BST DDXENV*L994- 2-1 94 MM DE24LES O424b75 100 i DRAFT FOR DEVELOPMENT Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures Part 1.1 General rules and rules for buildings (together with United Kingdom National Application Document) Burocode 4 Entorurf von Verbundbauwerken sus Sahl und Beton — Teil 1: Algereine Regein und Regeln or Hochbauten (rt netionalem Anwendungedokument des ‘Veraingten Ronigreich eingeschlossen) ENS Spyright by the British Standards Institution Feb 12 15:49:17 2002 DD ENV 1994-1-1 : 1994 ar ae ae =a BL aBST DD*ENV*1994~ 3-1 94 MM 162469 O4L4E8O 922 mm DD ENV 1994-1-1: 1994 ee Cooperating organizations ‘The European Committee for Standardization (CEN), under whose supervision this European Prestandard was prepared, comprises the national standards organizations of the following countries: Austria Oesterreichisches Normungsinstitut Belgium Institut belge de normalisation Denmark Dansk Standardiseringsraad Finland Suomen Standardisoimistito, ry. | France ‘Association frangaise de normalisation Germany Deutsches Institut fir Normung e.V. Greece Hellenic Organization for Standardization Iceland ‘Technological Institute of Iceland Ireland National Standards Authority of Ireland Italy Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione Luxembourg Inspection du Travail et des Mines Netherlands ‘Nederlands Normalisatie-instituut Norway Norges Standardiseringsforbund Portugal Instituto Portugués da Qualidade Spain Asociacin Espanola de Normalizacion y Certificacién ‘Sweden Standardiseringskommissionen i Sverige Switzerland Association suisse de normalisation United Kingdom British Standards Institution ‘is at or Developmen, Ringbecrpegred une he Senter ai Seger ssued since publication ford ferbulangandena "Amendments issued since publicatios Engnsring 3 ae wo ‘published under the authority, oa Sean ea posta coe iaticese ‘hay eee ons 004 ‘The following BSI reference relates to the work on this Draft for Development: Commitee reference BIS25/4 ISBN 0580 22797 9 | Sayngneby the Eran Standards Institution Feb 12 15:49:19 2002,BST DD*ENVELGI- 2-2 94 MM De2UEb9 O4D4LA) B64 me DD ENV 1994-1-1: 1994 ST Contents Page Cooperating organizations Inside front cover National foreword i ‘Text of National Application Document ————SCSC~S~S~S~S~S~S ‘Text of ENV 1904-1-1 1 National annex NA (informative) Committees responsible __Inside back cover National foreword ‘This publication comprises the English language version of ENV 1994-1-1 : 1992 Burocode 4: Design of compasite steel and concrete structures Part 1.1: General ‘rules and rules for buildings, as published by the European Committee for ‘Standardization (CEN), plus the National Application Document to be used with the ENV in the design of buildings to be constructed in the United Kingdom. ENV 1994-1-1 : 1692 results from a programme of work sponsored by the ‘European Commission to make available a common set of rules for the design of building and civil engineering works. ‘An ENV is made available for provisional application, but does not have the ‘status of a European Standard. The aim is to use the experience gained to modify the ENV so that it can be adopted as a European Standard, ‘The values for certain parameters in the ENV Eurocodes may be set by CEN members so as to meet the requirements of national regulations. These parameters are designated by |_] in the ENV. During the ENV period of validity, reference should be made to the supporting documents listed in the National Application Document (NAD). ‘The purpose of the NAD is to provide essential information, particularly in relation to safety, to enable the ENV to be used for buildings constructed in the UK. The NAD takes precedence over corresponding provisions in the ENV. ‘The Building Regulations 1991, Approved Document A 1992, (published December 1991) draws designers’ attention to the potential use of ENV Eurocodes as an alternative approach to Building Regulation compliance. ENV 1994-1-1: 1992 has been thoroughly examined over a period of several years and is considered to offer such an alternative approach, when used in onjunetion with the NAD. Compliance with ENV 1994-1-1 : 1992 and the NAD does not in itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Users of this document are invited to comment on its technical content, ease of ‘use and any ambiguities or anomalies. These comments will be taken into ‘account when preparing the UK national response to CEN on the question of whether the ENV can be converted to an EN. Comments should be sent in writing to BSI, 2 Park Street, London W1A 2BS, quoting the document reference, the relevant clause and, where possible, a proposed revision, within 2 years of the issue of this document. ‘caynght by the British Standards Feb 12 15:49:20 2002BST DDxENVELSIN~ 3-2 94 MH T624669 O4L4LA2 27S DD ENV 1994-1 National Application Document for use in the UK with ENV 1994-1-1 : 1992 __ Bbyight by ine Briten Standards Incttution Feb 12 16:49:20 2002,BST DDXENVSDSS4- 2-1 94 MM Lb24Eb9 041453 63) mt DD ENV 1994-1-1 + 1994 ———_——————S—————————— Contents of National Application Document Page National Application Document Introduction v 1 Scope v References v Partial safety factors, combination factors and other values v Reference standards 2 3 4 Loading codes ix 5 6 Additional recommendations Tables 1 Partial safety factors (y factors) v 2 Combination factors (¥¥ factors) for persistent and transient design situations vii 3 Combination factors for accidental design situations vil 4 Boxed values vit 5 _ References in BCA to other codes and standards x ‘Annexes A General requirements for structural integrity xvii lumns in simple frami B__Application rules for composi List of references Spyright by the Briush Standaras Inctlution Seb 42 15:49:21 2002EB BST DDKENV*D994- 2-2 94 MM Lb246b9 O4LNLSH 578 mm . DD ENV 1994-1-1 : 1994 National Application Document Introduction ‘This National Application Document (NAD) has been prepared under the direction of the Civil Engineering and Technical Sector Board for Buildings and Civil Engineering. It has been developed from: a) a textual examination of ENV 1994-1-1 : 1992; ’) calibration against UK practice, supporting standards and test data; ©) trial calculations, 1 Scope ‘This NAD provides information required to enable ENV 1994-1-1 : 1992 (ECA : Part 1.1) to be used for the design of buildings to be constructed in the UK. 2 References 2.1 Normative references ‘This National Application Document incorporates, by reference, provisions from specific editions of other publications. These normative references are clted at the appropriate points in the text and the publications are listed on page xxi, Subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications apply to this National Application Document only when incorporated in it by updating or revision. 2.2 Informative references ‘This National Application Document refers to other publications that provide information or guidance. Editions of these publications current at the time of issue of this standard are listed on page xxi, but reference should be made to the latest editions. 8 Partial safety factors, combination factors and other values 1) The values for partial safety factors (9) should be those given in table 1 of this NAD. b) The values for combination factors (¥) should be those given in tables 2 and 8 of this NAD. ©) The values for the boxed factors should be those given in table 4 of this NAD. ‘Table 1, Partial safety factors (y factors) Reference in | Definition ‘Symbol | Condition Value Be Boxed [UK Part La _ ee pea 2.3.2.1) | Partial safety factor for [ya ‘Accidental 1.00 [1.05 accidental actions 2.3.2.013) | Partial safety factor for |yGa Favourable 1.00 [0.90 permanent actions in Untsvoune ere dcage (72a | Unevounbh 00 | 1.06 situations | _ _ 2.5.3.1(1) | Partial safety factors for | ycinr | Favourable 1.00 [1.00 eee YGsep _| Unfavourable L 1.35 2.3.3:1(1) | Partial safety factors for | ya ine Favourable 0.00 (0.00 variable actions YQsup | Unfavourable 150 |1.50 Yas _|2 oF more combined 150 {1.50 2.3.3.1(3) | Partial safety factors for | ¥¢.in¢ Favourable part [110 10 | permanent actions YGevp | Unfavourable part lias |1.as Favourable and unfavourable |1.00 |1.00 parts I ‘Sayrignt by tho Brien Standards Institution Feb 12 15:49:22 2002BSI DD*ENVALTIY~ 2-i 94 MM Lb24Eb9 OULNEES 4O4 mm + DD ENV 1994-1- 1994 Tuble 1, Partial safety factors (y factors) (continued) - Teterence in | Definition Tsymiat | Condition Tale Fea Boxed [UR foeka ES ZSSHi) | Paral safety factors for [ye Fundamental 110 {1.05 structural steel Ya Accidental (except 1.00 1.05 earthquakes) . 