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2. Mass balance

Keywords:
System approach, volume approach and differential element approach
Environmental transport modeling based on mass balance and energy balance equations
Examples: Contaminant transport in soil, in groundwater, particle sedimentation during
water and wastewater treatment, solute transport in lakes etc…

CEE 330 and 437 review:

Two rivers bring bromide into the lake, and one river removes
bromide. No significant reactions occur, as bromide is soluble
and non-reactive. Select the mass balance equation to find the
annual average concentration of bromide in the lake. Assume
steady state (Q 1).

A.  ACC=-DECAY
B.  0=IN-OUT-DECAY
C.  ACC=IN-OUT+GENERATION
D.  ACC=IN-OUT
E.  0=IN-OUT
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CEE 330 and 437 review:

A degradation reaction within a well-mixed tank is used to
destroy a pollutant. Inlet concentration and flow are held
constant, and the system has been operating for several days.
Select the equation to find the pollutant concentration in the
effluent, given the inlet flow and concentration and the first-order
decay rate constant. Assume steady state. (Q2)

A.  ACC=-DECAY
Qin, Cin
B.  0=IN-OUT-DECAY
Qout, Cout
C.  ACC=IN-OUT+GENERATION
D.  ACC=IN-OUT
E. 
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0=IN-OUT

CEE 330 and 437 review:

A well-mixed reactor shown on the right is filled with clean water
prior to being started. After start-up, a waste stream containing a
conservative pollutant is added to the reactor. Select the equation
to find the pollutant concentration in the effluent as a function of
time, given the inlet flow and concentration. (Q3)

A.  ACC=-DECAY Qin, Cin

Qout, Cout
B.  0=IN-OUT-DECAY
C.  ACC=IN-OUT+GENERATION
D.  ACC=IN-OUT
E.  0=IN-OUT 4

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You need to know

•  Write a mass balance equation
•  Make assumptions and simplify the mass
balance equation
•  Solve the mass balance equation (review first
order differential equation and integration)

Mass Balance (Chapter 1)

§  Conservation Laws: system approach (Clark
book 1.2)
§  Sources, sinks, reactions, and box models
(Clark book 1.6)
§  Group 2 will present paper on mass balance
§  Group 1 presents paper on kinetics

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Conservation Law – System Approach

System with a single input, two outputs, and no

reactions, sources, or sinks 7

Mass balance equation and terms

For a system with no reactions, sources, or sinks we
can say that:
 Rate of Mass In – Rate of Mass Out = Rate of
Accumulation of Mass

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Mass balance equation and terms

For a system with no reactions, sources, or sinks we can say
that:
Rate of Mass In – Rate of Mass Out =
Rate of Accumulation of Mass
Rate of Mass In = Qin,1Cin1 [M/T]= Mass transfer rate in
Rate of Mass Out = Qout,1Cout,1 + Qout,2Cout,2 [M/T] = Mass transfer
rate out
Rate of Accumulation of Mass = d/dt (VCsys) [M/T]
Q = flow rate [L3/T]
C = concentration [M/L3] 9

Overall mass balance and simplified

mass balance for solutes
N M
d
dt
( sys ) ∑ in,i in,i ∑ Qout , j Cout , j
VC = Q C −
i =1 j =1

for constant volume

N M
d 1 1
dt
( Csys ) =
V
∑Q in ,i Cin ,i −
V
∑Q out , j Cout , j
i =1 j =1

for steady state

N M

∑ Qin,iCin,i = ∑ Qout , j Cout , j

i =1 j =1
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A waste brine (Qin,1=2 gpm) from electrodialysis

reversal (EDR) contains 30,000 mg/L total dissolved
solid (TDS). How much of a municipal waste stream
containing only 1000 mg /L must be combined with it to
achieve a final concentration of 5000 mg/L (Q4)
Qin,2=? gpm

A. 14.75 gpm; B. 1.475 gpm; C. 147.5 gpm

D. 12.5 gpm;
E. None of the above 13

Assumption:
N M

∑Q
i =1
in ,i = ∑ Qout , j
j =1

Qin ,1 + Qin ,2 = Qout

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N M

∑Q
i =1
in ,i = ∑ Qout , j
j =1

Qin ,1 + Qin ,2 = Qout

N M

∑Q
i =1
in ,i Cin ,i = ∑ Qout , j Cout , j
j =1

Cin ,1Qin ,1 + Cin ,2Qin ,2 = Cout Qout

Qin ,2 = 12.5 gpm 16

Mass balance with reaction terms

Pollutant reaction in V
(degradation or source)
Well-mixed conditions

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Summary (with reactions)

