Republic of the Philippines

PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS

Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City

Institute of Engineering and Technology BS in Aeronautical Engineering

TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 3

CESSNA 185

Cadungog, Franzenmae B.

BSAeE 4 – 9

Engr. Raynaldo P. Mongaya

Instructor
Report No. 3: V-n Diagram Name: Cadungog, Franzenmae B.

Date: FEBRUARY 20, 2023 Page No.: 1 of 17

Instructor: ENGR. RAYNALDO P. MONGAYA
Grade: Issue No.: 1
10.83 ft

CESSNA 185

25.90 ft
SCALE 1:20
All Measurements are in Feet

35.10 ft
7.90 ft

4.92 ft
 Name:
Report No. 3: V-n Diagram Cadungog, Franzenmae B.

Instructor: Date: Feb. 20, 2023 Page 2 of 17

ENGR. RAYNALDO P. MONGAYA Grade: Issue No. 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Aircraft Orthographic Views 1

Table of Contents 2
Preliminary Data 3
Maneuvering Load Factor 5
Positive Limit Maneuvering Load Factor 5
Negative Limit Maneuvering Load Factor 5
Maneuvering Load Factors 6
Positive Normal Force Coefficient 6
Negative Normal Force Coefficient 7
Load Factor Due to Gust 8
Gust Load Factor corresponding to Cruising Airspeed 10
Gust Load Factor corresponding to Diving Airspeed 11
Composite V-n Diagram 12
Flight Envelope 13
Equations and Step by Step Process 14
References 15
Appendices 16
Technical Report Evaluation Rubric 17
 Name:
Report No. 3: V-n Diagram Cadungog, Franzenmae B.

Instructor: Date: Feb. 20, 2023 Page 3 of 17

ENGR. RAYNALDO P. MONGAYA Grade: Issue No. 1

A. PRELIMINARY DATA

PRELIMINARY DATA
Gross Weight 2800 lb
Wing Area (S) 174 ft2
Wing Loading (W/S) 16.09195402 lb/ft2
Design Maximum Velocity (Vmax) 166 mph
Stall Speed (Vstall) 97.90 ft/s
Maximum Lift Coefficient (CLmax) 1.412681355
Angle for Maximum Lift Coefficient (α) 13 °
DensitySSLC (ρ) 0.002377 slug/ft3
Aspect Ratio (AR) 7.37

Gross Weight (W) = 2800 lb

(𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛)2
Wing Area =
𝐴𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜

𝑆2 (35.83)2
=
𝐴𝑅 7.37

Wing Area (S) = 174 ft2

𝑮𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝑾𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕
Wing Loading (W/S) = 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂

𝑊 2800
=
𝑆 174 ft2

Wing Loading (W/S) = 16.09195402 lb/ft2

Design Maximum Velocity (Vmax) = 243.466667 ft/s

 Name:
Report No. 3: V-n Diagram Cadungog, Franzenmae B.

Instructor: Date: Feb. 20, 2023 Page 4 of 17

ENGR. RAYNALDO P. MONGAYA Grade: Issue No. 1

𝑮𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝑾𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝟐 𝟏
Stall Speed (Vstall) =√( )(𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 )(𝑪 )
𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝑺𝑺𝑳𝑪 𝑳𝒎𝒂𝒙

𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃 𝟐 𝟏
Vstall = √( 𝟏𝟕𝟒 ft2 )( 𝒔𝒍𝒖𝒈 )(𝟏.𝟒𝟏𝟐𝟔𝟖𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟓)
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟕𝟕
ft3

Stall Speed (Vstall) = 97.90 ft/s

Maximum Lift Coefficient (CLmax) = 1.412681355

Angle for Maximum Lift Coefficient (α) = 13°

DensitySSLC (ρ) = 0.002377 slug/ft3

Aspect Ratio (AR) = 7.37

 Name:
Report No. 3: V-n Diagram Cadungog, Franzenmae B.

