02nd Chapter Thermodynamic

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‫ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬: ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ اﷲ اﻟﮭﺰازي‬/‫إﻋﺪاد د‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬
Laws of Gases
(67)
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‫)‪(68‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

‫إﻋﺪاد د‪ /‬ﻋﻤﺮ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ اﷲ اﻟﮭﺰازي‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻕ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫‪Experimental Method‬‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫‪The Behaviour of Gases Under Ordinary Conditions‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﱄ)‪ (Ideal Gas‬ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ )‪(Real Gas‬‬
‫ھﻨﺎك ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻔﺎن ھﺎﻣﺎن ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ھﻤﺎ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ واﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﱄ )‪:(Ideal Gas‬‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﻤﻮذج اﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز )ﻻ ﯾﺘﻮاﺟﺪ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﺔ( ﯾﺘﺒﻊ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﻞ اﻟﻈﺮوف ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ .‬وﻟﻘﺪ اﻓﺘﺮض ﻓﯿﮫ أن ﺣﺠﻢ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎﺗﮫ‬
‫وﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻨﮭﺎ ﻛﻤﯿﺎت ﻣﮭﻤﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ )‪:(Real Gas‬‬
‫ھﻮ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻌﻼً ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ )ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﺔ(‪ ،‬وﯾﺘﺒﻊ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ودرﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﮫ ﯾﺒﺪأ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﯿﻮد ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ودرﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(68‬‬
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‫)‪(69‬‬

‫‪The Gas Law‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺧﻼﺻﺎت ﻣﻔﯿﺪة ﺟﺪاً ﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻋﺪد ﻻ ﯾﺤﺼﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب اﻟﺘﻲ أﺟﺮﯾﺖ‬
‫ﺧﻼل ﻗﺮون ﻋﺪﯾﺪة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات‪ .‬وﻟﻘﺪ ﻟﻌﺒﺖ ھﺬه اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﯿﻦ دوراً ﺑﺎرزاً‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﻮر أﻓﻜﺎر ﻋﺪﯾﺪة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎء‪.‬‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺷﺮح اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﯿﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ودرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗﮫ وﺣﺠﻤﮫ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻘﻮاﻧﯿﻦ رﯾﺎﺿﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺴﻄﺔ ﻋﺪﯾﺪة‪ ،‬ﻣﺒﻨﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺠﺎرب ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻤﺮﺋﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات‪ .‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫وﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ھﺬا اﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺳﻨﺠﺪ أن ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﯿﻦ أﺳﺎﺳﺎً ﯾﺘﻔﻖ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻤﺠﮭﺮﯾﺔ واﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات‪.‬‬
‫أول اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻮل ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻋﻤﻠﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻷﯾﺮﻟﻨﺪي روﺑﺮت‬
‫ﺑﻮﯾﻞ )‪ (Anglo-Irish Scientist Robert Boyle‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ اﻟﻤﯿﻼدي‪.‬‬
‫وﺑﻌﺪ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮن ﻻ ﺣﻖ‪ ،‬اھﺘﻢ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﺎن ﻓﺮﻧﺴﯿﺎن ھﻤﺎ ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ وﻏﺎي ﻟﻮﺳﺎك‬
‫)‪ (Jacques Charles and Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac‬ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫رﯾﺎﺿﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﺎد )‪ .(Ballooning‬وﻟﺘﺤﺴﯿﻦ أداءھﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺳﺎ ﻛﯿﻒ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﻲ ﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎز وﺣﺠﻤﮫ وﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﮫ‪ ،‬وأﺛﻨﺎء ذﻟﻚ اﻛﺘﺸﻔﺎ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﻏﺎزات إﺿﺎﻓﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻟﻘﺪ وﺟﺪ أن ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻓﻲ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ وﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺗﺨﻀﻊ‬
‫ﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﺑﺴﯿﻄﺔ‪ .‬وﺗﺮﺑﻂ ھﺬه اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﯿﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز )‪ (V‬ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )‪(T‬‬
‫واﻟﻀﻐﻂ )‪ .(P‬وﯾﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺬي ﯾﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ أو اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﻄﺒﻖ ھﺬه اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺎﻧﻲ أي ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة أو اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ .‬وﯾﺸﺬ ﻋﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة ﻏﺎز )‪ (NO2‬اﻟﺬي ﯾﺘﺤﺪ ﻛﻞ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﯿﻦ ﻣﻨﮫ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﮭﻤﺎ ﻟﯿﻜﻮن ‪ N2O4‬ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﺰﯾﺎدة اﻟﻀﻐﻮط أو ﺧﻔﺾ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة‪.‬‬
‫)‪(69‬‬
‫)‪(70‬‬

‫ً‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺍﳊﺠﻢ ‪ -‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﻮﻳﻞ‬
‫)‪P-V Relationship: Boyle's Law (1662‬‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫‪The Dependence of the Volume of a Gas on Pressure : Boyle’s Law‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻟﻺﻧﻀﻐﺎط )اﻹﻧﻀﻐﺎﻃﯿﺔ( اﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﯿﺔ ﻣﻤﯿﺰة ﻟﮭﺎ‪ .‬وﯾﻜﻮن‬
‫ھﺬا اﻟﺴﻠﻮك ﻣﺠﻤﻼً ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ )‪ .(1662‬ﻓﻔﻲ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻷﺧﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻤﯿﻼدي‪ ،‬أﺟﺮى اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﺎن اﻹﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰﯾﺎن )اﻷﯾﺮﻟﻨﺪي روﺑﺮت ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ‪Irish Scientist‬‬
‫‪Robert Hook‬‬ ‫‪١٦٩١ – ١٦٢٧) Robert Boyle‬م( وزﻣﯿﻠﮫ روﺑﺮت ھﻮك‬
‫)‪ ١٧١٣ – ١٦٣٥‬م ( ﻋﺪة ﺗﺠﺎرب ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ھﻮاﺋﯿﺔ أدت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻛﺘﺸﺎف‬
‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺴﯿﻄﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ واﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪ .‬وﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب ﻟﺒﻮﯾﻞ وﺻﺪﯾﻘﮫ ھﻮك أول‬
‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ واﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات‪.‬‬
‫وﻟﻘﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﻮﯾﻞ أﻧﺒﻮﺑﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺮف )‪ (J‬ﺑﮫ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻮر‬
‫)اﻷﺷﻜﺎل ‪ ،(٢٣ -١٩‬وﻗﺎم ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻄﺮف اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮح‬
‫ﻟﻸﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ )اﻟﻨﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﺒﻮب ‪ -‬اﻟﻄﺮف اﻷﻃﻮل( ﻹزاﺣﺔ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﻮاء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ )ﺣﺠﺰ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﺤﺪودة ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﻮاء( ﻓﻘﺎم اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻟﯿﺼﺒﺢ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫ذا ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ‪ ،‬وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺿﺎﻋﻒ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ )أي ﺿﺎﻋﻒ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ( ﻗﻞ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﮭﻮاء‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻮر ﻗﻞ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﺼﻒ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(70‬‬
(71)

Fig. 19 : A apparatus for studying the relationship between pressure and

volume of a gas.
In (a) the pressure of the gas is equal to the atmospheric pressure. The
pressure exerted on the gas increases from (a) to (d) as mercury is added, and
the volume of the gas decrease, as predicted by Boyle's law. The extra
pressure exerted on the gas is shown by the difference in the mercury levels
(h mm Hg). The temperature of the gas is kept constant.
(71)
(72)

٢٠ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
(72)
(73)

Fig. 21 : Boyle's law. Boyle's experiment showing the compressibility of

gases
(73)
‫)‪(74‬‬

‫‪Fig. 22 : A representation of Boyle's experiment. A sample of air is trapped‬‬

‫‪in a tube in such a way that the pressure on the air can be changed and the‬‬
‫‪volume of the air measured. Patm is the atmospheric pressure, measured with‬‬
‫‪a barometer . P1 = h1 + Patm‬‬
‫وﯾﻈﮭﺮ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ١٩‬أ( ﺑﺄن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ وﺟﻮد اﻟﻐﺎز ﯾﺴﺎوي اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي‪،‬‬
‫أﻣﺎ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ١٩‬ب‪١٩ ،‬ج ‪ ١٩ ،‬د( ﻓﯿﻈﮭﺮ اﻟﺰﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ وﻋﺪم‬
‫ﺗﺴﺎوي اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﯾﯿﻦ اﻷﻣﺮ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﮭﻤﺎ ﻧﻘﺼﺎن ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز‪ .‬وﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً ﻧﺠﺪ أﻧﮫ إذا ﻧﻘﺺ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﻓﺈن ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز ﯾﺰﯾﺪ‪.‬‬
‫وﻗﺪ ﺗﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﯿﺎس ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﻤﺤﺠﻮز اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﻤﯿﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻄﺮف اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮح‪.‬‬
‫)‪(74‬‬
‫)‪(75‬‬

‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﯿﺔ اﻟﻮﺻﻔﯿﺔ ﯾﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة أﻧﮫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺰداد اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﮭﻮاء ﯾﻨﻘﺺ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻤﮫ‪ .‬وﺗﺸﺠﻊ ﻣﺜﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻤﺮء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﯿﻤﺎ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ھﻨﺎك ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﺑﺴﯿﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ‪ P‬واﻟﺤﺠﻢ ‪V‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺪول )‪ (١٠‬ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ أن ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻜﺴﯿﺎً ﻣﻊ ﺣﺠﻤﮫ ﻓﺈذا ﺿﻮﻋﻒ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﯾﺼﺒﺢ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻋﻠﯿﮫ‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﺘﺒﯿﻦ أن ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﮭﻮاء ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻜﺴﯿﺎً ﻣﻊ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ‪ ،‬وﻟﻘﺪ‬
‫أوﺿﺤﺖ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪة اﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ أن ھﺬه اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ أن ﺗﻈﻞ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ اﺗﻀﺢ أن ﻛﺜﯿﺮاً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات – ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﮭﻮاء – ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ھﺬا اﻟﺴﻠﻮك‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺪول ‪ : ١٠‬اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ واﻟﺤﺠﻢ "ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ"‬

‫)‪PV (mmHg. L‬‬ ‫)‪V(L‬‬ ‫)‪P(mm. Hg‬‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ )‪ x (mm Hg‬اﻟﺤﺠﻢ )‪(L‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ )‪V (L‬‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي )‪P (mmHg‬‬
‫‪1.09 × 103‬‬ ‫‪1.5‬‬ ‫‪724‬‬
‫‪1.16 × 103‬‬ ‫‪1.33‬‬ ‫‪869‬‬
‫‪1.16 × 103‬‬ ‫‪1.22‬‬ ‫‪951‬‬
‫‪1.2 × 103‬‬ ‫‪0.94‬‬ ‫‪1230‬‬
‫‪1.2 × 103‬‬ ‫‪0.61‬‬ ‫‪1893‬‬
‫‪1.1 × 103‬‬ ‫‪0.51‬‬ ‫‪2250‬‬
‫وﯾﺒﯿﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻼن )‪ (٢٤ ،٢٣‬ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻣﺤﺒﻮﺳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﻜﺒﺲ ﻣﺘﺤﺮك‪ .‬وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﯾﺰداد اﻟﻮزن اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻀﻌﻒ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻐﺎز‪ ،‬ﯾﺼﺒﺢ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻌﻒ‪ ،‬وﯾﻨﻜﻤﺶ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻰ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺣﺠﻤﮫ اﻷﺻﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(75‬‬
(76)

Fig. 23 : Boyle's law: As volume decreases, gas molecules become more

crowded, which causes the pressure to increase. Pressure and volume are
inversely related
Fig. 24 : Boyle's law.

At constant n and T, the volume of an ideal gas decreases proportionately as
its pressure increases. If the pressure is doubled, the volume is halved. If the
pressure is halved, the volume is doubled.
(76)
(77)

Fig. 25 : A demonstration of Boyle's Law. Temperature is constant.
Fig. 26 :
a) As we have seen, the pressure of a gas arises from the impacts of its
molecules on the walls of the container.
b) When the volume of a sample is decreased, there are more molecules in a
given volume, so there are more collisions with the walls. Because the total
impact on the walls is now greater, so is the pressure. In other words,
decreasing the volume occupied by a gas without changing its temperature
increases its pressure.
(77)
‫)‪(78‬‬

‫وأي ﺷﺨﺺ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﻔﺎخ درﺟﺎت ھﻮاﺋﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ دراﯾﺔ ﺑﮭﺬه اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﻌﻜﺴﯿﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫وﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺪﻓﻊ اﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ ﺑﻘﻮة اﻟﻰ أﺳﻔﻞ‪ ،‬ﯾﻨﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻰ ﺣﺠﻢ أﺻﻐﺮ ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ‬
‫ﯾﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺿﻐﻄﮫ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ (٢٧‬وإذا ﺳﻤﺤﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﻀﻐﻮط ﺑﺎﻹﻧﻄﻼق ﻧﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﮫ ﻣﺜﻼً‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺦ إﻃﺎر‪.‬‬
‫‪Fig. 27 : Compression of gases‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﻌﻜﺴﯿﺔ ﺑﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ واﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺼﺎغ رﯾﺎﺿﯿﺎً ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Vα‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪V = K ‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪PV = K‬‬
‫أي أن ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮب ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﻤﮫ )‪ (PV‬ھﻮ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ )‪ (K‬وأن ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )‪ (T‬وﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز)ﻛﻤﯿﺘﮫ ‪ (n‬وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز )ﻧﻮﻋﮫ(‪.‬‬
‫واﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (PV = K‬ﺗﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺛﺒﻮت درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة وﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻨﮭﺎ ﺳﺘﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬
‫إذا ﺗﻐﯿﺮ أﺣﺪھﻤﺎ أو ﻛﻼھﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﻗﯿﻤﺔ )‪ (K‬ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ )‪ (n‬وﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )‪ ،(T‬وإﻻ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺗﻐﯿﺮت ﺑﺘﻐﯿﺮھﻤﺎ أو ﺑﺘﻐﯿﺮ أﺣﺪھﻤﺎ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(78‬‬
‫)‪(79‬‬

‫وﻣﺎ دام ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺎً )أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ أو ﻣﺴﺎوﯾﺎً ﻟـ ‪ ١٠‬ﺿﻐﻂ ﺟﻮي ‪ ( 10 atm‬ودرﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮارﺗﮫ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ )أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ أو ﺗﺴﺎوي ‪ (200 °K‬ﻓﺈن ‪ PV‬ﯾﺒﻘﻰ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎً‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻓﯿﮭﺎ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ "اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ذات درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ أو‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻷﯾﺴﻮﺛﯿﺮﻣﯿﺔ " ‪.Isothermal Process‬‬
‫وﻟﮭﺬا وﺿﻊ ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ﻋﺎم ‪١٦٦٢‬م ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮫ اﻟﺸﮭﯿﺮ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ واﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻟﻐﺎز واﻟﺬي‬
‫ﯾﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫"ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎً ﻋﻜﺴﯿﺎً ﻣﻊ ﺿﻐﻄﮫ "‬
‫وﺗﻌﺮض ﻋﺎدة ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ واﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺛﺒﻮت درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﺑﻮﯾﻞ‪،‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ إﺛﺒﺎت ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮫ‪ ،‬ﺑﯿﺎﻧﯿﺎً ﺑﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪ .‬وﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺨﺮوﻃﻲ اﻟﺰاﺋﺪ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻣﺜﺎﻻً ﻷﯾﺴﻮﺛﯿﺮم‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‪ : ٢٨‬اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﻌﻜﺴﯿﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ واﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز وﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(79‬‬
(80)

Fig. 29 : Graphs showing variation of the volume of a gas with the pressure
exerted on the gas, at constant temperature. (a) P versus V. Note that the
volume of the gas doubles as the pressure is halved. (b) P versus 1/V
Fig. 30 : Boyle's law summarizes the effect of pressure on the volume of a

fixed amount of gas at constant temperature.
(80)
(81)

Fig. 31 : When the pressure is plotted against 1/volume, a straight line is

obtained. For real gases, Boyle's law breaks down at high pressures beyond
the scope of this graph, and a straight line is not obtained in these regions.
‫( ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻮر اﻟﺼﺎدات‬V) ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻮر اﻟﺴﯿﻨﺎت واﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬ 1

 
‫وﻋﻨﺪ رﺳﻢ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ‬
P
: ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
1
V = K 
P
K ‫( واﻟﺬي ﻣﯿﻠﮫ ﯾﺴﺎوي اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ‬٣٢) ‫ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
٣٢ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
(81)
(82)

Fig. 33 : Graphical illustration of Boyle's law.

a) Volume V versus pressure P. This curve shows the inverse proportionality between
volume and pressure. As pressure, volume decreases. b) V versus 1/P. A linear plot results.
Fig. 34 : Boyle's law.

(a) A plot of V versus P for a gas sample is a hyperbola, but (b) a plot of V versus 1/P is a
straight line. Such a straight-line graph is characteristic of equations having the form y = m
x + b (where b = o) (V = k(1/P) + 0) or PV = k
(82)
‫)‪(83‬‬

‫‪Fig. 35 : Measured values of P and V are presented in the first two columns, on an‬‬
‫‪arbitrary scale. (b, c) Graphical representations of Boyle's Law, using the data of part (a).‬‬
‫‪(b) V versus P. (c) V versus 1/P‬‬
‫وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ أﯾﺰوﺛﯿﺮﻣﯿﺔ )ﺛﺒﻮت درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة( ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮوط أوﻟﯿﺔ )ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪدة ﺑﺎﻟﻘﯿﻤﺘﯿﻦ اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺘﯿﻦ )‪ (P1, V1‬اﻟﻰ ﺷﺮوط ﻧﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ )ﺣﺎﻟﺔ أﺧﺮى ﻟﮭﺎ ﻗﯿﻤﺘﺎن ﺟﺪﯾﺪﺗﺎن(‬
‫)‪ (P2, V2‬وﻧﻈﺮاً ﻟﺜﺒﺎت ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮب )‪ (P × V‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺻﻮرة ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﺆول ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪P1V1 = P2 V2‬‬
‫وﺑﻤﺎ أن ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﯾﺴﺎوي ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﯾﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻟﺬا‬
‫ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ رﺳﻢ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ )‪ (PV‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻮر اﻟﺼﺎدات و )‪ (P‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻮر اﻟﺴﯿﻨﺎت ﻓﺈﻧﮫ‬
‫ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﺨﻂ أﻓﻘﯿﺎً ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺎً‪ ،‬ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ .(٣٦‬وھﺬا اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﻲ ﯾﻤﺜﻞ ﺑﻮﺿﻮح ﺳﻠﻮك‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺬي ﯾﺘﺒﻊ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ‪ ،‬واﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺬي ﯾﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻈﺮوف ﯾﺪﻋﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ )‪ (Ideal Gas‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ﻓﻜﺮة اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ ھﺬه ھﻲ ﻓﻜﺮة ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺤﺘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫واﻟﻐﺎزات ﺗﺘﺼﺮف ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ )اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ( ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً )ﺗﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎً(‬
‫ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﻮاﺟﮭﮭﺎ ﻋﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ)ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط ودرﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ( ‪،‬‬
‫واﻟﻰ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ أﻏﻠﺐ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺗﻨﺎ‪ ،‬أي أﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ واﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪(PV = K‬‬
‫واﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﯿﺪ ﻋﻦ ھﺬا اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن )اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ( ﻻ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺧﻄﺎً ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺎً‪.‬‬
‫)‪(83‬‬
‫)‪(84‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ : ٣٦‬رﺳﻢ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﻲ ﯾﻮﺿﺢ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ‪.‬‬
‫وﻗﺪ وﺟﺪ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﺎن رﯾﻜﻨﻮﻟﺖ )‪ (Regnault‬وأﻣﻘﺎت )‪ (Amagat‬أن اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻟﯿﺲ‬

‫أﻓﻘﯿﺎً أي أن اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻻ ﺗﺨﻀﻊ ﺧﻀﻮﻋﺎً ﺗﺎﻣﺎً ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ وأن اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺘﻲ اﺳﻨﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﻮﯾﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮫ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻛﺎﻓﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ) ‪ ٣٦‬ج(‪.‬‬
‫)‪(84‬‬
‫)‪(85‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪٣٧‬‬
‫وﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٣٧‬ﻓﺈن )اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻞ( ﯾﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﻌﻜﺴﯿﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ‪ P, V‬اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ‪ ،‬إﻻ أن اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ H2,O2, N2 :‬ﻻﺗﺘﯿﻊ ھﺬا اﻟﺘﺼﺮف اﻟﻤﺘﻨﺒﺄ ﺑﮫ‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً‬
‫وﺗﻄﯿﻊ )ﺗﺨﻀﻊ( اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ودرﺟﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﻦ ﺗﺸﺬ ﻋﻦ ھﺬا اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ودرﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‪ .‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن اﻹﺧﺘﻼف ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ﯾﻌﻮد إﻣﺎ اﻟﻰ زﯾﺎدة‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ أو اﻟﻰ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﮭﻮﻟﺔ ﺗﺴﯿﯿﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻐﺎزات‬
‫ﻓﻌﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻓﺈن أﺣﺠﺎم اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺳﺔ ﺗﺘﻘﺎرب ﻣﻊ ﺣﺠﻮم اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪،‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻟﻐﺎزات ﺗﻨﺼﺎع ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﯿﺪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺿﻐﻮﻃﮭﺎ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‪.‬‬
‫أﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺟﺪاً‪ ،‬ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻘﺎس ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ أﻛﺒﺮ اﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ذاك‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﺪر ﺑﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ‪.‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﻓﺈن ﻗﯿﻤﺔ )‪ (PV‬ﺗﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻷﺧﺮى‪ ،‬وﯾﺰداد‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﯿﻦ ﻗﯿﻤﺘﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺘﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ازدادت ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ أﻛﺜﺮ وأﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫)‪(85‬‬
‫)‪(86‬‬

