Impact of genetically engineered corn on agronomic, environmental and

toxicological traits: a meta-analysis of 21 years of field data

Applications and Impact of the Findings:

Our research revealed that the majority of the NTO families, including Anthocoridae, Aphididae,
Araneae, Carabidae, Chrysopidae, Coccinellidae, Nabidae, Nitidulidae, and Staphylinidae, were not
significantly impacted by GE corn. On the other hand, we saw a large decline in Braconidae. Except for
the presence of Hymenoptera, which was less common in GE corn, the results of NTOs are consistent
with earlier findings demonstrating no effects of IR GE corn on several NT insect groups. A meta-analysis
of the findings from field trials in Spain found no impact of Bt-corn on arthropod taxa, including
herbivores, predators, omnivores, parasitoids, and composers.

The Braconidae, which are primarily represented by M. Cingulum in GE crops is consistent with recent
research that shown a decline in parasitoids' functional guild populations. Because parasitoids'
abundance is mostly influenced by the abundance of their intended pest host, M. The decrease in O
most likely has an indirect impact on the cingulum in GE corn nubilalis resulting from GE corn.

Our meta-analysis of 21 years' worth of field data on the agro-environmental effects of GE corn clearly
demonstrates the advantages in terms of improvements in grain production and quality as well as
declines in the target insect Diabrotica spp. Our data shows a negligible or no influence on the
abundance of non-target insects, indicating no significant impact on insect community diversity. This
broadens our understanding of new taxa and supports earlier findings regarding NTOs. We also offer
convincing evidence that growing GE corn lowers the amount of mycotoxin in grain. The protection of
corn plants using GE technology against insect damage, which encourages the development of
toxinogenic fungi, can be seen as an effective tool to reduce the contamination of grain. Mycotoxin
contamination in maize grain annually causes high economic losses in all regions of the world. By
lowering human exposure to mycotoxins and improving the quality of production, this can lower health
risks and enhance economic income. The latest experimental field data should be made available in an
open and standardized format so that researchers and regulators can continue to draw conclusions
about the agro-environmental and health risks of GE crops as GE technology advances involving new
crops, new traits, and new adopting countries.