Instructor: Date: Feb. 20, 2023 Page 5 of 17

ENGR. RAYNALDO P. MONGAYA: A Grade: Issue No. 1

B. MANEUVERING LOAD FACTOR

a. Positive Limit Maneuvering Load Factor (+n)

24,000
+𝑛 =
𝑊 + 10,000

24,000
+𝑛 =
2800 + 10,000

+𝒏 = 𝟑. 𝟗𝟕𝟓

Citing FAR Part 23

For Normal Category = 2.5 < n < 3.8

For Utility Category = 3.8 < n < 4.4
For Acrobatic Category = 4.41 < n < 6.0

b. Negative Limit Maneuvering Load Factor

−𝑛 = −0.4(+𝑛)
−𝑛 = −0.4(3.975)
−𝒏 = −𝟏. 𝟓𝟗

i. Design Maneuvering Speed (Va)

𝑉𝑎 = 𝑉𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙 (√+𝑛)

𝑓𝑡
𝑉𝑎 = 97.90 (√3.975)
𝑠

𝒇𝒕
𝑽𝒂 = 𝟏𝟗𝟓. 𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟏𝟔𝟔
𝒔

ii. Dynamic Pressure for Maneuvering Air Speed (qĀ)

1
𝑞Ā = (ρ𝑉𝑎 2 )
2

1 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 𝑓𝑡 2
𝑞Ā = (0.002377 3 )(195.187166 )
2 ft 𝑠
 Name:
Report No. 3: V-n Diagram Cadungog, Franzenmae B.

Instructor: Date: Feb. 20, 2023 Page 6 of 17

ENGR. RAYNALDO P. MONGAYA Grade: Issue No. 1

𝒍𝒃
𝒒Ā = 𝟒𝟓. 𝟐𝟕𝟗𝟓𝟎𝟑𝟖𝟑
𝒇𝒕𝟐

iii. Positive Limit Maneuvering Load Factor Coefficient (+CNA)

+𝑛𝑊
+𝐶𝑁𝐴 =
𝑞A̅ S

(3.975)(2800 𝑙𝑏)
+𝐶𝑁𝐴 =
𝑙𝑏
(45.27950383 2 )(174 𝑓𝑡2 )
𝑓𝑡

+𝑪𝑵𝑨 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟎𝟑𝟕𝟗𝟔𝟓𝟔𝟔

iv. Negative Limit Maneuvering Load Factor Coefficient (-CNA)

−𝑛𝑊
−𝐶𝑁𝐴 =
𝑞A̅ S

−(1.59)(2800 𝑙𝑏)
−𝐶𝑁𝐴 =
𝑙𝑏
(45.27950383 2 )(174 𝑓𝑡2 )
𝑓𝑡

−𝑪𝑵𝑨 = −𝟎. 𝟓𝟔𝟓𝟎𝟕𝟐𝟓𝟗𝟖𝟕

C. POSITIVE NORMAL FORCE COEFFICIENT (+n)

+𝐶𝑁𝐴 (𝑞̅
A)
+𝑛 = 𝑤
𝑠
𝑙𝑏
1.403796566(45.27950838 )
𝑓𝑡 2
+𝑛 =
𝑙𝑏
16.09195402
𝑓𝑡 2

+𝒏 = 𝟑. 𝟗𝟒𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗
 Name:
Report No. 3: V-n Diagram Cadungog, Franzenmae B.

Instructor: Date: Feb. 20, 2023 Page 7 of 17

ENGR. RAYNALDO P. MONGAYA Grade: Issue No. 1

D. NEGATIVE NORMAL FORCE COEFFICIENT (-n)

̅)
−𝐶𝑁𝐴 (𝑞A
−𝑛 = 𝑤
𝑠
𝑙𝑏
−0.5650725419(45.27950838 )
𝑓𝑡 2
+𝑛 =
𝑙𝑏
16.09195402
𝑓𝑡 2
+𝒏 = −𝟏. 𝟓𝟗
 Name:
Report No. 3: V-n Diagram Cadungog, Franzenmae B.