‫• وﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻨﺪھﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻘﯿﺎس أﻗﻞ )ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫واﻟﻮاﻗﻊ أن ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮب ‪ P × V‬ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺮدﯾﺎً ﻣﻊ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ ،‬وﯾﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﻘﺪاراً ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎً‬
‫ﻃﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻐﯿﺮ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪٣٨‬‬
‫وﯾﺒﯿﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٣٨‬أن ھﺬا اﻟﻤﻘﺪار )‪ (P × V‬ھﻮ داﻟﺔ ﺧﻄﯿﺔ ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ .‬وھﺬه‬
‫اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ ھﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﯿﻞ ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات‪ .‬وﺑﺪراﺳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﻄﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺮﯾﺒﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺪول )‪.(١١‬‬
‫ﺟﺪول ‪ : ١١‬ﻣﻌﻄﯿﺎت )ﺿﻐﻂ – ﺣﺠﻢ( ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟـ )‪ (39.95 g‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻵرﺟﻮن‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )‪(°C‬‬ ‫)‪V (L‬‬ ‫)‪P (atm‬‬ ‫‪PV‬‬
‫‪2.000‬‬ ‫‪15.28‬‬ ‫‪30.560‬‬
‫‪100 °C‬‬ ‫‪1.000‬‬ ‫‪30.52‬‬ ‫‪30.520‬‬
‫‪0.500‬‬ ‫‪60.99‬‬ ‫‪30.500‬‬
‫‪0.333‬‬ ‫‪91.59‬‬ ‫‪30.530‬‬
‫‪2.000‬‬ ‫‪8.99‬‬ ‫‪17.980‬‬
‫‪- 50 °C‬‬ ‫‪1.000‬‬ ‫‪17.65‬‬ ‫‪17.650‬‬
‫‪0.500‬‬ ‫‪34.10‬‬ ‫‪17.050‬‬
‫‪0.333‬‬ ‫‪49.50‬‬ ‫‪16.500‬‬
‫ﻓﻔﻲ ﻛ ﻞ ھ ﺬه اﻟﺘﺠ ﺎرب ﺗﻜ ﻮن ﻛﻤﯿ ﺔ اﻟﻐ ﺎز ﺛﺎﺑﺘ ﺔ ﻋﻨ ﺪ )‪ ، (39.95 g‬وﺗﻜ ﻮن درﺟ ﺔ اﻟﺤ ﺮارة‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ إﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (100 °C‬أو )‪ .(- 50 °C‬وﯾﻘﺎس اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻨ ﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜ ﻮن اﻟﻜﻤﯿ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻄ ﺎة ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫)‪(86‬‬
‫)‪(87‬‬

‫ﻏﺎز ﻣﺤﺘﻮاه ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﻮم ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬وﻗﯿﻢ ﺣﺎﺻ ﻞ ﺿ ﺮب )‪ (PV‬ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻌﻤ ﻮد اﻷﺧﯿ ﺮ اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺿﺮب اﻟﻘﯿﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤ ﻮدﯾﻦ اﻟﺜ ﺎﻧﻲ واﻟﺜﺎﻟ ﺚ‪ ،‬ﯾﺠ ﺐ أن ﺗﻜ ﻮن وﻓﻘ ﺎً ﻟﻘ ﺎﻧﻮن‬
‫ﺑﻮﯾﻞ‪ ،‬ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨ ﺪ درﺟ ﺔ ﺣ ﺮارة ﺛﺎﺑﺘ ﺔ‪ .‬وﺗﻮﺿ ﺢ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﯿ ﺎت اﻟﻤﺒﯿﻨ ﺔ‪ ،‬أﻧ ﮫ ﻋﻨ ﺪ درﺟ ﺔ ﺣ ﺮارة‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ﻣﻄﺎﻋ ﺎً اﻟ ﻰ ﺣ ﺪ ﺑﻌﯿ ﺪ‪ .‬وﻟﻜ ﻦ ﻋﻨ ﺪ درﺟ ﺔ ﺣ ﺮارة ﻣﻨﺨﻔ ﻀﺔ ﻻ ﯾﻜ ﻮن‬
‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮب )‪ (PV‬ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎً‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻨﮫ ﯾﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺼﺎً ﻟ ﮫ ﻣﻐ ﺰى ﻛﻠﻤ ﺎ ازداد اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿ ﺚ ﻻ‬
‫ﯾﻜﻮن ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ﻣﻄﺎﻋﺎً‪ .‬وﺑﻌﺒﺎرة أﺧﺮى‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻧﻘ ﺼﺖ درﺟ ﺔ ﺣ ﺮارة اﻵرﺟ ﻮن )‪(Ar‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﺳﻠﻮﻛﮫ ﯾﺤﯿﺪ ﻋﻦ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻒ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ إدراك ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺔ أن اﻟﺤﯿﻮد ﻋ ﻦ ﻗ ﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾ ﻞ ﯾ ﺰداد ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﺿ ﻐﻮط أﻋﻠ ﻰ‪ ،‬ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﯿ ﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﯾﺒﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﺘﯿﻠﯿﻦ واﻟﻤﻌﻄﺎة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪول )‪.(١٢‬‬
‫ﺟﺪول ‪ : ١٢‬ﻧﻮاﺗﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮب ‪ PV‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﯿﺘﻠﯿﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪P, atm‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬ ‫‪1.0‬‬ ‫‪2.0‬‬ ‫‪4.0‬‬ ‫‪8.0‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬ ‫‪1.0057‬‬ ‫‪1.0000‬‬ ‫‪0.9891‬‬ ‫‪0.9708‬‬ ‫‪0.9360‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺰداد اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻣﻦ )‪ (0.5‬اﻟﻰ )‪ (1.0 atm‬ﻓﺈن ﺣﺎﺻ ﻞ اﻟ ﻀﺮب )‪(PV‬‬
‫ﻻ ﯾﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﺟﻮھﺮﯾﺎً‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﯿ ﺚ أﻧ ﮫ ﻓ ﻲ ھ ﺬا اﻟﻤ ﺪى ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺈن ﺳ ﻠﻮك ﻏ ﺎز اﻷﺳ ﯿﺘﻠﯿﻦ ﯾﺘﺒ ﻊ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﻌﻘﻮل‪ .‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺰداد اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟ ﻰ اﻟ ﻀﻌﻒ ﻣ ﻦ )‪ (4.0‬اﻟ ﻰ ‪(8.0‬‬
‫)‪ atm‬ﻓﺈن ﺣﺎﺻﻞ اﻟﻀﺮب )‪ (PV‬ﯾﻨﻘﺺ ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ )‪ ، (3 %‬ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﺪى ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ‪،،‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ﻻ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ﻣﻄﺎﻋﺎً اﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺑﻌﯿﺪ‪ .‬وﺑﺎﻟﻨ ﺴﺒﺔ ﻷي ﻏ ﺎز‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧ ﮫ ﻛﻠﻤ ﺎ ﻛ ﺎن اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫أدﻧﻰ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن اﻹﻗﺘﺮاب ﻣﻦ ﺳ ﻠﻮك ﻗ ﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾ ﻞ أﺷ ﺪ‪ .‬وﻋﻨ ﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻜ ﻮن ﻗ ﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾ ﻞ ﻣﻄﺎﻋ ﺎً‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻘﺎل إن اﻟﻐﺎز ﯾﻈﮭﺮ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﺎً ﻣﺜﺎﻟﯿﺎً‪.‬‬
‫)‪(87‬‬
‫)‪(88‬‬

‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﻮﻳﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٠‬‬
‫ﯾﺒﻠﻎ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻓﻲ إﻧﺎء ﺣﺠﻤﮫ )‪ (4 L‬ﻣﻘﺪار )‪ (2 atm‬ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (0 ºC‬ﻓﻜﻢ‬
‫ﯾﺒﻠﻎ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة إذا وﺿﻌﺖ ﻓﻲ إﻧﺎء ﺣﺠﻤﮫ )‪(2 L‬؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ )‪(1‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ )‪(2‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪2 atm‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪4L‬‬ ‫‪2L‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪constant‬‬ ‫‪constant‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪constant‬‬ ‫‪constant‬‬
‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫‪P1V1 = P2 V2‬‬
‫‪V ‬‬
‫‪P2 = P1  1 ‬‬
‫‪ V2 ‬‬
‫‪4L ‬‬
‫‪P2 = 2 atm ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪2L ‬‬
‫‪P2 = 4 atm‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻓﮭﻢ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﯿﺔ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ﯾﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ أن‬
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ واﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻋﻜﺴﯿﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻓﺈن ﺣﺠﻢ اﻹﻧﺎء ﻧﻘﺺ )ﻣﻦ ‪4 L‬‬
‫اﻟﻰ ‪ (2 L‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺳﯿﺰداد‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻲ ﻧﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ )‪ (P2‬ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻀﺮب‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻷوﻟﻲ )‪ (P1‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﺴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﯾﺰداد اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻷوﻟﻲ‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻆ أن‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺔ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻷوﻟﻲ )‪ (V1‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ )‪ ، (V2‬ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺿﺮب ھﺬه اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻷوﻟﻲ )‪ (P1‬ﯾﻌﻄﻲ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ )‪: (P2‬‬
‫)‪(88‬‬
‫)‪(89‬‬

‫)‪P2 = P1 ( Ration of volume that increase in pressure‬‬
‫‪ V1 4‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ V2 2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪V ‬‬
‫‪P2 = P1  1 ‬‬
‫‪ V2 ‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪P2 = 2 atm x   = 4 atm‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١١‬‬
‫ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈذا ﻛﺎن ﺣﺠﻤﮫ ‪ 5 L‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻗﺪره ‪ 15 atm‬ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ ﺣﺠﻢ ھﺬا‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎز إذا ﺻﺎر ﺿﻐﻄﮫ ‪ ، 3 atm‬ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎر درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺑﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪P1V1 = P2 V2‬‬
‫‪15 atm × 5 L = 3 atm × V2‬‬
‫‪15 atm × 5L‬‬
‫= ‪V2‬‬
‫‪3 atm‬‬
‫‪V2 = 25 L‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﻌﻜﺴﯿﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ واﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪،‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ اﻧﺨﻔﺾ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﻌﻨﻲ زﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ )‪ (V2‬ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮب اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ )‪ (V1‬ﺑﻜﺴﺮ )ﯾﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ واﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ( أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‪ ،‬وﻻ ﯾﻜﻮن أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ إﻻ ﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫)‪ (P2 = 3 atm‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ )‪ (P1 = 15 atm‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫)‪(89‬‬
‫)‪(90‬‬

‫)‪V2 = V1 × (pressure ratio‬‬
‫‪P ‬‬
‫‪V2 = V1  1 ‬‬
‫‪ P2 ‬‬
‫‪ 15 atm ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 5 L ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 3 atm ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 25 L‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٢‬‬
‫‪ 2 L‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ )‪ (O2‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ‪ 760 mmHg‬ﻛﺘﻠﺘﮫ ‪) 1.42 g‬اﻓﺮض ﻋﺪم‬
‫ﺗﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة(‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﻮﺣﺪة ‪ g/L‬إذا زاد اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻰ ‪8 atm‬؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﺴﺆال ﻛﺎﻧﺖ وﺣﺪة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ ھﻲ )‪ (mmHg‬ووﺣﺪة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ ھﻲ‬
‫)‪ ،(atm‬وﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻗﯿﻢ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ )‪ (P1‬واﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ )‪ (P2‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻻ ﺑﺪ وأن ﯾﻜﻮن ﻟﮭﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﺑﺪ أن ﺗﻜﻮن وﺣﺪة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ إﻣﺎ )‪ (atm‬أو )‪ ،(mmHg‬وﺑﺄﺧﺬ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬
‫)‪ (atm‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺤﻮل اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ ‪ 760 mmHg‬اﻟﻰ وﺣﺪة )‪ : (atm‬ﺣﯿﺚ أن اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻨﮭﻤﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1 atm = 760 mmHg‬‬
‫‪ 1atm‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪⇒ P1 = 760 mmHg × ‬‬ ‫‪ = 1 atm‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪760‬‬ ‫‪mmHg‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫وﻗﺒﻞ إﯾﺠﺎد اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﮫ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻻ ﺑﺪ أن ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﮫ‬
‫اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ )‪: (V2‬‬
‫‪P1V1 = P2 V2‬‬
‫‪1 atm × 2 L = 8 atm × V2‬‬
‫‪1 atm × 2 L‬‬
‫= ‪V2‬‬
‫‪8 atm‬‬
‫‪V2 = 0.25 L‬‬
‫)‪(90‬‬
‫)‪(91‬‬

‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﯾﺠﺎد اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ )‪ (Pressure ratio‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪V2 = V1 × (pressure ratio‬‬
‫‪P ‬‬
‫‪V2 = V1  1 ‬‬
‫‪ P2 ‬‬
‫‪ 1 atm ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 2 L ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 8 atm ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 0.25 L‬‬
‫وﻟﻜﻲ ﻧﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﻤﮫ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ )‪ (V2 = 0.25 L‬ﻧﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪d=  ‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪1.42 g‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬
‫‪0.25 L‬‬
‫‪d = 5.68 g/L‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٣‬‬
‫اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ذات ﻣﻜﺒﺲ ﻣﺘﺤﺮك ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 540 cm3‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫ﯾﺴﺎوي‪ 63.3 kPa‬ﻓﺈذا ﺗﺤﺮك اﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ ﺣﺘﻰ أﺻﺒﺢ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ‪ 325 cm3‬ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ داﺧﻞ اﻷﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫‪P1V1 = P2 V2‬‬
‫‪V ‬‬
‫‪P2 = P1  1 ‬‬
‫‪ V2 ‬‬
‫‪ 540cm3 ‬‬
‫‪P2 = 63.3 kPa ‬‬ ‫‪3 ‬‬
‫‪ 325cm ‬‬
‫‪P2 = 105.17 kPa‬‬
‫)‪(91‬‬
‫)‪(92‬‬

‫ً‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫‪Volume – Temperature Relationship‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻟﺰ )‪ – (1787‬ﺟﻲ ﻟﻮﺳﺎﻙ )‪(1802‬‬
‫‪Charles' - Gay Lusac’s Law and the Absolute Temperature‬‬
‫ﻣﻀﻰ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮن زﻣﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻛﺘﺸﺎف اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻇﺮة ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ )ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ(‪،‬‬
‫وھﻲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز)‪ (V‬ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )‪ .(T‬وﯾﺮﺟﻊ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻃﻮل ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة‬
‫اﻟﺘﺎرﯾﺨﯿﺔ اﻟﻰ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ إدراك ﻣﻔﮭﻮم درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة إذا ﻣﺎ ﻗﻮرن ﺑﻤﻔﮭﻮم اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ .‬وﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أﻧﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ إدراك اﻟﻔﺮوق ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺒﺎرد واﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ إﻻ أن اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺪﯾﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻤﻲ "ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة" ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺳﮭﻠﺔ اﻹﺑﺘﻜﺎر‪ .‬وﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻓﻘﺒﯿﻞ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮ‬
‫أﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻗﯿﺎس درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻤﺪد ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﻲ أﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ زﺟﺎﺟﯿﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺜﺮﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ(‪ ،‬ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﻟﻘﯿﺎس درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ .‬وﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﻘﺪ اﺗﻔﻖ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺎرة أوروﺑﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﯿﺎس ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﯿﮫ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﺑﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﺠﻤﺪ اﻟﻤﺎء ودرﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﺑﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻏﻠﯿﺎن اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ أﺗﺎح وﺟﻮد اﻟﺜﺮﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮات واﻹﺗﻔﺎق ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻗﯿﺎس درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻆ أن ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻤﻮاد ﺗﺘﻤﺪد ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺴﺨﯿﻨﮭﺎ ‪ ،‬وﯾﺘﻔﺎوت ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﺘﻤﺪد ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎدة‬
‫ﻷﺧﺮى‪ .‬وﯾﺘﻌﺮض اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﺠﻮي وﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻷﺧﺮى ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺴﺨﯿﻨﮭﺎ )ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ(‬
‫ﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ )ﺗﺘﻤﺪد ﺣﺮارﯾﺎً(‪ .‬وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎً ﻗﯿﺎس اﻟﺰﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺑﺰﯾﺎدة‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺤﺒﺲ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ﻣﺰودة ﺑﻤﻜﺒﺲ ﻣﻨﺰﻟﻖ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٣٩‬وﺣﯿﺚ أن اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻓﻮق ﻗﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪ .‬وﯾﻼﺣﻆ أﻧﮫ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺳﺨﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ ﯾﺘﺤﺮك ﻟﻠﺨﺎرج‪ ،‬وﯾﺰداد اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪.‬‬
‫وﻟﻘ ﺪ درس اﻟﻌ ﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿ ﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻔﺮﻧ ﺴﻲ ﺟ ﺎك اﻟﻜ ﺴﻨﺪر ﺗ ﺸﺎرﻟﺰ ‪Jacques Alexander‬‬
‫‪ Charles‬ﻋﺎم ‪١٧٨٧‬م ‪ ،‬وﻛﺎن راﺋﺪ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻮﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ ،‬وﻛﺬﻟﻚ درس ﻏﺎي ﻟﻮﺳﺎك‬
‫)‪(92‬‬
‫)‪(93‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﻮﺿ ﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪ ،‬ﻓﻮﺟﺪ أﻧ ﮫ إذا ﺗ ﻢ ﺗ ﺴﺨﯿﻦ ﻏ ﺎز ﺑﺤﯿ ﺚ أن اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ ﯾﺒﻘ ﻰ ﺛﺎﺑﺘ ﺎً‪ ،‬ﯾﺘﻤ ﺪد اﻟﻐ ﺎز‬
‫)ﯾﺰﯾ ﺪ ﺣﺠﻤ ﮫ( وأن ﻣﻌ ﺪل اﻟﺘﻤ ﺪد ﻣ ﻊ زﯾ ﺎدة درﺟ ﺔ اﻟﺤ ﺮارة ﻛ ﺎن ﺛﺎﺑﺘ ﺎً وﻛ ﺎن ﻧﻔ ﺴﮫ ﻟﺠﻤﯿ ﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺘﻲ درﺳﮭﺎ ﻣﺎدام اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﻘﻲ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎً‪ .‬وھﺬا اﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎف ﻟﻢ ﯾﻤﯿﺰ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻗﺮﯾﺒﺎً ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻘ ﺮن‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ‪.‬‬
‫وﻗﺪ أﺟﺮى اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﺎن ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ‪ Charles‬وﺟﺎي ﻟﻮﺳﺎك ‪ Gay-Lussac‬دراﺳﺎت ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ھﺬا اﻟﺴﻠﻮك ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات اﻧﺘﮭﺖ ﺑﻤﺎ ﯾﻌﺮف اﻵن ﺑﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ ﺣﯿﺚ أوﺿﺤﺖ دراﺳﺘﮭﻤﺎ أﻧﮫ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﻓﺈن ﺣﺠﻢ ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز ﯾﺘﻤﺪد ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺨﯿﻦ وﯾﻨﻜﻤﺶ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﺮﯾﺪ‪ .‬وﺑﺼﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺗﺘﻤﺪد أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ أو اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪ ،‬أﻣﺎ اﻟﺘﻤﺪد اﻟﺤﺮاري اﻟﺬي‬
‫ﺗﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﮫ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ واﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﯿﻤﻜﻦ إھﻤﺎﻟﮫ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺣﯿﺎن ﻷﻧﮫ ﯾﺴﺒﺐ زﯾﺎدة‬
‫ﺑﺴﯿﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺪول )‪ (١٣‬اﻟﺬي ﯾﻘﺎرن اﻟﺰﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﻢ ‪ 1 ml‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﻮاء واﻟﻤﺎء واﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺘﺴﺨﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ درﺟﺔ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﺌﻮي اﻟﻰ درﺟﺔ ‪100 °C‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺟﻮي‪.‬‬
‫‪Fig. 39 : A molecular interpretation of Charles Law – the change in volume of a gas with‬‬
‫‪changes in temperature ( at constant pressure). At the lower temperature, molecules strike‬‬
‫‪the walls less often and less vigorously. Thus, the volume must be less to maintain the‬‬
‫‪same pressure.‬‬
‫)‪(93‬‬
(94)

٤٠ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
Fig. 41 : Charles's law. At constant n and P, the volume of an ideal gas increases
proportionately as its absolute temperature increases. If the absolute temperature is
doubled, the volume is doubled. If the absolute temperature is halved, the volume is
halved.
Fig. 42 : Variation of the volume of a gas sample with temperature, at constant pressure.
The pressure exerted on the gas is the sum of the atmospheric pressure and the pressure
due to the weight of the mercury.
(94)
‫)‪(95‬‬

‫‪Fig. 43 : A demonstration of Charle's Law. Pressure is constant.‬‬
‫ﺟﺪول ‪ : ١٣‬اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﻮم اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ واﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ واﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺴﺨﯿﻨﮭﺎ‬

‫اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺑﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﻠﻠﯿﺘﺮ )‪(ml‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ ‪%‬‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻠﯿﺘﺮ ‪ml‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ‪100 °C‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ‪0 °C‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة‬
‫‪37 %‬‬ ‫‪0.37‬‬ ‫‪1.37‬‬ ‫‪1.00‬‬ ‫ھﻮاء‬
‫‪4%‬‬ ‫‪0.04‬‬ ‫‪1.04‬‬ ‫‪1.00‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎء‬
‫‪3%‬‬ ‫‪0.03‬‬ ‫‪1.03‬‬ ‫‪1.00‬‬ ‫ﺣﺪﯾﺪ‬
‫إن ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز )‪ (V‬ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )‪ (T‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ دراﺳﺘﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ‪١٧٨٧‬م‪ ،‬وﻃﻮرھﺎ )‪ (gay-Lussac‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪١٨٠٢‬م‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﯿﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
‫ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﻨﺺ ھﺬه اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮫ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﺠﻤﮭﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫‪ 1 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪ ،‬ﯾﺰداد )أو ﯾﻘﻞ( ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ أي ﻏﺎز ﺑﻤﻘﺪار ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫‪ 273.15 ‬‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ اﻟﻤﺌﻮي ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ازدادت )أو ﻗﻠﺖ( درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﻤﻘﺪار درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﯾﺔ واﺣﺪة"‪.‬‬
‫)‪(95‬‬
‫)‪(96‬‬