2.3.5:001) | Partial safety factors for | ve Fundamental 150 [60 | concrete Ye ‘Accidental (except 1.30 1.30 earthquakes) Z58.H) | Paral safety factors for | Fundamental iis [iis steel reinforcement Ys Accidental (except 1,00 1,00 earthquakes) Porlal stety factor for [op Fundamental To [x05] Profiled steel sheeting Yap Accidental (except 1.00 1.05 earthquakes) Partial safety factors for [ym | General 100 | 1.00 elastic mechanical properties | 2.3.3.2(2) | Partial safety factors for | ym General 1.00 1,00 | | non-mechanieal coelficients _ _ Partial safety factors for | yea ‘Recidental combinations [1.00 [1.05 the buckling resistance of structural steel j arial safety factors or | ypq Resistance of Class 4 ross | ste! sections i Paral safety factors for | mea Resistance of Olas Lor? [110 [105 | steel cross sections | ye Resistance of Class S.eross [1.10 | 1.08 sections Te Fora column length with [110 1.08 steel 2s02orNeiNe 20.1 — 139 MMe otherwise “ el | Partial safety factors for | re 135 ‘(38 the elatie flexural stiffness of concrete | EOR1 [Paral safety factors for [ye Tikimate limit state 125/125 shear studs _— 6.3.7 Partial safety factors for | yy Ultimate limit state 1.25 1.25 angle connectors in solid slabs _ TERA | Parl safety factors for [7 1a [1a friction grip bolts i | j TELSD) | Partial safety factors for |e For use equation 76 [1.25 | | |siabs with mechanical or | frictional interlock | | 10.2.5(1) | Partial safety factor for Ww |Test evaluation 1.25 1.25 1 | shear connectors | | ‘onynghtty the Brillsh Standorde Inet Feb 12 15:49:22 2002BST DD*ENVEL994~ 2-2 94 MM LE24b9 O424E3L 340 mm DD ENV 1994-1-1 : 1994 ee ‘Table I. Partial safety factors (y factors) (continued) “Reference in | Defini ‘Symbol ‘Condition Value Ect ‘Boxed | UK Part bt Ech E25) | Partial safety factor for | y ‘Shear strength 125/125 _| shear connection Eats) [Parl satety factor for [yy ‘Bnd anchorage Via [16 | shear connection | | | ‘Table 2. Combination factors (¥ factors) for persistent and transient design situations TVarible action ™ % = = Imposed floor | Dwellings 0.5 04 0.2 ~~ [loads [otfie and stores | 0.7 0.6 03 — Parking [o7_ oT 06 Wind loads [oz 02 0 Imposed roof loads?) [a7 O28 - 0 Crane loads) | Vertical 07 06 oo Horizontal 0.9 (Vertical and Horizontal) T For the parposes of BGA; Part 1.) these four categories of valable action should be Weated as separate and independent vatablesctione, * Leal drifting of saw on roofs should be teated as an accidental action (see 6.1.10), She most onerous of the three specified alternatives should be treated asa single variable ction, Table 3. Combination factors for accidental | Variable action ¥, oF for voeln Nvand Ast Timposed floor [Dwellings [0.859 Jloses Offices 0.3597 | Stores 10 Parking [0.859 1d Toads?) : [imposed roof loads rane loads®) [Vertical [Horizontal _|0.00 TW iihere the variable action is of @ persistent or ‘quasipermanent nature, the factne should be taken a 10. 2)The fll value obtained from OP 3 Chapter V Part 2 should be multiplied by 0.35, 2The values glven inthis table asume that the crane stationary. The vertical load to whieh the combination factor | Is applied ie the state toad value, Spyright by the British Standards Instution Feb 42 16:49:23 2002BSI DD¥ENV#L994- 1-3 94 MM LE2Hb69 O4LHLS? 2867 DD ENV 1994-1-1 : 1994 Tuble 4. Boxed values Reference in | Definion Symbol] Condlion Ee : [Part 11 a a ve 3.1.92) | Long-term free shrinkage |e, | Normal-weight concrete B25 x 10-6 strain from setting of the | ,.. | Lighteweight concrete | 600 x 10-8 |600 x 10-6 concrete: dry | environments | | { [S:1.82) [Long-term free shrinkage [eq | Normal'weight concrete 200 x 10-® [200 x 10-6 strain from setting of the 1-weight coneret 300 x 10-6 | 300 x 10-8 concrete: other ind Ushi eee environments and in filled members 4.8.3, 13(6) | % reduction in the partial 20% 30% safety factor for the favourable component Ns 55.22) | Minimum tensile strength [Jae | 3Nimm® 3 Nim of concrete | _ 10.2.5(1) | Reduction for the | 10% 10% characteristic resistance Pree __| 10.2.5(8) | Reduction for the 10 % [iow characteristic sip capacity | '3(5) | Reduction for the 10% 10% characteristic values m and ke 10.3.2.5 Design resistance of (a) 0.75 0.75 composite slab o 05 an © 0.75 0.75 E.2(4) Reduction for the 10% 10% characteristic shear strength _ EA) | Reduction for the 10% 10% characteristic resistance of the end anchorage | E54) | Lower limit on bending | 10% 10% resistance Sayright by the Brien Standards Ineututon Feb 12 15:49:24 2002BSI DDSENV*L994~ 2-2 54 MM 2624569 O414L88 133 me DD ENV 1994-1-1: 1994 4 Loading codes ‘The loading codes to be used are: | BS 648 : 1964 Schedule of weights of building materials | BS 6399 : Design loading for buildings BS 6399 : Part 1 : 1984 Code of practice for dead and imposed loads BS 6399 : Part 9 : 1988 Code af practice for imposed roof loads ops Code of basic data for the design of buildings i CP3 : Chapter V: Loading P83 : Chapter V : Part 2: 1972 Wind loads Bs 6950 Structural use of steelwork in building BS 5950 : Part 9 Design in composite construction BS 5950 : Section 3.1 : 1990 Code of practice for design of simple and continuous ‘composite beams Clause 2.2 Loading ‘BS 5950 : Part 4 : 1993 Code of practice for design of composite slabs with profiled steel sheeting Clause 2.2 Loading BS 5075 : 1982 Code of practice for falsework Section 4 Loads applied to falsework In using the above documents with ECA : Part 1.1 the following modifications should be noted: 1) The imposed floor Joads of a building should be treated as one variable action to which the reduction factors given in BS 6399 : Part 1 : 1984 are applicable. ) The characteristic wind loading should be taken as 90 % of the value obtained from CPS : Chapter V : Part 2: 1972, Spyngnt by the British Standarce Inetiution Feb 12 15:49:24 2002BST DDXENVALIGY- 2-2 94 MM LE24bES O424b85 OST mm + DD ENV 1994-1-1: 1994 — 5 Reference standards ‘The supporting standards to be used, including materials specifications and standards for construction are listed in Table 5: “Table 5, References in ECA : Part 1.1 to other codes and standards Beferencein [Document | Document Gile or subject [Status | UK document BetsPart 1 |referredto [area TL) Burocode 2 | Design gf eoncrte structares 4 Pare 1, General rulsand | ENY DD ENV 1982-1-1 rules for buildings 1992-1-1 | (See note 1) Par 1A Pain or Draft BS SLO: Part, and section 8 of BS S110 Lightly reinforced concrete Pare 2" 1985 eructures } Tart 1B Precast concrae [Dat | BS 8110; Pat | structures a ' Part 1G The we of Tightoeignt | Draft ‘Section Bof BS BIO: Part 2 1085 aggregate concrete Part 1D The use of wnbomded [No draft | Section 8 of BS S110: Part 1: 1985, and external prestressing | | tendons Part 10, Fire eoistance of [Daft | BS 8110 Pare 1 and section 4 of BS B10 coerets structures | pure 2 1985 Thaw Burocode | Design of tcl structures i Part 1.1 General rues and | BNY DD ENY 1085-1-1 rules for butings 1993-1-1__ | (See note 1) Part 12 Fire resistance | Draft ‘Section 7 of BS 5050 Fark 47 1500 | BS 5050 Part 8 Pat 18 Gold jormed kin | Draft 'BS 5050" Part 4, Par 6 (See note 6) and paige members and sheeting Part 7 Ta) Barosode § | Design of structures for [tm = I earthquake resistance preparation TI) [Burocode 1 | Basis of design and actions on] in ‘BS 6500 Parts Tand’S structures preparation | opg Chapter V: Part 2 2.2 of BS 6950 : Section 9.1 : 1900 2.2 0f BS 5950 : Part 4 : 1908 Section 4 of BS 5975 : 1982 1136) Burocode | Desigm of concrete structures art 1 Genoral rues and rules] ENV a Jor buslaengs 1002-141 _ Burocode | Design of ste structures Part 1.1 General rtos and DD ENV 1093-1-1 res for buildings i L193) Burocode ¢ | Design of composite szet and | Draft Section 7 of BS 5060; Part 4: 1000 ‘concrete structures BS 5050: Fart § Part 1.2 Fire resistance BS 110" Part Section 4 of BS 8110 : Fart 2: 1998 14.10) 150 8990 General principles on Published | — eltabilty of erructures ~ | 1987 List of equioatent terms feroy So oT | Buttasng ana ett Pubished | ‘engincering ~~ Vocabulary ~ | 1989 Part I: General terme Te [iso i000 | Stents ane Funtsked |= | recommandations for ke we | 181 | Petr mites dof Cevtin cher ote Soyngntby the Brien Standards instiaonBSI DD*ENVALSS4~ 4-2 94 MM Ub24bb9 O4L4L90 872 ma DD ENV 1994-1-1 : 1994 EC4 : Part 1.1 to other codes and standards (continued) Reference in [Document | Document title or subject | Status | UK document Ech: Part 1 [referredto [ares 22.11) Burocode 2 | Design of conzrete srctares Par | Goneral rates and rates] ENV DD ENV 1092-1-1 or basing. 