1-PARTIAL REVISION - Manuscript For Revision

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LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY MANILA
LEVEL OF AWARENESS ON CRISIS RESPONSE OF SELECTED

INTERNATIONAL TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY
MANAGEMENT STUDENTS OF LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES
UNIVERSITY-MANILA

A Thesis
Submitted to the Faculty of the
College of International Tourism and Hospitality Management
Lyceum of the Philippines University Manila

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements of the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management

ANASTACIO, ALLEN RUSSEL E.

CARULLO, IRENE M.
DEL ROSARIO, GERALD
NICOLAS, ROSEMARIE D.
RAMOS, JAKE ALDRIN P.

JULY 2021
COLLEGE OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

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APPROVAL SHEET
This thesis entitled LEVEL OF AWARENESS OF CRISIS RESPONSE OF

SELECTED INTERNATIONAL TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY
UNIVERSITY-MANILA prepared and submitted by ALLEN RUSSEL E.
NASTACIO, IRENE M. CARULLO, GERALD DEL ROSARIO, ROSEMARIE D.
NICOLAS, and JAKE ALDRIN P. RAMOS has been reviewed and recommended as
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in Hospitality
Management with specialization in Cruise Line Operation in Culinary Arts and Cruise
Line Operation in Hotel Services.
MS. JANNIN S. ARNALDO
Research Adviser
Accepted and approved by the panel of examiners following a successful Oral Defense
on __________ with a grade of ___.
MR. MR.

Panelist Panelist
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
of Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management with specialization in Cruise
Line Operation in Culinary Arts and Cruise Line Operation in Hotel Services.
DR. LILIBETH C. ARAGON
Dean, College of International Tourism and Hospitality Management
Date: ____________

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Certificate of Originality
We hereby declare that the research paper entitled:
CRISIS RESPONSE COMPETENCIES OF SELECTED INTERNATIONAL

TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT STUDENTS OF LYCEUM OF
THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY-MANILA

Is our own work and that, to the best of our knowledge and belief, it contains no
material previously published or written by another person nor material to which to a
substantial extent has been accepted for award of any other degree or diploma of a
university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement is
made in the text.
We also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of
my/our work, even though we may have received assistance from others on style,
presentation and language expression.
_______________________ _______________________

Proponent’s Signature over Printed Name Proponent’s Signature over Printed
Name
_______________________ _______________________
Proponent’s Signature over Printed Name Proponent’s Signature over Printed
Name
_______________________
Proponent’s Signature over Printed Name

Date of Completion: __________
(mm/dd/yyyy)
Attested by:
Ms. Jannin S. Arnaldo, MITTM Date of Completion: ________

Research Adviser’s Signature
(mm/dd/yyyy

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The researchers would like to give their deepest gratitude and warmest
appreciation to their research adviser, Ms. Jannin S. Arnaldo, for her guidance and
direction which tremendously helped them in improving and finishing their research.
Also, to their statistician and Grammarian for correcting and improving our research
paper.
The researchers would also like to thank the respondents who made have made
their study possible by contributing in the data collection. They are truly grateful for
giving them the time and effort.
They would also like to thank their family who have provided their financial and
emotional support; and to their friends who have always given their hands to furthermore
improve their research paper.
Above anyone else, the researchers offer everything to the Lord Almighty God,
who has been source of their knowledge and strength, and for the guidance throughout
their journey.
CARULLO, IRENE M.
DEL ROSARIO, GERALD

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College of International Tourism and Hospitality Management

Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management with
specialization in Cruise Line Operation in Culinary Arts
Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management with
specialization Cruise Line Operation in Hotel Services
Abstract
LEVEL OF AWARENESS ON CRISIS RESPONSE OF SELECTED
INTERNATIONAL TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT
STUDENTS OF LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY-MANILA
Allen Russel E. Anastacio, Irene M. Carullo, Gerald Del Rosario, Rosemarie D. Nicolas,
Jake Aldrin P. Ramos, and Jannin S. Arnaldo
6 Proponents and Research Adviser
This study determines the level of crisis response of selected students of the
Lyceum of the Philippines University—Manila under International Tourism and
Hospitality and Management. The objective of this study was to measure the level of
awareness on crises response of the respondent on dealing in unwanted situations. This
study used a descriptive research design – survey method. Specifically, the descriptive
survey method uses surveys to gather quantitative data in the form of questionnaires. The
respondents of this study were 4th year college students of international tourism and

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hospitality management with a specialization in Cruise Line Operation and Culinary arts,
and Cruise Line Operation and Hotel Services. The answers of the respondent helped the
researcher to measure the level of knowledge and competencies on dealing with Man-
made, Natural Incident, and Critical Incident. The respondents had a verbal interpretation
of excellent in Man-made, Natural Incident and Critical Incident. They were all aware of
dealing with crises.
Keywords: Crisis Response, Man-made, Natural Incident, Critical Incident.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE……………………………………………………………………… I
APPROVAL SHEET……………………………………………………………… II
CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY…………………………………………….....III
ACKNOWLEDGMENT............................................................................................IV
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................V
TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………....…...VII
LIST OF TABLES.....................................................................................................IX
LIST OF FIGURES....................................................................................................X
LIST OF APPENDICES............................................................................................XI
LIST OF ABREVEATION………………………………………………………… XII

INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................1
Background of the Study ...............................................................................4
Statement of the Problem ............................................................................7
Theoretical Framework .................................................................................8
Conceptual Framework …………………………………………………….10
Significance of the study ..............................................................................11
Scope and Limitations …………..................................................................12
Definition of terms …...................................................................................13

LITERATURE REVIEW ……………….................................................................15
Related Literature ………………............................................................... 15
Synthesis………………............................................................................... 24
METHODOLOGY................................................................................................... 27
Research Design …...................................................................................... 27
Sampling Technique .................................................................................... 28
Research Instrument......................................................................................29
Data Gathering Procedure..............................................................................30
Research Ethics..............................................................................................31
Statistical Treatment Data..............................................................................31

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS…………………………………….………...…..38

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION……….……..…...... 58
Summary…………………………………………………….………….…..58
Conclusion………………………………………………………………… 61
Recommendation…………………………………………………….......... 64
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………..... 78
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………….………. 75

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LIST OF TABLES
Tables Page
1. Table 1 Distribution of the Respondents According to

Age………………………………………………………………........ 40
2. Table 2 Distribution of the Respondents According to
Sex………………………………………………………………..…... 41
3. Table 3 Distribution of the Respondents According to program
specialization……..................................................................................42
4. Table 4 Level of Awareness on Crisis Response of Selected Respondents in
terms of Natural Incidents…………………………….…………….43
5. Table 5 Level of Awareness on Crisis Response of Selected Respondents in
terms of Man-Made……………………………………..……..........44
6. Table 6 Comparison based on
Sex……………………………………………………………………...51
7. Table 7 and 8 Comparison based on Program Specialization.
………………………………………………….............52
8. Table 9 and 10 The relationship between the variables Natural Incidents
(Category) * Man-Made (Category)………………….………………..54
9. Table 11 The relationship between the variables Natural Incidents (Category)
* Critical Incidents (Category)…………………………….……….…. 55
10. Table 12 The relationship between the variables Man-Made (Category) *
Critical Incidents (Category) Cross
Tabulation………………………………………...…………….....56
11. Table 13 Natural & Man-Made Mean Using Spearman Rho ……….....58

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1. Figure 1.Theoretical Framework “Disaster Risk Perception
Model “…............................................................................................ 8
2. Figure 2. Conceptual Framework “Research Paradigm” ……….......... 9

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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix Page
1. Letter to the Respondents ……………………………………….…. 79
2. Letter to the Validators …………………………………….………. 80
3. Research Instrument……………………………………….……….. 81
4. Statistician Certificate ……………………………………………... 83
5. Turnitin Results ………………………………………….………… 84
6. Curriculum Vitae of Researchers ………………………….……..... 87

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Abbreviation/Symbol Definition
CHED Commission of Higher Education
CITHM College of International Tourism and Hospitality
Management
CLOCA Cruise Line Operation major in Culinary Arts
CLOHS Cruise Line Operation major in Hotel Services
COA Commission on Audit
DepEd Department of Education
IVDV Independent Variables and Dependent Variable
LPU Lyceum of the Philippines University
NDRRMC National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Council
PHIVOLCS Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
WHO World Health Organization

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CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
A "crisis" is an incident that could endanger a person or a community and pose a
severe threat to society as a whole and could occur anytime. It is a condition facing a
risky period that necessitates immediate action to prevent adverse consequences on the
body of an institution to return to normalcy (Marker, 2020). A crisis can be artificial or a
natural disaster. These two factors can cause massive fatalities, damage properties, and
disrupt the social environment.
According to the International Journal of Disaster and Risk Reduction (2016), a
natural disaster or hazard is a catastrophic event with atmospheric, geological, and
hydrological origins. Some examples of these occurring natural disasters were floods,
hurricanes, landslides, drought, and earthquakes. On the other hand, unnatural disasters
are crises that occur caused by humans. This kind of disaster may be the result of human
actions or inactions. Unnatural disasters have an element of human intent, negligence, or
error involving a failure of an artificial system instead of natural disasters resulting from
natural hazards (Monroe County, [https://www.monroecounty-fl.gov/904/Man-Made-
Disaster] (n.d.)). Unnatural disasters include hazardous material spills, groundwater
contamination, mining accidents, fires, explosions, transportations accidents, structure
failures, and acts of terrorisms.