‫اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﯿﺔ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ 1 ‬‬
‫‪V1 = Vo + ‬‬ ‫‪ t1Vo‬‬
‫‪ 273.15 ‬‬
‫‪ t1 ‬‬
‫‪V1 = Vo + ‬‬ ‫‪ Vo‬‬
‫‪ 273.15 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪V t ‬‬
‫‪V1 =  Vo + o 1 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪273.15 ‬‬
‫‪273.15Vo Vo t1‬‬
‫= ‪V1‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪273.15‬‬ ‫‪273.15‬‬
‫‪273.15Vo + Vo t1‬‬
‫= ‪V1‬‬
‫‪273.15‬‬
‫‪ 273.15 + t1 ‬‬
‫‪V1 = Vo ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪273‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪  t1  ‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪  273.15  Vo ‬‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻘﺪار‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪t1 ‬‬

‫‪V1 = Vo + ‬‬ ‫‪ Vo‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪273.15‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ )زﯾﺎدة ﺑﺰﯾﺎدة درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ ،‬أو ﻧﻘﺼﺎً ﺑﻨﻘﺼﺎن درﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة(‪.‬‬
‫‪ 1 ‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ 273.15 ‬‬ ‫وﯾﻌﺮف اﻟﻤﻘﺪار‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪1 ‬‬
‫‪V1 = Vo + ‬‬ ‫‪ t1Vo‬‬
‫‪ 273.15 ‬‬
‫ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻤﺪد اﻟﺤﺮاري اﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ‪.‬‬

‫وﻗﺪ وﺟﺪ أن اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻣﺜﻞ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ )‪ (O2‬واﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ)‪ (N2‬واﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم )‪(He‬‬
‫واﻟﻨﺸﺎدر)‪ (NH3‬وﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن )‪ (CO2‬وﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺒﺮﯾﺖ )‪(SO2‬‬
‫)‪(96‬‬
‫)‪(97‬‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪ 1 ‬‬
‫‪ 273.15 ‬‬
‫واﻵرﺟﻮن )‪ (Ar‬ﻟﮭﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻤﺪد اﻟﺤﺮاري اﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ أي‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫وﻟﻠﺘﺒﺴﯿﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺗﻨﺎ ﺳﻨﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺮﻗﻢ )‪ (273‬ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ )‪ (273.15‬وﻧﮭﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﻌﺸﺮي‬

‫)‪.(0.15‬‬
‫واﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ 273 + t1 ‬‬
‫‪V1 = Vo ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 273 ‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﺮﺳﻢ )‪ (V1‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻮر اﻟﺼﺎدات و )‪ (t‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻮر اﻟﺴﯿﻨﺎت‪.‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﯾﺰداد ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻣﻊ ازدﯾﺎد‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )أﻧﻈﺮ اﻷﺷﻜﺎل ‪(٤٩ – ٤٤‬‬
‫‪Fig. 44 : The extrapolation of data for a number of gases suggests that the‬‬
‫‪volume of all gases should become 0 at – 273 °C (T = 0 on the Kelvin scale).‬‬
‫‪All gases condense to liquids well before that temperature is reached.‬‬
‫)‪(97‬‬
(98)

Fig. 45 : Charles's law. The volumes of two different samples of gases decrease with
decreasing temperature (at constant pressure and constant molar amount). These graphs (as
would those of all gases) intersect the temperature axis at about (- 273 °C).
Fig. 46 : When the temperature of a gas is increased and it is free to change its volume at
constant pressure (as depicted by the constant weight acting on the piston), the volume
increases. A graph of volume against temperature is a straight line.
(98)
(99)

٤٧ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
٤٨ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
(99)
‫)‪(100‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ : ٥٠‬ﻋﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻮط ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪٤٩‬‬
‫)‪(100‬‬
‫)‪(101‬‬

‫ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﻘﻊ اﻟﻨﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺔ أن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﯾﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﺧﻄﯿﺎً )‪ (linearly‬ﻣﻊ درﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ .‬وإذا ﺧﻔﻀﺖ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﻘﺪار ﻛﺎف‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻐﺎز ﯾﺘﻜﺜﻒ‪ ،‬وﻻ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ أي ﻧﻘﻂ ﺗﺠﺮﯾﺒﯿﺔ‪ .‬وإذا ﻣﺪ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‪ ،‬أو ﺑﺎﻹﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎل‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﻮ درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة أدﻧﻰ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ھﻮ ﻣﺒﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻤﺘﻘﻄﻊ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﺼﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻗﺪره اﻟﺼﻔﺮ‪ .‬ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﯾﺼﻞ ﻋﻨﺪھﺎ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻤﺘﻘﻄﻊ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻗﺪره اﻟﺼﻔﺮ ھﻲ )‪ ، (-273.15 °C‬ﺑﺼﺮف اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻮع اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬أو اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺠﺮي ﻋﻨﺪه اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪ .‬واﻹﺷﺎرة اﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫)‪ (-273.15 °C‬ﺑﺄﻧﮭﺎ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ )‪ (0 K‬ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮاً ﻷن درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻷدﻧﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﺳﻮف ﺗﺮادف ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺎً‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻟﺰ‬
‫إذا ﻛﺎن ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ اﻟﻤﺌﻮي )‪ ، (V0 = 273 cm3‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﺛﺒ ﺎت اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫ﻣ ﻦ ﺣﺠﻤ ﮫ ﻓ ﻲ درﺟ ﺔ اﻟ ﺼﻔﺮ إذا زادت درﺟ ﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗ ﮫ درﺟ ﺔ‬ ‫‪ 1 ‬‬ ‫ﯾ ﺰداد اﻟﺤﺠ ﻢ ﺑﻮاﻗ ﻊ‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 273 ‬‬
‫ﻣﺌﻮﯾﺔ واﺣﺪة‪ ،‬أي ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺰﯾﺎدة ‪:‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪× 273 = 1cm3‬‬
‫‪273‬‬
‫ﺑﺰﯾﺎدة درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﯾﺔ واﺣﺪة‪.‬‬

‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ )‪ (V1‬ﻧﺘﺒﻊ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ t ‬‬
‫‪V1 = V0 + ‬‬ ‫‪ V0‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪273‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 1 ‬‬
‫‪V1 = 273 + ‬‬ ‫‪ × 273‬‬
‫‪ 273 ‬‬
‫‪V1 = 273 + 1 = 274 cm3‬‬
‫)‪(101‬‬
‫)‪(102‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫‪ 2 ‬‬ ‫وإذا زادت درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة درﺟﺘﯿﻦ ﻣﺌﻮﯾﺘﯿﻦ ﻓﺈن ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﺰﯾﺎدة ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺤﺠ ﻢ ﺗﻜ ﻮن‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 273 ‬‬
‫ﺣﺠﻤﮫ ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ أي ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺴﺎوﯾﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪x 273 = 2 cm 3‬‬
‫‪273‬‬
‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ )‪:(V1‬‬
‫‪ t ‬‬
‫‪V1 = V0 + ‬‬ ‫‪ V0‬‬
‫‪ 273 ‬‬
‫‪ 2 ‬‬
‫‪V1 = 273 + ‬‬ ‫‪ × 273‬‬
‫‪ 273 ‬‬
‫‪V1 = 273 + 2 = 275 cm 3‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ أن اﻧﺨﻔﺎض درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة ﯾﺆدي اﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﺼﺎن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﻘﺪار أي أن أي‬
‫‪ 1 ‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫اﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﯾﺆدي اﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﺺ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺑﻤﻘﺪار‬
‫‪ 273 ‬‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ اﻟﻤﺌﻮي ﻓﻌﻨﺪ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﯾﺔ واﺣﺪة ﻓﺈن اﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪× 273 = 1cm3‬‬
‫‪273‬‬
‫واﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ )‪ (V1‬ھﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ t ‬‬
‫‪V1 = V0 - ‬‬ ‫‪ V0‬‬
‫‪ 273 ‬‬
‫‪ 1 ‬‬
‫‪V1 = 273 - ‬‬ ‫‪ × 273‬‬
‫‪ 273 ‬‬
‫‪V1 = 273 - 1 = 272 cm3‬‬
‫)‪(102‬‬
‫)‪(103‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٤‬‬
‫س( ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺣﺠﻤﮭﺎ ‪ 150 ml‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ اﻟﻤﺌﻮي‪ .‬اﺣﺴﺐ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎزﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺨﯿﻨﮫ اﻟﻰ درﺟﺔ ‪ 25 °C‬ﻣﻊ ﺛﺒﻮت ﺿﻐﻄﮫ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪ t ‬‬
‫‪V1 = Vo +  1  Vo‬‬
‫‪ 273 ‬‬
‫‪ 25 ο C ‬‬
‫‪V1 = 150 ml + ‬‬ ‫‪ο‬‬ ‫‪ × 150 ml‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪273‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪V1 = 163.74 ml‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﺜﯿﻞ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻮرة ﺧﻄﯿﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻤﺒﯿﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻄﻮط‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻠﯿﻦ )‪ .(٥٢ ،٥١‬وﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ أن اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ھﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﺘﻄﻠﺒﮫ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ‪ ،‬وﻣﺜﻞ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ اﻟﺬي ﺗﻢ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺛﺒﻮت اﻟﻀﻐﻂ وﯾﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫‪isobar‬‬
‫وﺣﯿﺚ أن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺮدﯾﺎً ﻣﻊ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﯾ ﺼﻞ ﺣﺠ ﻢ اﻟﻐ ﺎز ﻧﻈﺮﯾ ﺎً اﻟ ﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﺘﻢ إﺳﺎﻟﺘﮫ وﺗﺠﻤ ﺪه ﻗﺒ ﻞ اﻟﻮﺻ ﻮل اﻟ ﻰ اﻟ ﺼﻔﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺒﺎﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﯿﺎت ﺧﻂ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ – درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻹﺳﺘﻘﺮاء ﻛﻤﺎ ھﻮ ﻣﺒﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻠﯿﻦ )‪.(٥٢ ،٥١‬‬
‫)‪(103‬‬
(104)

Fig. 51 : Variation of the volume of a gas sample with temperature, at constant pressure.
Each line represents the variation at a certain pressure. The pressure increase from P 1 to P4. All
gases ultimately condensed (become liquids) if they are cooled to sufficiently low
temperatures; the solid portions of the lines represent the temperature region above the
condensation point. When these lines are extrapolated, or extended (the dashed portions), they
all intersect at the point representing zero volume and temperature of (- 273.15 °C).
Fig. 52 : An experiment showing that the volume of an ideal gas increases as the temperature
is increased at constant pressure.
a) A mercury plug of constant weight, plus atmospheric pressure, maintains a constant pressure
on the trapped air.
b) Some representative volume-temperature data at constant pressure. The relationship
becomes clear when t (C) is converted to T (K) by adding 273.
c) A graph in which volume is plotted versus temperature on two different scales. Lines A, B,
and C represent the same mass of the same ideal gas at different pressures. Line A represents
the data tabulated in part (b). Graph D shows the behaviour of a gas that condenses to form a
liquid (in this case, at 50 C) as it is cooled. The volume does not really drop to zero when the
gas forms a liquid, but it does become much smaller than the gaseous volume.
(104)
‫)‪(105‬‬

‫ﻧﺮى ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ أن اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻟﻮ اﻣﺘﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺘﮫ ﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻣﻊ ﺧﻂ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ )‪ .(-273.15 °C‬واﻟﺸﻲء‬
‫اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺖ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮ أن ھﺬا اﻟﺘﺼﺮف ﻧﻔﺴﮫ ﯾﻼﺣﻆ ﻓﻲ أي ﻏﺎز!‬
‫وﺗﻤﺜﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻋﻨﺪھﺎ ﺣﺠﻢ ﯾﺴﺎوي اﻟ ﺼﻔﺮ)‪(V = 0‬‬
‫إذا ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻜﺜﻒ أو ﯾﻜ ﻮن ﻟﮭ ﺎ ﺣﺠ ﻢ ﺳ ﺎﻟﺐ ﻋﻨ ﺪ درﺟ ﺎت ﺣ ﺮارة أﻗ ﻞ‪ ،‬وﺑﻤ ﺎ أن اﻟﺤﺠ ﻮم اﻟ ﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻏﯿ ﺮ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻟ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﯿﺠ ﺐ أن ﺗﻤﺜ ﻞ أﻗ ﻞ درﺟ ﺔ ﺣ ﺮارة ﻣﻤﻜﻨ ﺔ وﺗ ﺪﻋﻰ درﺟ ﺔ اﻟ ﺼﻔﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ )‪.(Absolute Zero‬‬
‫وﻋﻨﺪ ھﺬه اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻔﺘﺮض أن ﯾﻜﻮن ﻋﻨﺪھﺎ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز ﯾﺴﺎوي ﺻﻔﺮاً )ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ وﻟﻜﻦ ھﺬا ﻻ ﯾﺤﺪث ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ ﺣﯿﺚ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﯿﻞ وﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﻲ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ أن اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻻ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻄﯿﻤﮭﺎ أو ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻘﮭﺎ(‪ ،‬إﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺗﺘﻢ إﺳﺎﻟﺘﮭﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ذﻟﻚ وأﺣﯿﺎﻧﺎً ﺗﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ )ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺎز ‪(CO2‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻻ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ – ﺟﻲ ﻟﻮﺳﺎك ﻷﻧﮫ ﻟﻢ ﯾﻌﺪ ﻏﺎزاً‪.‬‬
‫أﯾﻀﺎً درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )‪ (- 273 ºC‬ﻟﻢ ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﻟﮭﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎً‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ أﻗﻞ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ھﻲ‬
‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم )‪ (He‬اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ وھﻲ ﺗﺼﻞ اﻟﻰ )‪.(-269 °C‬‬
‫وﻓﻲ ﺿﻮء ھﺬا اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻤﻮﺣﺪ ) ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﯿﺎت ﯾﺤﺪث اﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎﻟﮭﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ‪ V = 0‬ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﺗﺴﺎوي )‪ (- 273.15 °C‬ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﺴﺐ ﻗﯿﺎس درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻣﻦ ھﺬه‬
‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ أي ﻣﻦ )‪ (t = - 273 °C‬ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ ﻗﯿﺎﺳﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ اﻟﻤﺌﻮي‬
‫)‪ (Celsuis Scale‬اﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎد‪.‬‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ھﺬا اﻟ ﺴﻠﻮك ﻟﻠﻐ ﺎزات ﻛﺄﺳ ﺎس ﻟﻤﻘﯿ ﺎس ﺣ ﺮارة ﺟﺪﯾ ﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﯿ ﺎس اﻟﺤ ﺮارة اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘ ﺔ "ﻣﻘﯿ ﺎس ﻛ ﯿﻠﻔﻦ"‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ﻻ ﺣﻆ اﻟﻠﻮرد ﻛﯿﻠﻔﻦ)‪ ، (1848‬ﻓﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺮﯾﻄﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬أﻧﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺪ ﺧﻄ ﻮط ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺠ ﻢ واﻟﺤ ﺮارة‪ ،‬ﺗﻌ ﻮد اﻟ ﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ‪) zero‬اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻌﺔ( ﯾﻨﺘﺞ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻣ ﺸﺘﺮك‪ .‬وھ ﺬا اﻟﺘﻘ ﺎﻃﻊ ھ ﻮ )‪ .(-273.15 ºC‬وﺣ ﺪد ﻛ ﯿﻠﻔﻦ درﺟ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة )‪ (- 273.15 K‬ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮭﺎ أﻗﻞ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﻠﻮﻏﮭﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺎً وﺳﻤﯿﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻔﺮ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ‪ .‬واﺗﺨﺬ ﻛ ﯿﻠﻔﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺼﻔﺮ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ ﻛﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ ﻟﻤﻘﯿﺎﺳﮫ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺴﺎوي ﺗﺪرﯾﺠﮫ )واﺣﺪ ﻛﯿﻠﻔﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺪار واﺣﺪ درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﯾﺔ(‪ .‬وﻣﻘﯿ ﺎس‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻟﯿﺲ ﻟﮫ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺞ اﻟﻤﺌﻮي )‪ . (°C‬وﺗﻜﺮﯾﻤﺎً ﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻠﻮرد ﻛﯿﻠﻔﻦ ﺳ ﻤﻲ‬
‫ھﺬا اﻟﻤﻘﯿﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري ﺑﻤﻘﯿﺎس درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻛﯿﻠﻔﻦ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(105‬‬
‫)‪(106‬‬

‫وإذا أﺑﻘﯿﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﻤﺪى اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ھﻮ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺞ اﻟﻤﺌﻮي‬
‫واﻛﺘﻔﯿﻨﺎ ﺑﺈزاﺣﺔ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﯿﺎس ﻛﻠﻔﻦ ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫)‪ (Absolute Kelvin Temperature Scale‬وﺗﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ھﺬا اﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺞ ‪ T‬ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺞ اﻟﻤﺌﻮي )‪ (t‬ھﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪T = t + 273.15‬‬
‫وﯾﺮﻣﺰ ﻋﺎدة ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﻠﻰ ھﺬا اﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺞ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﻛﻠﻔﻦ )‪ (K‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻠﻮرد‬
‫ﻛﻠﻔﻦ اﻟﺬي اﻗﺘﺮح ھﺬا اﻟﻤﻘﯿﺎس ﺑﻌﺪ ھﺬه اﻟﻨﺘﯿﺠﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ )‪.(1848‬‬
‫وﺑﺈدﺧﺎل ﺗﺪرﯾﺞ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ أﺳﻔﻞ اﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺞ اﻟﻤﺌﻮي‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎط ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ )‪ (V‬ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )‪ (T‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻤﻂ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (PV‬ﻟﺒﻮﯾﻞ‪.‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎل اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻠﯿﻦ )‪.(٥٢ ،٥١‬‬
‫ﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (T = 0‬ﯾﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪VαT‬‬
‫‪V= KT‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪⇒ =K‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫وﺗﻌﺮف ھﺬه اﻟﻨﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﺑﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺟﺎي ﻟﻮﺳﺎك اﻟﺬي ﻃﻮرھﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﻲ أﺣﯿﺎﻧﺎً ﺑﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ‬
‫ﻷﻧﮫ ھﻮ اﻟﺬي اﺑﺘﺪأھﺎ‪ ،‬وﺗﻨﺺ ھﺬه اﻟﻨﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮫ ‪:‬‬
‫)ﻋﻨﺪ ﺛﺒﻮت اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎً ﻃﺮدﯾﺎً ﻣﻊ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫‪The volume of a fixed amount of gas at constant pressure is directly‬‬
‫‪proportional to the absolute temperature.‬‬
‫وﻛﻤﺎ ھﻮ اﻟﺤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ﻓﺈن ﻛﺜﯿﺮاً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺗﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎً وﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺗﺒﻌﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻏﺎز ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ ﺧﺎﺻﯿﺔ أﺧﺮى إﺿﺎﻓﯿﺔ ﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(106‬‬
‫)‪(107‬‬

‫وﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺣﯿﺎن ﻧﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺘﯿﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺠﻢ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺛﺒﻮت اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻮرﺗﮭﺎ اﻵﺗﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪= 2 or 1 = 1‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫وھﺬه اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺻﺤﯿﺤﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﯿﺎس اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 273 + t1 ‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﱄ ‪‬‬ ‫ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻟﺰ ‪= 2‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫‪V1 = Vo ‬‬
‫‪ 273 ‬‬ ‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ )‪(t1‬‬
‫‪ 273 + t1 ‬‬
‫‪V1 = Vo ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 273 ‬‬
‫وﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة أﺧﺮى )‪ (t2‬ﯾﻜﻮن ﺣﺠﻢ ‪ V2‬ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ 273 + t 2 ‬‬
‫‪V2 = Vo ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 273 ‬‬
‫وﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ )‪ (V1‬ﻋﻠﻰ )‪: (V2‬‬
‫)‪(107‬‬
‫)‪(108‬‬

‫‪ 273 + t1 ‬‬

‫‪Vo ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪273 ‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪ 273 + t 2 ‬‬
‫‪Vo ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 273 ‬‬
‫‪273 + t1‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬
‫‪= 273‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪273 + t 2‬‬
‫‪273‬‬
‫‪V1  273 + t1 ‬‬ ‫‪ 273 ‬‬
‫‪=‬‬ ‫‪ × ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪V2  273 ‬‬ ‫‪ 273 + t 2 ‬‬
‫‪V1 273 + t1‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪V2 273 + t 2‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪= 1‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫واﻟﺨﻀﻮع ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺷﺎرل ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﯾﻌﻨﻲ أن اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻟﻦ ﺗﺘﻜﺜﻒ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺒﺮد‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺘﻜﺜﻒ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺮﻓﺎً ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬وﺗﺘﺼﺮف اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻻ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻗﺘﺮاﺑﮭﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﺗﻜﺜﻔﮭﺎ‪ .‬وھﺬا ﯾﻌﻨﻲ أن اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺗﺘﺼﺮف ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ وﺿﻐﻮط ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﯿﺎً‪.‬‬
‫س( أﺛﺒﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ أﻧﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة )‪ (- 273 °C‬ﻓﺈن ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫ﯾﺆول اﻟﻰ ﺻﻔﺮ؟‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Vt ‬‬
‫‪V1 =  Vo + o 1 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪273 ‬‬
‫‪ 273Vo Vo (-273) ‬‬
‫‪V1 = ‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 273‬‬ ‫‪273 ‬‬
‫‪ 273 - 273 ‬‬
‫‪V1 = Vo ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 273 ‬‬
‫‪V1 = 0‬‬
‫)‪(108‬‬
‫)‪(109‬‬

‫أي أن اﻧﺨﻔﺎض درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻰ )‪ (-273°C‬ﯾﺆدي ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺟﮭﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﻰ ﺗﻼﺷﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز وﺗﻌﺮف ھﺬه اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻔﺮ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ وﺗﺴﺎوي ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ )‪.(- 273.16 °C‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻛﻠﻔﻦ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Vt ‬‬