052-1-1 [See note) _ ‘Part IA Plain or Daft ‘281A and 3940 BSSIIO > Fam 1 1985 | ghuy- reinforced concrete [Pare 18 Precast concrete ructures | Section 6 of BS 8110 : Part 1 : 1985 [are 1c re war of Rontongns | Da | Sesion BaF BS O10 Fak 2085 | tagrgat marae a Par 1D Phe we ofunondad | Non | Secon €of BS 61101 Fae 1S | tert prerasing mio : The 0 Fivrsttanceyy [Daft | BA.6 of BUBLIO: Fan T= as concrete sructres Secon 4 HS B10 at 21005 it Design ofl irre ia 1 Generatratvand [xv | DD ENV 1990-1 | Pre fortutaings {100011 _| ee nate) Tht 2 Fire restnce | rst Seton 7 of BS S050, Far 4 HD Bost rane Tha 18 Gad jormat in | Dat BS 80 a4, Pat Band Pan soups member on shetrg Eee rte 6) rapier | Burande 1 | Busts of eto anton on a 15 G0 a Tendo eames uo sre Presuation | pa ehaper¥:Pat 2 | 2.20 BS 5950: Seton 2.1: 1000 a2amy | oinersaleane 2.2and 5.9 06855080: Pr 41008 Ioaing cote (nee | Section of BS 67S 1982 DD ENV 1904-41 Ba) | Burcode 1 | Bat of i ane tos a DENY HOLT EXV noe soca Preparation 3.8) Varin i ie fe aT | = Tae OID: RAD as | ENV noe i 12280 DD ENV 1060-14: 182 32 TEN 10080 Steet for the reinforcement of | Draft ‘See below 3.2.912) “national Reinforcing steel not covered | — ‘BS 4449. _ ccumens’ | by EN Tondo ws sao 83 aa TN ona or rated produc of | Pate 8 10008 a to aly rca sts — | S090 Frode tnry condone uae Hef, SandardD | Dimensions of weons and [ENV | ibs Tot NAD of ENV Ton-11 7 To 7 ofr nes 1083-4 “ faa BN 1019 ox rai praues x —_—_[se2 PBS EN OTT tea fne rn sractral 1 sate [34 ‘prEN 10147 | Continuous hot-dip xine Draft ‘BS 2089 Sond moa arate! Se heron rip ct nery conte ua BOOT | Got edd a se oe = Sheet ay 3a) “Enropean | Braces on enbowinent = Envoue [Tecnica | forprtied sel sheetng opel oe atone Documents xi Spylightby the Baiish Standards Institution Feb 12 15:49:26 2002BST DDXENVADSSH- B=} 94 MM Lb24bb9 ONSET 708 DD ENV 1994-1-1: 1994 Table 5. References in ECA : Part 1.1 to other codes and standards (continued) ] Teferencein | Dorament [Document tle or abject States [UK docament Eessiwe ta [referred to | ree 346 150 4008 [Coaimroushocaipaie [977 = ‘ated carton steels of Structural quatty 55a) umapean Testing of sear comecor [None | Sef BS B280 > Secon B11 1900 EWvnete | standardsor | meter 3520) Enropesn ‘renwal Remon | Taitlay | Burocode 4 [aR LE Ae raioence [Dra [6060 Fa 48.200) Barenonn 10-67 | PE joists — Por fant | Pushed | ~ joie fost DD ENV 1994-1-1: 1994 Informative references BSI publications BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, London BS 2089 : 1992 Specification for continuously hot-dip zine coated and iron-zine alloy coated steel flat products: tolerances on dimensions and shape BS 4449 ; 1988 ‘Specification for carbon steel bars for the reinforcement of concrete BS 4482 : 1986 Specification for cold reduced steei wire for the reinforcement of concrete Bs 4483 ; 1985 Specification of steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete BS 6268 Structural use of timber BS 5400 : ‘Steel, concrete and composite bridges BS 5400 : Part 6 : 1979 Code of practice for design af composite bridges BS 5628 : Code of practice for use of masonry BS 5950 Structural use of steelwork in building | BS 5950 : Part 6 : 1987 Code of practice for design of cold formed sections BS 5950 : Part 7 : 1992 Specification for materials and workmanship: cold formed sections BS EN 10025 : 1995, Tiot rolled products of non-alloy structural steels — Technical delivery conditions BS EN 10113 : Hot-rolled products in weldable fine grain structural steels BS EN 10113-1 : 1993 General delivery conditions BS BN 10118-2 : 1998 Delivery conditions for normatized/normatized rolled steels BS EN 101133 : 1993 Delivery conditions for thermomechanical rolied steels 1SO publications International Organization for Standardization, (180), Geneva (All publications are available from BSI Sales) 1S0 1000 : 1981 ‘Sl units and recommendations for the use of their multiples and of certain other units 1S0 9898 : 1987 Bases for design of structures — Notations — General symbols Iso 4997 : 1991 Gotd-reduced steel sheet of structural quality Iso 4998 : 1991 Continuous hot drip zine-coated carbon steel sheet of structural quality 180 6707-1 ; 1989, Building and civit engineering — Vocabulary — Part 1 : General terms 1s0 8980 : 1987, General principles on retiability for structures — List of equivalent terms | Opyright by tie Brith Standards inettulon Fob 12 15:49:33 2002BSI DD*ENV#LTI4~ 2-2 94 MM Lb24669 0414702 487? a . EUROPEAN ENV 1994-1-1 : 1992 PRESTANDARD PRENORME October 1992 EUROPEENNE EUROPAISCHE VORNORM ‘UDO 624.62.016 ; 624.07 Deseriptors: Buildings, concrete structures, steel eonstrucion, building codes, design, dimensions English version Design of composite steel and concrete structures — Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings Conception et dimensionnement des Entwurf von Verbundbauwerken aus Stahl structures mixtes acier-béton — Partie 1-1: und Beton — Teil 1-1: Allgemeine Regeln und Rages générales et régles pour les batiments Regeln fr Hochbauten ‘This European Prestandard was approved by CEN on 1992-10-23 as a prospective standard for provisional application, The period of validity of this ENV is limited initially to three years. AFter two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their comments, particularly on the question whether the ENV can be converted into a European Standard (EN). CEN members are required to announce the existance of this ENV in the same Way #5 for an EN and to make the ENV available promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the ENV) until the final decision about the possible conversion of the ENV into an EN is reached. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland H and United Kingdom. CEN European Committee for Standardization Comité Européen de Normalisation Buropaisches Komitee far Normung Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels © 1992 Copyright reserved to CEN members Ref. No. ENV 1994-1-1 : 1992 E [Spyright by the British Standards Incutation Feb 12 15:49:94 2002BSI DD¥ENVSLSTG~ 2-2 94 MM GE2HGES O4L4202 313 Mw Page 2 ENV 1994-1-1 : 1992 ©. FOREWORD o1 OBJECTIVES OF THE EUROCODES 02 BACKGROUND TO THE EUROCODE PROGRAMME 03 EUROCODE PROGRAMME 04 NATIONAL APPLICATION DOCUMENTS | os MATTERS SPECIFIC TO THIS PRESTANDARD z 05.1 Crosseferences to other Eurocodes 052 The treatment of 34 for structural steel 053 Notes in this Prestandard CHAPTER 1, INTRODUCTION 1 SCOPE 111 Scope of Eurocode 4 1.12 Scope of Pan 1.1 of Eurocode 4 1.13 Fumher Pans of Eurocode 4 12 DISTINCTION BETWEEN PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATION RULES 13 ASSUMPTIONS 14 DEFINITIONS 141 Terms common to all Eurocodes 142 Special terms used in this Part 1.1 of Eurocode 4 1s Su. UNITS 16 SYMBOLS USED IN PART 1.1 OF EUROCODE 4 1.61 Latin upper case leners 162 Greek upper case leners 1.63 Latin lower case letiers 164 Greek lower case leners 165 Subscripts 1.66 Use of subscripts in Pan 1.1 of Eurocode 4 167 Conventions for member axes CHAPTER 2 BASIS OF DESIGN 21 FUNDAMENTAL REQUIRMENTS 22 DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATIONS. 2.21 Limit staues and design situations 2.22 Actions 2.23 Material properties 224 — Geomeuical data 25 Load arrangements and load cases DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 1 General 32 Uhimate limit sues 33 Panial safety factors for ultimate Limit states 34 Serviceability limit states, 4 DURABILITY 3 3. CHAPTER 3. MATERIALS 31 CONCRETE 311 General 2 Sagright by the British Standarce iat Feb 12 16:49:34 2002BSI DDSENVERISY- 2-2 54 MM Fb24LES 0424703 2ST mm - Page 3 ENV 1994-1-1 : 1992 3.12 Concrete strength classes 3.13 Shrinkage of concrete 3.14 — Deformability of concrete - elastic theory 3.15 Deformability of concrete - other theories 3.16 Thermal expansion 32 REINFORCING STEEL 321 General 322 Types of steels 323 Steel grades 324 Modulus of longitudinal deformation 325 —— Suress-surain diagram 3.2.6 Thermal expansion 33 STRUCTURAL STEEL 331 General and scope 332 Yield suengh 333 Design values of other material coefficients 334 © Suess-strain relationship 335 Dimensions, mass and tolerances 34 PROFILED STEEL SHEETING FOR COMPOSITE SLABS 34.1 General and scope 342 Yield strength 343 Nominal values of other material coefficients 344 Suess-surin relationship 345 Coating 35 CONNECTING DEVICES 35.1 General 352 Shear connectors CHAPTER 4, ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES 4 BASIS 41.1 General 412 Beams 4.13 Composite columns, frames and connections 42 PROPERTIES OF CROSS-SECTIONS OF BEAMS 421 Effective section 422 Effective width of concrete flange for beams in buildings 423 Flexural stiffness 43 CLASSIFICATION OF CROSS-SECTIONS OF BEAMS 431 General 432 Classification of steel Manges in compression 43.3 Classification of steel webs 44 RESISTANCES OF CROSS-SECTIONS OF BEAMS 441 Bending moment 442 Vertical shear 443 Bending and ventcal shear 444 Shear buckling resistance 445 Interaction between bending and shear buckling 45 INTERNAL FORCES AND MOMENTS [N CONTINUOUS BEAMS 451 General 452 Plastic analysis 453° Elasuc analysis as Spyrght by the Briish Stondards Institution Feb 12 15:49:35 2002Page 4 ENV 1994.1-1 46 461 462 463 47 421 472 48 481 482 483 49 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 4.10 4.10.1 4102 4.103 4.104 4.105 (CHAPTER 51 52 $21 $22 33 53.1 532 333 53.4 335 CHAPTER 61 61a 612 613 62 621 622 63 631 632 633 ight by the Orth 3 eb 12 16:48:41 2002 BST DD*ENV#LS94~ =) 94 mm ab2uEES O4L4704 196 mm +1992 BOR AL TORSIONAL BUCKLING OF COMPOSITE BEAMS FoR BUILDINGS General Check without direct calculation Buckling resistance moment General Effective web in Class 2 COMPOSITE COLUMNS ‘Scope General method of design Simplified method of design INTERNAL FORCES AND MOMENTS IN FRAMES FOR BUILDINGS General Design assumptions Allowance for imperfections Sway resistance Methods of global analysis Elastic global analysis Rigid-plasic global analysis GOMBOSITE CONNECTIONS IN BRACED FRAMES FOR BUILDINGS General Classificaion of connections Connections made with bolts, rivets oF pins Splices in composite members Beam-to-column connections 5. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES GENERAL DEFORMATIONS, General Calculation of maximum deflections of beams GRACKING OF CONCRETE IN BEAMS General Minimum reinforcement {ealvss of the sauce for the contol of cracking EenU! of cracking due to direct loading, without aleulation of crack widths Control of cracking by calculation of crack widths $6. SHEAR CONNECTION IN BEAMS FOR BUILDINGS GENERAL Basis of design Deformation capacity of shear connectors Spacing of shear connectors LONGITUDINAL SHEAR FORCE Beams in which plasuc theory is used for rsisance of cross sections Beans, which elasie weeory is used for resistances of ores more cross sections DESIGN RESISTANCE OF SHEAR CONNECTORS General Stud connectors in solid slabs Headed studs used with profiled steel sheeting andards InstitutionBSI DDXENVALSG4- 2-2 94 MM 1b24bb9 O4IN7OS O22 Me . Page 5 ENV 1994-1-1 : 1992 634 Block connectors in solid slabs 635 Anchors and hoops in solid slabs 63.6 Block connectors with anchors or hoops in solid slabs 637 Angle connectors in solid slabs DETAILING OF THE SHEAR CONNECTION General recommendations ‘Stud connectors Headed suds used with profiled steel sheeting Block connectors ‘Anchors and hoops ‘Angle connectors FRICTION GRIP BOLTS General Ultimate mit. state Serviceabiliy limit sue Deualing of friction grip bolts ‘TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT Longitudinal shear in the slab Design resistance to longitudinal shear Contribution of profiled steel sheeting Minimum transverse reinforcement Longinidinal splining CHAPTER 7. COMPOSITE SLABS WITH PROFILED STEEL SHEETING FOR BUILDINGS 72 GENERAL TL Scope 712 Definitions 12 DETAILING PROVISIONS 721 Slab thickness and reinforcement 722 “Aggregne 723 Bearing requirements 3 ACTIONS AND ACTION EFFECTS 731 Design situations 732 Actions 733 Load combinations and load cases 14 ANALYSIS FOR INTERNAL FORCES AND MOMENTS 741 Profiled steel sheeting as shuttering 742 Composit slab 18 VERIFICATION OF PROFILED STEEL SHEETING AS SHUTTERING 75.1 Ukimate limit stae 152 Serviceability Umit state 16 VERIFICATION OF COMPOSITE SLABS 761 Ultimate limit staie 762 Serviceablity Limit state CHAPTER 8, FLOORS WITH PRECAST CONCRETE SLABS FOR BUILDINGS a1 GENERAL a2 ACTIONS a3 PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS FOR MATERIALS Fright by the Brltsh Standards Inethation Feb 12 15:49:38 2002« Page 6 ENV 1994-1-1 BSI DD¥ENVEL994- 3-2 94 MM Lb2HGE O4LN70b TES ml + 1992 DESIGN, ANALYSIS, AND DETAILING OF THE FLOOR SYSTEM ‘Support arrangements Joints berween precast elements Interfaces JOINT BETWEEN STEEL BEAMS AND CONCRETE SLAB Bedding and tolerances Corrosion ‘Shear connection and transverse reinforcement CONCRETE FLOOR DESIGNED FOR HORIZONTAL LOADING CHAPTER 9. EXECUTION oO 92 93 94 941 942 943 944 GENERAL, SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION STABILITY ACCURACY DURING CONSTRUCTION AND QUALITY CONTROL Static deflection during and after concreting Compaction of concrete Shear connection in beams and columns Composite slabs with profiled steel sheeting CHAPTER 10. DESIGN ASSISTED BY TESTING 101 102 102.1 1022 1023 1024 102.5 103 103.1 1032 GENERAL TESTS ON SHEAR CONNECTORS ‘TESTING OF COMPOSITE FLOOR SLABS Parametic tests Specific tests ANNEX A. REFERENCE DOCUMENTS SCOPE STANDARDS ON MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS ASSOCIATED WITH PART 1.1 OF EUROCODE 4 ‘Standards mentioned in EC2 ‘Standards mentioned in EC3 Other standards mentioned in EC4 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS FOR EXECUTION GENERAL STANDARDS ANNEX B, LATERAL-TORSIONAL BUCKLING Pepe s METHODS BASED ON A CONTINUOUS INVERTED-U FRAME MODEL ‘Simplified method for calculation of slendemess ratio Elastic critical moment Double symmetrical stee! sections Mono-symmeuical steel sections Opyright by the British Standards Institution Feb 12 15:49:37 2002,BST DD¥ENV*LSI4~ b-b 94 Ml Ub24669 0424707 97S mm Page 7 ENV 1994-1-1 : 1992 ANNEX C. SIMPLIFIED CALCULATION METHOD FOR RESISTANCE OF DOUBLY SYMMETRIC COMPOSITE CROSS SECTIONS IN COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING ca SCOPE AND ASSUMPTIONS C2 COMPRESSIVE RESISTANCES c3 POSITION OF NEUTRAL AXIS ca BENDING RESISTANCES cs INTERACTION WITH TRANSVERSE SHEAR cé NEUTRAL AXES AND PLASTIC SECTION MODULI OF SOME CROSS SECTIONS General Major axis bending of encased [sections Minor axis bending of encased I-sections Concrete filled circular and recungular hollow sections ANNEX D. DESIGN OF COMPOSITE COLUMNS WITH MONO-SYMMETRICAL ‘CROSS-SECTIONS - SIMPLIFIED METHOD Da GENERAL. D2 SCOPE D3 DESIGN FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION Da DESIGN FOR COMPRESSION AND UNIAXIAL BENDING Ds. LONG-TERM BEHAVIOUR OF CONCRETE ANNEX E. PARTIAL SHEAR CONNECTION METHOD FOR COMPOSITE SLABS El ‘SCOPE £2 DETERMINATION OF TuRd E3 VERIFICATION OF THE LONGITUDINAL SHEAR RESISTANCE E4 VERIFICATION OF COMPOSITE SLABS WITH END ANCHORAGE ES VERIFICATION OF COMPOSITE SLABS WITH ADDITIONAL REINFORCEMENT ANNEX F. CHECKLISTS OF THE INFORMATION REQUIRED IN TEST REPORTS Fl PUSH TESTS Ell Scope F12 Test specimens FL3 Testing Fld Results F2 TESTING OF COMPOSITE SLABS F21 Scope F22 Test specimens F23 Testing F2s Results ‘Opyright by the Brith Standards institution Feb 12 15:49:38 2002Page 8 BSI DDXENVALSIY~ 2-2 94 MM 2624659 0414708 433 mm ENV 1994-1-1 : 1992 FOREWORD TO EUROCODE 4 : PART LI 0.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE EUROCODES aw @ 8 ® 02 aw @ The Strucuiral Eurocodes comprise a group of standards for the structural and geotechnical design of buildings ahd civil engineering works. ‘They are intended to serve as reference documents for the following purposes: (@ As a means to prove compliance of building and civil engineering works ‘with the essential requirements of the Construction Products Directive (CPD). (©) As a framework for drawing up harmonized technical specifications for construction products. ‘They cover execution and control only to the extent that is necessary 10 indicate the quality of the constuction products, and the standard of the workmanship, needed to comply with the assumptions of the design rules. Until the necessary set of harmonized technical specifications for products and for methods of testing their performance is available, some of the Structural Eurocodes cover some of these aspects in informative annexes. BACKGROUND TO THE EUROCODE PROGRAMME ‘The Commission of the European Communities (CEC) initiated the work of ‘esublishing a set of harmonized technical rules for the design of building and civil engineering works which would initially serve as an altemative to the different rules in force in the various Member States and would ultimately replace them, These technical rules became known as the “Suucwural Eurocodes”. In 1990, after consulting their respective Member States, the CEC wansferred work of further development, issue and updates of the Structural Eurocodes 10 CEN, and the EFTA Secretariat agreed w suppor the CEN work CEN Technical Comminee CEN/TC 250 is responsible for all Structural Eurocodes Spyrigntby the British Standards Inettution Fob 12 15:49:38 2002BSI DD*ENVELIG4- 3-2 94 MM LL2469 0424705 778 03 a @ ) @) (3) © Page 9 ENV 1994-1-1: 1992 EUROCODE PROGRAMME Work is in hand on the following Smucurl Eurocodes, each generally consisting of a number of pans: EN 1991 Burocode 1 Basis of design and actions on structures EN 1992 Eurocode 2 Design of concrete sructures EN 1993 Eurocode 3 Design of steel structures EN 1994 Eurocode 4 Design of composite steel and concrete structures EN 1995 Eurocode 5 Design of timber soucures EN 1996 Eurocode 6 Design of masonry suctures EN 1997 Eurocode 7 Geotechnical design EN 1998 Eurocode 8 Design of structures for earthquake resistance In addition the following may be added wo the programme: EN 1999 Eurocode 9 Design of aluminium sauctures Separate sub-comminees have been formed by CEN/TC 250 for the various Eurocodes listed above. ‘This pan of the Structural Eurocode for Design of Composite Steel and Concrete Strictures is being issued by CEN as a European Prestandard (ENV) ‘with an inital life of three years ‘This Prestandard is intended for experimental practical application in the design fof the building and civil engineering works covered by the scope as given in 1.1.2, and for the submission of comments. ‘After approximately two years CEN members wil) be invited to submit formal comments 10 be taken into account in determining furue action, Meanwhile. feedback and comments on this Prestandard should be sent to the Secretariat of sub-commince CEN/TC 2S0/SC 4 at the following address: Nanonal Standards Authonty of Ireland, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland fof w your national standards organization Sbyright by the British Standards Insttution Feb 12 15:49:39 2002BSI DD*ENVA}SS4- 1-2 94 MME LG2469 0414720 4ST mm Page 10 ENV 1994-1-1 : 1992 04 NATIONAL APPLICATION DOCUMENTS © In view of the responsibilities of authori in member countries for the safety, health and other matiers covered by the essential requirements of the CPD, ‘certain safety elements in this ENV have been assigned indicative values which are identified by [————]. The authorities in each menber country are expected to assign definitive values to these safety elements. @ Many of the harmonized supporting standards, including the Eurocodes giving values for actions to be taken