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One of the crew of MSC Lirica has been injured. He was a 44 years old
electrician of this cruise company. He got injured while he was trying to change the valve
of the cooling mechanism. That moment when he got injured, they were in the port of
Corfu, Greece. The first thing they did was to check him by the cruise ship inhouse
doctor. They transfer to the nearest hospital in Corfu for further medical treatments.
There was also another incident in MSC Lirica where a fire seemed to be out on board,
but there were no casualties. Apparently, a lot of unexpected things may happen in the
cruise ship. Good thing that one of the best qualities of a crew ship member is their
knowledge on care and first aid. It is important that students comprehend the knowledge
and skill inculcated to them in terms of crisis response, due to unexpected incidents that
one must anticipate. This study foresees the deficiency of the students taking a program
related to the cruise industry in terms of the crisis response based on how they can handle
and quickly retaliate against an unexpected occurrence. Sea based jobs are definitely
dangerous for every worker; they must be prepared in every possible calamity (Javed,
2014).
A pandemic is an example of a crisis that is affecting the world at present. This is
known as the COVID-19 virus. As of February 11, 2021, the Philippines has recorded
1,080,172 confirmed cases, according to the data released by the World Health
Organization (WHO), which is still increasing daily. News media outlets have reported
that the Philippines ranked lowest in the Covid-19 response (Gonzales, 2021). As a result,
this becomes one of the country's top challenging crises that has ever occurred. This has

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been a real-life example of an inadequate knowledge on how to respond when a crisis
happens appropriately. Thus, this research aimed to prove if a particular community can
survive a problem or not. Also, to inform and prepare the community on how to handle
and survive the situation effectively.
Status report of Disaster Risk Reduction in the Philippines (2019) stated that
Philippines ranked 3rd in the highest risks among all the countries worldwide. As per
World Risk Report (2018) 60% of the total land area of the Philippines is exposed to
different hazards which includes typhoons, floods, earthquakes, rising sea levels and
landslides. This is also due to its geographic location at the typhoon belt and the Ring of
Fire and 74% of the population of the country is vulnerable to its impact. Therefore, the
researchers conducted this study in order to determine the steps to be upended on
strengthening crisis response through a comprehensive training program and emphasize
the importance of the crisis response for selected International Tourism and Hospitality
Management students which are deemed useful to them when crisis occurs.
According to the 1987 Philippine Constitution of Republic Act no. 10121, the
"Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010," National Disaster
Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) duties were to monitor and
evaluate disasters that would come. They should provide special status to the president to
provide a warning and provide a preparedness to the needs of every person that includes
the community. This study also anticipates the help that it could offer in terms of

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preparedness and survival when calamities occur thru the gathered data and result
accumulated.

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Background of the Study
There are two climates in the Philippines: dry and rainy seasons. The dry season
begins in March and continues until early July, with an average temperature of 32°C. The
main reason for climate change in the Philippines is because of human activities. People
are burning fossil fuels and converting land from forests to agriculture. Since the
beginning of the Industrial Revolution, people have burned fossil fuels and turned large
tracts of land from forests to farms. Temperature, humidity, and rainfall, which are
discussed below, are important factors in climate and climate. . Based on the average of
all weather stations in the Philippines, with the exception of Baguio, the average annual
temperature is 26.6o C (Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration [PAGASA], (n.d.)). Locally, it has been referred to as summer vacation
since most schools and institutions are closed during this time. The wet season typically
begins in July and ends in early October. Some Filipinos see the rainy season as highly
fitting weather for the Philippines, particularly after the scorching summer since it creates
a cold ambiance. Certain places flood during this time of the year. Metro Manila lies on a
semi-alluvial floodplain caused by sediment flow from the Malabon-Tullahan and
Meycauayan riverbeds to the north and the Marikina riverbed towards the east (Catalina,
2012 as cited by IvyPanda, 2020). The Lyceum of the Philippines University located in
Intramuros's historic district in Manila, which has been known to be prone to floods. One
of the traditionally blamed factors besides the old drainage system and clogged streams
was the increase in concrete pavements (Antorcha, 2019, vol. 7, page number).

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On the other hand, a magnitude 6.1 earthquake occurred in Central Luzon on 22 nd
of April 2020. This was according to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology (PHIVOLCS). Whereas the ground-shaking reached Manila City with a V
(Strong) intensity scale affecting some universities and colleges located in the premises,
such as, Lyceum of the Philippines University-Manila.
The researchers solely focused on determining the crisis response competencies
of selected 4th-year college students of Lyceum of the Philippines University-Manila.
Specifically, those taking Bachelor of Science International Hospitality Management
program with the specialization in Cruise Line Operation major in Culinary Arts and
Cruise Line Operation in Hotel Services. Since the researchers have noticed that the
university was prone to experience the different disasters and calamities such as
earthquakes, floods, and more which were deemed to harm students.
This study has been coordinated at Lyceum of the Philippines University-Manila,
located in Intramuros, the historic walled city in Manila. This was founded by the late
president of the Philippines named Dr. Jose P. Laurel in 1952. It offers undergraduate and
graduate programs such as law, liberal arts, nursing, engineering, business and
accountancy, mass communication, tourism, and hotel and restaurant management. LPU
provides programs where a student can learn what to do in times of earthquake, since it is
one of the most common disasters, the school can be prone due to its location. Last
November 14, 2018, Lyceum of the Philippines (LPU) organized an earthquake drill to
practice the right response in times of earthquake. The school also managed to conduct a

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Virtual Earthquake drill in line with the celebration of the National Earthquake Drill last
March 11 year 2021. This drill helps the students enhance their skills on responding to
disasters as they may apply this knowledge not only during drills but also during the
actual disaster.
The researchers chose to focus on this topic due to the following concerns. First,
the country’s proneness to different natural disasters that no one can easily anticipate,
such as earthquakes and storm surge. Which, apparently, because of the location of the
school, many times students have experienced extreme flooding. Second, considering that
the Philippines is known to be in the Pacific Ring of Fire, thus, due to its nearness to the
circum-pacific belt where lies a myriad of volcanoes occurring within its region. Many
people suffer the spread of ashes in various locations around metro manila and other sites
around Batangas. Lastly, is the COVID-19, where everyone not only in the Philippines
but also other countries suffered from. The researchers see the value of being ready in
times of crisis. Allowing students to become equipped to survive, assess, and strengthen
themselves during the crisis response through comprehensive training, seminars, and
subjects taken, such as, Risk Management Training. With which was taken by the
students in 1st year college and Basic Training; Security and Crowd Control, 2 nd year
college at the Lyceum of the Philippines University-Manila.
Therefore, output from this study has been used as a basis to measure the level of
awareness on crisis response of the students who take seminars, training, and subjects

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they have taken in order to enhance their skills and knowledge and to measure if that
makes them competitive enough to adapt, cope and/or survive when calamities strike.

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Statement of the Problem
This study determines the crisis response competencies of selected International
Tourism and Hospitality Management students at Lyceum of the Philippines University-
Manila.  Specifically, it aims to answer the following research questions: 
1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of: 
1.1   age; 
1.2   sex; and 
1.3   program specialization?
2. What is the level of awareness on crisis response of the selected respondents level of
under:
2.1. Natural Disaster; and
2.2. Man-Made Disaster?
3. Is there a significant difference between the crisis response competencies of selected
International Tourism and Hospitality Management students and their profile?   
4. Based on the findings, what recommendations may be suggested for competency
enhancement?

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Hypothesis:
This study hypothesizes that:
Ho: There is no significant difference between the crisis response competencies of
selected International Tourism and Hospitality Management students of Lyceum of the
Philippines Manila and the respondents' profile.
Theoretical Framework
In developing strong regional catastrophe prevention systems, several essential
aspects must be considered. The Disaster Risk Perception Model Xu, et. al. (2019),
include the understanding of the rural households and the reporting skills in seismic
disasters, perception of disaster risk, awareness of reduced disaster risk, readiness to buy
the insurance, and desire to move to prevent catastrophes. Due to the growth of
knowledge and skills of citizens in the face of catastrophe risks, their perceptions of risk
and disaster prevention and disaster reduction awareness and their behavioral actions
would alter. For instance, some locals gained catastrophe awareness through the internet
and other sources and developed evacuation skills through village-sponsored training.
People’s understanding of catastrophe prevention/reduction can be increased through this
approach, and they may be more receptive to purchasing disaster insurance or relocating.
The "disaster prevention tendency" of inhabitants would also influence their behavioral
choices. Individuals take part in a community-oriented program to learn about disaster
hazards, prevent and reduce methods to make better behavioral choices in the face of a
catastrophic danger.

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The researchers determined that the rural household and reporting skills in the
seismic disaster, perception of disaster risk, awareness of reduced disaster risk, readiness
to buy the insurance, and desire to move can prevent a catastrophe. Students of Lyceum
of the Philippines University-Manila, especially, the 4th year CLOCA AND CLOHS, that
pack with knowledge on how to deal with calamities and know how to respond when
they happen. Which are more likely to survive and be prepared. Evidently, this has a big
impact on the students of Lyceum of the Philippines University-Manila. Having a school
and community-based training, a seminar about crisis response, risk reduction, and crisis
response are important knowledge and skills that they must possess. The knowledge that
they gain from these training sessions will help the student become more competent when
crises happen. This would also help lessen the casualties. On the other hand, giving more
assurance towards the safety of others but putting one’s life at risk.
Figure 1: Disaster Risk Perception Model

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Conceptual Framework
The IVDV model shows the Independent Variables and Dependent Variable, in
which the Independent variables are stable and unaffected by other variables. In this
study, the researcher used the independent variable the Crisis Competency. The
Dependent variables are subject to change depending on other variables. The researcher
includes independent variables are the following: (1) Demographic profile of the
respondent, which includes (1.1.) Age, (1.2) Sex, (1.3) Civil Status, (1.4) Program
Specialization, (2) Level of Crisis in terms of (2.1) Natural Disasters, (2.2) Man-made
Disasters, and (2.3) Critical Incidents.
Dependent Variables
Profile of
Hospitality
Management Students
in Lyceum of the
Philippines-Manila:
Independent 1.1 Age
Variables 1.2 Sex
1.3 Program
Specialization
Level of crisis
Crisis Response Development response in terms of.
Competency
Natural
Disasters;
Man-Made
Disasters; and
Critical
Incidents
Figure 2: Research Paradigm

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Significance of the Study
THE STUDENTS. The gathered data will help supplement students' knowledge of
appropriately acting in times of calamity and natural disasters. It will help the students to
acquire more learning with regard to the crisis response and to the calamity that they
might experience. They will likewise share the information gained in this study with their
peers to educate other people better.
THE UNIVERSITY. This will benefit the university as the researchers are from the
institution. Additionally, the data gathered through this research will help enrich the
university's collections and collections of research. This research likewise contains
recommendations that are worth looking into to improve the university policies,
especially on security/risk prevention measures due to the fact that some universities,
especially the institution, lack prevention measures that are related to this research.
GOVERNMENT AGENCIES FOR EDUCATION. Government agencies that regulate
educational institutions such as the Department of Education (DepEd) and the
Commission on Higher Education (CHED) would benefit from this study. This study can
give the government agencies some insight into the importance of crisis response
management, which can be helpful as guidelines in establishing subjects for other levels
of education. This can additionally be utilized and can be useful to the various agencies
that the countries have to share knowledge and share the importance of this study to
different universities as well.