‫‪V1 =  Vo + o 1 ‬‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻟﺰ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪273 ‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻣﻘﯿﺎس ﻛﯿﻠﻔﻦ أو ﻣﻘﯿﺎس درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ )‪(K‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻤﯿﯿﺰھﺎ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ ) ‪ (C‬واﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫‪°K = °C + 273‬‬
‫‪°C = °K – 273‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Vt ‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪V1 =  Vo + o 1 ‬‬ ‫وﺑﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪ (°K = °C + 273‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪273 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Vo ( K - 273) ‬‬

‫‪V1 =  Vo +‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪273‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 273 Vο Vo ( K - 273) ‬‬
‫‪V1 = ‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 273‬‬ ‫‪273‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 273Vο + Vo K - 273Vo ‬‬
‫‪V1 = ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪273‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪Vo K‬‬
‫= ‪⇒ V1‬‬
‫‪273‬‬
‫وھﻲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﺴﻄﺔ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ اﻷوﻟﻲ‪ .‬وﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﻓﺈن ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫ﯾﺆدي اﻟﻰ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز‪.‬‬
‫وﻓﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻰ ﻛﯿﻠﻔﻦ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻼﺋﻢ أﯾﻀﺎً ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻐﺎزات أن ﯾﻜﻮن ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ‪ .‬وﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺟﻊ اﻟﻤﺄﻟﻮﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ھﻲ‬
‫)‪ (0 °C‬و )‪ .(1 atm‬وﯾﻌﺮف ھﺬان اﻟﺸﺮﻃﺎن ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪،‬‬ ‫)‪ (273.15 K‬أي‬
‫واﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﯿﻦ ﺑـ )‪.(STP‬‬
‫)‪(109‬‬
‫)‪(110‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺩ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻟﺰ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻷي ﻏﺎز ﺣﻘﯿﻘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻮط ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪ ،‬وﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة ﻗﺮﯾﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺴﯿﻮﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻼﺣﻆ ﺣﯿﻮداً ﻋﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ‪ .‬وﻗﺮب ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻮﻟﺔ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻆ‬
‫أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻟﺰ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٥‬‬
‫ﯾﺒﻠﻎ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻣﺎ )‪ (22.4 L‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﯾﺴﺎوي )‪ (1 atm‬ودرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬
‫ﺗﺴﺎوي )‪ ،(0 ºC‬ﻣﺎ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ‪ ،‬وﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ‬
‫)‪.(25 °C‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻟﺤﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻧﻀﻊ ﺟﺪوﻻً ﯾﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ واﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ )‪(1‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ )‪(2‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪0 °C = 273 K‬‬ ‫‪25 ºC = 298 K‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪2.24 L‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪constant‬‬ ‫‪constant‬‬
‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ ‪:‬‬

‫‪V1 V2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪T1 T2‬‬
‫‪T ‬‬
‫‪V2 = V1  2 ‬‬
‫‪ T1 ‬‬
‫‪ 298 K ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 2.24 L ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 273 K ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 2.445 L‬‬
‫)‪(110‬‬
‫)‪(111‬‬

‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ اﻟﻠﻔﻈﻲ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺒﯿﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﻄﺮدﯾﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
‫ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ ،‬وﺑﻤﺎ أن درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻗﺪ زادت )ﻣﻦ ‪ 0 °C‬اﻟﻰ ‪ ،(25 °C‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ )‪ (V2‬ﯾﺰﯾﺪ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻲ ﯾﺰﯾﺪ ﺗﻀﺮب ﻗﯿﻤﺘﮫ اﻷوﻟﯿﺔ )‪ (V1‬ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﺰﯾﺪ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‪،‬‬
‫وﻻ ﺗﺰﯾﺪ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ إﻻ إذا ﻗﺴﻤﺖ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻌﻠﯿﺎ )‪ (T2‬ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺪﻧﯿﺎ‬
‫‪ T2 ‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫)‪ (T1‬أي‬
‫‪ T1 ‬‬
‫)‪V2 = V1 (ratio of temperature that increase in volume‬‬

‫‪T ‬‬
‫‪V2 = V1  2 ‬‬
‫‪ T1 ‬‬
‫‪ 298 K ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 2.24 L ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 273 K ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 2.445 L‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٦‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ )‪ (V2‬ﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﺣﺠﻤﮭﺎ اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ )‪ (V1‬ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪ 650 cm3‬ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫‪ 25 ºC‬إذا ﺳﺨﻨﺖ اﻟﻰ ‪) 400 ºC‬ﻣﻊ ﺛﺒﺎت اﻟﻀﻐﻂ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ ‪:‬‬

‫‪V1 V2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪T1 T2‬‬
‫‪650 cm 3‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬
‫=‬
‫)‪(25 + 273‬‬ ‫)‪(400 + 273‬‬
‫‪650 cm3‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪298 K 673 K‬‬
‫‪ 673 K ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 650 cm3 ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 298 K ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 1467.95 cm 3‬‬
‫)‪(111‬‬
‫)‪(112‬‬

‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﻠﻔﻈﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﺎرﻟﺰ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﺒﻤﺎ أن اﻟﺤﺮارة ارﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﻓﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ)‪ (V2‬ﺳﯿﻜﻮن أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
‫اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻷﻗﻞ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻀﺮب اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
‫اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ )‪ (V1‬ﺑﻜﺴﺮ ﻧﺎﺗﺠﮫ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ )‪ ،(temperature ratio‬أي ﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ درﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻜﺒﺮى ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺼﻐﺮى‪.‬‬
‫‪T ‬‬
‫‪V2 = V1  2 ‬‬
‫‪ T1 ‬‬
‫‪ 400 + 273 K ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 650 cm3 × ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 25 + 273 K ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 1467.95 cm3‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٧‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻮن ﺣﺠﻤﮫ ‪ 2 L‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪ 25 ºC‬ﻓﺈذا أﺧﺬ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺨﺎرج ﻓﻲ أﯾﺎم اﻟﺒﺮد اﻟﻘﺎرص‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )‪ ،(- 30 ºC‬ﻓﻜﻢ ﺳﯿﺼﺒﺢ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻮن إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ داﺧﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻮن ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ ‪:‬‬

‫‪V1 V2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪T1 T2‬‬
‫‪T ‬‬
‫‪V2 =V1  2 ‬‬
‫‪ T1 ‬‬
‫‪ (- 30 + 273) ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 2 L ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ (25 + 273) ‬‬
‫‪ 243 K ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 2 L ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 298 K ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 1.63 L‬‬
‫)‪(112‬‬
‫)‪(113‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٨‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ أي درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة )‪ (T2‬ﺳﺘﺸﻐﻞ ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﺣﺠﻤﮭﺎ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ )‪ (V2‬ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪(0.6‬‬
‫)‪ dm3‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻗﺪره )‪ (1000 Pa‬إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً اﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺎً )‪ (V1‬ﻗﺪره ‪(0.3‬‬
‫)‪ dm3‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )‪ (25 ºC) (T1‬وﺿﻐﻂ )‪(1000 Pa‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫…………………………………………‪……………………………...............................................................................................................‬‬
‫…………………………………………‪……………………………...............................................................................................................‬‬
‫…………………………………………‪……………………………...............................................................................................................‬‬
‫…………………………………………‪……………………………...............................................................................................................‬‬
‫…………………………………………‪……………………………...............................................................................................................‬‬
‫…………………………………………‪……………………………...............................................................................................................‬‬
‫…………………………………………‪……………………………...............................................................................................................‬‬
‫)‪(113‬‬
‫)‪(114‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺟﺎﻱ – ﻟﻮﺳﺎﻙ ﻟﻠﺤﺠﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬

‫‪Gay-Lussac's Law of Combining Volumes‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺃﺣﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ أو إﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﺎدﺗﯿﻦ أو أﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺣﺠﺎم اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﺎرك ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ وھﻨﺎك ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻷﺣﺠﺎم وﺑﯿﻦ ﻋﺪد‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﺎر إﻟﯿﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ اﻷﺣﺠﺎم دون اﻟﺮﺟﻮع اﻟﻰ ﻛﺘﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻟﻘﺪ اﻋﺘﺒﺮﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ أﻧﮫ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺨﻠﻂ ﻏﺎزات‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮭﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫وﻟﻜﻨﮭﺎ أﺣﯿﺎﻧﺎً ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼً ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻤﺮر ﺷﺮارة ﺧﻼل ﺧﻠﯿﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎزي اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‪،‬‬
‫واﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﯾﺤﺪث ﻟﯿﻜﻮن ﻣﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) ‬‬
‫ﺷ ﺮارة‬
‫)‪→ 2H 2O(g‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﺮض ﺧﻠﯿﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ واﻟﻜﻠﻮر اﻟﻰ ﺿﻮء ﻓﻮق ﺑﻨﻔﺴﺠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼً ﯾﺤﺪث وﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻏﺎز ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪H2 (g) + Cl 2 (g) ‬‬
‫ﺿ ﻮء ﻓ ﻮق ﺑﻨﻔﺴ ﺠﻲ‬
‫)‪→ 2HCl(g‬‬
‫وﯾﻼﺣ ﻆ ﻓ ﻲ أي ﻣ ﻦ ﻣﺜ ﻞ ھ ﺬا اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋ ﻞ اﻟ ﺬي ﯾﺘ ﻀﻤﻦ ﻏ ﺎزات‪ ،‬ﻋﻨ ﺪ درﺟ ﺔ ﺣ ﺮارة وﺿ ﻐﻂ‬

‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﯿﻦ‪ ،‬أن اﻟﺤﺠﻮم اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻓﻌﻼً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﻨﻔﺮدة ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺎت ﺑﺴﯿﻄﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﻀﮭﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ )‪(١٩‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺜﺎل ﻣﻤﯿﺰ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ واﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﯾﻦ اﻟﻤ ﺎء ﯾﺘﻔﺎﻋ ﻞ ﺣﺠﻤ ﺎن‬
‫ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﮭﯿ ﺪروﺟﯿﻦ )‪ (H2‬ﻣ ﻊ ﺣﺠ ﻢ واﺣ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ اﻷﻛ ﺴﺠﯿﻦ)‪ (O2‬ﻟﺘﻜ ﻮﯾﻦ ﺣﺠﻤ ﯿﻦ ﻣ ﻦ ﺑﺨ ﺎر‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎء)‪ (H2O‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(٥٣‬‬
‫)‪(114‬‬
‫)‪(115‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪٥٣‬‬
‫وﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪2 H 2 (g‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪O 2 (g) ‬‬

‫)‪→ 2H 2 O(g‬‬
‫‪2 Volumes + 1Volume ‬‬
‫‪→ 2 Volumes‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﮭﻞ ﻓﮭﻢ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻏﺎي – ﻟﻮﺳﺎك ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ أن ﺣﺠﻮم اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ واﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠ ﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾ ﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺪث ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﻧﺴﺐ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻮزوﻧ ﺔ‪ .‬وﻋﻨ ﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜ ﻮن وﺣ ﺪة اﻟﺤﺠ ﻢ ھ ﻲ )‪ (L‬ﯾﻠ ﺰم‬
‫)‪ (2 L‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻟﻜﻞ )‪ (1 L‬ﻣﻦ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻟﯿﻨﺘﺞ )‪ (2 L‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء ‪:‬‬
‫‪2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) ‬‬

‫ﺷ ﺮارة‬
‫)‪→ 2H 2O(g‬‬
‫‪2L‬‬ ‫‪1L‬‬ ‫‪2L‬‬
‫)‪(115‬‬
‫)‪(116‬‬

‫‪Fig. 54 : Law of combining volumes. When gases at the same temperature and pressure‬‬
‫‪combine with one another, their volumes are in the ratio of small whole numbers.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ )‪(٢٠‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ اﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﻜﻠﻮر )‪ (Cl2‬ﻣﻊ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ )‪ ، (H2‬ﻓﺈن ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ‪HCl‬‬
‫ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻷﻋﺪاد ﻣﻦ ذرات اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ واﻟﻜﻠﻮر‪ .‬وھﺬه اﻷﻋﺪاد ﻣﻦ اﻟﺬرات ﺟﺎءت‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎزي اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ واﻟﻜﻠﻮر‪ .‬وﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو ﻓﺈن ﻟﮭﺬه اﻷﻋﺪاد ﻣﻦ ذرات‬
‫اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ أو ذرات اﻟﻜﻠﻮر ﺣﺠﻮﻣﺎً ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋ ﻞ ﺑ ﯿﻦ اﻟﮭﯿ ﺪروﺟﯿﻦ واﻟﻜﻠ ﻮر‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺈن ﻛ ﻞ ﻟﺘ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﮭﯿ ﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﯾﺘﻄﻠ ﺐ )‪ (1 L‬ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻠﻮر‪ ،‬وﯾﺘﻜﻮن )‪ (2 L‬ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫‪H 2 (g) + Cl2 (g) ‬‬
‫ﺿ ﻮء ﻓ ﻮق ﺑﻨﻔﺴ ﺠﻲ‬
‫)‪→ 2HCl(g‬‬
‫‪1L‬‬ ‫‪1L‬‬ ‫‪2L‬‬
‫)‪(116‬‬
‫)‪(117‬‬

‫وﯾﺪﻋﻢ ھﺬا اﻟﻘﻮل ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺟﺎي ﻟﻮﺳﺎك ﺣﯿﺚ أن ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﯾﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻠﻮر ﻛﻤﺎ أن ذﻟﻚ ﯾﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﻘﻮل ﺑﺄن اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ذرات ﻋﺪدھﺎ )‪ (٢‬أي‬
‫ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ‪ ،‬وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻜﻠﻮر‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻠﻮ اﻓﺘﺮﺿﻨﺎ أن اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ أﺣﺎدي اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﻜﻠﻮر أﺣﺎدي اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﻟﺘﺮاً واﺣﺪاً‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ )ﺑﮫ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻌﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﺬرات ﻛﻤﺎ ھﻮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻮر( ﯾﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻟﺘﺮ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻠﻮر واﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ھﻮ ﻟﺘﺮ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‪ ،‬وھﺬا ﯾﺨﺎﻟﻒ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﺣﯿﺚ أن ﻏﺎز‬
‫ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺣﺠﻤﮫ )‪ (2 L‬وھﺬا ﻻ ﯾﺤﺪث إﻻ إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ واﻟﻜﻠﻮر‬
‫ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﯾﻌﻄﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ )‪ (2 L‬ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ )‪(٢١‬‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺣﺠﻮم ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻟﯿﻜﻮن ﺣﺠﻤﯿﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎ‬
‫)‪N 2 (g‬‬ ‫‪+ 3 H 2 (g) ‬‬
‫)‪→ 2 NH 3 (g‬‬
‫‪1 volume + 3 volumes ‬‬
‫‪→ 2 volumes‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ )‪(٢٢‬‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﯿﺜﺎن ﯾﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ )ﯾﺤﺘﺮق ﻓ ﻲ( ﺣﺠﻤ ﯿﻦ ﻣ ﻦ اﻷﻛ ﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻟﯿﻌﻄ ﻲ ﺣﺠ ﻢ واﺣ ﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن وﺣﺠﻤﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺨﺎر‬
‫‪CH 4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) ‬‬
‫‪→ CO2 (g) + 2H2 O‬‬
‫‪1 volume + 2 volumes ‬‬
‫‪→ 1volume + 2 volumes‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ )‪(٢٣‬‬
‫ﻛﺒﺮﯾﺖ )ﺻﻠﺐ( ﯾﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣ ﻊ ﺣﺠ ﻢ واﺣ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ اﻷﻛ ﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻟﯿ ﺸﻜﻞ ﺣﺠ ﻢ واﺣ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ ﺛ ﺎﻧﻲ أﻛ ﺴﯿﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺒﺮﯾﺖ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(117‬‬
‫)‪(118‬‬

‫‪S(s) + O2 (g) ‬‬
‫)‪→ SO2 (g‬‬
‫‪1 volume ‬‬
‫‪→1volume‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ )‪(٢٤‬‬
‫أرﺑﻌﺔ أﺣﺠﺎم ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﺮق ﻓ ﻲ ﺧﻤ ﺲ ﺣﺠ ﻮم ﻣ ﻦ اﻷﻛ ﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻟﯿﻨ ﺘﺞ أرﺑﻌ ﺔ ﺣﺠ ﻮم ﻣ ﻦ‬

‫أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮﯾﻚ وﺳﺘﺔ ﺣﺠﻮم ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺨﺎر‪:‬‬
‫‪4NH3 (g) + 5O2 (g) ‬‬
‫)‪→ 4 NO(g) + 6H2 O(g‬‬
‫‪4 volumes + 5 volumes ‬‬
‫‪→ 4 volumes + 6 volumes‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ )‪(٢٥‬‬
‫)‪4NH 3 (g‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫)‪→ 2N 2 (g‬‬
‫‪+ 3O 2 (g) ←‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫)‪6H 2 O(g‬‬
‫‪4 molecules‬‬ ‫‪3 molecules‬‬ ‫‪2 molecules‬‬ ‫‪6 molecus‬‬
‫‪4 Volumes‬‬ ‫‪3 Volumes‬‬ ‫‪2 Volumes‬‬ ‫‪6 Volumes‬‬
‫‪4L‬‬ ‫‪3L‬‬ ‫‪2L‬‬ ‫‪6L‬‬
‫‪4 m3‬‬ ‫‪3 m3‬‬ ‫‪2 m3‬‬ ‫‪6 m3‬‬
‫وﯾﺠﺐ أن ﻧﻌﺘﺮف أن ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎت ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻇﺮوف‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﻀﻐﻂ )أو ﻓﺮﺿﮭﺎ( ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ أي اﻟﻤﻮاد ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻏﺎزﯾﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺻﯿﻎ‬
‫ھﺬه اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺼﺤﯿﺢ ﻟﻠﺬرات ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼً إذا ﻗﯿﺴﺖ أﺣﺠﺎم اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ واﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي وﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ‪ ،100 °C‬ﻓﺈن ‪ 7‬وﺣﺪات ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ )‪ (4NH3 + 3O2‬ﺗﺆدي اﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 8‬وﺣﺪات ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد‬
‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ )ﺑﺨﺎر ‪ ، (2N2 + 6 H2O‬ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ )‪ (0 °C‬ﻧﺠﺪ أن ‪ 8‬ﺣﺠﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﯾﺘﻜﺜﻒ ﻟﯿﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﻐﺎﺿﻲ ﻋﻨﮫ وﻗﺪره ) ‪ (0.005‬ﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات‪،‬‬
‫)‪(118‬‬
‫)‪(119‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬وﻟﺬا ﻓﺈن ﺣﺠﻢ )‪ (4 NH3 + 3 O2‬ﺗﺆدي اﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪ 2‬وﺣﺪات ﺣﺠﻢ )‪ (2N2‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮاﺗﺞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻗﺪ ﻗﺎم اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻏﺎي‪ -‬ﻟﻮﺳﺎك ‪ ،‬وﻛﺎن ﻣﮭﺘﻤﺎً ﺑﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﯿﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮات ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎز وﺧﻮاص اﻟﻐﺎزات‪ .‬وﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﻏﺎي‪ -‬ﻟﻮﺳﺎك )‪ (1809‬اﻟﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺤﺠﻮم اﻟﻤﺪﻣﺠﺔ‬
‫)اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة( أو اﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (Combining Volumes‬واﻟﺬي ﯾﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮫ ‪:‬‬
‫" ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﺛﺎﺑﺘﯿﻦ ﻓﺈن ﺣﺠﻮم اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ واﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺗﻜﻮن‬
‫ﺑﻨﺴﺐ ﻋﺪدﯾﺔ ﺑﺴﯿﻄﺔ"‬
‫أو ﺑﻌﺒﺎرة أﺧﺮى ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ‪ ،‬ودرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺘﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺗﺘﺤﺪ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﺴﯿﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪ ،‬وﯾﺤﻤﻞ ﺣﺠﻢ أي‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﻏﺎزي ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﺪدﯾﺔ ﺻﺤﯿﺤﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﺄي ﻏﺎز ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪At constant temperature and pressure, the volumes of reacting gases can be‬‬
‫‪expressed as a ratio of simple whole numbers.‬‬
‫‪Fig. 55 : Automobile air bags are inflated with N2 gas produced by decomposition of‬‬
‫‪sodium azide‬‬
‫)‪(119‬‬
(120)

Fig. 56 : The nitrogen gas formed in the rapid reaction :

2NaN 3 (s) 
decomposition
→ 2Na(s) + 3N 2 (g)
 
sodium azide
fills an automobile air bag during a collision. The air bag fills within 1/20th of a second
after a front nt collision.
The rapid decomposition of sodium azide, NaN3, results in the formation of a large
volume of nitrogen gas. The reaction is triggered electrically in this air bag.
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺟﺎﻱ – ﻟﻮﺳﺎﻙ ﻟﻠﺤﺠﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬
(٢٦) ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
، (C4H10) ‫( ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﯿﻮﺗﺎن‬4.5 dm3) ‫( اﻟﻼزم ﻻﺣﺘﺮاق‬STP) ‫ﻣﺎ ھﻮ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ‬

.(‫؟ )اﻟﺒﯿﻮﺗﺎن ھﻮ اﻟﻮﻗﻮد اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ وﻻﻋﺔ اﻟﺴﺠﺎﺋﺮ‬STP ‫ ﻋﻨﺪ‬، ً‫اﺣﺘﺮاﻗﺎً ﻛﺎﻣﻼ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
: ‫ﻧﻜﺘﺐ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻣﺘﻮازﻧﺔ‬

2C 4 H10 + 13O 2 
→ 8CO 2 + 10H 2 O
: ‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﻻري ﻓﺈن‬
(120)
‫)‪(121‬‬

‫‪1mol C4 H10 ‬‬
‫‪→ 22.4 dm3‬‬
‫‪n C4 H10 ‬‬
‫‪→ 4.5dm3‬‬
‫‪ 4.5 dm3 ‬‬
‫‪n C4 H10 = 1mol × ‬‬ ‫‪3 ‬‬
‫‪ 22.4 dm ‬‬
‫‪n C4 H10 = 0.201mol‬‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻓﻤﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪2 mol C4 H10 ‬‬
‫‪→13 mol O 2‬‬
‫‪0.201 mol ‬‬
‫‪→ n O2‬‬
‫‪0.201 mol C4 H10 × 13 mol O2‬‬
‫= ‪⇒ n O2‬‬ ‫‪= 1.31 mol O 2‬‬
‫‪2 mol C4 H10‬‬
‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﺣﺠﻢ ‪ O2‬ﻧﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﻻري ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ ‪STP‬‬

