equation and simplifying

( )
or

Equating the coefficients of the like functions on both sides of the equation yields

Then the particular solution due to ( ) is obtained to be

Thus the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous differential equation becomes
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 ( )

3-161
(a) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

( )

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the general solution of the
homogeneous equation is

We propose a particular solution corresponding to ( ) in the form of

Taking first and second derivatives we have

Substituting into the given differential equation and simplifying

( ) ( )

Equating the coefficients of the like functions on both sides of the equation yields . Thus
the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous differential equation becomes

(b) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

( )

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the general solution of the
homogeneous equation is

Noting that ( ) ⏟ , which is a solution to the related homogeneous

equation, we propose a particular solution corresponding to ( ) in the form of

A closer look at this guess of particular solution reveals that it is a solution to the homogeneous
equation too. Then the proper from of the particular solution should be

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Taking first and second derivatives we have

Substituting into the given differential equation and simplifying

( ) ( )

Equating the coefficients of the like functions on both sides of the equation yields . Thus
the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous differential equation becomes

(c) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

( )

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the general solution of the
homogeneous equation is

Normally, we guess a particular solution corresponding to ( ) in the form of

( )
Since both and are solutions to the related homogeneous equation, we modify our
guess as follows:

( )

Taking first and second derivatives we have

Substituting into the given differential equation and simplifying

( ) ( )

or

Equating the coefficients of the like functions on both sides of the equation yields

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Then the particular solution due to ( ) is obtained to be

( )

Thus the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous differential equation becomes

(d) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

( )

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the general solution of the
homogeneous equation is

We propose a particular solution corresponding to ( ) in the form of

( )

Taking first and second derivatives we have

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

Substituting into the given differential equation

( ) ( ) [( ) ( ) ]
[( ) ]

and equating the coefficients of the like functions on both sides of the equation yields

from which and . Then the particular solution of given differential equation is
obtained to be

( )

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Thus the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous differential equation becomes

( )

3-162
(a) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the general solution of the
homogeneous equation is
( )

We propose a particular solution corresponding to ( ) in the form of

Taking first and second derivatives we have

Substituting into the given differential equation

( ) ( )

and equating the coefficients of the like functions on both sides of the equation yields

( )

( )

Then the particular solution of given differential equation is obtained to be

Thus the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous differential equation becomes

( )

(b) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

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The roots of this equation are and . Thus the general solution of the
homogeneous equation is
( )

We propose a particular solution corresponding to ( ) in the form of

Taking first and second derivatives we have

Substituting into the given differential equation

( ) ( )

and equating the coefficients of the like functions on both sides of the equation yields

from which . Then the particular solution due to ( ) is obtained to be

We propose a particular solution corresponding to ( ) in the form of

Taking first and second derivatives we have

Substituting into the given differential equation

( ) ( )

and equating the coefficients of the like functions on both sides of the equation yields

from which . Then the particular solution due to ( ) is obtained to

be

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Thus the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous differential equation becomes

( )

(c) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the general solution of the
homogeneous equation is
( )

We propose a particular solution corresponding to ( ) in the form of

( )

since is a solution of homogeneous equation. Taking first and second derivatives we

have

( ) ( )

Substituting into the given differential equation

( ( ) ( ) )
( )

and equating the coefficients of the like functions on both sides of the equation yields

Then the particular solution due to ( ) is obtained to be

Thus the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous differential equation becomes

( )

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(d) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the general solution of the
homogeneous equation is
( )

We propose a particular solution corresponding to ( ) in the form of

( )

Taking first and second derivatives we have

( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )

Substituting into the given differential equation

( ) ( ) ( )
[( ) ( ) ]
[( ) ]

and equating the coefficients of the like functions on both sides of the equation yields

Constants:

Then the particular solution due to ( ) is obtained to be

( )

Thus the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous differential equation becomes

( )
Finding particular solution with Maple:

> restart;
> a := 1; b := -2; c := 2;

> R := exp(x)*x^3;

> ode := a*(diff(diff(y(x), x), x))+b*(diff(y(x), x))+c*y(x) = R;

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> F := R = lhs(ode);

> yp := (A*x^3+B*x^2+C*x+d)*exp(x);