into account and measures required for fire protection, will not be available by the time this Prestandard is issued. It is therefore anticipated that 2 National Application Document (NAD) giving definitive values for safery elements, referencing compatible supporting standards ‘and providing national guidance on the application of this Prestandard, will be issued by each member country oF its Standards Organisation. @ It is intended that this Prestamdard is used in conjunction with the NAD valid in the country where the building or civil engineering works are located. os MATTERS SPECIFIC TO THIS PRESTANDARD 05.1 Croscimfomnces_to_other Eumondes: a It is stated in 1.1.2(5) that “Pant 1.1 of Eurocode 4 shall in all cases be used in conjunction with Pans 1.1 of Eurocodes 2 and 3°. To assist users, many cross-references to Eurocodes 2 and 3 are given, in the general form “clause of EC2" (or EC3), In this Prestandar = EC2 means ENV 1992-1-1 Eurocode 2: Pant 1.1; revised final draft, 31 October 1990; = EC3 means ENV 1993-1-1 Eurocode 3: Part 1.1; edited draft, issue 5, November 1990, comecied July 1991. {Drafting note: These definitions of EC2 and EC3 are subject to revision by CEN, to enable reference to be made to the published ENV versions of EC2 and EC3.) Spyrightby the Brush Standards Institution Feb 12 15:49:40 2002“Feb 12 15:49:41 2002 BST DD#ENVERSS4- 2-2 54 MM Lb246b9 0414722 326 me @ @ 0s2 053 Page 11 ENV 1994-1-1 : 1992 It should not be assumed that cross-references are given to all relevant clauses of EC2 and EC3. Repetitions from EC2 and EC3 are limited to material that is frequently needed for reference; for example, Table 3.1 on propenies of concrete. ‘There are general references to Eurocode 1, but no references 10 specific clauses. In a few clauses 1c, 3.2.1) application niles for actions are given. ‘These apply only until the relevant Pant of Eurocode 1 is available. ‘The testment of yy for structural steel ‘The use in this Presandard of partial safety factors for concrete and reinforcement is as in EC2 For structural steel, clause O55 of EC3 is relevant. It was not possible to reproduce the method of EC3, where factors MMO or M1 ae applied to resistances of cross-sections or members, because most of the 14 factors given in this Prestandard are applied to suengths of materials (clause 22.32). The symbols yo and yyy ae therefore replaced in Eurocode 4: Pan 1.1 by different symbols, % and Rd respectively. The method of drafting makes possible the assignment by a national authority of definitive values such that % # yg. In iis respect, it is consistent with the use of factors yg and yy in ECS. noi Fs Two types of note are used: = Note: ...), These notes should appear also in the EN version of Eurocode 4: Pan 1.1. + [ENV Note: .... These notes relate to other Eurocodes and Reference Standards as they are in mid-1991. They will not appear in this form in the EN version of Eurocode 4: Part 1.1BST DD*ENVSES94~ 2-2 94 MM L624b69 0414272 262 a 1 INTRODUCTION 1a SCOPE Lt ‘Scope_of Eumende 4 0 Eurocode 4 applies to the design of composite srucnures and members for buildings and civil engineering works. The composite structures and members are made of stuctural steel and reinforced or prestressed concrete connected together to resist loads, Eurocode 4 is subdivided into various separate parts, see 112 and 11.3, 2 This Eurocode is only concemed with the requirments for resistance, serviceability and durability of smucures Other requirements, eg. conceming thermal or sound insulation, are not considered. ) Execution +) is covered in Chapter 9, and by reference to Eurocodes 2 and 3, to the extent tha it is necessary to indicale the quality of the construction materials and products which should be used and the standard of workmanship fon site needed. w comply with the assumptions of the design rules. Generally, the rules related to execution and workmanship are to be considered as minimum requirements which may have to be funher developed for panicular types of buildings or civil engineering works +) and methods of construction '). [ENV Note: See also the Foreword; in the present document, execution is not covered in Chapter 9 to the extent stated above.) ® Eurocode 4 does not cover the special requirements of seismic design. Provisions related to such requirements are provided in Eurocode & "Design of smucures for earthquake resisance’ +) which complements or adapts the rules of Eurocode 4 specifically for this purpose. ) Numerical values of the actions on buildings and civil engineering works 10 be taken into account in the design are not given in Eurocode 4. They are given in Eurocode 1 “Basis of design and actions on structures” +) applicable to the various types of construction 1. 112 Scope of Part 1 of Furocode 4 o Pan 1.1 of Eurocode 4 gives a general basis for the design of composite structures and members for buildings and civil engineering works. @ In addition, Pan 11 gives for composite slabs, beams. columns and frames euiled rules which are mainly applicable to ordinary buildings. ‘The applicability of these rules may be limited, for practical reasons or due 10 Simplifications, their use and any limits of applicability are explained in the text where necessary. @ ‘The following subjects are dealt with in Pan 1.1 + Chapter 1: Introduction + Chapter 2 : Basis of Design + Chapter 3: Materials + Chapter 4: Ulimate limit states + Ghapter $ : Serviceability limit states Ghapter 6 : Shear connection in beams for buildings Chapter 7: Composite slabs with profiled steel sheeting for buildings 1) For the meaning of this term, see 1.4.1 2) 1) At present at the dra stage ‘Opyright by the British Standards Institution Feb 42 16:49:41 2002| Pyight by the Briush Standards Instiution Feb 12 16:49:42 2002 BSI DDxENVS299U- 2-2 94 MM Db24bE9 0424723 279 “ © © Page 13 ENV 1994-11: 1992 + Chapter 8: Floors with precast concrete slabs for buildings + Chapter 9: Execation + Chapier 10 : Design assisted by testing = Annex A: Reference documents (Normative) + Annex B Lateral-torsional buckling (Normative) + Annex C Resistance of doubly symmenic (Normative) composite cross sections in ‘combined compression and bending = Annex D — : Composite columns with mono- (Normative) symmetrical cross section + Annex E + Partial shear connection method (Normative) for composite slabs + Annex F —: Checklists of the information (informative) required in test repons Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 are common to all Eurocodes, with the exception of some additional clauses which are required for composite constuction Part 1.1 of Eurocode 4 shall in all cases be used in conjunction with Pans 1.1 of Eurocodes 2 and 3, This Pant 1.1 does not cover «= resistance to fire nor, more generally, resistance at non-climatic temperatures * resistance 10 highly repeated actions liable to result in fatigue = resistance to dynamic actions that are not quasi-static * panicular aspects of special types of civil engineering works (such as bridges, rane girders, masts, towers, offshore platforms, nuclear containment vessels) see 1.132) = panicular aspects of special types of buildings (such as induscral buildings 'as far as fatigue would need to be considered) + presuessed structures + members the structural stee! component of which has cross-sections with no axis of symmetry parallel to the plane of its web + members the structural concrete component of which is made of no-fines concrete, or of aerated concrete or of concrete including heavy aggregate. oF has less reinforcement than the minimum values given in clause 5.4 of EC2. for contains expanding or non-shvinkage admixtures = composite plates consisting of a flat steel plate connected with a concrete slab = sway frames + some types of shear connectors (see Chapter 6) { semi-continuous frames such thai rigid-plastic global analysis cannot be used (See 1.4.2(1), and in EC3 clause $2.24 and Table 5.2.1) - base plates beneath composite columns + particular aspects of composite piles for foundations articular aspecs of members with haunched or tapered steel components particular aspects of box girders anicular aspects of totally or partially encased beams (see however 4.3.3.1 and Annex B) = and more generally panicular aspects mentioned as not covered in the following chapters (felating for example to the form of cross-sections)BSI DD*ENVALS94- 2-2 94 MM Lb24b65 ONLN7L4 O35 Ml : Page 4 ENV 1994-1-1 : 1992 a ‘The implicit inclusion of a type of building of a form of stucure (as defined in 14.12)) does not imply that all details of its design are covered conclusively. 1.13 Bupher Pans of Bumanie 4 ® This Pan 11 of Eurocode 4 will be supplemented by funher Parts which will complement or adapt it for particular aspects of special types of buildings and civil engineering works, special methods of constuction and. cemin other aspecs fof design which are of general practical importance. ® Funher Pans of Eurocode 4 which, at present, are being prepared or are planned ae the following: Pan 12 Fire resistance: Pat 2 Bridges. 