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THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY. The hospitality industry will further be informed
about specific crisis response measures applied to their security policies, primarily to the
reason there are companies and/or places that are very populated such as hotels,
restaurants, bars, and other related establishments. The information contained in this fact-
finding can operate as part of the training procedure for future or existing employees in
seminars. Additionally, it can be helpful or useful to well improve the security policies or
measures in various or specific crisis responses.
FUTURE RESEARCHERS. Other researchers will find this paper that contains
valuable information that can benefit their research. This study may be used as a
reference or cited as part of their review of related literature. In a way, this research may
become an essential societal contribution to advancing knowledge in academics. Other
researchers as well can see the importance of this study and may also be studied as well
as to improve it.
Scope and Limitations
The research study focuses on the crisis response competencies of 3rd year
students from Lyceum of the Philippines University in Manila who were taking the
International Tourism and Hospitality Management program currently enrolled Academic
Year 2020-2021 2nd semester to 1st semester of Academic Year 2021-2022 4th-year
students. This study was conducted from Research 1 starting from March 2021 until the

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Research 2 undertaking of the researchers. It was also focused on how the respondents
handle various crises, whether it is man-made, natural disasters, and critical incidents.
The researchers have restricted it to 210 selected 4th-year students for the school
year 2021-2022, 1st semester, focusing on the Bachelor of Science International
Hospitality Management program with the specialization in Cruise Line Operation in
Culinary Arts and Cruise Line Operation in Hotel Services within Lyceum of the
Philippines University in Manila. The researchers chose this type of respondents to
identify the student's competencies and understand the knowledge and skill in crisis
response.
Definition of Terms
The following terms are defined the better understanding of the study:
Calamity. It is an event that causes a sudden damage
Catastrophe. It is an event that creates sudden damage or suffering
Competencies. These are qualities or skills of the person.
Crisis. It is an event that will lead or may lead to a disaster or calamities to society.
Crisis Preparedness. It refers to a series of actions based on studies that are
implemented
Critical Incident. It is a situation that creates a serious harm
as preventive measures in the event of a calamity.

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Cruise Line Industry. It is a business that operates cruise ships on the ocean and gives
accommodation, entertainment, and other services.
Hazard. It is a potential source of harm
Hospitality Management. It is a field of management that runs a business in the
hospitality sector
Man-Made Disaster. It is an element of human intent causing hazards.
Natural Disaster. It is an unforeseen occurrence that can cause harm to society
Seismic Disaster. It is an event that shakes the surface of the earth resulting in a sudden
release of energy.
Storm Surge. It is a rise in the sea level caused by changes in air pressure and wind
Volcanic Eruption. It is occurring when a volcano releases a magma

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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, the researchers explore this topic, gather various related studies
about crisis response competencies, and collect online written data about how a person
can respond appropriately in a crisis. This consists of shared thoughts and experiences
from different authors, online news reports, information from books and facts from
reliable professionals, and authorization to conduct a proper crisis response. The
collected data has been used to help the researcher conclude the study.
Crisis
The level of crisis response competency in terms of crisis incidents whether it has
been natural or man-made, and the problems encountered while acquiring the knowledge
and skills in terms of crisis response competencies would provide more knowledge and
further enhance the foundation of this study. Also, the researchers selected texts from
both foreign and domestic sources concerning the main variables to better strengthen the
claim that disaster and risk preparedness has been a severe issue.
In any crisis brought by calamities and natural disasters, there will always be an
experience of loss to different sectors at some point. The organization in crisis could not
find a suitable response to the crisis (Coombs, W. T. & Claeys, A. S., 2021).
The solution to enable us to rebuild crises is to respond to strategies with powerful
attributes of responsibility in the crisis. It is through taking positive action that these

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strategies would enable us to focus and make solutions to the crisis (Noratikah Mohamad
Ashar et. al., 2017). The disaster response system has the ability to maintain its operation,
adapt, and recover from disaster. The ability in different aspects and sectors can be used
in resilience response (XuesongGuoa et. al., 2021).
The following were the situation possibilities for the pre-crisis stage to be able to
proceed to the acute crisis stage. This phenomenon occurs when a trigger event transpired
and ends when the crisis has already been fixed or does have a solution (Coombs, 2015).
Changing the climate has an extreme impact that can trigger a natural disaster
like, earthquake, cyclone, flooding and bushfire. For example, in 2018 it has a lot of
natural disasters that occur, almost 281 in record and a huge amount of death casualties, it
also triggered down the economy (CRED & UNISDR, 2019).
The idea of preparedness has always been tactical in nature. It reflects on the
human processes required to respond effectively to emergency scenarios, which
necessitate specific mandates and protocols backed up by pre-built information systems,
expertise, and capability. When it receives an early alert, the relevant authority can use
disaster response measures. On the other hand, in anticipation of an imminent disaster or
immediately after an incident it may happen without warning, the relevant authority can
take disaster response measures (IFRC, 2019).
Advance knowledge, high-risk perception, High self-efficacy, previous
enrollment in disaster training, disaster experience, and a sense of personal responsibility

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are some factors that will be needed to consider increasing preparedness in times of crisis
(Goddard, 2018; Mulilis, 2000; Tkachuck, 2018).
The main agenda here suggests that all hotels should at least have prepared a
crisis plan. They need to be well knowledgeable of the things to avoid and prepare when
various crises occur in their hotels. Also, this is very important in order to lessen severity
and urgency. Furthermore, the managers need to execute a higher comprehension of
identifying the potential risk and problems in order to be able to analyze and to react
accordingly. Another is that having a good assessment of the hotel manager to the
available resources in crisis planning and preparation can increase the survivability and
accurately implement the plans (Zahed Ghaderi, Brian King& Michael Hall, 2021).
Findings of previous studies have looked at the readiness of college students on
how to deal with disasters and found that students' expectations were associated with
their preparedness (Claborn, 2010; Goddard, 2018; Lovekamp, 2008; Mulilis, 2000;
Simms, 2013; Tanner, 2015; Tkachuck, 2018).
The knowledge contained in this article is valuable to university administrators,
public health agencies and nursing practice. Furthermore, if a clinical nurse finds herself
in the middle of an emergency, they would nonetheless face a myriad of problems. When
students' personal and professional characteristics are congruent with the national
population, it will help students be prepared for the wide range of emergencies they will
face in life (CDC, 2015).

20
Appreciation for the following points was seen as an integral part of hotel
organizations to survive- resiliency, need for change, and flexibility (Hall et. al., 2016,
2017; Pappas, 2018; Prayag, 2018).
In order to manage the crisis, it needs to establish a solution accompanied by
strategies to enhance organizational preparedness. By developing a safety culture,
conducting and participating in crisis training was a must. Formulating an all-hazard
crisis and emergency management plan should be included in the operational
preparedness strategies. These were to continue businesses, organizations, and at-home
use (Todman-Lewis, C. V. M. 2017). The public usually focuses on organizational
response, organizing crisis preparedness plans, and training spokesperson to spread
awareness to carry out an emergency crisis.
When an emergency happens, crisis management should be followed, especially
the steps that need to be done when the crisis occurs. In preparing a crisis response, the
teams should rehearse the response regularly to be organized. Transparency and
consistency were the basics in response to the crisis. People must learn from their past
experiences, including their mistakes, during the post-crisis era. Our business continuity
strategy enables us to rebound from situations rapidly (Coombs, 2019; Fung et. al., 2020).
Chan et. al. (2018), stated that positive partnerships may result in a more successful
preparedness for potential epidemics across the health and tourism sectors. Regular
hygiene surveillance at hotel facilities and developing a system for coordinating the use
of screening, rapid reporting, and isolation of infected individuals can help mitigate the

21
impact of future events. The hotel industry's preparedness and contingency plans for
infectious disease prevention include ongoing involvement and dialogue. Local
governments need to implement evidence-based resilience policies, services, and
practices heightened by the combined effects of climate change, rapid urbanization, and
environmental degradation (LGA, 2018).
Empowering an efficient DRRM with administrative and financial power by the
powerful governing bodies was the most exciting thing today. Aside from other matters
regarding crisis management, an examination of the RA 10121 by the national
government and proponents for DRRM was currently ongoing. Installing a governing
system that can intensively enhance and guide the level of steps of preparedness,
mitigation, response, and recovery were anticipated. The reason for this was that with this
we can face the future with more confidence to survive the future disasters and crises
(KanakoIuchi, 2019). It was a significant factor in identifying risk and risk reduction. It
can prevent or lessen the potential risk. The cure framework principles have a role in
preventing future risk. It can reduce the damages, and planning is also a significant factor
in safety (Garcia,2021).
The Philippines has experienced different types of disasters, precisely natural
disasters yearly. This country needs to be prepared on how it will respond to these
problems. Different Haiyan have already experienced this in these countries, but some of
them did not anticipate it. According to Hall 2015, WHO Philippines has been working

22
with national government and international partners to ensure the area's safety and people
affected by the typhoon (Hall, 2015).
Information sources and interpretation, decision-making, evacuation procedures,
evacuation route and shelter, post-tsunami, earthquake, and community relations and
cooperation were the areas that certify for the Tsunami Ready in Hotels. Tsunami Ready
is preparation for safety standards coordinated by the Bali Hotels Association in
Indonesia. It focuses on preparedness and disaster response for the practice of tsunami
risks (Tostovrsnik et al., 2015).
According to Lin (2016), evacuation is one of the most important preparations
that should be focused on during a crisis. It requires careful planning to lessen the chaos
and confusion during evacuation operations. The decision-makers need to identify
whether they need to evacuate or stay in an area threatened by hazards. It is an essential
input for evacuation modeling and planning.
Businesses of tourist and hotel organizations face numerous emergency crises
these days that create various problems. These problems have resurfaced because of the
unfortunate events that are happening and cannot be predicted but also because of the
ignorance of some individuals and lack of knowledge on handling crisis management
situations. Therefore, to lessen these various emerging intensified problems, the only way
was to implement strategic crisis management in companies (Bilić, I., Pivčević, S., &
Čevra, A. 2017).

23
By the end of 2019, a massive percentage of global tourism in the industry was
thoroughly exposed and vulnerable to environmental hazards and has been highly
affected by continued disasters and crises. In order to know and to define the problems
and gaps between emergencies and disasters involving the tourism industry. Since
tourism has complex connections between organizations, people, events, and subsystems,
it has been decided to conduct a meeting between the tourism and disaster risk research
communities (Aliperti et.al., 2019).
The hotel sector's resilience to the disaster has a dynamic condition that describes
the capacity of the organization, together with the stakeholders, to assess, innovate, adapt,
and overcome possible disturbances that an emergency crisis may trigger. Also,
participating in building disaster resilience for hotel risk reduction activities that include
structural and non-structural analysis that handles operational and service variables from
an all-hazards perspective and preparedness. Hotel policies also need sustainability and
perusal actions (Brown et. al., 2017).
"Training" is an essential component that was deemed absent in the current crisis
management practices. It has been evident that the concept of giving training practically
does not exist when it should be one of the critical mechanisms of an active level of plans
for an effective crisis management process. Training should not be looking just like a part
of an instructional manual only (Javed, 2015).