> diff(yp(x), x);

> diff(%, x);

> F1 := eval(simplify(subs(y(x) = yp, F)));

> simplify(collect(F1, x)/exp(x));

> eqns := [coeffs(rhs(%), x)];

> systemofequations := {eqns[1] = 0,eqns[2] = 0,eqns[3] = 1,eqns[4] = 0};

> Coefficients := solve(systemofequations, {A, B, C, d});

> y[p] := subs(Coefficients, yp);

3-163
(a) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

( )

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the general solution of the
homogeneous equation is

We propose a particular solution corresponding to ( ) in the form of

( )

since there is no term, which involves in the given differential equation. Taking first and
second derivatives we have

Substituting into the given differential equation

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 ( )

and equating the coefficients of the like functions on both sides of the equation yields ,
. Then the particular solution of given differential equation is obtained to be

Thus the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous differential equation becomes

Maple solution:
> restart;
> a := 1; b := -3; c := 0;
> R := x-2;

> ode := a*(diff(diff(y(x), x), x))+b*(diff(y(x), x))+c*y(x) = R;

>
> F := R = lhs(ode);

> a*m^2+b*m+c = 0;

> m1 := (-b-sqrt(b^2-4*a*c))/(2*a);

> m2 := (-b+sqrt(b^2-4*a*c))/(2*a);

>
> y[h] := C1*exp(m1*x)+C2*exp(m2*x);

> yp := A*x^2+B*x;

> diff(yp(x), x);

>
> diff(%, x);

>
> F1 := eval(simplify(subs(y(x) = yp, F)));

> simplify(collect(F1, x));

> eqns := [coeffs(rhs(%), x)];

> systemofequations := {eqns[1] = -2, eqns[2] = 1};

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> Coefficients := solve(systemofequations, {A, B});

> y[p] := subs(Coefficients, yp);

> y = y[h]+y[p];

> restart;
> ode := diff(y(x), x, x)-3*(diff(y(x), x)) = x-2;

> dsolve(ode);

(b) Given: ( )
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

( )

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the general solution of the
homogeneous equation is

We propose a particular solution corresponding to ( ) ( ) in the form of

( )

Taking first and second derivatives we have

( ) ( )

Substituting into the given differential equation

( ) ( )

and equating the coefficients of the like functions on both sides of the equation yields

Then the particular solution of given differential equation is obtained to be

( )

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Thus the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous differential equation becomes

( )
Maple solution:
> restart;
> a := 1; b := -3; c := 0;
> R := (x-1)*exp(x);

> ode := a*(diff(diff(y(x), x), x))+b*(diff(y(x), x))+c*y(x) = R;

>
> F := R = lhs(ode);

> a*m^2+b*m+c = 0;

> m1 := (-b-sqrt(b^2-4*a*c))/(2*a);

> m2 := (-b+sqrt(b^2-4*a*c))/(2*a);

>
> y[h] := C1*exp(m1*x)+C2*exp(m2*x);

> yp := (A*x+B)*exp(x);

> diff(yp(x), x);

> diff(%, x);

>
> F1 := eval(simplify(subs(y(x) = yp, F)));

> simplify(collect(F1, x)/exp(x));

> eqns := [coeffs(rhs(%), x)];

> systemofequations := {eqns[1] = -1, eqns[2] = 1};

> Coefficients := solve(systemofequations, {A, B});

> y[p] := subs(Coefficients, yp);

> y = y[h]+y[p];

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(c) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

( )

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the general solution of the
homogeneous equation is

We propose a particular solution corresponding to ( ) in the form of

( )

since there is no term, which involves in the given differential equation. Taking first and
second derivatives we have

Substituting into the given differential equation

( )
or

( )

Equating the coefficients of the like functions on both sides of the equation yields

Then the particular solution of given differential equation is obtained to be

( ) ( )

Thus the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous differential equation becomes

( )

(d) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

( )

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The roots of this equation are and . Thus the general solution of the
homogeneous equation is

We propose a particular solution corresponding to ( ) in the form of

( )( )
or equivalently

Taking first and second derivatives we have, from Maple,

Substituting into the given differential equation and simplifying

or

Equating the coefficients of the like functions on both sides of the equation yields

from which we obtain

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Then the particular solution due to ( ) is obtained to be

or
( )