Instructor: Date: Feb. 20, 2023 Page 8 of 17

ENGR. RAYNALDO P. MONGAYA Grade: Issue No. 1

Table for Maneuvering Load Factor Corresponding to Air Speed

Va
V2 (+)n (-)n
mph ft/s
0 0 0 0 0
10 14.6667 215.1111111 1.18362 0.81638
20 29.3333 860.4444444 1.36723 0.63277
30 44 1936 1.55085 0.44915
40 58.6667 3441.777778 1.73446 0.26554
50 73.3333 5377.777778 1.91808 0.08192
60 88 7744 2.1017 -0.1017
70 102.667 10540.44444 2.28531 -0.2853
80 117.333 13767.11111 2.46893 -0.4689
90 132 17424 2.65254 -0.6525
100 146.667 21511.11111 2.83616 -0.8362
110 161.333 26028.44444 3.01978 -1.0198
120 176 30976 3.20339 -1.2034
130 190.667 36353.77778 3.38701 -1.387
133.082 195.187 38098.02998 3.4436 -1.4436

E. LOAD FACTOR DUE TO GUST

a. Gust Load Factor Corresponding to Airspeed

i. Cruising speed calculation

𝑉𝑐𝐷𝑒𝑠 = 0.9(𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 )

𝑓𝑡
𝑉𝑐𝐷𝑒𝑠 = 0.9 (243.466667 )
𝑠

𝒇𝒕
𝑉𝑐𝐷𝑒𝑠 = 𝟐𝟏𝟗. 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑
𝒔

𝑉𝑐𝐷𝑒𝑠 = 𝟏𝟒𝟗. 𝟒 𝒎𝒑𝒉

𝑉𝑐𝐷𝑒𝑠 = 𝟏𝟐𝟗. 𝟖𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟐𝟔𝟕 𝒌𝒏𝒐𝒕𝒔

 Name:
Report No. 3: V-n Diagram Cadungog, Franzenmae B.

Instructor: Date: Feb. 20, 2023 Page 9 of 17

ENGR. RAYNALDO P. MONGAYA Grade: Issue No. 1

𝑊
𝑉𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 33√
𝑆

𝑉𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 33√(16.09195402)

𝑉𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝟏𝟑𝟐. 𝟑𝟕𝟖𝟕𝟔𝟔𝟗 𝒌𝒏𝒐𝒕𝒔

𝑓𝑡
1.688 𝑠
𝑉𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝟏32.3787669 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑠 ( )
𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑠
𝒇𝒕
𝑉𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝟐𝟐𝟑. 𝟒𝟓𝟓𝟑𝟓𝟖𝟓
𝒔

𝑓𝑡 3600 𝑚𝑖 𝑠
𝑉𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 223.4553585 ( )
𝑠 5280 𝑓𝑡 ℎ

𝑉𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝟏𝟓𝟐. 𝟑𝟑𝟖𝟕𝟔 𝒎𝒑𝒉

Comparing the values of VcDes and Vcmin

VcDes < Vcmin

Because the Minimum Cruising Speed is greater than the Design Cruising Speed, we are going
to use the Minimum Cruising Speed as the reference Cruising Velocity (Vc) for the following
calculations.

𝒇𝒕
𝑉𝑐 = 𝟐𝟐𝟑. 𝟒𝟓𝟓𝟑𝟓𝟖𝟓 = 𝟏𝟑𝟐. 𝟑𝟕𝟖𝟕𝟔𝟔𝟗 𝒌𝒏𝒐𝒕𝒔 = 𝟏𝟓𝟐. 𝟑𝟑𝟖𝟕𝟔 𝒎𝒑𝒉
𝒔

ii. Gust Load Factor

𝐾𝑈𝑉𝑐 𝐴
∆𝑛 = 𝑤
575( 𝑠 )

Where:

1
1 𝑊 4 𝑊
𝐾= ( ) ; ≤ 16 𝑝𝑠𝑓
2 𝑆 𝑆
 Name:
Report No. 3: V-n Diagram Cadungog, Franzenmae B.