24
Crisis incidents in the tourism industry were the most serious for it involved
affiliations, like hotels or establishments and properties. It may result in a severe change
of essential factors that may risk dismantled parts or, even worse, the whole system that
has been known, so far. The vital necessity for decision making and taking actions by the
management would come along with a substernal pressure when it comes to time. An
example of adverse events that may threaten the safety of the tourist and guests (like in
the news, volcanic eruption), various steps need to be taken to prevent this kind of threat.
Just like the example above, cleaning volcanic ashes off the hotel's swimming pool or
coming up with alternatives can be an act of product design (Ammattikorkeakoulu,
2018).
According to Mones (2015), the most common type of crisis that a person or
workers experienced are employee strikes, where employees start a rally for them to
convince their employer and change their decision that the workers do not like. On the
other hand, Natural disaster, which is a phenomenon cannot simply anticipate but can
prepare and plan to overcome or reduce the damage to their workplace.
The Philippines is one of the archipelagic countries consisting of different islands
and surrounded by water bodies. It is typical for its country to experience typhoons, sea-
level rise, and high storm surges in coastal regions due to its location. This country is
prone to Natural disasters. One of the reasons is the Pacific earthquake and the volcano
ring of fire. Another is the deforestation that can cause flooding in lower-level areas, and
lastly is the country itself because it is underdeveloped where the poor population of this

25
country shifted to coastal regions and rapidly constructed houses that cannot withstand
storm surges (Disaster Risk Reduction in the Philippines, United Nations Office for
Disaster Risk Reduction, & Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, 2019).
Even though implementing a structured crisis management process will cost a
higher price than the potential financial impact when a crisis happens, some hotels only
invest in planning to implement structured crisis management when they have already
experienced the situation. Having a structured crisis management process would give a
considerable attribution to the hotel and tourism industry. For the most part, this kind of
industry has been more prone to crisis because many potential situations may occur
during services. Emphasizing crisis awareness, specifically on analysis, evaluation, signal
detection, protection; and the second hypothesis-based proposition, "The application of
the "Reduction" phase may avoid crisis-induced impact," which was tentatively
supported (Zech, N. M., 2016).
According to Wang and Wu (2018), the perspective of an effective manager may
be influenced by their surroundings. This is through understanding the situation and most
importantly setting personal differences aside. Cultural diversity and hotel constituencies
were found to influence planning efforts. For example, when it comes to crisis
management, Australian executives prioritize tangible benefits such as internal
regulation, while Chinese executives prioritize intangible benefits such as strengthening
prestige and productivity.

26
Communication is one of the most important things to be executed. Employees
must present a clear report or at least explain the situation that they are currently in. It
must include the declaration of intent. If the employees were not directly involved in
managing the crisis, they must still check themselves and their actions for compliance.
There were possibilities that the company would hold a conference or post on the internet
to inform the public. Amid a crisis, the direct and indirect communication approaches and
the advancement procedures included within the promotion tool of the promoting mix
must be compelled to be adjusted to the crisis and the chosen crisis procedure. This may
be considered since the hotel can reach the most interested groups of individuals or the
target group through the promotion tool. The study appears to be unfavorable to deal with
an emergency when it was already too late, the crisis already happened, and one is trying
to deal with its results. It is or may be fitting to deal with an adverse circumstance
preventively. The significance of preventive crisis management will increment within the
future, for the case within the shape of a general emergency response. The advancement
of such a plan would be a suggestion for the case study hotel (Ammattikorkeakoulu,
2018).
Preventing a negative condition from occurring could be more advantageous than
treating a problem after it has occurred. Since there would be more cases of preventable
crises in the future, a generic crisis plan may take a preventive crisis management
strategy (Ammattikorkeakoulu, 2018).
Synthesis

27
Several studies show that the level of preparation of a person occurs when they
have the knowledge of their surroundings and knowledge in terms of preparing and what
to do when the crisis is happening. A crisis is a serious threat that a person would
experience whether natural or man-made, it is important to anticipate when the crisis
occurs. That is why it was so important to know the level of preparation of a person so
that when calamities happen, he or she knows how to face or prevent them. Crisis
preparedness is relevant to reduce the impact of a one crisis once it happens, during crisis
preparedness, this will need a high perception, advanced knowledge, and crisis
experience to predict the impact that can cause to the surroundings.
The vital necessity for decision making and taking actions by the management
would come along with a substernal pressure when it comes to time. An example of
adverse events that may threaten the safety of the tourist and guests (like in the news,
volcanic eruption), various steps need to be taken to prevent this kind of threat. Just like
the example above, cleaning volcanic ashes off the hotel's swimming pool or coming up
with alternatives could be an act of product design. Crisis events scare people off
especially in establishments where a lot of people go, in this case, hotels and other
hospitality industry-related places have been preparing, training for their employees, and
even installing safety equipment for their own establishment to maintain the safeties of
their own guests. Because the number one priority in the hotel industry is the guest’s
safety. That is why they would do everything they can just to serve their jobs right.

28
Being resilient is the most important trait that a person applies for them to move
forward and always look to the positive side, where they plan to revive the effect of a
crisis and plan so that if another calamity may happen. They know how to face it because
a crisis is something that cannot be vanished, but it can help lessen its impact. It may be
so dangerous and deadly, but we still need to think positively. There is also a need for a
clear mind that could quickly respond to certain incidents, such as calamities. Through
this, We lessen the damages of unpredictable hazards by analyzing the previous
calamities and set a plan, learn from mistakes just to be prepared for the following hazard
or calamities.
However, a crisis can sometimes be so unpredictable that no one can ever tell
when it will be man-made or natural and in what manner it will approach us. The
government, together with some other organizations, have been preparing to prevent and
reduce the effects of any crisis, be it man-made or natural. Unfortunately, to some extent,
the preparation they have done was not enough due to the lack of information,
knowledge, and experience. It has created more impact due to their negligence and for
being so confident in the plan that they make. There were a lot of things that they should
consider and put into consideration regarding this matter because it has a huge impact on
everyone if they are not prepared for the next calamity or crisis that may be encountered.

29
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the description of the process of research methodology
which will include the research design, sampling techniques, and the research instrument
to be utilized in the collection of the data necessary for the research study. The
researchers would also clarify the validation and pre-testing process of the research
instrument as well as the discussion of the statistical treatment of data that was used to
yield the results essential for the study.
RESEARCH DESIGN
This study used a Descriptive research design – survey method. Specifically, the
descriptive survey method uses surveys to gather quantitative data in the form of
questionnaires. The quantitative method uses the components of the quantitative method
(e.g., gathering quantitative data, evaluation of the collected data, and concluding) for a
more comprehensive objective of the scope and deeper understanding. The quantitative
research method employs statistical treatment of data as a means of analysis.
The researchers used this research design to measure the knowledge and response
of the selected International Tourism and Hospitality Management 4 th-year CLOCA and
CLOHS students of Lyceum of the Philippines University-Manila on dealing with a
crisis.

30
POPULATION, SAMPLE SIZE, SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
The respondents of this study were the 4 th-year CLOCA and CLOHS students of
Lyceum of the Philippines University-Manila. The total population of the respondents
was 157 CLOCA and 314 CLOHS total of 471 students. This data that researchers gather
were from the 3rd-year CLOCA and CLOHS who were enrolled for the 2nd semester s. y.
2020-2021 at Lyceum of the Philippines University-Manila. They were the 4th-year
students for the next school year 2021-2022 at the university.
The researchers aim to measure the competency level of the respondents in terms
of their knowledge and skill on crisis response. In this way, the researchers were able to
come up with a result which they used as a basis to identify the deficiency of their
students and also for them to prepare students for their future. So that, before they enter
the workplace in their respective on-the-job training and future career especially those
who were taking International Tourism and Hospitality Management.
The researchers used quota sampling among 217 respondents. Using Slovin's
Formula, the researchers have determined the quota sampling. The sampling technique
used to choose the respondent of this study was non-probability sampling. The sampling
technique used to choose the respondent of this study is non-probability sampling. Quota
sampling is a non-probability sampling technique, the researchers will use respondents
that will represent the population specifically at Lyceum of the Philippines University-
Manila. The researcher determines and establishes quotas to ensure that the market

31
research samples are useful for data collection. These samples would be used to estimate
the population. Furthermore, quota sampling ensures that the important groups targeted
by the research are being represented.
Formula:
N
n=
1+ Ne2
where:
N=Population size
n= sample size
e= margin of error (5%)
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
Development
The research instrument of this study has been divided into three parts namely
letters to the respondents, profiles of the respondents, and the survey questionnaire. In the
profile of the respondent section, the respondents were asked about the following age,
sex, civil status, and program specialization. The survey questionnaire used a five-point
Likert Scale to measure the response competency of the respondents among the
following: Natural Disasters, Man-made disasters, and Critical incidents. The
questionnaire has a total of 25 items.