Thus the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous differential equation becomes

( )

Solving system of four equations and verification of the particular solution using Maple:
> restart;
>
> e1 := -6*L-N+2*K-4*M = 0;

> e2 := -M-2*L-6*K+4*N = 0;

> e3 := 2*M-6*N = 1;

> e4 := -2*N-6*M = 0;

> Eqs := solve({e1, e2, e3, e4}, {K, L, M, N});

>
> yp := K*exp(x)*cos(2*x)+L*exp(x)*sin(2*x)+M*x*exp(x)*cos(2*x)+N*x*exp(x)*sin(2*x);

> simplify(subs(Eqs, yp));

> simplify(diff(%, x, x)-3*(diff(%, x))) = x*exp(x)*sin(2*x);

3-164
(a) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the general solution of the
homogeneous equation is
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 ( )

We propose a particular solution corresponding to ( ) in the form of

Taking first and second derivatives we have . Substituting into the given
differential equation

( ) ( )

Then the particular solution of given differential equation is obtained to be

Thus the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous differential equation becomes

( )

(b) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the general solution of the
homogeneous equation is
( )

We propose a particular solution corresponding to ( ) in the form of

( )

Taking first and second derivatives we have

( ) ( )
( ) ( )

Substituting into the given differential equation and simplifying

Equating the coefficients of the like functions on both sides of the equation yields

( )

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Then the particular solution of given differential equation is obtained to be

( )

Thus the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous differential equation becomes

( ) ( )

(c) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the general solution of the
homogeneous equation is
( )

We propose a particular solution corresponding to ( ) in the form of

( )

Since is a solution of the related homogeneous equation. Taking first and second
derivatives we have

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )

Substituting into the given differential equation and simplifying

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
(( ) ( )
( ) ) (( ) )
or

Equating the coefficients of the like functions on both sides of the equation yields

Then the particular solution of given differential equation is obtained to be

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Thus the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous differential equation becomes

( )

(d) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the general solution of the
homogeneous equation is
( )

We propose a particular solution corresponding to ( ) in the form of

( ) ( )

Taking first and second derivatives we have

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )
( )

Substituting into the given differential equation

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
(( ) ( ) ( )
( ) )
(( ) ( ) )

and equating the coefficients of the like functions on both sides of the equation yields

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )

or
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There are 6 unknowns and 6 linear algebraic equations to be solved simultaneously. Maple gives
the following solution, and verification:

> e1 := 6*A+12*K = 1;

> e2 := -8*K+6*B-12*A+12*L = 0;

> e3 := 6*C-4*L+12*M-6*B+2*A = 0;

> e4 := -12*A+6*K = 0;

> e5 := 8*A-12*B-12*K+6*L = 0;

> e6 := -6*L+6*M-12*C+2*K+4*B = 0;

> solve({e1, e2, e3, e4, e5, e6}, {A, B, C, K, L, M});

> yp := (A*x^2+B*x+C)*sin(2*x)+(K*x^2+L*x+M)*cos(2*x);

> yp := subs(`%%`, %);

> simplify(diff(yp, x, x)-6*(diff(yp, x))+10*yp = x^2*sin(2*x));

Then the particular solution due to ( ) is obtained to be

( ) ( )

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Now we seek the other particular solution due to ( ) in the form of

Taking first and second derivatives we have

Substituting into the given differential equation

( ) ( )

and equating the coefficients of the like functions on both sides of the equation yields

from which

Thus the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous differential equation becomes

( ) ( )

( )

or
( ) ( )

( )

( ) ( ) ( )

3-165
(a) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the general solution of the
homogeneous equation is

We propose a particular solution corresponding to ( ) in the form of

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courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
consent is unlawful.
 ( )

Since the term is a solution to the homogeneous equation. Taking first and
second derivatives we have

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Substituting into the given differential equation, and simplifying

Equating the coefficients of the like functions on both sides of the equation yields

Then the particular solution of given differential equation is obtained to be

( ) ( )

Thus the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous differential equation becomes

( )