12 DISTINCTION BETWEEN PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATION RULES o Depending on the character of the individual clauses, distinction is made in this Eurocode berween Principles and Application Rules. @ ‘The Principles comprise : + general statements and definitions for which there is no altemative, as well as + requirements and analytical models for which no aliemative is permined unless specifically stated. 8) The Principles are prinied in roman ppe. o ‘The Application Rules are generally recognised rules which follow the Principles and satisfy their requirement. 6 It is permissible to use aliemative design rules different from the Application Rules given in the Eurocode, provided that it is shown that the allemative rules accord with the relevant Principles and are at least equivalent with regard wo the resistance, serviceability and durability achieved by the structure if designed using the present Eurocode. © The Application Rules are printed in italics. This is an Application Rule (Note: Tables and figures have he same stanis as the paragraphs 10 which they relate] 3 ASSUMPTIONS a The assumprions given in clauses 1.3(1) of EC2 and EC3, which are identical, ae applicable. @ The design procedures are valid only when the requirements for execuion and ‘workmanship given in Chapter 9 are also complied with a) Nuperical values identified by are given as indications Omer values may be specified by Member States, 14 DEFINITIONS. Lad a Unless otherwise suaied in the following, te terminology used in Lnemuuonal Standart 150 8930 applies Spyright by the Orliah Standards Institution Feb 12 15:49:43 2002BST DDxENVALTAY- 4-2 94 MM L624bb5 O4LN7ES T7L A 2 Page 15 ENV 1994-1-1 ; 1992 @ ‘The following tems are used in common for all Suuctural Eurocodes with the following meanings : = Construction Works : Everything that is constructed or results from construction operations +). This term covers both building and civil engineering works. It refers to the complete construction comprising both structural and non-structural elements, = Execution : The activity of creating a building or civil engineering works. The term covers work on site; it may also signify the fabrcason of components off sie and their subsequent erecion on site + = Samycture : Organized combination of connected pans designed to Provide some measure of rigidity *). This term refers to load carying pars. + ‘Type of building or civil enginsering works : Type of “construction works” designating its innded purpose, ¢g. dwelling house, industial building, road bridge +). + Form of stucsue : Stucural type designating the arrangement of structural elements, eg. beam, triangulated structure, arch, suspension bridge. + Construction material : A material used in construction work, eg ‘concrete, steel, timber, masonry. = Type of construction : Indication of principal structural material, eg reinforced concrete construction, steel construction, timber ‘construction, masonry construction, composite construction. = Method of coastnuction : Manner in which the construction will be carried out, eg. cast in place, prefabricated, candlevered. + Swemunl system : The load bearing elements of a building or civil engineering works and the way in which these elements are assumed to function, for the purpose of modelling °) ‘The equivalent terms in various languages are given in Table 1.1. 142 Special toms used in this Pat 11 of Eurocode 4 a ‘The following terms are used in Pan 11 of Eumcode 4 with the following ‘meanings: + Frame: A structure of ponion of a structure, comprising an assembly of directly connecied structural members, designed to act together 10 resist load. This term covers " both plane frames and ‘hree-dimensional frames. +) This definition accords with Intemational Standard 180 6707 Par 1. +) (for the English version only) ; In English “constuction” may be used instead of “execution” in cenain combinations of words where there is no ambiguity (eg. “during construction”), +) Imemational Standard ISO 6707 Pan 1 gives the same definition but adds “or a Construction works having such an arrangement”. In the Stuctural Eurocodes this addition is not used. in onder 10 facilitate unambiguous translations +) (for the English version only) : “Type of construction works” is not used in English SDyright by the British Standards Inatition Feb 12 46:49:43 2002BST DDXENVS}S94~ 2-1 94 MM Lb24bb9 O424726 908 me ENV 1994-1-1 : 1992 ~ Page 16 Teraisaais> woarshs] syeamr InN Terese ewaisis| y2y12m11suoy ewoisis| warshsdeay| auaisks} uaisks jeamonsis| ontr9a1su09 oat anaasa| wot 199929, wo} rons 1su09 oruata1p20s4} apoyrouanog] o1u2a}paz0sg] uasye)soaneg| 2920084 30 poyion| voyona)su03 oar ins ysuoo wor 1903 1509 wor 1304 1su02 2p oda} 92 f raanog euaists| as yoaneg| 2p pom 40 3044, suoyens Teu05] —(aeaTaeIS) woyoonsisuoa] —yeersorem| ep] Jyo1sas34] wos rans isu0d| 1eqsatea| ap eysaven| ayionsisuoy] — apersauen| —tysorsneq] 2p nevsanen wor 1303 15u09 Temmianais3| —9yvanaysu09] —eanivnais| —sqz>aSeaq] d3ni90a15 e1Sojodis| -Beeap addy, 1p 0434 s9p ay 2p adky| asmiansis yo mos sqs08 Buy e190 2p auoyznsisuoo} —sys2aneg] uoriansisuo>] -s99u1Tua | 1A19 10 adi] ys9Kanoq ody) 1p odta| sap ray] ap aanven| 40 Surpiing jo adéy| = 3y19n4 1suo9| eamionsisg sdeesg] —eamiinsig] —yizadeay! —aanionsas aamionsis| unsynssny uorsnaafa] Buysz0nrin| — 2uoy2naasg Greg} vor inaaxg uo} rnoaxa} seiqo| s9aanog} 20012011509} ys2aneg] voy19ns1su03} £4204 or 91 1SU09| + Tonvass] —sawvtwaqan] —onviWLt wsinsa] — stoNv ns t70N3| SITEMITET MOTTE UY SUFI AMET HRT OTST | STALE ‘Sbyright by the Brilen Standards Tnsutution Feb 12 18:49:44 2002BSI DDXENV#L994- 2-2 94 MM LE24Eb9 O4LN7L7 B44 A Page 17 ENV 1994-1-1 : 1992 + Sub-frame: A frame which forms part of a larger frame, but is ‘weated as an isolated frame in a stuctural analysis, = Type of framing: Terms used to distinguish between frames which are either, = continuous, in which only both equilibrium and the structural properties of the members need be considered in the global analysis; = semi-continuous, in which also the structural properties of the connections need explicit consideration in the global analysis; or + simple, in which only equilibrium need be considered in the global analysis, = For sway frames and non-sway frames sce 4.9.4.2 and EC3 clause $252. = For braced frames and non-braced frames see 4.9.4.3 and EC3 clause 5.25.3. = Composite frame: In Par 1.1 of EC4, a composite frame is a framed structure for a building or similar construction works, in which some or all of the beams and columns are composite members and most of the remaining members are structural steel members. The use of reinforced ot prestressed concrete or masonry members in bracing systems (as defined in EC3) is not excluded. = Composite member. A suctural member with components of concrete and of structural or cold-formed steel, interconnected by shear connection so as to limit the longitudinal stip berween concrete and see] and the separation of one component from the other. + Propped srucuure or member. A strucure or member the steel elements of which are supported until the concrete elements are able to resist stresses. = Unpropped stvcure or member: A structure or member in which the ‘weight of concrete elements is applied 10 steel elements. = Shear connection: An inlerconnection between the concrete and steel ‘components of a composite member that has sufficient strength and stiffness 10 enable the two components to be designed as pans of a single structural member. Except as provided in 4.8.27 and 7.1.2.2 shear connection means mechanical shear connection that does not rely on bond or adhesion at interfaces between steel and concrete. + Full and paral shear connection are defined in 4.1.26) = Composite connection: A connection between 2 composite member and ‘any other member in which reinforcement is intended to contribute 1 the resistance of the connection. ~ Rigid composite connection: A composite connection such thal its deformation has no significant influence on the distribution of intemal forces and moments in the structure, nor on its overall deformation (see 4.10.2). Sprght by the Bilish Standards Inctition Feb 12 15:49:45 2002* Page 18 ENV 1994-1-, 1s a @ 16 ay BST DDxENVALSSY~ 4-2 94 MM LE2HbET 0454728 780 me + 1992 = Composise column: A composite member subjected mainly to ‘compression and bending. Only columns with cross-sections of the types defined in 4.8.1 are weated in this Eurocode. + Composite beam: A composite member subjected mainly to bending Only those in which the stricural steel section is symmewical about its minor axis are treated in this Eurocode. + Continuous composite beam: A beam with three or more suppons, in which the steel section is either continuous over intemal supports’ or is jointed by full-strength and rigid connections, with connections between the beam and each suppor such that it can be assumed that he support does not transfer significant bending moment to the beam. ‘At the intemal suppons the beam may have cither effective reinforcement or only nominal reinforcement. + Composite slab : A bi-dimensional horizontal composite member subjected mainly to bending, in which profiled steel sheets: = age used as permanent shuttering capable of supporting wet concrete, reinforcement and site loads, and ~ subsequently