32
Validation
The researchers consulted their research adviser for the initial review of the
correctness of the research instrument. Upon the approval of the research adviser, the
research instrument has been sent to three (3) jurors who are experts in the discipline of
research, tourism, and crisis management for validation. A validation form was
accomplished by the jurors in evaluating the validity of questions to ensure that these
were correct and essential to be included in the questionnaire. The research instrument
was then revised according to the evaluation and final recommendation of the jurors.
Pre-Testing
The research instrument has been pre-tested to thirty (30) respondents. The pre-
testing was facilitated after the content validation and revision of the instrument at
Lyceum of the Philippines University-Manila, and it has been participated in by thirty
respondents. The researchers have conducted the pre-testing to ensure that all questions
on the instrument were clear and that respondents have a full understanding of all the
items in the research instrument.
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURES
Survey questionnaires were distributed during the Research 2 undertaking via
online survey platforms such as Google Forms. The researchers were asked for the
consent of the CITHM Dean and Professors of the specific section handling the 4th-year
CLOCA/CLOHS school year 2021-2022 before anyone was included as respondents of

33
this study. The objectives and purpose of this study were also explained to them, and they
were assured of the confidentiality of all personal information and responses that has
been provided. The questionnaire link was sent through MS Teams to the respondents
and they were given enough time to fill in their answers. The researchers were also
present to answer questions and clarifications from the respondents regarding items that
they do not completely understand. Upon completion, the survey questionnaires were
immediately retrieved by the researchers.
RESEARCH ETHICS
In accordance with the Data Privacy Act of 2012, researchers have ensured that
all participants, including the juniors, were given consent forms, which indicate that any
personal information would be confidential, and are for research purposes only. Unless,
given their consent, if their name was to be published or used. The researchers have also
ensured that participants’ awareness of the study and the reason why they were chosen as
respondents. They were also given the choice to back out, in case any personal reasons
occur.
The respondents’ answers were ensured to be used for research purposes only and
that there will be no biases or personal feelings that must affect the result of the study.
STATISTICAL TREATMENT DATA
Frequency Distribution/Percentage

34
Frequency distribution is a statistical tool that shows a visual representation of
the number of observations within a particular interval. This provides and shows the
frequency of occurrence of each outcome associated with the normal distribution. It can
be represented through a graph or tabular form to understand the probabilities of the data
easily. It is used to organize and illustrate the collected data to help the researchers easily
understand, summarize, and interpret the survey data in tabular or graphs forms.
This was used to analyze the profile of respondents of the selected 4th year
CLOCA and CLOHS students of Lyceum of the Philippines University-Manila as to; age,
sex, civil status, and program specialization.
Formula:
n
%= x 100
N
where:
% = percentage
n = number of observations
N = number of samples
Weighted Mean
A Weighted mean is a statistical tool that shows the average of the
collected data, especially when looking for the average population. It is also called a
weighted average, a computation that considers the varying levels of importance of the

35
numbers in the data set. It is calculated by multiplying the weight that is associated with a
particular event with a quantitative outcome and then adding all the products together. It
is beneficial when calculating the theoretically expected results where each outcome has
a various probability of occurrence, which would be the key to distinguishing the
weighted mean from the arithmetic mean.
This was used to analyze the level of crisis response competencies of the selected
4th year CLOCA and CLOHS students of Lyceum of the Philippines University-Manila
in terms of; natural disaster, man-made disaster and critical incident.
Formula:
n
WM=∑ ¿ ¿ ¿
i=1
where:
WM = Weighted mean/average
xi = data values to average
wi = weights applied to x values
n = sample size
∑ = summation
The following has been observed in interpreting weighted mean in the context of
this study in terms of Natural, Man-made and Critical Incidents;

36
Weighted Mean Verbal Interpretation Interval Observed
5 Excellent 4.21-5.00
4 Very Good 3.41-4.20
3 Good 2.61-3.40
2 Poor 1.81-2.60
1 Very Poor 1-1.80
Boone & Boone (2012) in their paper entitled “Analyzing Likert Data”,
elaborated the difference between the Likert-type and Likert-Scale, the first being items
as single questions that the researcher has no attempt to combine the response whereas
the second is composed of series of likert-type items that are combined into a single
composite score/ variable during the data analysis process. They also provided a table on
how to conduct data analysis thereafter as shown in the image below.

37
Mann Whitney
The Mann-Whitney U test is a non-parametric test that can replace the unpaired t-
test. It is used to test whether two samples come from the same population (i.e., have the
same median) or whether observations in one sample tend to be larger than observations
in the other. Although it is a non-parametric test, it was based on the assumption that the
two distributions were similar in shape.
This was used in Statement of the Problem #3: WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE IN
THE LEVEL OF CRISIS RESPONSE COMPETENCIES OF SELECTED
INTERNATIONAL TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT STUDENTS
OF LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY-MANILA?
Chi Square
A chi-squared test (symbolized as 2) is essentially a data analysis based on
observations of a random collection of variables. It is usually a comparison of two
statistical data sets. Karl Pearson developed this test for categorical data analysis and
distribution in 1900. As a result, it was referred to as Pearson's chi-squared test.
Interpreting results

38
*If the p-value > .05, then there is no significant relationship
*If the p-value < .05, then there is a significant relationship
Formula:
where:
2
x= Chi squared
o i= Observed value
Ei = Expected value
This are used in Statement of the Problem #4: WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN THE SUB-VARIABLES OF CRISIS RESPONSE COMPETENCIES OF
SELECTED INTERNATIONAL TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT
STUDENTS OF LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY-MANILA?

39
Spearman Rho or Pearson Moment Correlation
Spearman's Rho is a non-parametric test for determining the strength of a
relationship between two variables, with r = 1 indicating a perfect positive correlation and
r = -1 signifying a perfect negative correlation.
Value of r Interpretation
Between ±0.80 to ±0.99 High Correlation
Between ±0.60 to ±0.79 Moderate High Correlation
Between ±0.40 to ±0.59 Moderate Correlation
Between ±0.20 to ±0.39 Low Correlation
Between ±0.01 to ±0.19 Negligible Correlation
This was used in Statement of the Problem #4: WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEENTHE SUB-VARIABLES OF CRISIS RESPONSE COMPETENCIES OF
SELECTED INTERNATIONAL TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT
Formula:
where:
p= Spearman's rank correlation coefficient
d i= difference between the two ranks of each observation

40
n= number of observations

41
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presented the analysis and interpreted the statistical data gathered in
preparation for extracting salient information and relevant points corresponding to crisis
response competencies of selected International Tourism and Hospitality Management
students of Lyceum of the Philippines University Manila. Tabular presentations and
textual interpretations were used in this chapter.
Statement of the Problem #1: WHAT IS THE DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF
THE RESPONDENTS?
The findings of this study were about the crisis response competencies of students
which are presented in tables with corresponding frequency and percentage, and a verbal
description to characterize the students' profile. The study collects data on respondents'
sexual orientation and year level. The profile of the participation of the respondents is the
backbone of the scientific explanation (Glaser, 2012).
Table 1
Distribution of the Respondents According to Age
Age Frequency Percent
18-20 years old 1 .5
21-23 years old 213 98.2
24-26 years old 3 1.4
27-29 years old 0 0
30 years old and above 0 0
Total 217 100.00

42
Table 1 shows the result of the distribution of the respondents according to age.
Among 217 respondents of the survey, 1 or .5% were 18-20 years old, 213 or 98.2% were
21-23 years old, 3 or 1.4% were 24-26 years old, 0 or 0% were 27-29 years old, and 0 or
0% were 30 years old and above age bracket.
As per the table above, most of the respondents belonged to the 21 to 23 years old
age bracket while the 27-29- and 30 years old age bracket has the least number of
respondents. Furthermore, these discrepancies in this study have been demonstrated to
persist throughout adulthood (ages 20–80+), with the severity of the inequities lessening
with increasing age (US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013). In
which the focus of this study is 21-23 years old students of the Lyceum of the Philippines
University-Manila.
Table 2
Distribution of the Respondents According to Sex
SEX Frequency Percent
MALE 110 50.7
FEMALE 107 49.3
Total 217 100.00

43
Table 2 shows the result of the distribution of the respondents according to sex.
The table shows that females got a frequency of 110 or 50.7% while, male got a
frequency of 107 or 49.3%.
In this study, most of the respondents belonged to the male while the female has
the least number of respondents. Gustafsson et. al. (2015) discovered that men's and
women's inequalities were equivalent, although they had potentially different mediators.
Macneil and Ghosh (2016) demonstrate that this concept also encompasses the various
initiatives put in place to facilitate women's integration into tourism and hospitality
management, as well as making recommendations for the same, which recognizes more
men as a growing force and the importance of closing gender gaps in tourism. It was
critical to underline that women engage in unique ways and were crucial in advancing the
cause of gender empowerment. However, in comparison to females, the number of men
participating was more substantial in terms of the percentage of each individual.
Table 3
Distribution of the Respondents According to program specialization
Program Frequency Percent
CLOCA 103 47.5
CLOHS 114 52.5
Total 217 100.00

44
Table 3 shows the result of the distribution of the respondents according to
program specialization. The table shows that CLOCA got a frequency of 103 or 47.5%
while CLOHS got a frequency of 114 or 52.5%.
As per table, most of the respondents belonged to CLOHS while the CLOCA has
the least number of respondents.
Statement of the Problem #2: WHAT IS THE LEVEL OF AWARENESS ON
CRISIS RESPONSE OF SELECTED INTERNATIONAL TOURISM AND
HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT STUDENTS OF LYCEUM OF THE
PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY-MANILA?
Table 4
Level of Awareness on Crisis Response of Selected Respondents in terms of Natural

Incidents
Verbal
Weighted Standard
Statement Interpret
Mean Deviation
ation
[Place the safety of the others above
4.22 0.78 Excellent
everything]
[Remain calm once the natural disaster
4.26 0.73 Excellent
occurs and help the others]
[Locate the safety exits to aid others] 4.31 0.73 Excellent
[Cooperate with anyone who carries out the
4.37 0.73 Excellent
safety duties e.g. Evacuating people.]
[Providing immediate assistance] 4.30 0.77 Excellent
[Always assess for any potential dangers 4.37 0.70 Excellent
and ensure the area is safe before

45
approaching e.g. Earthquake after shocked]

[Consider escape using not the shortest
4.35 0.73 Excellent
route but the fastest and safest route]
Average Mean 4.31 0.61 Excellent
Table 4 showed the mutual assessment of the respondents on “Level of
Awareness on Crisis Response of the Selected Respondents in terms of Natural Incidents,
with an average mean of 4.31 (Excellent) specifying that the indicators listed were all of
usually implemented in the selected locale of the study.
Based on the given indicators, the statements “Cooperate with anyone who carries
out the safety duties e.g. Evacuating people.” and “Always assess for any potential
dangers and ensure the area is safe before approaching e.g. Earthquake after shocked”
both got the highest weighted mean equivalent to 4.37 with an interpretation of
“Excellent”. This was an indication that most of the respondents were aware about the
foregoing activities related to awareness on natural incidents. It was followed by the
statement “Consider escape using not the shortest route but the fastest and safest route”
with a weighted mean of 4.35 and a verbal interpretation of “Excellent”.
Meanwhile, the statement “Locate the safety exits to aid others” got a weighted
mean of 4.31 with a verbal interpretation of “Excellent”.
Of the 7 indicators listed, the statement “Place the safety of the others above
everything” got the lowest weighted mean of 4.22 with a verbal interpretation of
“Excellent”.