(b) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the general solution of the
homogeneous equation is

We propose a particular solution corresponding to ( ) in the form of

However, it is evident that since there is no term involving in the homogeneous

equation. Taking first and second derivatives we have

Substituting into the given differential equation, and simplifying

Equating the coefficients of the like functions on both sides of the equation yields
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courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
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Then the particular solution of given differential equation is obtained to be

Thus the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous differential equation becomes

(c) Given: ( )
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the general solution of the
homogeneous equation is

We propose a particular solution corresponding to ( ) ( ) in the form of

( )

Taking first and second derivatives we have

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

Substituting into the given differential equation, and simplifying

( ) ( )

Equating the coefficients of the like functions on both sides of the equation yields

( )

Then the particular solution of given differential equation is obtained to be

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 ( ) ( )

Thus the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous differential equation becomes

( )

(d) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the general solution of the
homogeneous equation is

We propose a particular solution corresponding to ( ) in the form of

( )

Taking first and second derivatives we have

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

Substituting into the given differential equation, and simplifying

( ) ( )

Equating the coefficients of the like functions on both sides of the equation yields

from which

Then the particular solution of given differential equation is obtained to be

( )

Thus the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous differential equation becomes

( )

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3-166
(a) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

The roots of this equation are . Thus the general solution of the homogeneous equation
is

We propose a particular solution corresponding to ( ) in the form of

since its second derivative should be zeroth degree polynomial as ( ) . Taking first and
second derivatives we have

Substituting into the given differential equation, and simplifying

Then the particular solution of given differential equation is obtained to be

Thus the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous differential equation becomes

(b) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

The roots of this equation are . Thus the general solution of the homogeneous equation
is

We propose a particular solution corresponding to ( ) in the form of

( )

Taking first and second derivatives we have

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 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Substituting into the given differential equation, and simplifying

( )

Equating the coefficients of the like functions on both sides of the equation yields

( )
( ) ( )

Then the particular solution of given differential equation is obtained to be

( ) ( )

Thus the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous differential equation becomes

( )

(c) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

The roots of this equation are . Thus the general solution of the homogeneous equation
is

We propose a particular solution corresponding to ( ) in the form of

( )

since its second derivative should be zeroth degree polynomial as ( ) . Taking first
and second derivatives we have

Substituting into the given differential equation, and simplifying

Equating the coefficients of the like functions on both sides of the equation yields

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courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
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Then the particular solution of given differential equation is obtained to be

( )
Thus the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous differential equation becomes

( )

(d) Given:
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

The roots of this equation are . Thus the general solution of the homogeneous equation
is

We propose a particular solution corresponding to ( ) in the form of

Taking first and second derivatives we have

Substituting into the given differential equation, and simplifying

Equating the coefficients of the like functions on both sides of the equation yields

Then the particular solution of given differential equation is obtained to be

Thus the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous differential equation becomes

In Problems 3-167 to 3-170, we determine the specific solution of the given initial-value problem.

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3-167 Given: ( ) and ( )
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the general solution of the
homogeneous equation is

( )

We propose a particular solution corresponding to ( ) in the form of

Taking first and second derivatives we have

Substituting into the given differential equation

( ) ( )

and equating the coefficients of the like functions on both sides of the equation yields

Then the particular solution of given differential equation is obtained to be

Thus the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous differential equation, and its first
derivative become

( )

Applying initial conditions we obtain

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 ( ) ( )

( ) ( )

Substituting these values into the general solution gives the solution of the initial value problem,

( )

Maple solution
> restart;
> a := 1; b := -2; c := 2:

> a*m^2+b*m+c = 0;

> m1 := (-b-sqrt(b^2-4*a*c))/(2*a);

> m2 := (-b+sqrt(b^2-4*a*c))/(2*a);

>
> R := x^3-5;

> ode := a*(diff(diff(y(x), x), x))+b*(diff(y(x), x))+c*y(x) = R;

> F := R = lhs(ode);

> HomogeneousEq := lhs(ode) = 0;

> y[h] := rhs(dsolve(HomogeneousEq));

>
> yp := A*x^3+B*x^2+C*x+d;

> diff(yp(x), x);

>
> diff(%, x);