Instructor: Date: Feb. 20, 2023 Page 10 of 16

ENGR. RAYNALDO P. MONGAYA Grade: Issue No. 1

1 1 𝑊
𝐾= (16.09195402)4 ; ≤ 16 𝑝𝑠𝑓
2 𝑆

𝑲 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟒𝟑𝟑𝟔𝟗𝟓

𝒇𝒕 𝒇𝒕
𝑼 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑽𝒄 ; 𝟐𝟓 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑽𝒅
𝒔 𝒔

Table for Gust Load Factor Corresponding to Cruising Speed

Vc
mph ft/s (+)n (-)n
0 0 1 1
10 14.6666667 1.254853831 0.745146
20 29.3333333 1.509707661 0.490292
30 44 1.764561492 0.235439
40 58.6666667 2.019415322 -0.01942
50 73.3333333 2.274269153 -0.27427
60 88 2.529122984 -0.52912
70 102.666667 2.783976814 -0.78398
80 117.333333 3.038830645 -1.03883
90 132 3.293684476 -1.29368
100 146.666667 3.548538306 -1.54854
110 161.333333 3.803392137 -1.80339
120 176 4.058245967 -2.05825
130 190.666667 4.313099798 -2.3131
133.08216 195.187167 4.391649801 -2.39165
140 205.333333 4.567953629 -2.56795
150 220 4.822807459 -2.82281
152.33876 223.430181 4.882411654 -2.88241
160 234.666667 5.07766129 -3.07766
170 249.333333 5.332515121 -3.33252
180 264 5.587368951 -3.58737
190 278.666667 5.842222782 -3.84222
200 293.333333 6.097076612 -4.09708
210 308 6.351930443 -4.35193
220 322.666667 6.606784274 -4.60678
228.50814 335.145272 6.823617481 -4.82362
 Name:
Report No. 3: V-n Diagram Cadungog, Franzenmae B.

Instructor: Date: Feb. 20, 2023 Page 11 of 17

ENGR. RAYNALDO P. MONGAYA Grade: Issue No. 1

Table for Gust Load Factor Corresponding to Diving Speed

Vd
mph ft/s (+)n (-)n
0 0 1 1
10 14.66666667 1.127426915 0.872573
20 29.33333333 1.254853831 0.745146
30 44 1.382280746 0.617719
40 58.66666667 1.509707661 0.490292
50 73.33333333 1.637134577 0.362865
60 88 1.764561492 0.235439
70 102.6666667 1.891988407 0.108012
80 117.3333333 2.019415322 -0.01942
90 132 2.146842238 -0.14684
100 146.6666667 2.274269153 -0.27427
110 161.3333333 2.401696068 -0.4017
120 176 2.529122984 -0.52912
130 190.6666667 2.656549899 -0.65655
133.082159 195.1871665 2.6958249 -0.69582
140 205.3333333 2.783976814 -0.78398
150 220 2.91140373 -0.9114
152.33876 223.4301813 2.941205827 -0.94121
160 234.6666667 3.038830645 -1.03883
170 249.3333333 3.16625756 -1.16626
180 264 3.293684476 -1.29368
190 278.6666667 3.421111391 -1.42111
200 293.3333333 3.548538306 -1.54854
210 308 3.675965222 -1.67597
220 322.6666667 3.803392137 -1.80339
228.50814 335.145272 3.91180874 -1.91181
 Name:
Report No. 3: V-n Diagram Cadungog, Franzenmae B.

Instructor: Date: Feb. 20, 2023 Page 12 of 17

ENGR. RAYNALDO P. MONGAYA Grade: Issue No. 1

III. COMPOSITE V-n DIAGRAM

a. STALLING SPEED WITH FLAPS FULLY EXTENDED (Vsf)

𝑉𝑠𝑓 = 1.1𝑉𝑠

𝑉𝑠𝑓 = 1.1(97.90000001)

𝒇𝒕
𝑽𝒔𝒇 = 𝟏𝟎𝟕. 𝟔𝟗
𝒔

b. AIR SPEED WITH FLAPS FULLY EXTENDED (Vf)

1.4Vs or Vsf (whichever is greater)