‫‪1mol O2 ‬‬
‫‪→ 22.4 dm3‬‬
‫‪1.31 mol O2 ‬‬
‫‪→ VO2‬‬
‫‪1.31mol O 2 × 22.4 dm3 O 2‬‬
‫= ‪VO2‬‬
‫‪1mol O 2‬‬
‫‪VO2 = 29.3 dm3 O2‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٢٧‬‬
‫ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻣﻨﻈﻒ ﻣﺼﺎرﯾﻒ اﻟﻤﯿﺎه " دراﻧﻮ" ﻗﻄﻌﺎً ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﯿﻮم اﻟﺬي ﯾﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ‬
‫‪) NaOH‬اﻟﻤﻜﻮن اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺲ ﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﺼﻨﻒ( ﻟﯿﻨﺘﺞ ﻓﻘﺎﻋﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‪ .‬وﯾﻔﺘﺮض أن ھﺬه‬
‫اﻟﻔﻘﺎﻋﺎت ﻗﺪ ﺻﻤﻤﺖ ﻹﺛﺎرة اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺞ واﻹﺳﺮاع ﻓﻲ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮه‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ھﻮ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ )‪(cm3‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (STP‬اﻟﺬي ﺳﯿﺘﻢ اﻃﻼﻗﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ إذاﺑﺔ ‪ 0.15 g‬ﻣﻦ ‪ ،Al‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ‪) :‬اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻮل ﻣﻦ ‪.(27 g/mol = Al‬‬
‫)‪(121‬‬
(122)

‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
: ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
2Al + 2OH - + 2H 2O 
→ 3H 2 ↑ + 2AlO -2
: ‫ اﻟﻰ ﻣﻮﻻت ﺣﯿﺚ‬Al ‫ﻧﺤﻮل وزن‬

m Al
nA =
Aw Al
0.150
n Al = = 5.56 × 10-3 mol of Al
27
: ‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺈن‬
2 mol Al 
→ 3 mol H 2
5.56 × 10-3 mol Al 
→ nH 2
5.56 × 10-3 mol Al × 3mol H 2
nH 2 =
2 mol Al
nH 2 = 8.34 × 10 mol
-3
22.4 dm3 = STP ‫ ﻋﻨﺪ‬H2 ‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮم أن ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
: ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن‬
1mol H2 
→ 22.4 dm3
8.34 × 10-3 mol H 2 
→ V H2
8.34 × 10-3 mol H 2 × 22.4 dm3
VH2 =
1mol H 2
VH2 = 0.187 dm 3 H 2
VH2 = 187 cm3 H 2
where 1 dm3 = 1000 cm3
(122)
‫)‪(123‬‬

‫ً‬
‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ )‪ (V‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ )‪(n‬‬
‫‪The Quantity –Volume Relationship‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻏﺎﻱ ‪ -‬ﻟﻮﺳﺎﻙ ﻭﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺃﻓﻮﺟﺎﺩﺭﻭ )‪(1811‬‬
‫‪Avogadro’s Law and the Standard Molar Volume‬‬
‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ أﻧﮫ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ أﺿﻔﻨﺎ ﻣﺰﯾﺪاً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻟﻠﺒﺎﻟﻮﻧﺎت أو ﻹﻃﺎر ﺳﯿﺎرة ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﺗﺰداد أﺣﺠﺎﻣﮭﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ‬
‫ﯾﺪﻋﻮﻧﺎ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج أن اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻟﯿﺴﺖ ﻓﻘﻂ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ )ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ(‬
‫ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ( ﺑﻞ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز)‪ (n‬أﯾﻀﺎً‪.‬‬
‫وﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ اﻟﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺤﺠﻮم اﻟﻤﺪﻣﺠﺔ ﻟﻐﺎي ﻟﻮﺳﺎك ﺑﻔﺘﺮة ﻗﺼﯿﺮة )ﺑﻀﻊ ﺳﻨﻮات – ﻋﺎم‬
‫‪ (1811‬ﻗﺎم اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو )‪ (Amadeo Avogadro‬ﺑﺘﻔﺴﯿﺮ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﻏﺎي‪ -‬ﻟﻮﺳﺎك‬
‫وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺄن اﻗﺘﺮح ﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﺮف ﺑﻔﺮﺿﯿﺔ أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو ‪ Avogadro’s Hypothesis‬ﺣﯿﺚ أن‬
‫وﺟﻮد ﻧﺴﺐ ﺑﺴﯿﻄﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﻮم اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ﯾﺆدي اﻟﻰ اﻻﻗﺘﺮاح ﺑﺄﻧﮫ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺴﯿﻄﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز‪ ،‬وﻋﺪد ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎﺗﮫ‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﻨﺺ ﻓﺮﺿﯿﺔ )‪ (postulation‬أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو )ﻣﺒﺪأ أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو( اﻟﺘﻲ اﻗﺘﺮﺣﮭﺎ ﻋﺎم )‪: (1811‬‬
‫" ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻈﺮوف ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺗﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﺤﺠﻮم اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ )‪ (V‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻌﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت )‪) (N‬أو اﻟﺬرات ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزات وﺣﯿﺪة‬
‫اﻟﺬرة( "‪.‬‬
‫‪Avogadro postulated that :‬‬
‫‪At the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of all gases contain the‬‬
‫‪same number of molecules.‬‬
‫وﻛﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب أﻇﮭﺮت أن ﻓﺮﺿ ﯿﺔ أﻓﻮﺟ ﺎدرو )‪ (Avogadro's hypothesis‬دﻗﯿﻘ ﺔ‬
‫ﻓ ﻲ ﺣ ﺪود ﺧﻄ ﺄ ﺑﺤ ﻮاﻟﻲ ) ‪ ( ± 2 %‬وذﻟ ﻚ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿ ﺮ ﯾﻌ ﺮف اﻵن ﺑﻘ ﺎﻧﻮن أﻓﻮﺟ ﺎدرو‬
‫)‪.(Avogadro's Law‬‬
‫)‪(123‬‬
‫)‪(124‬‬

‫وھﺬا اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﻻ ﯾﻌﻨﻲ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﺣﺠﻮم اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻧﻔﺴﮭﺎ ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ وﻟﻜﻨﮭﺎ ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ أن‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎزات إذا ﺗﺴﺎوت ﺣﺠﻮﻣﮭﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻈﺮوف ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ ،‬ﻛﺎن ﻋﺪد‬
‫ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺎً وﻻ ﺑﺄس ﻣﻦ اﺧﺘﻼف ﺣﺠﻮم اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻧﻔﺴﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻔﺮاغ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ‬
‫ﺑﯿﻨﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﻘﻊ أھﻤﯿﺔ ھﺬا اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﻓﻲ أﻧﮫ ﯾﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺗﺘﺒ ﻊ اﻟﺘﻐﯿ ﺮات ﻓ ﻲ ﻋ ﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﺤ ﺪث‬
‫أﺛﻨﺎء ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﺑﻘﯿﺎس اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ )أو اﻟﻀﻐﻂ(‪.‬‬
‫وﻻ ﺗﻜﻮن ھﺬه اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺻﺤﯿﺤﺔ إﻻ إذا ﻗﯿﺴﺖ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﻌﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ )‪(٢٨‬‬
‫ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻓﻲ ‪ 5 mol‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ‪ = H2‬ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ‪ 5 mol‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز‬

‫ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز‬ ‫≠‬ ‫)‪ .(O2‬ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ‪ H2‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪5 g‬‬
‫اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ )‪ (O2‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ‪ ، 5 g‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ أن ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻓﻲ ﻛﻼ اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺘﯿﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m H2‬‬ ‫‪5g‬‬
‫= ‪n H2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 2.5 mol‬‬
‫‪Mw H2‬‬ ‫‪2 × 1 g mol -1‬‬
‫‪m O2‬‬ ‫‪5g‬‬
‫= ‪n O2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.156 mol‬‬
‫‪Mw O2‬‬ ‫‪2 × 16 g mol-1‬‬
‫‪⇒ n H 2 ≠ n O2‬‬
‫‪⇒ N O2 ≠ N O2‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﺼﺎغ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫)إن ﺣﺠ ﻢ اﻟﻐ ﺎز ﻋﻨ ﺪ درﺟ ﺔ ﺣ ﺮارة وﺿ ﻐﻂ ﺛ ﺎﺑﺘﯿﻦ ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳ ﺐ ﻃﺮدﯾ ﺎً ﻣ ﻊ ﻋ ﺪد اﻟﻤ ﻮﻻت‬
‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات(‪.‬‬
‫‪Avogadro's Law can also be stated as follows :‬‬
‫‪At constant temperature and pressure, the volume, V, occupied by a gas‬‬
‫‪sample is directly proportional to the number of moles, n, of gas‬‬
‫)‪(124‬‬
(125)

Vα n
V= K n
V
= K (constant P, T)
n
‫وھﺬا ﻣﻌﻨﺎه أن ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﯾﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻈﺮوف ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
.‫واﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
V1 V2
=
n1 n 2
‫أو‬
V1 n1
=
V2 n 2
Fig. 57 : Avogadro's law. At constant T and P, the volume of an ideal gas

increases proportionately as its molar amount increases. If the molar amount
is doubled, the volume is doubled. If the molar amount is halved, the volume
is halved.
(125)
‫)‪(126‬‬

‫‪Fig. 58 : Avogadro's law : The volume of a gas is directly related to the number of moles‬‬
‫‪of the gas. If the number of moles is doubled, the volume must double at constant‬‬
‫‪temperature and pressure.‬‬
‫وﺑﻔﺮض وﺟﻮد ﻏﺎزﯾﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯿﻦ )‪ (A, B‬ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻧﻔﺴﮭﺎ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬
‫‪ V = K n‬ﺗﻜﻮن اﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪VA = K. n A‬‬
‫‪VB = K. n B‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ أن )‪ (VA, VB‬ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺣﺠﻮم اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﻦ )‪ (A, B‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﯿﺎت )‪(nA, nB‬‬
‫وﻟﻮ ﻓﺮﺿﻨﺎ أن ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﻦ ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ ﻓﺈن ‪nA = nB :‬‬
‫وﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة وﺟﺪ أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو ﺑﺄن ﺣﺠﻮم اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﻦ )‪ (A, B‬ﺗﺘﺴﺎوى‬
‫أي أن‪:‬‬
‫‪VA‬‬ ‫‪K . nA‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪=1‬‬
‫‪VB‬‬ ‫‪K . nB‬‬
‫‪⇒ VA = VB‬‬
‫أي أن ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻧﻔﺴﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺴﺎوي‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪.‬‬
‫)‪(126‬‬
‫)‪(127‬‬

‫ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺟﺎﻱ ﻟﻮﺳﺎﻙ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺃﻓﻮﺟﺎﺩﺭﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ )‪(٢٩‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺘﺤﺪ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻜﻠﻮر‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬إﺛﺒﺎت أن‬
‫ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ‪ ،‬ﯾﺤﺘﻮي أﻋﺪاداً ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ ذرات اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‪ ،‬واﻟﻜﻠﻮر‪ .‬وھﺬه‬
‫اﻷﻋﺪاد اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ ذرات )‪ ،(H, Cl‬ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻷﺻﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‪،‬‬
‫وﻏﺎز اﻟﻜﻠﻮر‪ .‬وإذا اﻋﺘﺒﺮﻧﺎ أن ﻛﻼً ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‪ ،‬واﻟﻜﻠﻮر ﺛﻨﺎﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﺬرة‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ‬
‫ﯾﻠﺰم أﻋﺪاداً ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ واﻟﻜﻠﻮر ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‪ .‬وﻃﺒﻘﺎً ﻟﻤﺒﺪأ‬
‫أﻓﻮﺟﺎرو‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ھﺬه ﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻮﻣﺎً ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺴﻘﺔ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄن اﻟﺤﺠﻮم اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎزي اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ واﻟﻜﻠﻮر ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ إﺛﺒﺎت اﻹﻓﺘﺮاض ﺑﺄن ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‪ ،‬واﻟﻜﻠﻮر‪ ،‬ھﻲ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﯾﻜﻮن‬
‫ﻣﻔﻀﻼً ﻋﻠﻰ أﺣﺎدﯾﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ أﺣﺎدي اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ‪ ،‬أي ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ذرات )‪ (H‬ﻓﺮدﯾﺔ‪ ،‬وإذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻜﻠﻮر‬
‫أﯾﻀﺎً أﺣﺎدي اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن )‪ (1 L‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ )ذرة ‪ (n‬ﺳﻮف ﯾﺘﺤﺪ ﻣﻊ )‪ (1 L‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻠﻮر )ذرة ‪ (n‬ﻟﯿﻌﻄﻲ )‪ (1 L‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز )‪) (HCl‬ﺟﺰﯾﺊ ‪ . (n‬وﯾﻜﻮن ذﻟﻚ ﻣﺘﻌﺎرﺿﺎً ﻣﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺑﺄن ﺣﺠﻢ )‪ (HCl‬اﻟﻤﺘﻜﻮن ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﺮﺗﯿﻦ ﻗﺪر اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ أو‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻠﻮر‪ .‬وﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮوري ﺣﯿﻨﺌﺬ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﻜﻠﻮر أﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻘﯿﺪاً ﻣﻦ أﺣﺎدﯾﺔ اﻟﺬرة‪ .‬وإذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‪ ،‬وﻛﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﻜﻠﻮر ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ﻓﺈن )‪(1 L‬‬
‫)ﺟﺰيء ‪ n‬أو ذرة ‪ (2n‬ﺳﻮف ﯾﺘﺤﺪ ﻣﻊ )‪ (1 L‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻠﻮر )ﺟﺰيء ‪ n‬أو ذرة ‪ ،(2n‬ﻟﺘﻜﻮﯾﻦ‬
‫)‪ (2 L‬ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ )‪ 2n‬ﺟﺰيء(‪ .‬وﯾﺘﻔﻖ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ)‪.(١‬‬
‫وﻃﺒﻘﺎً ﻟﻤﺎ أﻋﻠﻦ ﻷول ﻣﺮة ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﯿﺴﻼو ﻛﺎﻧﯿﺰارو )‪ (1858‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺒﺪأ‬
‫أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو ﻛﺄﺳﺎس ﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻷوزان اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ‪ .‬وإذا اﺣﺘﻮى ﻏﺎزان ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫واﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻌﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﻤﯿﻦ ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻲ اﻟﺤﺠﻤﯿﻦ‬
‫)‪(127‬‬
‫)‪(128‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎوﯾﯿﻦ ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻋﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼً ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (STP‬ﯾﻼﺣﻆ‬
‫أن )‪ (1 L‬م ﻏﺎز )‪ ،(X‬ﯾﺰن )‪ ،(0.0900 g‬ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﯾﺰن )‪ (1 L‬ﻣﻦ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ )‪.(1.43 g‬‬
‫وﺣﯿﺚ أن ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ھﻮ ﻧﻔﺴﮫ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻠﺘﻲ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺘﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻃﺒﻘﺎً ﻟﻤﺒﺪأ أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو‪ ،‬ﯾﺠﺐ أن‬
‫ﯾﻜﻮن ﻛﻞ ﺟﺰيء )‪ (X‬أﺛﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺟﺰيء أﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﺑﻤﻘﺪار )‪ (0.0900/1.43‬أو‬
‫)‪ (0.0630‬ﻣﺮة‪ .‬وﻧﻈﺮاً ﻷن ﻟﺠﺰيء اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ وزﻧﺎً ﺟﺰﯾﺌﯿﺎً ﻗﺪره ‪(32.00‬‬
‫)‪ ،amu‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ‪ X‬ﯾﻜﻮن )‪ (0.0630‬ﻣﺮة ﻣﺜﻞ )‪ (32.00‬أو‬
‫)‪.(2.016 amu‬‬
‫وﻗﺪ أﺛﺒﺘﺖ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب أن ‪) 22.414 L :‬أو اﺧﺘﺼﺎراً ‪ (22.414 L‬ﻣﻦ أي ﻏﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺼﻔﺮ اﻟﻤﺌﻮي ‪ 0 °C‬وﺿﻐﻂ ﺟﻮي واﺣﺪ )‪ (1 atm‬ﺗﺤﻮي ‪ 6.023 × 1023‬ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت‬
‫أو ذرات اﻟﻐﺎز )وھﺬا اﻟﻌﺪد ﯾﻌﺮف ﺑﻌﺪد أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو‪ .(NA‬أي أن اﻟﻤﻮل ﻣﻦ أي ﻏﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫)‪ (STP‬ﯾﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻗﺪره ‪ 22.414 L‬وﯾﻌﺮف ذﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﻻري ﻟﻠﻐﺎز‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (١‬اﻋﺘﻘﺪ داﻟﺘﻮن ﺑﺄن اﻟﻤﺎء ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (H‬واﺣﺪة ﻟﻜﻞ )‪ .(O‬وﻛﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﺤﯿﺢ ھﺬا اﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ‬
‫اﻹﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪ :‬ﯾﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﯾﻦ ﺣﺠﻤﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ‪ ،‬وﺣﯿﺚ أن ﺣﺠﻤﺎً واﺣﺪاً ﻣﻦ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﯾﻌﻄﻲ ﺣﺠﻤﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﺟﺰيء اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﺪداً‬
‫زوﺟﯿﺎً ﻣﻦ ذرات اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ‪ .‬وإذا ﻛﺎن اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺬرة‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﺔ ﺑﺄن ﺣﺠﻤﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﯾﻠﺰﻣﺎن ﻟﻜﻞ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻄﻮي ﺑﺪاھﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﺟﺰيء اﻟﻤﺎء ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ ذرات‬
‫اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻋﺪد ذرات اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(128‬‬
‫)‪(129‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﱄ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺭﻱ )‪: (Molar Volume‬‬
‫وﻓﻖ ﻣﺒﺪأ أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﻮل ﻣﻦ أي ﻏﺎز ﯾﺸﻐﻞ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻧﻔﺴﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة وﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫ﻣﻌﯿﻨﯿﻦ‪ .‬وﻗﺪ وﺟﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ أن ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﺘﻠﮫ ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ STP‬ھﻮ‬
‫‪) 22.414 dm3‬وھﻮ ﻧﻔﺴﮫ ﺑﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﻠﺘﺮ(‪ ،‬وھﺬا ھﻮ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﻻري )‪(Molar Volume‬‬
‫ﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ . (STP‬أﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﻻري ﯾﺘﺮاوح ﺣﻮل‬
‫ھﺬا اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ أي ﻏﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ ﺛﺒﻮت درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﯾﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ أو اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﻻري )‪ ( Molar Volume‬وﯾﺴﺎوي ‪ 22.414 L‬أو اﺧﺘﺼﺎراً ‪ 22.4 L‬ﻋﻨﺪ ‪STP‬‬
‫‪the standard molar volume of an ideal gas is taken to be 22.414 liters per mole‬‬
‫‪at STP‬‬
‫ﺟﺪول ‪ : ١٤‬اﻟﺤﺠﻮم اﻟﻤﻮﻻرﯾﺔ ﻟﻐﺎزات ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺭﻱ‬
‫‪Gas‬‬ ‫‪Formula‬‬ ‫‪g/mol‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ*‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ‬ ‫‪Standard Molar‬‬ ‫‪Density at‬‬
‫‪Volume, Vm‬‬ ‫)‪STP (g/L‬‬
‫)‪(L/mol‬‬
‫‪Ideal Gas‬‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫‪22.414‬‬
‫‪Oxygen‬‬ ‫أﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ‬ ‫‪O2‬‬ ‫‪32.00‬‬ ‫‪22.394‬‬ ‫‪1.429‬‬
‫‪Nitrogen‬‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ‬ ‫‪N2‬‬ ‫‪28.01‬‬ ‫‪22.404‬‬ ‫‪1.250‬‬
‫‪Hydrogen‬‬ ‫ھﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‬ ‫‪H2‬‬ ‫‪2.02‬‬ ‫‪22.428‬‬ ‫‪0.090‬‬
‫‪Helium‬‬ ‫ھﯿﻠﯿﻮم‬ ‫‪He‬‬ ‫‪4.003‬‬ ‫‪22.426‬‬ ‫‪0.178‬‬
‫‪Neon‬‬ ‫ﻧﯿﻮن‬ ‫‪Ne‬‬ ‫‪20.18‬‬ ‫‪22.425‬‬ ‫‪0.900‬‬
‫‪Argon‬‬ ‫آرﺟﻮن‬ ‫‪Ar‬‬ ‫‪39.95‬‬ ‫‪22.393‬‬ ‫‪1.784‬‬
‫‪Carbon‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‬ ‫‪CO2‬‬ ‫‪44.01‬‬ ‫‪22.256‬‬ ‫‪1.977‬‬
‫‪dioxide‬‬
‫‪Ammonia‬‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎدر)أﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎ(‬ ‫‪NH3‬‬ ‫‪17.03‬‬ ‫‪22.094‬‬ ‫‪0.771‬‬
‫‪Chlorine‬‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻮر‬ ‫‪Cl2‬‬ ‫‪70.91‬‬ ‫‪22.063‬‬ ‫‪3.214‬‬
‫‪Deviations in standard molar volume indicate that gases do not behave ideally.‬‬
‫‪* Experimentally determined densities of several gases at standard temperature and‬‬
‫‪pressure.‬‬
‫)‪(129‬‬
‫)‪(130‬‬

‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺭﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﻻري)‪ (Vm‬ﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ – أي ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻟﯿﺴﺖ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻏﺎزاً – ھﻮ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺸﻐﻮل‬

