TITLE: CRISIS RESPONSE COMPETENCIES OF SELECTED INTERNATIONAL TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY

MANAGEMENT STUDENTS OF LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY-MANILA

RULE OF THUMB:

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Why Mean?
Boone & Boone (2012) in their paper entitled “Analyzing Likert Data”, elaborated the difference between the
Likert-type and Likert-Scale, the first being items as single questions that the researcher has no attempt to
combine the response whereas the second is composed of series of likert-type items that are combined into a
single composite score/ variable during the data analysis process. They also provided a table on how to conduct
data analysis thereafter as shown in the image below.

Interpretation Guide
*Used after computing the mean of scores (factors) per respondent
*Used in arriving with verbal interpretation for the mean of each item

Range Assessment
1.00 - 1.8 Poor
1.81 - 2.6 Fair
2.61 - 3.4 Good
3.41 - 4.2 Very Good
4.21 - 5 Excellent

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS: COMPARATIVE

Using Shapiro Wilk for the Test of Normality
*If the p-value > .05, then use parametric  T Test of Independent Means/ ANOVA/ T Test of Paired Samples
*If the p-value < .05, then use non-parametric  Mann Whitney/ Kruskal Wallis/ Wilcoxon

Interpreting results
*If the p-value > .05, then there is no significant difference
*If the p-value < .05, then there is a significant difference

CORRELATION
Chi Square:
Assumptions is not violated if cell rate have expected count less than 5. Use Pearson Chi Square
Assumptions is violated if cell rate have expected count less than 5. Use Likelihood Ratio
Yellow colored cell highlights the concentration of the respondents
Interpreting results
*If the p-value > .05, then there is no significant relationship
*If the p-value < .05, then there is a significant relationship

Pearson Moment Correlation

Value of r Interpretation
Between 0.80 to 0.99 High Correlation
Between 0.60 to 0.79 Moderate High Correlation
Between 0.40 to 0.59 Moderate Correlation
Between 0.20 to 0.39 Low Correlation
Between 0.01 to 0.19 Negligible Correlation

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SOP 1: WHAT IS THE DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE RESPODNENTS?

Sex Frequency Percent

Female 110 50.7
Male 107 49.3
Total 217 100.0

Age Frequency Percent

18-20 1 .5
21-23 213 98.2
24-26 3 1.4
Total 217 100.0

Program Frequency Percent

CLOCA 103 47.5
CLOHS 114 52.5
Total 217 100.0

SOP 2: WHAT IS THE LEVEL OF CRISIS RESPONSE COMPETENCIES OF SELECTED INTERNATIONAL TOURISM AND
HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT STUDENTS OF LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY-MANILA?

Natural Incidents Frequency Percent

Fair 1 .5
Good 14 6.5
Very Good 85 39.2
Excellent 117 53.9
Total 217 100.0

Man-Made Frequency Percent

Good 9 4.1
Very Good 63 29.0
Excellent 145 66.8
Total 217 100.0

Critical Incidents Frequency Percent

Good 18 8.3
Very Good 67 30.9
Excellent 132 60.8
Total 217 100.0

Overall Frequency Percent

Good 11 5.1
Very Good 73 33.6
Excellent 133 61.3
Total 217 100.0

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 Verbal
Weighted Standard
Statement Interpretatio
Mean Deviation
n
[Place the safety of the others above everything] 4.22 0.78 Excellent

[Remain calm once the natural disaster occurs and help the others] 4.26 0.73 Excellent

[Locate the safety exits to aid others] 4.31 0.73 Excellent

[Cooperate with anyone who carrying out the safety duties e.g. Evacuating people.] 4.37 0.73 Excellent

[Providing immediate assistance] 4.30 0.77 Excellent

[Always assess for any potential dangers and ensure the area is safe before approaching e.g.
4.37 0.70 Excellent
Earthquake after shocked]
[Consider escape using not the shortest route but the fastest and safest route] 4.35 0.73 Excellent

Natural Incidents (Mean) 4.31 0.61 Excellent

[Applying first aid to injured person then immediately call emergency hotline e.g. Applying
4.38 0.70 Excellent
bandages]
[If you are involved in a fire, use RACE to help and respond safely and correctly. (Rescue,
4.33 0.76 Excellent
Alarm, Confine, Extinguish/Evacuate)]
[Execute correct class of fire extinguisher that needed to the combustible material, liquid,
4.38 0.68 Excellent
equipment, metal and live wires that the fire starts.]
[Identify and report the situation to the appropriate personnel who handle safety duties] 4.42 0.67 Excellent
[Use standard precautions, such as wearing gloves, to protect yourself from potential contact
4.51 0.65 Excellent
with blood and other chemical fluids]
[Do not unnecessarily move the casualty or heavy objects] 4.52 0.67 Excellent
[Use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) where available, for example, gloves, face shields,
4.50 0.68 Excellent
masks, and goggles.]
[Wash hands or other skin surfaces thoroughly with soap and water if they are contaminated
4.58 0.60 Excellent
with blood or other chemical fluids.]
Man-Made (Mean) 4.45 0.54 Excellent