combine structurally with the hardened concrete and act as pan of all of the tensile reinforcement in the finished slab. + Global analysis : The determination of a consistent set of intemal forces and moments in a structure which are in equilibrium with a Paricular defined set of actions on the suucture, and are based on the ropenies of the materials. [ENV Note: The terminology of the various types of analyses has not yet been fully harmonised between EC2, EC3 and EC4,) SL UNITS S.L. Units shall be used in accordance with ISO 1000. For calculations, the following units are recommended: = forces and loads 2 AN, KNém, kN/mt + unit mass kgim* + unit weight KNint + suesses and srengths : Némm? (= MN/m? or MPa) + moments (bending...) Nm, SYMBOLS USED IN PART 1.1 OF EUROCODE 4 Only the main symbols are defined in this chapter. Symbols which are used only in small parts of this Eurocode are defined where they appear. INow: The following lists of symbols include the principal combinations of symbols and subscripts used in this Eurocode. The lists do not include symbols used in one place only, nor those symbols used in EC2 and EC3 but not direcly in ECA} “night by the Brtish Standards Instiavon Feb 12 16:49:45 2002BSI DDxENV"LS94- 3-2 94 MM 2624669 0424739 17 a Page 19 ENV 1994-1-1 : 1992 1.61 Latin upper case loners ‘Accidental action; Area Fixed value ; Factor Effect of actions; Modulus of elasticity ‘Action; Force Permanent action; shear modulus Second moment of area Stiffness factor (UL) Length ; Span ; System length Moment in general; Bending moment Design value of the resisting bending moment Design value of the applied intemal bending moment ‘Axial force: Number of shear connectors Shear resistance of a shear connector Variable action Resistance Intemal forces and moments (with subscripts ¢ or k) Shear force Section modulus Value of a propeny of a material XE OrmORZE 1.62 Greek upper case letters A Difference in .nnu.(precedes main symbol) Syrght by the Briish Standards Metiution Feb 12 15:49:46 2002BST DD*ENVELSSY- 2-2 94 MH 2469 0414720 339 mm > Page 20 ENV 1994-1-1 : 1992 163° Latin Jowee case iene Distance ; Geometrical data Width ; Breadth . Distance ; Outstand ; Thickness of concrete cover £ —Suength (of a material) fox Characteristic compressive strength of concrete foq Characteristic tensile yield strength of reinforcement fy Specified ultimate tensile stength of the material of a stud, 2 bolt, a vet. fy Nominal tensile yield strength of stucturl steel fyp Characerisic (nominal) tensile yield strength of profiled steel sheeting ho Height i Radius of gyration Kk Coefficient 1 (or & or L) Length ; Span; Buckling length. (Note: 1 can be replaced by | L or by & (handwriten) for cenain lengths or to avoid confusion with 1 (qumeral)) m Factor for composite slabs Modular ratio Radius S Spacing ; Disance | Thickness ¥ Shear force per unit length Crack wide KK yy, 22 Rectangular axes “oyright by the Belush Standards Inetvotion "Feb 12 16:49:47 2002BST DDsENV*LAIY- 2-1 94 MM 2b24Eb9 042472) 275 mm ” Page 21 ENV 1994-1-1 : 1992 1.6.4 Cmek lower case etic & Angle ; Ratio : Coefficient of linear thermal expansion; Factor Angle : Ratio ; Factor Panial safety facor (always with appropriaie subscript : eg. F.G.Q. A. M. Ma, a ap. ¢, 5, ¥, Rd) Steel contribution ratio : Deflection Strain ; Coefficient Coefficient Angle + Slope (or A if non-dimensional) Slendemess ratio Coefficient of friction: Moment ratio Poisson's ratio Unit mass ; Reinforcement rato Nonmal suress Shear stress Diameter of a reinforcing bar Reduction factor (for buckling) Factors defining representative values of variable actions; Suess ratio exerarvrerrosne ‘Sayrght by the Driteh Standards ettution Feb 12 15:49:48 2002BST DDxENVALASY- 2-2 44 MM Lb24eb9 OULN7Z2 101 mw os Page 22 ENV 1994-1-1 ; 1992 165 Subscrits ‘Accidental Structural steel Buckling; Bolt ; Beam; Bonom Compression ; Concrete ; Composite cross section (or exit) Caitcal Concrete shrinkage Design Desabilizin Eftestive Effective (with further subscrip) Enasic Flange ; Full: Front Permanent (refering to actions) Haunch Index. (replacing 2 numer!) Inferior ; Lower Qunatersic (or 8) Longitudinal Lateral torsional Material ‘Allowing for bending moment ; Mean Maximum ‘Allowing for axial force Nominal (possibly supplementing a) Profiled steel sheeting Plastic Variable (refering to actions) Resistance Reduced 7" PoRyBzg seg KET Zones Agena ee > ‘Opyight by the Brilsh Standards Inetution | UN Feb 12 16:49:48 2002BST DD*ENVELSIY~ 2-1 94 MM LG24EE4 O4LN723 O48 mm Page 23 ENV 1994-1-1 : 1992 S— Inemal force ; Intemal moment s sb sup Superior ; Upper {Tension ; Tensile ; Transversal; Top ten Tension u Ubtimate v Vertical ; Related to shear conection wo Web x Axis along member Major axis of cross-section: Yield 2 Minor axis of cross-section 0.12, ete... Particular values 166 —_Use.of subscripes in Part L1 of Eumoonde 4 Reference should be made to clause 1.6.6 of Eurocode 3. 1.67 Conventions for member axes Reference should be made, if relevant, to clause 1.6.7 of Eurocode 3. Spyrlghtby the Brlish Standards Institution Feb 12 15:49:49 2002BSI DDxENVELISY- L-1 94 MM b24b69 0414724 THY A + Page 24 ENV 1994-1-1 ; 1992 2. ‘BASIS OF DESIGN 2.1 FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENTS ay ‘A structure shall be designed and constructed in such a way that: = with acceptable probability, it will remain fit for the use for which it is required, having due regard tb its intended life and its cost, and = with appropriate degrees of reliability, it will sustain all actions and other influences likely to occur during execution and use and have adequate durbbility in relation to maintenance costs. ® ‘A structure shall also be designed in such a way that it will not be damaged by events like explosions, impact or consequences of human errors, to an extent isproponionate to the original cause. ® The potential damage should be limited or avoided by appropriate choice of one (or more of the following: = avoiding, eliminating or reducing the hazards which the structure is 1 sustain + selecting a structural form which has low sensitivity to the hazards considered = selecting a structural form and design that can survive adequately the accidental removal of an individual element = ying the soructure together. ® ‘The above requirements shall be met by the choice of suitable materials, by appropriate design and detailing and by specifying control procedures for Production, construction and use as relevant for the particular project. 22 DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATIONS Ea sen sina 2211, Limit sates a Limit sates are states beyond which the soucture no longer satisfies the design performance requirements. Limit sates are classified into: + ultimate limit states = serviceability limit states. 2 Ulumate limit states are tose associated with collapse, or with other forms of structural failure which may endanger the safety of peopie. ° Stas prior to structural collapse which, for simplicity, are considered in place Of the collapse itself are also classified and ueated a5 ultimate limit sutes. eg. te bending resistance of a member having cross-sections in Class 3 ‘opyngntby the British Standards Inattton “Feb 12 15:49:49 2002BSI DDxENVALSS4~ 4-2 94 MMH b24bb9 O41N725 9.0 mm . Page 25 ENV 1994-1-1 ; 1992 Oy Ultimate limit states which may require consideration include: toss of equilibrium of the structure or any part of it, considered as a rigid body = failure by excessive deformation, rupture, or loss of stability of the ‘sructure or any part of it, including shear connection (i.e. the connection berween the concrete and the steel parts), supports and foundations. Limit staies may also concern only concrete or steel parts of the smucture (e8 the steel part during an erection phase). for which reference should be made 10 Eurocode 2 and Eurocode 3 respectively. © Serviceability limit states comespond to satss beyond which specified service criteria are no longer met. © Serviceability limit states which may require consideration include: = deformations or deflections which adversely affect the appearance or fective use of the structure (including the proper functioning of machines for services) or cause damage to finishes or non-structural elements = vibration which causes discomfort to people, damage to the building or its ‘contents, or which limits its functional effectiveness = cracking of the concrete which is likely to affect appearance, durability or water-tighiness adversely = damage 10 concrete because of excessive compression, which is likely to lead to loss of durability + slip at the steelsconcrete interface when it becomes large enough to invalidate design checks for other serviceability limit states in which the effects of slip are neglected. 2212 Design situations to) Design simations are classified as: = persistent situations coresponding to nommal conditions of use of the structure = transient situations, for example during consuuction or repait + accidental sirvations. @ For composite sructures anention is drawn 1 the necessiny of identifying and considering, when relevant, several mansient design situations corresponding 10 the successive phases of the building process. For example, it may be necessary not only to consider the situation of the steel beam supporting the fresh Concrete. but cven to distinguish several simations corresponding to successive phases of pouring the concrete 222 Actions [Now: fuller definitions of the classification of actions will be found in Eurocode 1.