‫)‪ (Volume Occupied‬ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت )‪ (n‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺬرات‪ ،‬اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‪ ،‬أو‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻟﺼﯿﻐﯿﺔ )‪: (Formula Units‬‬
‫‪Volume Occupied‬‬
‫= ‪Molar Volume‬‬
‫‪Number of Moles‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫= ‪Vm‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ‪ ،‬أﻧﮫ ﺑﻐﺾ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺎھﯿﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﺤﺠﻮم اﻟﻤﻮﻻرﯾﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎً ﺟﻤﯿﻌﮭﺎ ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﮭﺔ‪.‬‬
‫واﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(Differences are Small Under Normal Conditions‬‬
‫وﺗﺼﺒﺢ أﺻﻐﺮ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ اﻧﺨﻔﺾ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫)‪.(Become Smaller as the Pressure of the Gas is Reduced‬‬
‫وﻧﺮى أن اﻟﺤﯿﻮد اﻷﻋﻈﻢ ﯾﺤﺪث ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ﺳﮭﻠﺔ اﻹﺳﺎﻟﺔ إﻟﻰ أﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻜﻠﻮر‪،‬‬
‫وﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﯿﻢ ﻟﻠﺤﺠﻮم اﻟﻤﻮﻻرﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪول )‪ (١٤‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﯿﺎﺳﺎت ﺗﺠﺮى ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻏﺎزات ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ‪ ،‬وﺿﻐﻮط ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ )ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﻜﻮن ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎً‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻟﯿﺎً اﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ(‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻹﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎل اﻟﻰ )‪ (STP‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﻮﯾﻞ‪ ،‬وﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٣٠‬‬
‫ﯾﺸﻐﻞ ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻗﺪره )‪ (27.0 L‬وﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﮫ )‪ (1.41 g/L‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻌﯿﻨﯿﻦ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ھﻮ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز؟ وﻣﺎ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ ‪STP‬؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪1.70 g/L = STP‬‬ ‫ج( اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ = ‪،38.1 g/mol‬‬
‫)‪(130‬‬
‫)‪(131‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٣١‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺟﺰيء اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ )‪ (O2‬ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪.‬‬
‫) ‪( P = 760 mmHg, T = 273 K‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪m O2‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬

‫=‪n‬‬ ‫⇒‬ ‫=‬
‫‪NA‬‬ ‫‪Mw O2 N A‬‬
‫‪Mw O2 × N‬‬ ‫‪32 g mol-1 × 1 molecule‬‬
‫= ‪m O2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 5.31 × 10- 23 g‬‬
‫‪NA‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪23‬‬
‫‪6.023 10 molecules mol‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٣٢‬‬
‫ﯾﺒﻠﻎ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻣﺎ )‪(V1 = 10 L‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﺤﺪد ودرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻣﺤﺪدة ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻤﺎ ﺣﺠﻢ )‪ (V2‬ﻋﺸﺮ ﻣﻮﻻت )‪ (n2 = 10 moles‬ﻣﻦ ھﺬا اﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻈﺮوف؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫‪= 2‬‬
‫‪n1‬‬ ‫‪n2‬‬
‫‪ n2 ‬‬
‫‪V2 = V1 ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ n1 ‬‬
‫‪ 10 mol ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 10 L ‬‬ ‫‪ = 100 L‬‬
‫‪ 1 mol ‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٣٣‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ )‪ (V2‬ﻟﻐﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ )‪ (O2‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ )‪(T2 = 25 °C‬‬
‫)ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻮل ﻣﻨﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ )‪ (STP‬ﯾﺴﺎوي )‪،(V1 = 22.4 L‬‬
‫) ‪(P = 1 atm, T = 273 K‬‬ ‫واﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ ھﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(131‬‬
‫)‪(132‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ھﻨﺎ ﺣﺠﻢ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻮل ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ )‪ (Vm‬ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ ، 298 K (25 ºC‬وﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮم أن ﺣﺠﻢ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻮل ﻣﻦ أي ﻏﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة )‪ (0 ºC = 273 K‬ﯾﺴﺎوي‬
‫‪ ،22.4 L‬وﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫‪V1 Vm‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪T1 T2‬‬
‫‪22.4 L‬‬ ‫‪Vm‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪273 K‬‬ ‫‪298 K‬‬
‫‪ 298K ‬‬
‫‪Vm = 22.4 L ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 273K ‬‬
‫‪Vm = 24.45 L‬‬
‫)‪(132‬‬
‫)‪(133‬‬

‫ً‬
‫ﺭﺍﺑﻌﺎ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ )ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ(‬
‫‪P-T Relationship‬‬
‫‪The Constant Volume Law‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻏﺎﻱ ﻟﻮﺳﺎﻙ )ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺁﻣﻮﻧﺘﻮﻧﺰ (‬
‫)‪Amonton’s Law (1703‬‬
‫)‪Gay-Lussac's Law (1802‬‬
‫إذا ﺳﺨﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻓﻲ إﻧﺎء ﻣﻐﻠﻖ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ )ﺻﻠﺐ ﻣﺜﻼً( ﻓﺈن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻓﻲ ھﺬه‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻻ ﯾﺘﻤﺪد‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﺳﻮف ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎﺗﮫ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬
‫وﯾﺰداد اﻟﺘﺮدد وﺷﺪة اﻟﻀﺮﺑﺎت ﻣﻊ اﻟﺠﺪار أو ﻣﻊ ﺟﺰيء آﺧﺮ )‪(Violent Collisions‬‬
‫وﯾﻌﻨﻲ ذﻟﻚ أن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺳﻮف ﯾﺰداد وﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺛﺒﻮت اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫" ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺿﻐﻂ )‪ (P‬ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎً ﻃﺮدﯾﺎً ﻣﻊ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ )‪(T‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺛﺒﻮت اﻟﺤﺠﻢ"‪.‬‬
‫‪Fig. 59 : The pressure of a fixed amount of gas in a vessel of constant volume‬‬

‫‪is proportional to the absolute temperature. The pressure extrapolates to 0 at T‬‬
‫‪= 0 on the Kelvin scale.‬‬
‫)‪(133‬‬
(134)

Fig. 60 : Charles's law : The Kelvin temperature of a gas is directly related to the volume
of the gas when there is no change in the pressure. When the temperature increases making
the molecules move faster, the volume must increase to maintain constant pressure.
Fig. 61 : A demonstration of Gay-Lussac's Law. Volume is constant.
(134)
‫)‪(135‬‬

‫وﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻏﺎي ﻟﻮﺳﺎك رﯾﺎﺿﯿﺎً ‪:‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫⇒ ‪P α T‬‬ ‫‪= K‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ‪ K‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﻣﻨﮫ وﯾﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﺑﺘﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ وﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﻮرة‪:‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪= 2 or‬‬ ‫‪= 1‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫وھﺬه اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﻔﯿﺪة ﻓﻲ ﺣﺴﺎب ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺴﺨﯿﻨﮫ ﻓﻲ أواﻧﻲ ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻨﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﺜﻼً أن ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﺒﻮات اﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺒﺨﺎﺧﺎت( ﯾﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ )ﻻ ﺗﺨﺰن ﻓﻮق‬
‫‪ (50 °C‬وذﻟﻚ ﻷﻧﮭﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺨﻦ اﻟﻌﺒﻮة ﯾﺰداد ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﺎﻟﺪاﺧﻞ وﻗﺪ ﯾﺆدي ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻰ‬
‫اﻧﻔﺠﺎر اﻟﻌﺒﻮة‪.‬‬
‫وﺑﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ )‪ (P‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (T‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺛﺒﻮت اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ وﻛﻞ ﺧﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ )‪ (isochore‬ﻟﮫ ﻣﯿﻞ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ وﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﯿﻞ‬
‫أﻗﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ أﻛﺒﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٣٤‬‬
‫إﻧﺎء ﺳﻌﺘﮫ )‪ ،(10 L‬ﻣﻠﻲء ﺑﻐﺎز ﻣﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ وﺻﻞ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز )‪ (1 atm‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬
‫)‪ ،(25 ºC‬ﻣﺎ ھﻮ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ اﻹﻧﺎء ﻟﻮ ﺗﻢ اﻟﺘﺴﺨﯿﻦ ﺣﺘﻰ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪75 ºC‬؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﯿﺔ )اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ( )‪(1‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ )‪(2‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪1 atm‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪298 K‬‬ ‫‪348 K‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪constant‬‬ ‫‪constant‬‬
‫)‪(135‬‬
‫)‪(136‬‬

‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪= 2‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ 348 ‬‬
‫‪⇒ Pf = Pi  f‬‬ ‫‪= 1 × ‬‬ ‫‪ = 1.17 atm‬‬
‫‪ Ti‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪298‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٣٥‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز‪ ،‬اﻟﺬي ﻛﺎن أﺻﻼً ‪ ،115 kPa‬إذا ﻣﺎ ﺧﻔﻀﺖ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻣﻦ )‪(35 ºC‬‬
‫)‪ (25 ºC‬ﻣﻊ ﺑﻘﺎء اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎً؟‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪115 KPa‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪35 + 273 = 308 K‬‬ ‫‪298 K‬‬
‫‪P1 P2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪T1 T2‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪P2 = P1  2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ T1‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫× ‪P2 = P1‬‬ ‫)‪(ratio of temperatures‬‬
‫‪ 298 ‬‬
‫‪P2 = 115 ‬‬ ‫‪ =111.3 kPa‬‬
‫‪ 308 ‬‬
‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ أن درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )‪ (T1‬اﻧﺨﻔﻀﺖ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ )‪ (P1‬ﯾﻨﺨﻔﺾ وﯾﻜﻮن ) ‪( P1 > P2‬‬
‫وﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﯿﻤﺔ )‪ (P2‬أﻗﻞ ﻧﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﻰ ﺿﺮب )‪ (P1‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ وﻻ ﯾﻜﻮن‬
‫‪ T2 ‬‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ إﻻ ﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ T1 ‬‬
‫‪T ‬‬ ‫‪ 298 ‬‬

‫‪P2 = P1  2  = 115 × ‬‬ ‫‪ = 111.3 kPa‬‬
‫‪ 1‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪308‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫)‪(136‬‬
‫)‪(137‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٣٦‬‬
‫وﺿﻌﺖ ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻓﻲ إﻧﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (30 ºC‬وﻛﺎن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ )‪ ،(3 atm‬ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻢ‬
‫ﺳﯿﻜﻮن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ )‪.(0 ºC‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪3 atm‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪30 + 273 = 303 K‬‬ ‫‪0 + 273 = 273 K‬‬
‫‪P1 P2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪T1 T2‬‬
‫‪T ‬‬
‫‪P2 = P1  2 ‬‬
‫‪ T1 ‬‬
‫‪ 0 + 273 ‬‬
‫‪P2 = 3 atm × ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 30 + 273 ‬‬
‫‪ 273 K ‬‬
‫‪P2 = 3 atm × ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 303 K ‬‬
‫‪P2 = 2.7 atm‬‬
‫وﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﺿﺮب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ‬
‫)‪ .(Temperature Ratio‬وﺑﻤﺎ أن درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻧﺨﻔﻀﺖ ﻓﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ ﺳﯿﻜﻮن أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﺠﻌﻞ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ‪ P1‬ﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻧﻀﺮﺑﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺗﻜﻮن أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺼﻐﺮى ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺒﺮى أي ‪:  T2 ‬‬
‫‪ T1 ‬‬
‫)‪(137‬‬
‫)‪(138‬‬

‫) ‪P2 = P1 × ( temperature ratio‬‬
‫‪T ‬‬
‫‪P2 = P1  2 ‬‬
‫‪ T1 ‬‬
‫‪ 273 K ‬‬
‫‪P2 = 3 atm × ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 303 K ‬‬
‫‪P2 = 2.7 atm‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٣٧‬‬
‫إﻃﺎر ﺳﯿﺎرة ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ھﻮاء ﺿﻐﻄﮫ ‪ 4 atm‬ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ 30 ºC‬وﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﯿﺮ اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة ارﺗﻔﻌﺖ‬
‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻹﻃﺎر اﻟﻰ ‪ ،54 ºC‬ﻓﻜﻢ ﺳﯿﻜﻮن ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﮭﻮاء داﺧﻞ اﻹﻃﺎر )ﺑﺎﻓﺘﺮاض ﺛﺒﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪4 atm‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪30 + 273 = 303 K‬‬ ‫‪54 + 273 = 327 K‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪= 2‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪T ‬‬
‫‪P2 = P1  2 ‬‬
‫‪ T1 ‬‬
‫‪ 327 K ‬‬
‫‪P2 = 4 atm ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 303 K ‬‬
‫‪P2 = 4.32 atm‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺑﻀﺮب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ )‪ (Temperature Ratio‬وﺑﻤﺎ أن‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻗﺪ ارﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ )‪ (P2‬ﺳﯿﺰﯾﺪ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻧﺎ ﻧﻀﺮب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫)‪ (temperature ratio‬ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﺗﻜﻮن ھﺬه اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫وﻻ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻛﺬﻟﻚ إﻻ ﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ ‪ T2‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪: T1‬‬
‫)‪(138‬‬
‫)‪(139‬‬

‫)‪P2 = P1 × (temperature ratio‬‬
‫‪T ‬‬
‫‪P2 = P1  2 ‬‬
‫‪ T1 ‬‬
‫‪ 54 + 273 ‬‬
‫‪P2 = 4 atm ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 30 + 273 ‬‬
‫‪ 327 K ‬‬
‫‪P2 = 4 atm ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 303 K ‬‬
‫‪P2 = 4.32 atm‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٣٨‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ إﻧﺎء ﻣﻐﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﺨﯿﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ 5 ºC‬ﻟﻜﻲ ﯾﺘﻀﺎﻋﻒ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺮض أن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻷوﻟﻲ ‪ ، P1 = P‬واﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺆال ﺿﻌﻔﮫ أي‬

‫‪P2 = 2P‬‬
‫وﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن آﻣﻮﻧﺘﻮﻧﺰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪P1 T1‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪P2 T2‬‬
‫)‪P (5 + 273‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪2P‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪1 578‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪2 T2‬‬
‫‪T2 = 2 × 578 = 1156 K‬‬
‫)‪(139‬‬
‫)‪(140‬‬

‫ً‬
‫ﺳﺎﺩﺳﺎ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪ‬
‫‪P-n Relationship‬‬
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﻠﻔﻈﯿﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ )‪ (n, P‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺛﺒﻮت )‪: (T, V‬‬
‫"ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻃﺮدﯾﺎً ﻣﻊ ﻛﻤﯿﺘﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺛﺒﻮت اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة"‬
‫‪Pα n‬‬
‫‪P = K n‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪= K‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪P P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫‪⇒ 1 = 2 or 1 = 1‬‬
‫‪n1 n 2‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪n2‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٣٩‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮي اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ﻏﺎز ﺗﺠﺎرﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (15 Kg‬ﻣﻦ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ )‪ (O2‬ﻓﺈذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن ﺿﻐﻄﮭﺎ‬
‫ﯾﺒﻠﻎ )‪ (280 atm‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻢ ﺳﯿﺼﺒﺢ ﺿﻐﻄﮭﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ أن ﯾﺴﺘﮭﻠﻚ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻛﻤﯿﺘﮭﺎ؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫)‪P(atm‬‬ ‫‪280 atm‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬
‫)‪n (mol‬‬ ‫‪nO2 = 15 × 103/32 = 468.75‬‬ ‫‪½ × 468.75 = 234.75‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪constant‬‬ ‫‪constant‬‬
‫وﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ وﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬

‫‪P1 P2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪n1 n 2‬‬
‫‪T ‬‬
‫‪P2 = P1  2 ‬‬
‫‪ T1 ‬‬
‫)‪P2 = P1 × (ratio of temperatures‬‬
‫‪ 273 ‬‬
‫‪P2 = 3 ‬‬ ‫‪ = 2.7 atm‬‬
‫‪ 303 ‬‬
‫)‪(140‬‬
‫)‪(141‬‬

‫ً‬
‫ﺳﺎﺑﻌﺎ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻪ‬
‫‪n-T Relationship‬‬
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﻠﻔﻈﯿﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ )‪ (n, T‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺛﺒﻮت )‪: (P, V‬‬
‫" ﻋﻨﺪ ﺛﺒﻮت اﻟﺤﺠﻢ واﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻛﻤﯿ ﺔ اﻟﻐ ﺎز ودرﺟ ﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗ ﮫ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘ ﺔ ﺗﻜ ﻮن‬
‫ﻋﻜﺴﯿﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪n α‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫‪K‬‬
‫= ‪n‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫‪n T = K‬‬
‫‪⇒ n1T1 = n 2 T2‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺛﺎﻣﻨﺎ ‪ /‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺣﺪ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬
‫‪The Combined Gas Law Equation‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪھﺎ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻤﯿﺘﮫ )‪ ،(n‬وﺣﺠﻤﮫ )‪ ،(V‬وﺿﻐﻄﮫ )‪ (P‬ودرﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮارﺗﮫ )‪ (T‬واﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﻒ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻏﺎز ﻣﺎ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ھﺬه اﻟﺨﻮاص ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎز‪.‬‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ دﻣﺞ ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ‪:‬‬
‫• ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ واﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻏﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(P1V1 = P2V2‬‬
‫• وﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪ V1 V2 ‬‬
‫‪ = ‬‬
‫‪ T1 T2 ‬‬
‫)‪(141‬‬
‫)‪(142‬‬

‫• وﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻏﺎي – ﻟﻮﺳﺎك )أو ﻗﺎﻧﻮن آﻣﻮﻧﺘﻮﻧﺰ( اﻟﺬي ﯾﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ‪:‬‬
‫‪P1 P2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪T1 T2‬‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ دﻣﺞ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻣﻨﻔﺮدة ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪VαT‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Vα‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪VαT.‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪KT‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫‪=K‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫وھﺬه اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺻﺤﯿﺤﺔ إﻻ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺛﺒﻮت ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز )‪(n = constant‬‬
‫وھﻮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﺎداﻣﺖ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز )‪ (n‬ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻐﯿﺮ‪ .‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ھﺬه اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ واﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻟﻐﺎز ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪P1V1‬‬ ‫‪PV‬‬
‫‪= 2 2‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ P1V1‬‬ ‫‪PV ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪= 2 2‬‬
‫‪ T1‬‬ ‫‪T2 ‬‬
‫ھﻨﺎك ﺳﺖ ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮات إذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ ﺧﻤﺲ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﺴﺎدس‪.‬‬
‫)‪(142‬‬
‫)‪(143‬‬

‫وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ T) T1 = T2‬ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ( ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ‪(P1V1 = P2V2) :‬‬ ‫‪(١‬‬
‫‪P1 P2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪ V ) V1 = V2‬ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ( ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻏﺎي ﻟﻮﺳﺎك ‪:‬‬ ‫‪(٢‬‬
‫‪T1 T2‬‬
‫‪V1 V2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪ P ) P1 = P2‬ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ( ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ‬ ‫‪(٣‬‬
‫‪T1 T2‬‬
‫واﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ‪(STP) (standard temperature and :‬‬
‫)‪pressure‬‬
‫ھﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(0 ºC = 273 K, 1atm = 101.325 KPa‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٤٠‬‬
‫ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﯿﻮن ﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻗﺪره )‪ (10 L‬ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (27 ºC‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ )‪ (985 torr‬ﻣﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺸﻐﻠﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ )‪(Standard Conditions‬؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪P1 V1 P2 V2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪PVT ‬‬
‫‪⇒ V2 = V1  1 1 2 ‬‬
‫‪ P2 T1 ‬‬
‫‪ 985 torr × 105 L × 273 K ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 105 ‬‬ ‫‪ =124 L‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪760 torr × 300K‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫وﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺪﯾﻞ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺿﺮب اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻷوﻟﻲ )‪ (V1‬ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ وﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬
‫ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ‪.‬‬
‫• اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﯾﻨﻘﺺ ﻣﻦ )‪ (985 torr‬اﻟﻰ )‪) (760 torr‬اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﯾﺰداد(‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ھﻮ )‪(985torr/760 torr‬‬
‫)‪(143‬‬
‫)‪(144‬‬

‫• درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺗﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ 300 K‬اﻟﻰ ‪) 273 K‬اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﯾﺰداد(‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬
‫ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ ﯾﻜﻮن )‪(273 K/300 K‬‬
‫وﺑﻀﺮب اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻷوﻟﻲ ﺑﮭﺬه اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ )‪ (factors‬ﯾﻌﻄﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻨﺘﯿﺠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 985 torr   273 K ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 105 L ‬‬ ‫‪×‬‬ ‫‪ = 124 L‬‬
‫‪ 760 torr   300 K ‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٤١‬‬
‫)‪ (24 ºC‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ‪ ،80 KPa‬ﻋﻨﺪ أي درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻏﺎز ﺗﺸﻐﻞ )‪ (10.0 L‬ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺣﺮارة ﺳﯿﺸﻐﻞ اﻟﻐﺎز ‪ ،20 L‬إذا زدﻧﺎ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻰ )‪(107 kPa‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪P1 V1 P2 V2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪P2 V2 T1‬‬ ‫‪107 K Pa × 20.0 L × 513 K‬‬
‫= ‪T2‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪P1 V1‬‬ ‫‪80 kPa × 10.0 L‬‬
‫) ‪T2 = 1.37 × 10 3 K (1.10 × 10 3 ο C‬‬
‫واﻟﺤﻞ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻀﺮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ P  V ‬‬
‫‪T2 = T1  2   2 ‬‬
‫‪ P1   V1 ‬‬
‫‪ 107 kPa   20 L ‬‬ ‫‪3 ο‬‬
‫‪×‬‬ ‫‪ = 1.37 × 10 K= 1.1 × 10 C‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪T2 = 513 K ‬‬
‫‪ 80 kPa   10 L ‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٤٢‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ STP‬إذا وﺟﺪ أﻧﮫ ﯾﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻣﻘﺪاره ‪ 255 cm3‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮارة ‪ 25 ºC‬وﺿﻐﻂ ‪ 85.0 KPa‬؟‬
‫)‪(144‬‬
‫)‪(145‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﯿﺔ )اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ()‪(1‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ)‪(2‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪255cm3‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪85.0 KPa‬‬ ‫‪101.3 KPa‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪298 K‬‬ ‫‪273 K‬‬
‫وﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪P1V1‬‬ ‫‪PV‬‬
‫‪= 2 2‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫وﻹﯾﺠﺎد ‪:V2‬‬
‫‪ P  T ‬‬
‫‪V2 = V1  1  .  2 ‬‬
‫‪ P2   T1 ‬‬
‫‪V P T‬‬
‫‪V2 = 1 1 2‬‬
‫‪P2 T1‬‬
‫‪255 cm 3 × 85.0 kPa × 273 K‬‬
‫= ‪V2‬‬
‫‪101.325 kPa × 298 K‬‬
‫‪V2 = 195.97 ≈ 196 cm 3‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫)‪V2 = V1 × (pressure ratio) × (temperature ratio‬‬
‫‪ (١‬اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ارﺗﻔﻊ ﻣﻦ )‪ (85 kPa‬اﻟﻰ )‪ (101.325 kPa‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﻌﻨﻲ أن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ )‪ (V1‬ﺳﯿﻘﻞ‬