46
The foregoing findings and implications lend support to the citation of the
literature which explained that in order to manage the crisis, it needs to establish a
solution accompanied by strategies to enhance organizational preparedness. By
developing a safety culture, conducting and participating in crisis training was a must.
Formulating an all-hazard crisis and emergency management plan should be included in
the operational preparedness strategies. These were to continue businesses, organizations,
and at-home use (Todman-Lewis, C. V. M. 2017). The public usually focuses on
organizational response, organizing crisis preparedness plans, and training spokesperson
to spread awareness to carry out an emergency crisis.
When an emergency happens, crisis management should be followed, especially
the steps that need to be done when the crisis occurs. In preparing a crisis response, the
teams should rehearse the response regularly to be organized. Transparency and
consistency were the basics in response to the crisis. People must learn from their past
experiences, including their mistakes, during the post-crisis era. Our business continuity
strategy enables us to rebound from situations rapidly (Coombs, 2019; Fung et. al., 2020).
Chan et. al. (2018), stated that positive partnerships may result in a more successful
preparedness for potential epidemics across the health and tourism sectors. Regular
hygiene surveillance at hotel facilities and developing a system for coordinating the use
of screening, rapid reporting, and isolation of infected individuals can help mitigate the
impact of future events. The hotel industry's preparedness and contingency plans for
infectious disease prevention include ongoing involvement and dialogue. Local

47
governments need to implement evidence-based resilience policies, services, and
practices heightened by the combined effects of climate change, rapid urbanization, and
environmental degradation (LGA, 2018).
According to Kagawa and Selby (2016), disasters can be significantly avoided by
providing correct information and creating a culture of readiness and resilience. To
accomplish this purpose, an emphasis should be placed on the collecting and transmission
of knowledge and information about threats and vulnerabilities, particularly among
disadvantaged people.
Table 5
Level of Awareness on Crisis Response Selected Respondents in terms of Man-Made

Incidents
Verbal
Weighted Standard
Statement Interpretatio
Mean Deviation
n
[Applying first aid to injured person then
immediately call emergency hotline e.g. Applying 4.38 0.70 Excellent
bandages]
[If you are involved in a fire, use RACE to help
and respond safely and correctly. (Rescue, Alarm, 4.33 0.76 Excellent
Confine, Extinguish/Evacuate)]
[Execute the correct class of fire extinguisher that
is needed to the combustible material, liquid,
4.38 0.68 Excellent
equipment, metal and live wires that the fire
starts.]
[Identify and report the situation to the appropriate
4.42 0.67 Excellent
personnel who handle safety duties]
[Use standard precautions, such as wearing
gloves, to protect yourself from potential contact 4.51 0.65 Excellent
with blood and other chemical fluids]

48
[Do not unnecessarily move the casualty or heavy

4.52 0.67 Excellent
objects]
[Use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) where
available, for example, gloves, face shields, 4.50 0.68 Excellent
masks, and goggles.]
[Wash hands or other skin surfaces thoroughly
with soap and water if they are contaminated with 4.58 0.60 Excellent
blood or other chemical fluids.]
Average Mean 4.45 0.54 Excellent
Table 5 showed the mutual assessment of the respondents on “Level of
Awareness on Crisis Response of the Selected Respondents in terms of Man-Made
Incidents, with an average mean of 4.45 (Excellent) specifying that the indicators listed
were all of usually implemented in the selected locale of the study.
Based on the given indicators, the statement “Wash hands or other skin surfaces
thoroughly with soap and water if they are contaminated with blood or other chemical
fluids.” both got the highest weighted mean equivalent to 4.58 with an interpretation of
“Excellent”. This was an indication that most of the respondents were aware about the
foregoing activities related to awareness of man-made incidents. It was followed by the
statement “Do not unnecessarily move the casualty or heavy objects” with a weighted
mean of 4.52 and a verbal interpretation of “Excellent”.
Meanwhile, the statement “Use standard precautions, such as wearing gloves, to
protect yourself from potential contact with blood and other chemical fluids” got a
weighted mean of 4.51 with a verbal interpretation of “Excellent”.
Of the 7 indicators listed, the statement “If you are involved in a fire, use RACE
to help and respond safely and correctly. (Rescue, Alarm, Confine,

49
Extinguish/Evacuate)” got the lowest weighted mean of 4.33 with a verbal interpretation
of “Excellent”.
The foregoing findings and implications lend support to the citation of Hornbeck
and Keniston (2017) noted, disasters can startle local economies out of an inefficient
equilibrium produced by route reliance, allowing the economy to reset and restart (for
example, by destroying outmoded buildings and other durable capital). There were
members of the impacted community who should be consulted in order to ensure the
protection of all parties participating in the planning process.
As per table, most of the respondents answered excellent while good has the least
answered by the respondents to the research questionnaires. Furthermore, according to
Bellanca (2014), humanitarian and climate crises have a negative effect on economic
output which leads to a more general conclusion. It is common for a funding request to be
misconstrued in the aftermath of a disaster. Catastrophe recovery necessitates rapid
decision-making, which may result in an inefficient allocation of economic resources. A
new investment, on the other hand, might be made to replace squandered funds or
obsolete infrastructure. As a result of replacing outmoded infrastructure, there was a
greater likelihood of increasing economic capitalization and opportunities for new
sectors.
One of the reasons that it is the police who have the most dangerous job in the
world in terms of mental health, it was due to the exposure to critical situations (Marin,
2012). Given the frequency and potential consequences of critical occurrences, it is vital

50
that police employees exposed to them receive prompt assistance. If a major incident
occurs, one of the most frequently used formal interventions is an individual meeting
with a mental health professional who is knowledgeable about the laws and customs of
the law enforcement community, typically an in-house or contracted police psychologist.
Statement of the Problem #3: WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE IN THE LEVEL OF
CRISIS RESPONSE COMPETENCIES OF SELECTED INTERNATIONAL
TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT STUDENTS OF LYCEUM OF
THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY-MANILA?
Comparison of Results- Mann Whitney (Ideal: No significant difference implicating
crisis management competencies)
Table 6
Comparison based on Sex
p- Verbal
Variables
value Interpretation
No significant
Natural Incidents .796
difference
No significant
Man-Made .695
difference
No significant
Critical Incidents .947
difference
No significant
Overall .862
difference
Using Mann Whitney, the result of comparison on table 8 shows that there was no
significant difference based on sex in terms of natural incidents, man-made and critical

51
incidents which was shown in Table 6. According to Ramachandran and Tsokos (2021),
in order to be declared statistically insignificant, the null hypothesis must have a p-value
more than 0.05 (> 0.05). The alternative hypothesis has been dismissed in order to
maintain the null hypothesis. It was critical to remember that the null hypothesis cannot
be accepted, it can only be rejected or failed to be rejected.
Table 7
Comparison based on Program
p- Verbal
Variables
value Interpretation
Natural Incidents .001 Significant difference
Man-Made .005 Significant difference
Critical Incidents .000 Significant difference
Overall .001 Significant difference
Table 7 shows that the p-value of the variables has .005 and it is considered to be
highest and .000 which is the lowest. This tells the researchers that there is a significant
difference when it comes to the different programs that respondents take. According to
Ramachandran and Tsokos (2021), it would be considered statistically significant if the
p-value would be less than 0.05. Given the high probability that the null hypothesis was
incorrect and the data were random, this provides persuasive evidence against it and the
results were random. As a result, the researchers can reject the null hypothesis in favor of
the alternative hypothesis
Table 8

52
Program N Mean Std.

Specialization Deviation
Natural Incidents CLOCA 103 4.4548 .54240
(Mean) CLOHS 114 4.1816 .63924
CLOCA 103 4.5509 .52253
Man-Made (Mean)
CLOHS 114 4.3649 .53259
Critical Incidents CLOCA 103 4.5184 .55545
(Mean) CLOHS 114 4.2372 .61179
CLOCA 103 4.5073 .50897
Overall Mean
CLOHS 114 4.2605 .53412
Tables 7 and 8 detail the comparisons by program. As seen in the table, there was
a substantial difference between natural incidents, man-made incidents, and critical
incidents in terms of program specialty, with CLOCA ranking top for man-made
incidents and CLOHS ranking highest for both natural and critical incidents.
Statement of the Problem #4: WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE
SUB-VARIABLES OF CRISIS RESPONSE COMPETENCIES OF SELECTED
INTERNATIONAL TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT
Table 9
Natural Incidents (Category) * Man-Made (Category)
Man-Made (Category) Total

Good Very Excelle
Good nt
Fair 0 1 0 1
Good 5 6 3 14
Natural Incidents Very
3 48 34 85
(Category) Good
Excellen
1 8 108 117
t
Total 9 63 145 217

53
Table 9 shows the relationship between the variables, natural incidents and the
man-made incidents. Respondents have a majority answer of excellent, in which they
have agreed that there is a relationship between the two variables.
Table 10
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 106.875a 6 .000
Likelihood Ratio 93.363 6 .000
Linear-by-Linear Association 74.557 1 .000
N of Valid Cases 217
a. 7 cells (58.3%) are expected to count less than 5. The minimum

expected count is .04.
In this study, Table 9 & 10 shows that natural incidents and man-made have a
significant relationship with each other. 48 respondents answered both a very good
relationship in natural incidents and man-made, while 108 respondents answered
excellent. It has been shown that there was 58.3% which was expected to count less than
5 and the minimum expected count was .04. Furthermore, the p-value indicates that these
variables were not independent of each other and that there is a significant relationship
with each other between the variables.
Table 11
Natural Incidents (Category) * Critical Incidents (Category)
Critical Incidents (Category) Total

54
Good Very Excelle

Good nt
Fair 1 0 0 1
Natural Incidents Good 12 1 1 14
(Category) Very Good 5 57 23 85
Excellent 0 9 108 117
Total 18 67 132 217
The association between the factors, natural incidents, and critical incidents has
been seen in Table 11. Respondents gave a majority response of excellent, indicating that
they concurred on the existence of a relationship between the two factors.
Table 12
Chi-Square Tests
sided)
a. 5 cells (41.7%) are expected to count less than 5. The minimum expected count
is .08.
Tables 11 and 12 demonstrate a considerable link between natural and critical
incidents. 57 respondents indicated that there was a very good association between
natural and critical incidents, while 108 indicated that the relationship is great. It has been
demonstrated that there were 41.7 percent of projected counts that are less than 5 and that
the least expected count was .08. Additionally, the p-value indicates that these variables
were not independent of one another and that there was a statistically significant
association between them.