[Identifying the basic safety protocols and precautions of the institutions] 4.37 0.71 Excellent
[If you smell gas and suspect a leak turned off the main gas valve open the windows and get
4.41 0.73 Excellent
everyone outside]
[Check for injuries and summon help for serious injured people] 4.39 0.70 Excellent

[Observe and manage bystanders] 4.29 0.78 Excellent

[Call hotline emergencies for the life threatening like bomb treat] 4.27 0.78 Excellent
[Observe and remain calm to gather information on what is happening in occurring scene e.g.
4.40 0.69 Excellent
inform the passengers calmly for them to prepare their passenger to abandoned the ship]
[When critical incident is occurring in cruise ship, locate and guide the other passengers to the
4.40 0.69 Excellent
life raft.]
[Wearing life jacket and operate the life raft if you ever need to abandon the ship.] 4.36 0.70 Excellent
[Execute with the emergency procedures which includes safety drills, emergency alarms and
4.43 0.69 Excellent
signals, and use of safety equipment]
Critical Incidents (Mean) 4.37 0.60 Excellent

Overall Mean 4.38 0.54 Excellent

***Marked yellow are highest mean scores, red are lowest.

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SOP 3: WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE IN THE LEVEL OF CRISIS RESPONSE COMPETENCIES OF SELECTED INTERNATIONAL
TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT STUDENTS OF LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY-MANILA?

Test of Normality using Shapiro Wilk

Shapiro-Wilk
Variables’ Weighted Mean Decision
Statistic df Sig.
Natural Incidents .906 217 .000 Use non-parametric test
Man-Made .879 217 .000 Use non-parametric test
Critical Incidents .886 217 .000 Use non-parametric test
Overall .920 217 .000 Use non-parametric test

Comparison of Results- Mann Whitney (Ideal: No significant difference implicating crisis management competencies)
Comparison based on Sex
Variables p-value Verbal Interpretation
Natural Incidents .796 No significant difference
Man-Made .695 No significant difference
Critical Incidents .947 No significant difference
Overall .862 No significant difference

Comparison based on Program

Variables p-value Verbal Interpretation
Natural Incidents .001 Significant difference
Man-Made .005 Significant difference
Critical Incidents .000 Significant difference
Overall .001 Significant difference

Program Specialization N Mean Std. Deviation

CLOCA 103 4.4548 .54240
Natural Incidents (Mean)
CLOHS 114 4.1816 .63924
CLOCA 103 4.5509 .52253
SOP 4: WHAT Man-Made (Mean) CLOHS 114 4.3649 .53259 IS THE
CLOCA 103 4.5184 .55545
Critical Incidents (Mean)
CLOHS 114 4.2372 .61179
CLOCA 103 4.5073 .50897
Overall Mean
CLOHS 114 4.2605 .53412
RELATIONSHIP BETWEENTHE SUB-VARIABLES OF CRISIS RESPONSE COMPETENCIES OF SELECTED INTERNATIONAL
TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT STUDENTS OF LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY-MANILA?

Using Chi Square Test

Natural Incidents (Category) * Man-Made (Category)

Man-Made (Category) Total
Good Very Good Excellent
Fair 0 1 0 1
Good 5 6 3 14
Natural Incidents (Category)
Very Good 3 48 34 85
Excellent 1 8 108 117
Total 9 63 145 217

Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 106.875a 6 .000 Significant
Likelihood Ratio 93.363 6 .000 Relationship
Linear-by-Linear Association 74.557 1 .000
N of Valid Cases 217
a. 7 cells (58.3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .04.

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Natural Incidents (Category) * Critical Incidents (Category)
Critical Incidents (Category) Total
Good Very Good Excellent
Fair 1 0 0 1
Good 12 1 1 14
Natural Incidents (Category)
Very Good 5 57 23 85
Excellent 0 9 108 117
Total 18 67 132 217

Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided) Significant
Pearson Chi-Square 223.110a 6 .000
Relationship
Likelihood Ratio 166.604 6 .000
Linear-by-Linear Association 125.746 1 .000
N of Valid Cases 217
a. 5 cells (41.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .08.

Man-Made (Category) * Critical Incidents (Category) Crosstabulation

Critical Incidents (Category) Total

Good Very Good Excellent
Good 6 3 0 9
Man-Made (Category) Very Good 10 42 11 63
Excellent 2 22 121 145
Total 18 67 132 217

Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided) Significant
Pearson Chi-Square 124.577a 4 .000 Relationship
Likelihood Ratio 113.718 4 .000
Linear-by-Linear Association 99.972 1 .000
N of Valid Cases 217
a. 2 cells (22.2%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count
is .75.

Using Pearson Correlation

Natural Incidents Man-Made Critical Incidents

(Mean) (Mean) (Mean)
Pearson Correlation 1 .715** .797**
Natural Incidents (Mean) Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000
N 217 217 217
Pearson Correlation .715** 1 .799**
Man-Made (Mean) Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000
N 217 217 217
Pearson Correlation .797** .799** 1
Critical Incidents (Mean) Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000
N 217 217 217
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Moderate High Moderate High Moderate High

Positive Correlation Positive Correlation Positive Correlation

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