𝑉𝑠 < 𝑉𝑠𝑓

𝑉𝑠𝑓 = 1.4𝑉𝑠𝑓

𝑓𝑡
𝑉𝑠𝑓 = 1.4(107.69 )
𝑠

𝒇𝒕
𝑽𝒇 = 𝟏𝟗𝟑. 𝟖𝟒𝟐
𝒔

c. DESIGN SPEED FOR MAXIMUM GUST INTENSITY (Vb)

i. Determined by the intersection of line representing the positive maneuvering load

factor and line representing the rough air gust velocity at VD

ii. Need not to be greater than Vc

𝑽𝒄 = 𝟏𝟓𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒑𝒉

d. NEVER EXCEED SPEED (VNE)

𝑉𝐷 = 𝑉𝑁𝐸

𝑽𝑵𝑬 = 𝟐𝟐𝟖. 𝟓𝟎𝟖𝟏𝟒 𝒎𝒑𝒉

Report No. 3: V-n Diagram NAME:
Cadungog, Franzenmae B.
Instructor: Date: February 20, 2023 Page 13 of 17
ENGR. RAYNALDO P. MONGAYA
Grade: Issue No.: 1

LEGEND:
**NOTE: The Shaded Area indicated is called
the Flight Envelope
 Name:
Report No. 3: V-n Diagram Cadungog, Franzenmae B.

Instructor: Date: Feb. 20, 2023 Page 14 of 17

ENGR. RAYNALDO P. MONGAYA Grade: Issue No. 1

EQUATIONS AND STEP BY STEP PROCESS

Equations are all stated in previous pages.

STEP BY STEP PROCESS

1. Acquire Preliminary Data from Technical Report No. 1 – Airplane Parameter

2. Solve for Positive Limit Maneuvering Load Factor (+n) and Negative Limit Maneuvering Load
Factor (-n)
3. Solve for Design Maneuvering Speed (Va)
4. Solve for Dynamic Pressure for Maneuvering Air Speed (qA̅ )
5. Solve for Positive Limit Load Factor Coefficient (+CNA) and Negative Limit Load Factor Coefficient
(-CNA)
6. Solve for Positive Normal Force Coefficient using (+n) and Negative Normal Force Coefficient (-n)
7. For finding Load Factor Due to Gust, we must first solve for Cruising Speed (VcDes and Vcmin),
whichever is greater, we will use it for the formula in solving for Gust Load Factor (∆𝑛). There
are 2 equations in solving for K but since our wing loading is equal to 16 psf, we will use
the one stated above.
8. To solve for our composite v-n diagram, we will solve for Vsf, Vf, Vb, and VNE.
9. Tabulate the results for Maneuvering Load Factor Corresponding to Air Speed, Gust Load
Factor corresponding to Cruising Speed, and Gust Load Factor corresponding to Diving
Speed.
10. Make coordinates by diving the V to 2 and multiplying the values of +n and -n with 5.
 Name:
Report No. 3: V-n Diagram Cadungog, Franzenmae B.

Instructor: Date: Feb. 20, 2023 Page 15 of 17

ENGR. RAYNALDO P. MONGAYA Grade: Issue No. 1

REFERENCES

CESSNA 185 Skywagon (2022) SKYbrary Aviation Safety. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.skybrary.aero/aircraft/c185

Cessna 185. AOPA. (2009, September 15). Retrieved December 5, 2022, from
https://www.aopa.org/go-fly/aircraft-and-ownership/aircraft-fact-sheets/cessna-185

EASA. (03 September 2020). Type-Certificate Data Sheet. Retrieved from

https://www.easa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/dfu/TCDS_IM_E_100_IO550_iss4.pd
f
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Instructor: Date: Feb. 20, 2023 Page 16 of 17

ENGR. RAYNALDO P. MONGAYA Grade: Issue No. 1

APPENDICES

Figure No. 1: Aircraft Orthographic View Reference

 Name:
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Instructor: Date: Feb. 20, 2023 Page 17 of 17

ENGR. RAYNALDO P. MONGAYA Grade: Issue No. 1

Adopted:https://www.utica.edu/academic/Assessment/new/technical%20report%20rubric.pdf