55
Table 13
Man-Made (Category) * Critical Incidents (Category) Cross Tabulation
Critical Incidents (Category) Total

Good Very Excellen
Good t
Good 6 3 0 9
Man-Made Very
10 42 11 63
(Category) Good
Excellent 2 22 121 145
Total 18 67 132 217
According to research, Chi-Square statistics must be used with caution in cross
tabulation analysis due to a number of difficulties. In this study, Table 13 illustrates the
relationship between the man-made and critical incidents. The majority of respondents
selected excellent, suggesting that they agreed on the existence of a relationship between
the two variables.
Table 14
Chi-Square Tests

sided)
a. 2 cells (22.2%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count
is .75.

56
The tables 13 and 14 show a strong correlation between man-made and critical
incidents. 42 respondents identified a strong correlation between natural and critical
incidents, whereas 121 indicated a strong correlation. It has been established that 22.2
percent of projected counts are less than five, and the least expected count was .75.
Moreover, the p-value indicates that these variables were not mutually exclusive and that
there was a statistically significant relationship between the two variables.
Generally, the Chi-Square Tests indicate that the tables 12, 13, and 14 have a
Significant Relationship with one another. The table 12 demonstrates that there was a
correlation between the sub variable Natural Incident and the sub variable Man-made. It
scored 108 points more than the total of 117. It has been able to manage both natural and
man-made disasters. It has a matching association in Table 13 between a natural
incidence and a critical incident and an excellent result. Table 14 shows the same
Excellent result in the variable of man-made to Critical Incident, indicating the outcome
that would be manageable.
Table 15
Using Spearman Rho
Natural Man-Made Critical

Incidents (Mean) Incidents
(Mean) (Mean)
Spearman Rho 1 .738** .776**
Natural Incidents
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000
(Mean)
N 217 217 217
Spearman Rho .821**
Man-Made (Mean) Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 217
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

57
The term "arrow" was derived from the Greek letter Rho (rho), which has been
used to refer to the Spearman Rho. According to Frost (n.d.), while ordinal and ratio
variables can be used to quantify the strength of a link between two variables, it was
created specifically for this purpose. The statistic is a robust statistic to use with ordinal
variables that have a large or small number of levels. This method is generally used with
interval and ratio variables that do not conform to the normal distribution assumption of
parametric statistics.
Table 15 shows that all of the incidents, namely natural incidents, man-made, and
critical incidents have a significant moderate high positive correlation. To corroborate the
findings, an analysis utilizing Spearman correlation coefficient values of 0.7766 reveals
an extraordinarily strong positive relationship between the three variables. As a result,
natural incidents were associated with man-made and critical incidents. If there was any
indication that linear correlation exists in the incidents as a whole based on this sample.
The researcher must conduct a statistical study to determine if there was any evidence
that linear correlation does not exist. To compare the null hypothesis (H0) of no
monotonic correlation in the population to the alternative hypothesis (H1) of monotonic
correlation in the population, the data will suggest which of these opposing hypotheses is
more likely to be true. Furthermore, it has been shown that critical incidents have the
most
Results were contrasted when the null hypothesis has been tested against an
alternative hypothesis asserting that there is no monotonic correlation in the three

58
variables. The researchers used SPSS's p-value of.000 to deduce that we have extremely
strong evidence to support H1, which shows that there was a monotonically correlated
correlation between natural incidents, man-made, and critical incidents. Thus, the
relationship between natural incident, man-made and critical incidents was established
using Spearman's correlation. There was a significant moderate high positive monotonic
correlation between the three variables of the study, namely the incident, man-made and
critical incidents (n = 217, p<.001).
While attributes were crucial for comprehending stakeholders' viewpoints on a
crisis, they are also a negotiated component of crisis management that was susceptible to
social influence (Bundy & Pfarrer, 2015). As a result, the students of an organization
have been critical to its success in this process. Responding defensively to a crisis aims to
minimize the perception of an organization's involvement in the crisis, whereas response
strategies that accept greater responsibility—generally referred to as accommodative—
acknowledge an organization's causal role in a crisis. It was critical to note that while
responding to crises, a student’s life or image can be managed by both practical
communication and actions, such as providing information that assists people in avoiding
harm.

59
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
This chapter presented the summary of the findings, conclusion, and
recommendations of the study.
SUMMARY
The study was conducted to determine the level of awareness of the selected
International Tourism and Hospitality Managements students with a specialization of
Cruise Line Operation in Culinary Arts and Cruise Line Operation in Hotel Services at
the Lyceum of the Philippines University in Manila. In a specific manner, this paper was
primarily focused on the level of crisis response competencies of the respondents,
specifically those 4th year students.
The subjects of the research are students pursuing a degree in Cruise Line
Operation in Culinary Arts and Cruise Line Operation in Hotel Services in LPU-Manila.
This study was conducted from March 2020 to December 2021. The quantitative-
descriptive method was used to obtain the data. The researcher used online survey
questionnaires that were adopted from past readings.
Results showed that two hundred thirteen (213) out of a 217 belong to the 21 – 23
years old age consists of ninety-eight-point 2 percent (98.2%) which is the highest, while
the lowest is belong to 18-20 years old age consist of point five percent (.5%).

60
In terms of gender, one hundred ten (110) out of a 217 belonging to the Male
consists of fifty-point seven percent (50.7%) and one hundred seven (107) out of a 217
belonging to the Female consists of forty-nine-point three percent (40.9%).
In terms of Program Specialization, one hundred three (103) out of 217 belonged
to the CLOCA students which consists of forty-seven-point five percent (47.5%) and one
hundred fourteen (114) out of 217 belonged to CLOHS students consists of fifty-two-
point five percent (52.5%).
In terms of the Natural Incidents, “Place the safety of the others above
everything” got the mean of 4.22. “Remaining calm once the natural disaster occurs and
helping the others” got the mean of 4.26. “Locate the safety exits to aid others” got the
mean of 4.31. “Cooperate with anyone who carries out the safety duties e.g., Evacuating
people” got the mean of 4.37. “Providing immediate assistance” got the mean of 4.30.
“Always assess for any potential dangers and ensure the area is safe before approaching
e.g., Earthquake after shock” got the mean of 4.37. “Consider escape using not the
shortest route but the fastest and safest route” got the mean of 4.35. Having an overall
mean weighted of 4.31.
In terms of the Man-made Incidents, “Applying first aid to an injured person then
immediately calling an emergency hotline e.g., Applying bandages” got the mean of 4.38.
“If you are involved in a fire, use RACE to help and respond safely and correctly.
(Rescue, Alarm, Confine, Extinguish/Evacuate” got the mean of 4.33. “Execute the
correct class of fire extinguisher that needed to the combustible material, liquid,

61
equipment, metal, and live wires that the fire starts” got the mean of 4.38. “Identify and
report the situation to the appropriate personnel who handle safety duties” got the mean
of 4.42. “Use standard precautions, such as wearing gloves, to protect yourself from
potential contact with blood and other chemical fluids” got the mean of 4.51. “Do not
unnecessarily move the casualty or heavy objects” got the mean of 4.52. “Use Personal
Protective Equipment (PPE) where available, for example, gloves, face shields, masks,
and goggles” got the mean of 4.50. “Wash hands or other skin surfaces thoroughly with
soap and water if they are contaminated with blood or other chemical fluids” got the
mean of 4.58. Having an overall mean weighted of 4.45.
CONCLUSION
This study concluded that the respondents have a basic understanding in terms of
crisis response specifically in Man-made, Natural and Critical Incidents. This
fundamental understanding and knowledge, however, measures the level of
understanding of the student on how they would be able to respond in crisis. Since the
student will be working in the hospitality industry in near future.
Despite this, hospitality management are prone to different crises that they can
encounter. It was necessary for the hospitality industry to respond to different types of
unexpected crises or incidents that may happen. It can also protect or lessen the impact to
their premises and to the people within their scopes.

62
For the mean result for the level of crisis response in terms of Natural Incidents
the statements are “Cooperate with anyone who carrying out the safety duties e.g.,
Evacuating people'' and “Always assess for any potential dangers and ensure the area is
safe before approaching e.g., Earthquake after shocked” got the highest mean score with
a verbal interpretation of Excellent. However, the statement “Place the safety of the
others above everything” got the lowest mean score with a score with a verbal
interpretation of Excellent. The proponents concluded that the majority of respondents
understand the significance of cooperating to safety authorities like Bureau Fire
Protection. Since they are trusted personnel, it was necessary to work with them during
the crisis. And assessing for any potential dangers and assuring the safety areas are
important when the crisis strikes. It would lessen the casualty or possible damages that
can occur. However, the respondents' understanding on the place of the safety of the
others demonstrates that the respondents much value the safety of themselves over the
safety of the others. This demonstrates that the respondents were unconfident of the
problem and need to learn that it was such a major concern in the hospitality industry.
Based on the mean result for the level of crisis response in terms of Man-made
Incidents the statements are “Wash hands or other skin surfaces thoroughly with soap
and water if they are contaminated with blood or other chemical fluids.” got the highest
mean score with a verbal interpretation of Excellent. However, the statement “If you are
involved in a fire, use RACE to help and respond safely and correctly. (Rescue, Alarm,
Confine, Extinguish/Evacuate)” got the lowest mean score with a score with a verbal

63
interpretation of Excellent. Basically, it demonstrates that it has a higher mark weighted
mean in man-made. Washing hands is one of the basic learnings that we gain and teach
us from our basic education up to college and they are more confident on performing it
when an accident happens to someone who suffers in injuries. The student's response to
this statement was on bottom. It seems they have challenges on dealing with fire
incidents and are less knowledgeable on RACE (Rescue, Alarm, Confine,
extinguish/evacuate. And lower self-confidence in performing it in a real situation.
As to the result on Critical Incident the statement “Call hotline emergencies for
the life threatening like bomb treat” got the highest mean score with a verbal
interpretation of Excellent. While the item “Wearing life jacket and operate the life raft if
you ever need to abandon the ship” got lowest mean score with a verbal interpretation of
Excellent. The researcher come up to the conclusion that calling emergency hotline was
necessary in every crisis to provide a right action on how to handle the situations. While
wearing a life jacket and operate the life raft has the lowest mean in data gathering it was
still one of the most important to survive in any incident or malfunction on cruise ship.
The student should be more aware of how to handle a situation especially when they are
in the hospitality field whether they are on sea or land. It was necessary to identify the
problem to give an action on specific crisis or incidents.
The researchers conducted this study to provide a framework for existing
hospitality management students and future hospitality workers to understand the concept
of crisis response. Based on the findings, the proponents presented creative strategic