} Toyrightby the Brlish Standards Institution eb 12 15:49:60 2002Page 26 BSI DD*ENV*LS94- 1-1 94 MM Lb24bb9 O4LN72b 857 Mw ENV 1994-1-1 : 1992 2221 ro) @ @ @ 2222 a Opyright by the Brion Standaras inet ead a ‘An action (F) is: = a force Goad) applied wo the sructure (direct action), or = am imposed deformation Gndirect action), eg. temperature effects, serlement or shrinkage, Actions are classified: () by their variation in time: + permanent actions (G), eg. self-weight of stucures, finings, ancillaries and fixed equipment + vatiable actions (Q), e.g. imposed loads, wind loads or snow loads = accidental actions (A), e.g. explosions or impact from vehicles i) by thelr spatial vatiation: + fixed actions, eg. self-weight (but see 2323(2) for structures very sensitive to variations in self-weight) + free actions, which result in different arrangements of actions, e.g. movable imposed loads, wind loads, snow loads. Supplementary classificarions relating to the response of the siucture are given in the relevant clauses. For composite structures, a classification of the effects of actions is adopted in caleulations, as follows: + shrinkage of concrete and non-uniform changes of temperature result in intemal forces in cross sections, and curvatures and longitudinal swains in members. The effects that occur in isostatic strcuues, and also in hyperstatic structures. when compatibility of the deformations is not considered, are classified as primary (isostatic) effects. For these effects, te associated actions have 1 be considered as direct or indirect (see (1) above), according to their manure + We primary effects of shrinkage and temperature are associated in hypersatic souctures with additional actioneffects, such that the total effects are compatible. These additional effects are classified as secondary (hypersiatic) effects. For these effects the associxned actions, which are usually forces at extemal supports, ae to be considered as imposed deformations (indirect actions). This classification has consequences cither in 2.3.3.1(4) hereafter if the global analysis is Unear, or in the global analysis itself in the other cases Characteristic values of actions Characteristic values Fy are specified: = in Eurmcode 1 or other relevant loading codes. or = by the client, oF the designer in consultation with the client. provided that the minimum provisions specified in the relevant loading codes or by the competent authority are observed, Feb 12 15:49:61 2002@) @) @ ©) © 2223 a @ o “ BSL DDXENV#LSY- 2-2 94 MM 2L24E69 0434727 793 Page 27 ENV 1994-1-1 ; 1992 For permanent actions where the coefficient of variain is large (e.g. for some anh’ pressures) or where the acions am likely to vary during the life of the smucure (eg. for some superimposed permanent losds), two characteristic values are distinguished, an upper (Ge. sup) apd a lower (Gj, ing). Elsewhere a single Characteristic value (Gy) is sufficient The self-weight of the structure may, in most cases, be calculated on the basis Of the nominal dimensions and mean unit masses. Because of the continuous and monotonic variation in time of shrinkage, in most cases two values should be considered for this action, associated respectively with wo exreme points of the design fe, represenied by the symbolic expressions t = 0 and t = =, In particular cases only the intermediate range should be investigated. For variable actions the characteristic value (Q) comesponds to either: the upper value with an intended probability of not being exceeded, or the Tower value with an intended probability of not being reached, during some reference period, having regard to the intended life of the structure fr the assumed duration of the design siuation, or + the specified value, e.g. an intended limit for use. For accidental actions the characteristic value Ay (when relevant) generally corresponds to a specified value. Representative values of variable sctioos Note: fuller definitions of representative values will be found in Eurocode 1.) ‘The main representative value is the characteristic value Qy. Other representative values are related to the characteristic value Qk by means of a factor yj. These values are defined as: + combination value: WR (see 23.2.2 and 2.3.4) + frequent value: WiQ (see 232.2 and 23.4) = quasi-permanent val WaQ (see 2.3.22. and 2.3.4) Supplementary representative values are used for fatigue verification and dynamic analysis. The factors Yo. Wi and v2 ae specified: in Eurocode 1 or other televant loating codes, o by the client, or the designer in consultation with the client, provided that the minimum provisions specified in the relevant loading codes or by the ‘competent authority are observed. ‘Topright by the Brien Standards Inettation Feb 12 16:49:62 2002BST DDAENVS}S94- 1-1 94 MM Db24Lb9 0424728 b2T Me + Page 28 ENV 1994-1-1 : 1992 2224 Design values of actions a ‘The design value Fy of an action is expressed in general terms as: Fa = te ey where yp is the partial safety factor for the action considered - taking account of, for example, the possibility of unfavourable deviations of the actions, the possibility of inaccurate modelling of the actions, uncenaintes in the assessment 4 of effects of actions and uncenainties in the assessment of the limit sue considered. @ Specific examples of the use of yp ar: Gq = 10% Od = 19% oF TEVA Ag = YaAk (if Ag is not direcly specified) ° ‘The upper and lower design values of permanent actions are expressed as follows: + where only a single characteristic value Gy is used (see 2.2.2.2.2)) then: Gassup = YG.sup Cx Gant = 1G,int Sx + where upper and lower characteristic values of permanent actions are used (see 2.2.2.2(2)) the Gasup = YG.sup Gk,sup Gaint = ¥G.inf Gi.int where Gying is the lower characerisic value of the permanent action Gysup is the upper characteristic value of the permanent action WGin? is the lower value of the parial safety facor for the pemanent action YG.sup 15 the upper value of the panial safety factor for the permanent action. 2225 Design values of the effects of actions ay ‘The effects of actions (E) are responses (for example, intemal forces and ‘moments, suesses, strains) of the structure to the actions. Design values of the effects of actions (Eq) are determined from the design values of the actions, Beometrical data and material properies when relevant. in accordance with 23.104), as: Eg = Ey. 2g...) (2.2) where ay is defined in 2.2.4 SSoyright by the Brilah Standards Institution Feb 12 15:49:62 2002BSI DDXENV*}SN= 2-2 94 MM Lb24bbS O4RN729 Shh me 2231 @ @ ® ® 2232 a 2) Page 29 ENV 1994-1-1 : 1992 ‘Material_pmoemtics Chancieristic values ‘A material propery is represented by a characiristic value X, which in general conresponds to 1 fractile in the assumed statistical distribution of the panicular property of the material, specified by relevant standards and tested under specified conditions. Cerain properties of some components (e.g, resistance of a shear connector Ppy) are trated as material properties. For some material properties a nominal value is used as the characteristic value this is the case for most of the material properties relating to the steel pans of composite structures. For other material properties the characteristic values are for some verifications substituted of supplemented by mean or nominal values, which correspond to the most likely values throughout the stucuure for which a minimum characteristic value has been specified; this is the case for concrete properties and for physical coefficients. ‘A material property may have two characierisic values, the upper value and the ower value. In most cases only the lower values’ of sengihs need to be considered. However the upper values shall be taken into account where overstengih effects may produce a significant reduction in safety: this is for example the case for the tensile suengih of concrete in the calculation of the effects of indirect actions. Design values ‘The design value Xqg of a material propeny represented by its lower characteristic value is defined as: X4 = Xkint / 1M ‘where yyy is the panial safety factor for the material propeny (see 2.3.3.2(1)). However, the design value Pag of the resistance of a shear connector is defined in a similar way. a8 Ppq = Ppyhly where ty is a unified value applicable for any mode of failure of the shear connection, For composite structures, the design values of the material surengths and geomerrical data, when relevant, shall be used to determine the design resistances of members or cross-sections, according to the individual chapters, as: Rg = RXq, ag --) 23) in most cases. Where the resistance is influenced by the buckling of the suctural steel, other formulations a used, including a specific. safety factor yea (See 4.1.1(5). Spyright by the British Standards Inettuton Feb 12 15:49:63 2002