( )
N M L
d
VCsys = ∑ Qin,iCin,i − ∑ Qout , j Cout , j + ∑ Vrk
dt i=1 j=1 k =1

for constant volume

( )
1 N 1 M L
d
C = ∑ Qin,iCin,i − ∑ Qout , j Cout , j + ∑ rk
dt sys V i=1 V j=1 k =1

for steady state

N M L

∑Q in,i
Cin,i = ∑ Qout , j Cout , j + ∑ Vrk
i=1 j=1 k =1

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E1) To solve in class

A well-mixed lake (no concentration gradient in the lake) has volume
5×108 L and is fed by a stream flowing at 2.4×107 L/day. The stream
contains 8 mg/L dissolved oxygen (DO) and has an ultimate biochemical
demand (BODult) of 10 mg/L. Waste from a small municipality (BODult = 95
mg/L; DO=0 mg/L) flows into the lake at a rate of 4.8×106 L/day. In the
lake , BOD is consumed by a reaction that proceeds at a rate given by
the expression rBOD = kd×BODult. The rate constant kd= 0.10 d-1. In
addition, oxygen can enter the lake at a rate described by the
expression rO2 = kr(DOsat-DO), where the reaction constant kr=0.05d-1 and
DOsat is the saturation (equilibrium) value of DO=11.2 mg/L for the
conditions in the lake. The DO and BOD concentrations in the lake are
approximately constant over time, and diffusion and dispersion
contribute negligibly to the transport of either substance into or out the
lake. There is only one outlet stream for the lake.
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Processes that control BOD

concentration include: (Q5)

A.  Advection only

B.  Advection + re-aeration
C.  Advection + degradation
D.  None of the above

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Show the system schematically

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Write mass balance on BOD in the lake

and calculate its concentration

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The contamination source is eliminated. What is

the new steady state mass balance? (Q6)

A) 0 = Q1C1 + Q1C3 − VK d C3
B) 0 = Q1C1 − Q1C3 + VK d C3
C ) 0 = Q1C1 − Q1C3 − VK d C3
D) None of the above
E ) I have no idea
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After we eliminate the contaminant source, it will

take some time to get the system to steady state.
Call the time at which the contaminant source is
eliminated t=0.
At time t=0, what is the BOD concentration (C0) in
the lake (Q7)
A.  8.8 mg/L.
B.  2.85 mg/L
C.  I have no idea. 32

What is the BOD concentration after 7 days?

First, what mass balance equation do you need
to use (Q8)?

dC
A. V = Q C1 − Q C − kCV
dt
B. 0 = Q C1 − Q C − kCV
C. None of the above

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What happen to DO? Write mass balance

on DO in the lake (Q8)
A) 0 = Q1 DO1 + Q2 DO2
B ) 0 = Q1 DO1 + Q2 DO2 − Q3 DO3
C ) 0 = Q1 DO1 + Q2 DO2 − Q3 DO3 − VK d BOD3
D ) 0 = Q1 DO1 + Q2 DO2 − Q3 DO3 − VK d BOD3 + Vkr ( DOsat − DO3 )
E) None of the above

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E2) Water with a dissolved oxygen concentration of 1.0 mg/L

enters a well-mixed tank at a rate of 1000 L/min. The tank volume
is 1.6×105 L. In the tank, bacteria use the oxygen for metabolism
in proportion to the amount of oxygen present, i.e. they use it at
a rate k1×CO2, where k1=2×10-3 min-1. Air is being pumped into
the tank at a rate proportional to the degree of under-saturation,
i.e., at a rate given by k2×(Csat- CO2), where Csat = 10mg/L and k2=
4×10-3 min-1. Write a mass balance for O2 in the system, and find
the steady state concentration of dissolved oxygen. There is only
one outlet for the tank.

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Summary (no reactions)

( )
N M
d
VCsys = ∑ Qin,iCin,i − ∑ Qout , j Cout , j
dt i=1 j=1

for constant volume

( )
N M
d 1 1
dt
Csys =
V
∑Q in,i
Cin,i −
V
∑Q out , j
Cout , j
i=1 j=1

for steady state

N M

∑Q in,i
Cin,i = ∑ Qout , j Cout , j
i=1 j=1

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Summary (with reactions)

( )
N M L
d
VCsys = ∑ Qin,iCin,i − ∑ Qout , j Cout , j + ∑ Vrk
dt i=1 j=1 k =1

for constant volume

( )1 N 1 M L
d
Csys = ∑ Qin,iCin,i − ∑ Qout , j Cout , j + ∑ rk
dt V i=1 V j=1 k =1

for steady state

N M L

∑ Qin,iCin,i = ∑ Qout , jCout , j + ∑ Vrk

i=1 j=1 k =1

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