64
methods and recommendations that are relevant to the respondents along with anyone
who were interested in the topic.
RECOMMENDATION
After collating all the results from respondents, we the researchers, have analyzed the
data and the following are the recommendations made:
1. The International Hospitality Management students of Lyceum of the Philippines
University- Manila should continue upholding competencies towards crisis
response. Students are getting more aware of the natural incidents, man-made and
critical incidents crisis. Because of the unforeseen incidents, students and
everyone are prone to inevitable death. However, since the students of Lyceum of
the Philippines University- Manila are competent, facing such incidents are
becoming less crucial. The researchers recommend students to apply and practice
the drills they have acquired from the school and third-party lecturers. They must
also exert more practice on giving proper first aid, so that they would know how
to take charge in case of an incident. In addition, practicing such skills and drills
are beneficial for International Hospitality Management students because they are
realistically in the field of hospitality. International Hospitality Management
students would also be involved in such incidents. Thus, the researchers
recommend always practicing safety measures and keeping the familiarity with
incidents as well as to maintain the competencies towards crisis response. In

65
universities they need to provide an alarm button that can be easily accessed by
the students, faculty members etc. that can alarm the whole university and it also
can send a signal directly to the authorities for them to respond when calamities or
manmade disasters happen in the future.
2. The faculty members should continue providing students the drills to do during a
typhoon, fire incident, and also during an earthquake. The faculty members
should connect with professionals in charge during calamities such as firemen and
rescuers. It is beneficial for every student as well as for everyone in the campus,
thus, these actions and decisions must be put into considerations. Amidst the
socio-political crisis, it is more relevant to provide knowledge and extra skills for
International Hospitality Management students because in the near future. They
would be endorsed in the field where they will have to assist and to help their
guests in case of crisis or calamities.
3. The International Hospitality Management students should carry out proper
responses during a crisis. They should also give serious attention during training
and drills. International Hospitality Management students should also disseminate
the knowledge to other students as well as to their peers and family to establish
life saving tips. In this case, International Hospitality Management students of
LPU- Manila will exude competencies with crisis response. Students should aim

66
to help other people with proper guidance during natural disasters, critical
incidents, and man-made crisis to uphold the virtue of competent International
Hospitality Management students of LPU- Manila
4. The Government agencies like Department of Education (DEPED) and
Commission on Higher Education (CHED), need to focus on some insight or
projects by giving a proper education or training to our fellow schoolteachers that
they will share to the students on how to prevent or be safe when crisis happens in
our universities. This project would help to lessen some major accidents that may
occur to the students of LPU Manila not in our universities but also in other
schools.
The Philippine government agencies should provide a reliable or universal hotline
that can be easily accessed by the people. This can be useful for the effective
emergency hotline that can be dialed via Cell Phones or landlines when the
emergency happens.
5. The Future Researchers would be able to find the content of this paper full of
valuable information. They would continue to seek and update information
relevant to the content of this study. Also, future researchers are deemed to
continue updating the concept of the study as it would help a lot of students
appreciate the role of not only being knowledgeable alone, but also, knowing how

67
to use these skills in real life situations. Most importantly, during the hard times
of a calamity.

68
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APPENDICES

75
LETTER TO THE RESPONDENTS
Dear Respondents,
We are the 4th Year International Tourism and Hospitality Management students
from Lyceum of the Philippines University-Manila, conducting a research study entitled,
“Crisis Response Competencies of Selected International Tourism and Hospitality
Management students of Lyceum of the Philippines University-Manila" as part of our
major requirement for the course Research in Tourism and Hospitality 1(THMN14H).
CLOCA AND CLOHS from LPU-Manila are the focus of the study.
In this regard, may we request your kind assistance by filling out our
questionnaire for the said study. 
Rest assured that your answers will be treated with the utmost confidentiality and
will be solely used for academic purposes only.
Thank you very much and stay safe!
Respectfully, 
THM02 Group 5

Researchers:
Anastacio, Allen Russel E.
Carullo, Irene M.
Del Rosario, Gerald
Nicolas, Rosmarie D.
Ramos, Jake Aldrin P.

Noted by:
Jannin S. Arnaldo, MITTM
Instructor/Adviser

76
LETTER FOR VALIDATION
TO: MS. Mary Anne Czarina C. Balmaceda

Fire Officer 1
OFFICE OF THE REGIONAL DIRECTOR BUREAU OF FIRE
PROTECTION NCR

Dear Ms. Balmaceda
Based on your expertise on Crisis Response in tourism, you are chosen as a juror to
provide qualitative review of the research instrument of the study entitled: “LEVEL OF
AWARENESS ON CRISIS RESPONSE OF SELECTED HOSPITALITY
UNIVERSITY MANILA”
Thank you very much for your support.
Very truly yours,

CARULLO, IRENE M.
DEL ROSARIO, GERALD

Noted by:
Jannin S. Arnaldo, MITTM
Instructor/Adviser

77
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
I. Demographic Profile of the Respondents.

Instruction. Please put a mark on the appropriate box/circle to indicate your answer.
Name (Optional): _______________________________________
Sex:  ___ Male ___ Female
Age: ___ 18-20-year-old Program Specialization:
           ___ 21-23-year-old __ CLOCA
           ___ 24-26-year-old __ CLOHS
           ___ 27-30-year-old
II. Survey Questionnaire
Instruction: Read the statements carefully and put a checkmark on the box that
corresponds to your respective choices. Kindly rate your competency on the given
statement below;
Legend:
5 = Excellent
4 = Very Good
3 = Good
2 = Poor
1 = Very Poor
Category 5 4 3 2 1
Ability to Response in term of Natural, Man-Made and Critical
Incidents
Natural Incidents
1. Place the safety of the others above everything
2. Remain calm once the natural disaster occurs and help the
others
3. Locate the safety exits to aid others
4. Cooperate with anyone who carries out the safety duties e.g.
Evacuating people.
5. Providing immediate assistance
6. Always assess for any potential dangers and ensure the area
is safe before approaching e.g. Earthquake after shocked
7. Consider escape using not the shortest route but the fastest
and safest route
Man-Made
8. Applying first aid to injured person then immediately call

78
emergency hotline e.g. Applying bandages

9. If you are involved in a fire, use RACE to help and respond
safely and correctly. (Rescue, Alarm, Confine,
Extinguish/Evacuate)
10. Execute the correct class of fire extinguisher that needed to
the combustible material, liquid, equipment, metal and live
wires that the fire starts.
11. Identify and report the situation to the appropriate personnel
who handle safety duties
12. Use standard precautions, such as wearing gloves, to protect
yourself from potential contact with blood and other chemical
fluids
13. Do not unnecessarily move the casualty or heavy objects
14. Use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) where available,
for example, gloves, face shields, masks, and goggles.
15. Wash hands or other skin surfaces thoroughly with soap and
water if they are contaminated with blood or other chemical
fluids.

79
Certificate from Statistician
C ERTIFICATION
October 28, 2021
This is to certify that I have read and accepted the task to be the statistician for the
research paper entitled: LEVEL OF AWARENESS ON CRISIS RESPONSE OF
SELECTED INTERNATIONAL TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY
UNIVERSITY-MANILA Allen Russel E. Anastacio, Irene M. Carullo, Gerald Del
Rosario, Rosemarie D. Nicolas, Jake Aldrin P. Ramos, students from the College
of International Tourism and Hospitality Management of Lyceum of the
Philippines University, Manila.
I have administered the appropriate statistical treatment aligned with the recommendations of
their research adviser, needed for the study.
JOHN CHRISTIAN ESPINOLA,

LPT, MA Microsoft Certified Educator /
Microsoft Office Specialist Senior Member,
Royal Institute of Educators-Singapore
Member, Philippine Association of Researchers and Statistical Software Users
Member, Asia Pacific Consortium of Researchers and Educators
Content Lead for Science and Innovative Research-SHS, Lyceum of the Philippines University, Manila

80
TURNITIN RESULT
Chapter 1 Results
Chapter 2 Results

81
Chapter 1 to 3 Results

82

83
CURRICULUM VITAE

84

85

86

87

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1

LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY MANILA

LEVEL OF AWARENESS ON CRISIS RESPONSE OF SELECTED

ANASTACIO, ALLEN RUSSEL E.

COLLEGE OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY MANILA

This thesis entitled LEVEL OF AWARENESS OF CRISIS RESPONSE OF

MR. MR.

DR. LILIBETH C. ARAGON

Dean, College of International Tourism and Hospitality Management

COLLEGE OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY MANILA

We hereby declare that the research paper entitled:

CRISIS RESPONSE COMPETENCIES OF SELECTED INTERNATIONAL

_______________________ _______________________

Ms. Jannin S. Arnaldo, MITTM Date of Completion: ________

COLLEGE OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY MANILA

giving them the time and effort.

improve their research paper.

ANASTACIO, ALLEN RUSSEL E.

DEL ROSARIO, GERALD

COLLEGE OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY MANILA

RAMOS, JAKE ALDRIN P.

College of International Tourism and Hospitality Management

LEVEL OF AWARENESS ON CRISIS RESPONSE OF SELECTED

INTERNATIONAL TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

STUDENTS OF LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY-MANILA

Lyceum of the Philippines University—Manila under International Tourism and

awareness on crises response of the respondent on dealing in unwanted situations. This

COLLEGE OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY MANILA

dealing with crises.

Keywords: Crisis Response, Man-made, Natural Incident, Critical Incident.

COLLEGE OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY MANILA

COLLEGE OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY MANILA

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS…………………………………….………...…..38

COLLEGE OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY MANILA

1. Table 1 Distribution of the Respondents According to

COLLEGE OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY MANILA

1. Figure 1.Theoretical Framework “Disaster Risk Perception

2. Figure 2. Conceptual Framework “Research Paradigm” ……….......... 9

COLLEGE OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY MANILA

1. Letter to the Respondents ……………………………………….…. 79

2. Letter to the Validators …………………………………….………. 80

4. Statistician Certificate ……………………………………………... 83

5. Turnitin Results ………………………………………….………… 84

6. Curriculum Vitae of Researchers ………………………….……..... 87

COLLEGE OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY MANILA

CHED Commission of Higher Education

CITHM College of International Tourism and Hospitality

CLOCA Cruise Line Operation major in Culinary Arts

CLOHS Cruise Line Operation major in Hotel Services

COA Commission on Audit

DepEd Department of Education

IVDV Independent Variables and Dependent Variable

_ _

Manila.  Specifically, it aims to answer the following research questions: 

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of: 

1.3   program specialization?

International Tourism and Hospitality Management students and their profile?   