>
> F1 := eval(simplify(subs(y(x) = yp, F)));

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>
> sort(simplify(collect(F1, x)), x);

>
> eqns := [coeffs(rhs(%), x)];

>
> systemofequations := {eqns[1] = -5, eqns[2] = 0, eqns[3] = 1, eqns[4] = 0};

> Coefficients := solve(systemofequations, {A, B, C, d});

> y[p] := subs(Coefficients, yp);

> y := y[h]+y[p];

> diff(y(x), x);

> Eq1 := eval(subs(x = 0, y = 6));

> Eq2 := eval(subs(x = 0, diff(y, x) = 0));

> SolC := solve({Eq1, Eq2}, {_C1, _C2});

> IVPSolution := subs(SolC, y);

3-168 Given: ( ) and ( )

Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

( )
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The roots of this equation are and . Thus the general solution of the
homogeneous equation is

We propose a particular solution corresponding to ( ) in the form of

( )

Taking first and second derivatives we have

Substituting into the given differential equation

( )

and equating the coefficients of the like functions on both sides of the equation yields

( )

Then the particular solution of given differential equation is obtained to be

( )

Thus the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous differential equation, and its first
derivative become

( )

Applying initial conditions we obtain

( ) ( )
( ) ( )( )

( ) ( ) ( )

Substituting these values into the general solution gives the solution of the initial value problem,

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courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other use without publisher's
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 ( )

3-169 , ( ) and ( )
Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the general solution of the
homogeneous equation is

We propose a particular solution corresponding to ( ) in the form of

( )( )

or equivalently,

( )

since is a solution of the related homogeneous equation. Taking first and second derivatives
we have

( )

( )

Substituting into the given differential equation, and simplifying

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

and equating the coefficients of the like functions on both sides of the equation yields

Then the particular solution of given differential equation is obtained to be

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Thus the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous differential equation, and its first
derivative become

Applying initial conditions we obtain

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

from which and . Substituting these values into the general solution gives the
solution of the initial value problem,

3-170 Given: ( ) and ( )

Solution: The related homogeneous equation and its characteristic equation are

The roots of this equation are and . Thus the general solution of the
homogeneous equation is

We propose a particular solution corresponding to ( ) in the form of

Taking first and second derivatives we have

Substituting into the given differential equation, and simplifying

( )

or

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Equating the coefficients of the like functions on both sides of the equation yields

Then the particular solution of given differential equation is obtained to be

Thus the general solution of the given nonhomogeneous differential equation, and its first
derivative become

Applying initial conditions we obtain

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Substituting these values into the general solution gives the solution of the initial value problem,

Maple solution
> restart;
> a := 1; b := 0; c := 4:
> R := 3*sin(2*x);

> ode := a*(diff(diff(y(x), x), x))+b*(diff(y(x), x))+c*y(x) = R;

>
> F := R = lhs(ode);

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> a*m^2+b*m+c = 0;

> m1 := (-b-sqrt(b^2-4*a*c))/(2*a);

> m2 := (-b+sqrt(b^2-4*a*c))/(2*a);

>
> y[h] := C1*exp(m1*x)+C2*exp(m2*x);

> y[h] := simplify(convert(y[h], trig));

> y[h] := collect(collect(y[h], cos(2*x)), sin(2*x));

> y[h] := subs(-I*C1+I*C2 = c1, C1+C2 = c2, y[h]);

> yp := A*x*sin(2*x)+B*x*cos(2*x);

> diff(yp(x), x);

>
> diff(%, x);

>
> F1 := eval(simplify(subs(y(x) = yp, F)));

>
> simplify(collect(F1, x));

>
> eqns := [coeffs(rhs(%), sin(2*x))];

>
> systemofequations := {eqns[1] = 0, eqns[2] = 3};

>
>
> Coefficients := solve(systemofequations, {A, B});

> y[p] := subs(Coefficients, yp);

> y := y[h]+y[p];

>
> Eq1 := eval(subs(x = Pi, y = 0));

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> Eq2 := eval(subs(x = Pi, diff(y, x) = 1));

> SolC := solve({Eq1, Eq2}, {c1, c2});

> IVPSolution := subs(SolC, y);

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