‫‪ P1‬‬ ‫‪85 ‬‬
‫= ‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫وﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻀﺮب ﻓﻲ ﻛﺴﺮ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬
‫‪ P2 101.325 ‬‬
‫‪ (١‬درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻧﺨﻔﻀﺖ ﻣﻦ )‪ (25 ºC‬اﻟﻰ )‪ (0 ºC‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ )‪(V1‬‬
‫ﺳﯿﻨﺨﻔﺾ وﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻜﻮن أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺆدي اﻟﻰ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ أي ‪:‬‬
‫‪ T2 273 ‬‬
‫= ‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ T1 298 ‬‬
‫)‪(145‬‬
‫)‪(146‬‬

‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ )‪: (V2‬‬
‫)‪V2 = V1 (pressure ratio) . (temperature ratio‬‬
‫‪ P  T ‬‬
‫‪V2 = V1  1  .  2 ‬‬
‫‪ P2   T1 ‬‬
‫‪ 85.0   273 ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 255 cm 3 ‬‬ ‫‪×‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 101.325   298 ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 195.97 ≈ 196 cm 3‬‬
‫وھﻮ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ )‪(STP‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٤٣‬‬
‫ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﻤﺎرس ﺿﻐﻄﺎً ﻗﺪره )‪ (82.5 kPa‬ﻓﻲ وﻋﺎء ﺣﺠﻤﮫ ‪ 300 cm3‬ﻋﻨﺪ ‪(25‬‬
‫)‪ . ºC‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺬي ﺳﺘﻤﺎرﺳﮫ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻋﯿﻨﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ وﻋﺎء ﺣﺠﻤﮫ )‪ (500 cm3‬ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة )‪(50 ºC‬؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﯿﺔ )اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ()‪(1‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ)‪(2‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪....... 82.5 KPa........‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪300 cm3‬‬ ‫‪500 cm3‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪298 K‬‬ ‫‪323 K‬‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪P1V1‬‬ ‫‪PV‬‬
‫‪= 2 2‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪P1V1T2 = P2 V2T1‬‬
‫‪P1V1T2‬‬
‫= ‪P2‬‬
‫‪V2 T1‬‬
‫‪82.5 kPa × 300 cm 3 × 323 K‬‬
‫= ‪P2‬‬
‫‪500 cm 3 × 298 K‬‬
‫‪P2 = 49.5 kPa‬‬
‫)‪(146‬‬
‫)‪(147‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻋﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﺐ ‪: (Volume Ratio) , (Temperature Ratio) :‬‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺪﯾﻞ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺿﺮب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻷوﻟﻲ )‪ (P1‬ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ وﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ زﯾﺎدة اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪ ،‬ووﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺳﯿﻨﻘﺺ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺗﻜﻮن‬
‫أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪V1 300 ‬‬
‫= ‪ volume ratio‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪500 ‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬وﺑﺴﺒﺐ زﯾﺎدة درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ووﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﻏﺎي‪ -‬ﻟﻮﺳﺎك ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺳﯿﺰداد وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺗﻜﻮن أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ واﺣﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ T2 323 ‬‬
‫= ‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ T1 298 ‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪P2 = P1 (volume ratio) . (temperature ratio‬‬
‫‪ V  T ‬‬
‫‪P2 = P1  1  .  2 ‬‬
‫‪ V2   T1 ‬‬
‫‪ 300   323 ‬‬
‫‪P2 = 82.5 kPa ‬‬ ‫‪×‬‬ ‫‪ = 49.5 kPa‬‬
‫‪ 500   298 ‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٤٤‬‬
‫ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﻮن )‪ (Ne‬ﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻗﺪره )‪ (10 L‬ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (27 ºC‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫)‪ (985 torr‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺸﻐﻠﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ )‪(STP‬‬
‫)‪(Standard Conditions‬‬
‫)‪(147‬‬
‫)‪(148‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪P1 V1 P2 V2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪PVT ‬‬
‫‪⇒ V2 = V1  1 1 2 ‬‬
‫‪ P2 T1 ‬‬
‫‪ 985 torr × 105 L × 273 K ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 105 ‬‬ ‫‪ = 124 L‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪760 torr × 300K‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫وﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺪﯾﻞ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺑﻀﺮب اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻷوﻟﻲ )‪ (V1‬ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ‬
‫وﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ اﻟﻠﺬان ﯾﺴﺘﻨﺘﺠﺎن ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫• اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﯾﻨﻘﺺ ﻣﻦ )‪ (985 torr‬اﻟﻰ )‪) (760 torr‬اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﯾﺰداد(‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ﯾﻜﻮن أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ أي ‪(985 torr/760 torr) :‬‬
‫• درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺗﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ 300 K‬اﻟﻰ ‪) 273 K‬اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺳﯿﻘﻞ(‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬
‫ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ ﯾﻜﻮن أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ أي ‪(273 K/300 K) :‬‬
‫وﺑﻀﺮب اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻷوﻟﻲ ﺑﮭﺬه اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ )‪ (factors‬ﯾﻌﻄﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻨﺘﯿﺠﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫) ‪V2 = 105 × ( pressure Ratio ) × ( temperature ratio‬‬
‫‪ 985 torr   273 K ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 105 L ‬‬ ‫‪×‬‬ ‫‪ = 124 L‬‬
‫‪ 760 torr   300 K ‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٤٥‬‬
‫ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻏﺎز ﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻗﺪره )‪ (10.0 L‬ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (240 ºC‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ‪ ،80 kPa‬ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫أي درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﺳﯿﺸﻐﻞ اﻟﻐﺎز ‪ ،20 L‬إذا زدﻧﺎ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻰ )‪(107 kPa‬‬
‫)‪(148‬‬
(149)

‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
(1) ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ‬ (2) ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬
P 80 kPa 107 atm
V 10 L 20 L
T 240 °C = 513 K T2
n constant constant
P1 V1 P2 V2
=
T1 T2
P2 V2 T1 107 kPa × 20.0 L × 513 K
T2 = =
P1 V1 80 kPa × 10.0 L
T2 = 1.37 × 10 3 K (1.10 × 10 3 ο C )
: ‫واﻟﺤﻞ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻀﺮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬

T2 = T1 ( pressure ratio ) × ( volume ratio )
 P  V 
T2 = T1  2   2 
 P1   V1 
 107 kPa   20 L  3 ο
×  = 1.37 × 10 K= 1.1 × 10 C
3
T2 = 513 K 
 80 kPa   10 L 
(٤٦) ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
(3 atm) ‫( ﯾﺴﺎوي‬4 L) ‫وﺟﺪ أن ﺿﻐﻂ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ إﻧﺎء ﺣﺠﻤﮫ‬
(10 ‫( ﻋﻨﺪ‬1.5 atm) ‫ ﻓﻜﻢ ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﺴﺎوي اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻟﻜﻲ ﯾﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬،(30 ºC) ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫؟‬ºC)
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
P 3 atm 1.5 atm
V 4L V2
T 30 °C = 303 K 10 ºC = 283 K
n constant constant
(149)
(150)

: ‫وﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
P1V1 P2 V2
=
T1 T2
 P1   T2 
V2 = V1   . 
 P2   T1 
 3 atm   283 K 
V2 = 4 L  × 
 1.5 atm   303 K 
V2 = 7.47 L
(٤٧) ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫ اﺣﺴﺐ‬، (500 atm) ‫( و‬27 ºC) ‫ﻏﺎز ﯾﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻗﺪره ﻟﺘﺮ واﺣﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬
.(700 atm) ‫( واﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﯿﺼﺒﺢ‬60 ºC) ‫ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻐﯿﺮ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
P 500 atm 700 atm
V 1L V2
T 27 °C = 300 K 60 °C = 333 K
n constant constant
: ‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
P1V1 PV
= 2 2
T1 T2
 P  T 
V2 = V1  1  ×  2 
 P2   T1 
 500 atm   (60 + 273) K 
V2 = 1L ×  × 
 700 atm   (27 + 273) K 
V2 = (1 L) × (0.714) × (1.11)
V2 = 0.79 L
(150)
‫)‪(151‬‬

‫و‬ ‫‪(pressure‬‬ ‫)‪ration‬‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﺣﻞ‬ ‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫)‪، (temperature ratio‬‬
‫• ﺣﯿﺚ أن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻜﺴﯿﺎً ﻣﻊ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ ،‬واﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻗﺪ زاد ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻀﺮب اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻄﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ أي‪:‬‬
‫)‪.(Pressure Ratio = P1/P2 = 500/700 = 0.4‬‬
‫• ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﻀﺮب اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة وﺣﯿﺚ أن اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻗﺪ ارﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﻓﺈن‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺳﯿﺮﺗﻔﻊ وﺗﻜﻮن ﻧﺴﺒﺔ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻀﺮب ﻓﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ اﻟﺼﺤﯿﺢ أي أن ‪(temperature ratio = T2/T1 = 333/300 = 1.11) :‬‬
‫وﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ )‪ (V2‬ھﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪V2 =V1 ( pressure ratio < 1) × ( temperature ratio > 1‬‬
‫‪ P  T ‬‬
‫‪V2 =V1  1  .  2 ‬‬
‫‪ P2   T1 ‬‬
‫‪ 500   333 ‬‬
‫‪V2 =V1 ‬‬ ‫‪×‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 700   300 ‬‬
‫‪V2 = (1 L ) × (0.71) × (1.11) = 0.79 L‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٤٨‬‬
‫ﯾﺸﻐﻞ ﻏﺎز ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻗﺪره ‪ 9 m3‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ‪ .‬اﺣﺴﺐ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻘﺺ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﺼﻒ واﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﯾﺰداد اﻟﻰ ﻋﺸﺮة أﺿﻌﺎف‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ )‪(1‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ )‪(2‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P=1‬‬ ‫‪10P = 10‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪9 m3‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪T=1‬‬ ‫‪1/2T = 0.5‬‬
‫)‪(151‬‬
(152)

( P1 = 1, P2 = 10P1 ) , ( T1 = 1, T2 = 0.5T1 )
V2 = V1 × ( pressure ratio < 1) × ( temperature ratio < 1)
 P  T 
V2 = V1 ×  1  ×  2 
 P2   T1 
 1   0.5 
V2 =V1   ×  
 10   1 
V2 = 9 m 3 × 0.1 × 0.5
V2 = 0.45 m 3
: ‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬

P1V1 PV
= 2 2
T1 T2
P1V1T2 = P2 V2 T1
P1V1T2 1 × 9 m3 × 0.5
V2 = = = 0.45 m 3
P2 T1 10 × 1
(٤٩) ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫( اﻟﻰ‬3 atm ‫ واﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬4 ºC ‫ﺻﻌﺪت ﻓﻘﺎﻋﺔ ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎع ﺑﺤﯿﺮة ﺣﯿﺚ )درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫ اﺣﺴﺐ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻔﻘﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻮق‬،(0.9 atm, 25 ºC) ‫ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺎء ﺣﯿﺚ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
. (2 ml) ‫ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺎء إذا ﻛﺎن ﺣﺠﻤﮭﺎ اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
P1V1 P2 V2
=
T1 T2
 P  T 
V2 = V1  1  .  2 
 P2   T1 
 3 atm   298 K 
V2 = 2 ml  × 
 0.9 atm   277 K 
V2 = 7.17 ml
(152)
(153)

(٥٠) ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي‬، 273 ºC ‫ ودرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬570 mmHg ‫ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ‬648 ml

.(‫ﺳﯿﺸﻐﻠﮫ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺸﺮوط اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ )اﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﯿﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
(P = 1atm = 760 mmHg , T = 0ºC = 273 K ‫( ھﻲ‬STP) ‫اﻟﺸﺮوط اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬
P1V1 P2 V2
=
T1 T2
 P  T 
V2 = V1  1  .  2 
 P2   T1 
 570 mmHg   273 K 
V2 = 648 ml  × 
 760 mmHg   546 K 
V2 = 243 ml
(153)
‫)‪(154‬‬

‫َ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺳﻌﺎ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪General Ideal Gas Law‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﱄ‬
‫‪The Ideal Gas Law‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ وﻣﺒﺪأ أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو أﺧﺒﺮاﻧﺎ أن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻟﻐﺎز ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺮدﯾﺎً‬

‫)‪ (Directly Proportional‬ﻣﻊ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪( Vα T‬‬ ‫• درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗﮫ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪( Vα n‬‬ ‫• وﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ‪:‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ أﺧﺒﺮﻧﺎ أن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ )‪ (V‬ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻜﺴﯿﺎً )‪ (Inversely Proportional‬ﻣﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ )‪: (P‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ Vα ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﻮﺣﺪ ھﺬه اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﺜﻼث ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Vα‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪VαT‬‬
‫‪Vαn‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫) ‪V α (T) ( n‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪from Avogadro‬‬ ‫‪from‬‬ ‫‪Charles‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪Vα‬‬
‫‪P ‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪from Boyle‬‬
‫‪⇒ PV α nT‬‬
‫‪PV = n R T‬‬
‫)‪(154‬‬
‫)‪(155‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ اﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ )‪ (Constant of Proportionality‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪PVα nT‬‬
‫ﯾﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪ R‬وﺗﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪PV = nRT‬‬
‫‪ : R‬ﯾﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات‪ ،‬ﻷن ﻟﮫ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻐﺎزات‪ ،‬واﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺬي ﯾﺘﺒﻊ ھﺬا‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻌﺎم وﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﯿﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻛﻞ اﻟﻈﺮوف ﯾﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪ .‬وھﺬا اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ‬
‫ﯾﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ أو ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﯾﺠﺎد ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ‪ R‬ﺑﻘﯿﺎس )‪ (P, V‬و ‪ T‬ﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻏﺎز ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ )ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﯾﺘﺼﺮف ﻣﺜﺎﻟﯿﺎً )‪ (When it Behaves Ideally‬وﺗﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﻗﯿﻤﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫=‪R‬‬
‫‪nT‬‬
‫وﯾﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﺪدﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺜﺎﺑﺖ اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات )‪ (R‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات‬
‫ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎزات واﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮭﺎ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎء ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺜﯿﺮﻣﻮدﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﻚ واﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﯿﺔ واﻹﺗﺰان اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ واﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ‪ ،K‬ھﻞ ﺗﻐﯿﺮ‬ ‫‪=K‬‬ ‫س( ﺳﺒﻖ أن أﺧﺬت اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ )‪ (n‬ﺳﺘﺰﯾﺪ أم ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻨﮫ؟‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫‪=K‬‬ ‫ج( إذا ﻛﺎن ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ھﻮ ‪ n‬ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫وإذا ﺗﻐﯿﺮ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻰ )‪ (n ′‬ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬

‫‪PV‬‬
‫‪= K′‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫وﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ھﻞ ‪ K ′‬أﺻﻐﺮ أو أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ K‬ﯾﺠﺐ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻷﺛﺮ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺤﺪﺛﮫ زﯾﺎدة اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ واﻟﻀﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪.‬‬
‫)‪(155‬‬
‫)‪(156‬‬

‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫⇒‪Vαn‬‬ ‫‪=K‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪Pαn⇒ =K‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪T α ⇒ nT = K‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﻦ ﯾﺆدي اﻧﺨﻔﺎﺿﮭﺎ اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﯾﺘﻀﺢ أن زﯾﺎدة اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ )‪ (n‬ﺗﺰﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻘﺪار‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫اﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻗﯿﻤﺘﮫ ‪:‬‬

‫‪PV‬‬
‫‪αn‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫‪= constant × n‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫⇒‬ ‫‪= constant‬‬ ‫)‪(where constant = R‬‬
‫‪nT‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫‪=R‬‬
‫‪nT‬‬
‫وﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﯾﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ )وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ( ﻋﻨﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫• اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‬
‫• ودرﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬
‫أﻣﺎ ﺣﯿﻮد اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻋﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﯿﻈﮭﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫• اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ودرﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(156‬‬
‫)‪(157‬‬

‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

‫‪Value of the Gas Constant‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﺘﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﺪدﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺜﺎﺑﺖ )‪ (R‬إﻻ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼف اﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻘﺎس ﺑﮭﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ )‪ (P‬واﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻓﻘﻂ )‪ .(V‬وﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﺑﻘﯿﻤﺔ ‪R‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺿﻮء اﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﮭﻞ اﺷﺘﻘﺎق وﺣﺪات ﺛﺎﺑﺖ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺤﻮ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬ ‫‪pressure × (length)3‬‬
‫=‪R‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪nT‬‬ ‫‪degrees × moles‬‬
‫‪force × (length)-2 × (length)3‬‬
‫=‪R‬‬
‫‪degrees × moles‬‬
‫‪force × length‬‬ ‫‪energy‬‬
‫=‪R‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪degrees × moles‬‬ ‫‪degrees × moles‬‬
‫‪R = J K -1mol-1‬‬
‫‪R = Nm K -1mol-1‬‬
‫وﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ﺳﻨﺄﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﺾ ھﺬه اﻟﻘﯿﻢ اﻟﻌﺪدﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺜﺎﺑﺖ ‪: R‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﺍﳚﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺭﻱ )‪ (R‬ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ‪atm L /mol K‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو أن اﻟﻤﻮل اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ أي ﻏﺎز ﯾﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻗﺪره )‪ (22.414 L‬ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ ‪(S.T.P = 273 K, 1 atm‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪P V 1 atm × 22.4136 L‬‬
‫=‪R‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪n T 1 mol × 273.15 K‬‬
‫‪⇒ R = 0.082056 atm.L/mol. K ≈ 0.0821 atm. L /mol K‬‬
‫)‪(157‬‬
(158)

: ‫( ﺗﺴﺎوي‬R) ‫( ﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﺈن ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬ml) ‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام وﺣﺪة اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
0.0821 L.atm 0.0821 L × 103 ml L-1 .atm
R= =
mol.K mol . K
⇒ R = 82.1 ml.atm/mol.K
Fig. 62 :
a) Decreasing the volume of the gas at constant n and T increases the frequency of
collisions with the container walls and therefore increases the pressure (Boyle's law).
b) Increasing the temperature (kinetic energy) at constant n and P increases the volume of
the gas (Charles's law).
c) Increasing the amount of gas at constant T and P increases the volume (Avogadro's law).
d) Changing the identity of some molecules at constant T and V has no effect on the
pressure (Dalton's law).
(158)
(159)

Fig. 63 : Schematic illustrations of Boyle's law, Charles's law, and Avogadro's law
(159)
‫)‪(160‬‬

‫‪ (٢‬ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ )‪ (R‬ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ‪bar. L/mol K‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺒﺎر ﻛﻮﺣﺪة ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ ‪: atm‬‬
‫ﻓﺈن ‪: R‬‬
‫)‪( 1 atm = 1.01325 bar‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬ ‫)‪(1.01325 bar) × (22.4136 L‬‬
‫=‪R‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪nT‬‬ ‫) ‪(1 mol ) × ( 273.15 K‬‬
‫‪R = 0.08314 L bar/mol K‬‬
‫‪⇒ R = 0.08314 L bar/mol K‬‬
‫‪ (٣‬ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ )‪ (R‬ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ‪Pa . dm3/mol K‬‬
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺒﺎﺳﻜﺎل )‪ (Pa‬ﻛﻮﺣﺪة ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي ووﺣﺪة )‪ (atm‬ھﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(1 atm = 101325 Pa‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻹﯾﺠﺎد ﻗﯿﻤﺔ )‪ (R‬ﺑﻮﺣﺪة ‪Pa . dm3/mol . K :‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫=‪R‬‬
‫‪nT‬‬
‫) ‪(101325 Pa) × (22.4136 dm 3‬‬
‫=‪R‬‬
‫‪1mol × 273.15 K‬‬
‫‪⇒ R= 8314 Pa . dm 3/mol . K‬‬

‫‪⇒ R = 8.314 kPa . dm 3/mol . K‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ اﻟﺤ ﺼﻮل ﻋﻠ ﻰ ھ ﺬه اﻟﻘﯿﻤ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ ﻗﯿﻤ ﺔ ‪ R‬ﺑﻮﺣ ﺪة ‪(R = 8.314 atm :‬‬
‫‪L/mol K‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(160‬‬
(161)

1 atm = 101325 Pa
1 L = 1 dm3
R=
0.08206 atm. L
=
( 0.082056 atm . L × 101325 Pa/atm . dm 3 /L )
mol.K mol . K
3
R = 8314.32 Pa dm / mol K
R = 8.314 kPa dm3 / mol K
Pa . m3/mol K ‫( ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ‬R) ‫( ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬٤

PV
R=
nT
(101325 Pa) × (0.0224136 m3 )
R=
1mol × 273.15 K
R = 8.314 Pa. m 3 /mol .K
⇒ R = 8.314 Pa . m 3 / mol K
: ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‬
: ‫( ﺣﯿﺚ أن‬Joul) ‫( اﻟﻰ وﺣﺪة‬Pa . m3) ‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ وﺣﺪة‬

1 Pa m 3 = 1 J
R = 8.314 Pa . m 3 /mol . K
⇒ R = 8.314 J/ mol K
⇒ R = 8.314 J/ mol K
dyne. cm /mol K ‫( ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ‬R) ‫( ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬٥
‫( )ﺣﯿﺚ‬1 atm) ‫ وھﻲ ﺗﺮادف ﺿﻐﻄﺎً ﻗﺪره واﺣﺪ ﺟﻮ‬dyne/cm2 ‫ھﻨﺎك وﺣﺪة ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬
1 dyne = 1 g . cm . s-2 : ‫اﻟﺪاﯾﻦ وﺣﺪة ﻟﻠﻘﻮة وھﻲ ﺗﺴﺎوي‬
(161)
‫)‪(162‬‬

‫وﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ وﺣﺪة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي )‪) (1 atm‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﺎﻓﻲء ﻋﻤﻮداً ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﻃﻮﻟﮫ ‪(76‬‬
‫)‪ cm‬اﻟﻰ وﺣﺪة ‪ dyne/cm2‬ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪P=hdg‬‬
‫‪g‬‬ ‫‪cm‬‬
‫‪1atm = (76.00 cm) × (13.5951‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪(980.6667‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪cm3‬‬ ‫‪s2‬‬
‫)‪( d‬‬ ‫)‪( a‬‬
‫‪1 atm = 1013251.9 g cm-1 s-2‬‬
‫‪10132252 g cm s-2‬‬
‫= ‪1 atm‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪= 1013252 dyne/cm2‬‬
‫‪cm‬‬
‫‪1 atm = 1.013252 × 106 dyne/cm2‬‬
‫)‪ (1 atm‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘ ﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾ ﻞ اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ اﻟ ﻰ وﺣ ﺪات‬ ‫وھ ﺬه اﻟﻘﯿﻤ ﺔ ﻟﻠ ﻀﻐﻂ ﺗﻌ ﺎدل‬
‫‪: dyne. cm/mol K‬‬
‫) ‪P( dyne/cm 2 ) × (cm3‬‬
‫=‪R‬‬ ‫‪= N . m mol-1 K -1‬‬
‫‪mol K‬‬
‫) ‪(1.013252 × 106 dyne/cm 2 ) × (22413.6 cm3‬‬
‫=‪R‬‬
‫‪1 mol × 273.15 K‬‬
‫‪R = 83143419.47 dyne . cm/ mol K‬‬
‫‪⇒ R = 8.314 × 107 dyne . cm/ mol K‬‬
‫‪ (٦‬ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ )‪ (R‬ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻹﺭﺝ ‪erg/mol K‬‬
‫اﻹرج ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ اﻟﺸﻐﻞ اﻟﻤﺒﺬول ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻗﻮة ﻗﺪرھﺎ واﺣﺪ داﯾﻦ)‪ (1 dyne‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺪرھﺎ )‪ (1 cm‬وھﻮ ﻣﻦ وﺣﺪات اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ .‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫‪1 erg = 1 dyne. cm‬‬
‫)‪(162‬‬
‫)‪(163‬‬

‫ﻭﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ R‬ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺓ ‪:erg‬‬
‫) ‪PV (1.013252 × 106 dyne/cm2 ) × (22413.6 cm3‬‬

‫=‪R‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪RT‬‬ ‫)‪(1 mol) × (273.15 K‬‬
‫‪R = 83143419.47 dyne. cm/mol.K‬‬
‫‪R = 83143419.47 erg/mol.K‬‬
‫‪⇒ R = 8.31 × 10 7 erg/mol.K‬‬

‫وﻧﻈﺮاً ﻷن اﻹرج ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﺑﻮﺣﺪة أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻼءﻣﺔ وھﻲ اﻟﺠﻮل‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ أن ‪:‬‬
‫‪1 Joul = 107 erg‬‬
‫‪⇒ R = 8.314 × 107 erg/mol.K‬‬
‫‪R = 8.314 Joul/K.mol‬‬
‫‪ (٧‬ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ )‪ (R‬ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ‪N .m /mol K‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺳﻨﺴﺘﺨﺪم وﺣﺪة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ )‪ (N/m2‬ووﺣﺪة اﻟﺤﺠﻢ )‪ (m3‬أي ﺗﻜﻮن وﺣﺪة ‪: R‬‬
‫) ‪P(N/m 2 ) × (m 3‬‬
‫=‪R‬‬ ‫‪= N . m mol -1K -1‬‬
‫‪mol K‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﺗﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫وھﻮ اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﺴﺐ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻗﺪرھﺎ ) ‪ (1 Kg‬إﺳﺮاﻋﺎً ﻗﺪره )‪.(1 m/s2‬‬
‫واﻟﻨﯿﻮﺗﻦ )‪ (N‬وﺣﺪة اﻟﻘﻮة ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم )‪(m . Kg . s‬‬
‫وﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﻲ )‪ (Standard Atmosphere‬ﺑﻮﺣﺪات‬
‫)‪:(m . Kg .s‬‬
‫)‪(163‬‬
(164)

‫ﻧﻀﺮب ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ )ﺑﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﻜﯿﻠﻮ ﺟﺮام( اﻟﺬي ﯾﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺘﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻊ ﺑﻌﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿﺔ‬
: ‫اﻷرﺿﯿﺔ‬
P=h.d.g
P = h (m) . d (Kg/m 3 ) . g (m/s 2 ) = Kg m -1 s -2 = Kg m s -2 /m 2 = N/m 2
 
Newton
‫( ﻓﺈن ھﺬه‬h = 76 cm, d = 13.596 g/cm3, g = 980.7 cm/s2) ‫ﻓﺈذا ﻋﻠﻤﻨﺎ أن‬
: ‫( ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‬Kg, m) ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪات ﯾﺠﺐ ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻠﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ‬
h Hg = 76.00 cm = 0.7600 m
13.5951 g 13.5951 g × 10-3 Kg g -1
d Hg = = = 13595.1 Kg m-3
cm 3
1 cm × 10 m cm
3 -6 3 -3
980.6665 cm 980.6665 cm × 10-2 m cm -1

g= 2
= 2
= 9.806665 ms-2
s s
-3 -2
P = h (m) . d (kg m ) . g (ms )
P = (0.7600 m) × (13595.1 kg m- 3 ) × (9.806665 m s- 2 )
P = 101325.1694 kg m-1 s-2 = 1.01325 × 105 kg m-1s-2
P = 1.01325 × 105 Kg m s-2 /m2 (where N = Kg m s-2 )
 
N
P = 1.01325 × 10 N/m 2
5
N. m/mol ‫( وﺑﺎﻟﺘ ﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾ ﻞ اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ اﻟ ﻰ وﺣ ﺪات‬1 atm) ‫وھﺬه اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﺗﻌﺎدل‬
:K
P (N/m2 ) × (m3 )
R= = N . m mol-1 K-1
mol K
(1.01325 × 105 N/m2 ) × (0.0224136 m3 )
R=
1 mol × 273.15 K
⇒ R = 8.314 N . m/ mol K
(164)
‫)‪(165‬‬

‫‪ (٨‬ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ )‪ (R‬ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ‪J/mol K‬‬
‫أوﺟﺪﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ )‪. (R = 8.314 N. m/mol K‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳉﻮﻝ ھﻮ ﻗﻮة ﻗﺪرھﺎ ﻧﯿﻮﺗﻦ ﻣﻀﺮوﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻗﺪرھﺎ )‪:(1 m‬‬
‫‪1 Joule = N . m‬‬

‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫‪J = N. m‬‬
‫‪ R = 8.314 N. m/mol K‬‬
‫‪⇒ R = 8.314 J/mol. K‬‬

‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘ ﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻨ ﺪ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿ ﻖ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟ ﺔ اﻟﻐ ﺎز اﻟﻤﺜ ﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻘﯿﻤ ﺔ )‪ (8.314 J/mol K‬ﻓﯿﺠ ﺐ أن‬
‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ وﺣﺪة ﺑﺎﺳﻜﺎل )‪ (Pa‬وﻟﻠﺤﺠﻢ وﺣﺪة ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ )‪.(m3‬‬
‫‪ (٩‬ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ )‪ (R‬ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ ‪Cal/mol K‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎء اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ واﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﻜﺎ اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ وﺣﺪة ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺗﻌﺮف‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻌﺮ )‪ (calorie‬ﺣﯿﺚ أن اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺮ واﻟﺠﻮل‪:‬‬
‫‪1 Cal. = 4.184 J‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻹﯾﺠﺎد ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ‪ R‬ﺑﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬

‫‪8.314 J / mol K‬‬
‫=‪R‬‬
‫‪4.184 J / Cal‬‬
‫‪⇒ R = 1.987 C al/K m ol ≈ 2 C al/m ol K‬‬
‫)‪(165‬‬
(166)

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﺗﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺍﻳﻦ‬
1 dyne = 10-5 N
:(1 m) ‫واﻟﺠﻮل ھﻮ ﻗﻮة ﻗﺪرھﺎ ﻧﯿﻮﺗﻦ ﻣﻀﺮوﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻗﺪرھﺎ‬

1 Joule = N . m
N/m2 ‫ اﻟﻰ‬dyne/cm2 ‫وﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ وﺣﺪة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﻦ‬
1dyne 1 × 10-5 N 2
P= = = 0.1 N/m
cm 2 1 × 10-4 m 2
⇒ P = 1dyne/cm2 = 0.1 N/m2
: ‫وﺑﻤﺎ أن‬
1atm = 1.013 × 106 dyne/cm2
⇒ 1dyne/cm2 = 0.1N/m2
1dyne/cm2 = 0.1 N/m2
⇒ 1.013 × 106 dyne/cm2 = P
0.1N/m2 × 1.013 × 106 dyne/cm2
P= 2
= 1.013 × 105 N/m2
1dyne/cm
(1 J = 1 N. ‫ ( ﺣﯿﺚ‬J/K.mol ) ‫ أو‬N.m/K.mol ‫ ﺑﻮﺣﺪة‬R ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬

m)
PV
R=
nT
R=
(1.013 × 105 Newton m-2 ) × ( 0.0224136 m3 )
(1 mol) × (273.15 K)
⇒ R = 8.314 J/K.mol
(166)
(167)

: k ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﻮﻟﺘﺰﻣﺎﻥ‬
‫( وھﻮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻟﻜﻞ ﺟﺰيء‬Boltzmann constant) (k) ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﻮﻟﺘﺰﻣﺎن‬
(Gas Constant per Molecule)
R 8.314 × 107 erg K -1 mol-1

k= = = 1.380 × 10-16 erg / K. molecule
NA 6.023 × 10 molecules . mol
23 -1
R 8.314 J K -1 mol-1
k= = = 1.380 × 10-23 J / K . molecule
NA 6.023 × 10 molecules . mol
23 -1
‫ وﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻟﻀﻐﻂ واﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬R ‫ ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻗﯿﻢ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ‬:١٥ ‫ﺟﺪول‬

‫اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﺪدﯾﺔ‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬
R ‫ﻟـ‬ R ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
0.082056 atm L / mol K atm L
82.056 atm ml / mol K atm ml
0.08314 bar L / mol K bar L
8.314 KPa. dm3/mol K kPa dm3
8.314 Pa. m3 / mol K Pa m3
8.314 N. m / mol K N/m2 m3
8.314 J / mol K Pa m3
8.314 x 107 dyne. cm/mol K dyne/cm2 cm3
8.314 x 107 erg / mol K dyne/cm2 cm3
1.987 cal / mol K
(٥١) ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ‬4.20 g ‫ ﻣﻘﺪارھﺎ‬F2(g) ‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺬي ﺗﺸﻐﻠﮫ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻔﻠﻮر‬
.(F = 19) : ‫ )ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ‬720 torr ‫ وﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ‬42 °C
(167)
‫)‪(168‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪ 4.20 g ‬‬
‫) ‪ 38 g mol-1  × ( 0.08206 L atm mol K ) × ( 42 + 273‬‬
‫‪-1 -1‬‬
‫‪nRT ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫=‪V‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 3.00 L‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪ 720 torr ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪-1 ‬‬
‫‪ 760 torr atm ‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٥٢‬‬
‫ﻧﻔﺦ ﺑﺎﻟﻮن ﺣﺠﻤﮫ ‪ 740 cm3‬ﺑﻐﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم )‪ (He‬ﺑﻀﻐﻂ ﻗﺪره ‪ 145 Lb/in2‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮارة ‪ ،22 °C‬اﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻮن‪) .‬اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(He = 4‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ‪.(1 atm = 14.7 Lb/in2) :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫= ‪PV‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫‪ PV ‬‬
‫‪m = Mw ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ RT ‬‬
‫‪  145Lb in -2 ‬‬ ‫‪ 740 cm3  ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬ ‫‪-1 ‬‬
‫‪× ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪-1   14.7Lb in atm ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪1000 cm3 L-1  ‬‬
‫‪m = 4 g mol‬‬ ‫‪= 1.20 g He‬‬
‫‪ ( 0.08206 L atm mol-1K -1 ) × ( 295 K ) ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٥٣‬‬
‫ﻣﻞء إﻧﺎء ذو ﺣﺠﻢ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﻘﺪاره ‪ 1.20 L‬ﺑﻐﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ )‪ (N2‬ﺗﺤﺖ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫واﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﻲ‪ .‬ﻛﻢ ﯾﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ إذا رﻓﻌﺖ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻰ )‪(90 °C‬؟‬
‫)‪(168‬‬
(169)

‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ واﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮ ھﻨﺎ ھﻮ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬،‫ وﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬، ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
. ‫واﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
P1V= nRT1
P2 V= nRT2
P1V nRT1
=
P2 V nRT2
T 
P2 =P1  2 
 T1 
363 K
P2 = 1atm × = 1.22 atm
298 K
(٥٤) ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬2.5g ‫ﻣﺎ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺸﻐﻠﮫ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﺗﺰن‬
.(H = 1 = ‫( )اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ‬R = 0.0821 L.atm /mol K)
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
PV = n R T
 RT 
V = n 
 P 
 m H2   RT 
V= 
 Mw H  ×  
 2   P 
 2.5 g   0.0821 L. atm mol-1 K-1 × 273 K 
V=  ×
-1   
 (2 × 1)g mol   1atm 
 0.0821L. atm mol-1 K -1 × 273 K 
V = (1.25 mol) ×  
 1atm 
V = 28 L
(169)
‫)‪(170‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٥٥‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﺣﺠﻢ )‪ (6.02 × 1022 molecules‬ﺟﺰيء ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺸﺮوط‬

‫)‪(R = 0.0821 L. atm mol-1 K-1‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أوﻻُ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪N‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫‪NA‬‬
‫‪6.02 × 1022 molecules‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫‪6.023 × 1023 molecules/mole‬‬
‫‪n = 0.1 mole‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ‪ : N‬ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‪ : NA ،‬ﻋﺪد أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز ‪:‬‬
‫‪nRT‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫) ‪( 0.1mol ) × ( 0.0821 L. atm mol-1K -1 ) × ( 273 K‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬
‫) ‪(1 atm‬‬
‫‪V = 2.24 L‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٥٦‬‬
‫إذا ﻛﺎن ‪ 0.32 mol‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ‪ CO2‬ﯾﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻗﺪره ‪ 8 dm3‬ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ 100 ºC‬ﻓﻤﺎ ھﻮ ﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫)‪(R = 0.0821 L. atm. mol-1. K-1‬‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮل اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻰ وﺣﺪة اﻟﻠﺘﺮ‪ ،‬وﺑﻤﺎ أن )‪ (1 dm3 = 1 L‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن )‪(8 dm3 = 8 L‬‬
‫وﻟﻜﻲ ﻧﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(170‬‬
‫)‪(171‬‬

‫‪nRT‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫) ‪( 0.32 mol) × ( 0.0821 L. atm mol-1 K-1 ) × ( 373 K‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬
‫)‪(8 L‬‬
‫‪P = 1.225 atm L‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٥٧‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﺣﺠﻤﮭﺎ ‪ 200 ml‬ﺟﻤﻌﺖ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪ 45 ºC‬وﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫‪ ، 800 mmHg‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ‪.(R = 0.0821 L. atm. mol-1 K-1) :‬‬ ‫ﻗﺪره‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮل وﺣﺪة اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻰ ﻟﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ، 1000‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺤﻮل وﺣﺪة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻰ ‪atm‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (760‬وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪ 800 mmHg   200 ml ‬‬
‫‪ 760 mmHg/atm  ×  1000 ml/L ‬‬
‫‪n= ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫) ‪( 0.0821 L. atm mol-1K -1 ) × (318 K‬‬
‫‪n = 8.06 × 10-3 mol‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٥٨‬‬
‫إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ) ‪ (560 cm3‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز ھﻲ ‪ 1.55 g‬ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ‬
‫اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﻐﺎز ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ‪.(R = 0.0821 L. atm. mol -1. K-1) :‬‬
‫)‪(171‬‬
(172)

‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
PV = nRT
m
PV = RT
Mw
m
Mw = RT
PV
 1.55 
 × (0.0821 L. atm. mol K ) × (273 K)
-1 -1
Mw = 
 (1atm) × (560 cm /1000 cm /L) 
3 3
Mw = 62 g/mol
(٥٩) ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ‬0.75 L ‫ ﻣﻨﮫ ﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﯿﺰاً ﻣﻘﺪاره‬5g ‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز إذا ﻛﺎن‬
(35 cm Hg) ‫( و ﺿﻐﻂ ﻗﺪره‬40 ºC) ‫ﻗﺪرھﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
35 cm Hg
P= = 0.46 atm
76cmHg/1atm
T= 40 + 273 = 313 K
PV=nRT
m
PV = RT
Mw
mRT
Mw =
PV
5g
PV = (0.0821 atm.Lmol-1K -1 ) × (313 K)
Mw
(5 g ) × (0.0821 atm.Lmol-1K -1 ) × (313 K)
Mw =
( 0.46 atm ) × ( 0.75 L )
Mw = 372.42 g/mol
(172)
‫)‪(173‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٦٠‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ‪ CH4‬ﻓﻲ إﻧﺎء ﺳﻌﺘﮫ ‪ 20 L‬ﺑﻤﻘﺪار ‪ 190 cmHg‬ﻓﺈذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )‪ (-5 ºC‬ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ج( ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‬ ‫ب( اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮام‬ ‫أ( ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪.(R = 0.0821 L. atm. mol-1 K-1) ، (H = 1, C = 12) :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮل وﺣﺪات اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻰ )‪ (atm‬واﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻰ )‪ (K‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪190 cmHg‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬ ‫‪= 2.5atm‬‬
‫‪76cmHg/atm‬‬
‫‪T = ( - 5 ο C + 273) = 268 K‬‬
‫أ( ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ‪: n‬‬

‫‪PV‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫)‪( 2.5 atm‬‬‫)‪× ( 20 L‬‬
‫)‪(0.0821 L. atm. mol- K-1 ) × (268 K‬‬
‫‪n = 2.27 mol‬‬
‫ب( ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮام ‪: m‬‬
‫)‪Mw CH4 = (12 + 4 × 1 = 16‬‬
‫‪mCH4 = n × Mw‬‬
‫‪mCH4 = 2.27 × 16‬‬
‫‪mCH4 = 36.32 g‬‬
‫ج( ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ‪: N‬‬
‫)‪(173‬‬
(174)

N
n=
NA
N = n NA
N = 2.27 mol × 6.023 × 10 23molecules mol -1
N = 1.37 × 1024 molecules
(٦١) ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫ ﻓﻲ إﻧﺎء ﺣﺠﻤﮫ‬1.12 g ‫( وزﻧﮫ‬g mol-1) ‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻮﺣﺪة‬
100 ºC ‫ ودرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬755 torr ‫ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ‬240 ml
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
755 torr
P= = 0.993 atm
760 torr/atm
240 ml
V= = 0.24 L
1000 ml/L
T = 100 ο C + 273 = 373 K
PV = nRT
m
PV = RT
Mw
m
Mw = RT
PV
Mw =
(1.12 g ) × (0.0821 L.atm mol -1K -1 ) × (373 K)
( 0.993 atm) × (0.24 L )
Mw = 144 g/mol
(174)
‫)‪(175‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ)‪(٦٢‬‬
‫ﻧﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻌﻀﻮي ﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ )‪(H = 7%, C = 55.8 %, O = 37.2%‬‬

‫ﻓﺈذا ﺑﺨﺮت ﻋﯿﻨﺔ وزﻧﮭﺎ ‪ 1.45 g‬ﻓﻮﺟﺪت أﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﯿﺰاً ﻗﺪره )‪ (530 cm3‬ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫‪ ،100 ºC‬وﺿﻐﻂ )‪ ،(740 mmHg‬ﻓﺄوﺟﺪ اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ اﻟﻌﻀﻮي‪.‬‬
‫)اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪.(H = 1, C = 12, O = 16 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪740 mmHg‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬ ‫‪= 0.974 atm‬‬
‫‪760 mmHg/atm‬‬
‫‪530 cm3‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬ ‫‪= 0.53 L‬‬
‫‪1000 cm3 /L‬‬
‫‪T = 100 + 273 = 373 K‬‬
‫‪P V= n R T‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫=‪PV‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫‪mRT‬‬
‫= ‪Mw‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫= ‪Mw‬‬
‫)‪(1.45 g ) × (0.0821 L atm mol-1K -1 ) × (373 K‬‬
‫)‪(0.974 atm) × (0.53 L‬‬
‫‪Mw = 86 g/mol‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﻛﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﺮاض أن اﻟﻤﺎدة وزﻧﮭﺎ )‪ (100 g‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻮزن‬
‫اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ = ‪ ،7.7 g‬وزن اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﯾﺴﺎوي )‪ ،(55.8 g‬ووزن اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪(16‬‬
‫)‪ ،g‬واﻟﻮزن اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m O + m H + mC‬‬
‫‪37.2 + 7 + 55.8 = 100 g‬‬
‫)‪(175‬‬
‫)‪(176‬‬

‫ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻟﻜﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m O 37.2‬‬
‫= ‪nO‬‬ ‫‪= 2.325 mol‬‬
‫‪Aw O 16‬‬
‫‪mH‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫= ‪nH‬‬ ‫‪= = 7 mol‬‬
‫‪Aw H 1‬‬
‫‪mC‬‬ ‫‪55.8‬‬
‫= ‪nC‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 4.65 mol‬‬
‫‪Aw C‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬
‫وﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻷوﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻘﺴﻢ ﻗﯿﻢ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت أﻋﻼه ﻋﻠﻰ أﻗﻞ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬
‫وھﻲ )‪(2.325‬‬
‫وھﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺬرات ‪:‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬
‫‪4.65‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪2.325‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫‪2.325‬‬ ‫‪2.325‬‬ ‫‪2.325‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪: 3‬‬ ‫‪: 1‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻷوﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ ھﻰ ‪C2H3O :‬‬
‫ووزن ھﺬه اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻷوﻟﯿﺔ ھﻲ ‪(2 × 12 + 3 × 1 + 1 × 16 = 43) :‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺗﻜﺮار اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻷوﻟﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟ ﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾ ﺌﻲ‬
‫ﻋ ﺪد ﺗﻜ ﺮار اﻟﺼ ﯿﻐﺔ اﻷوﻟﯿ ﺔ =‬
‫وزن اﻟﺼ ﯿﻐﺔ اﻷوﻟﯿ ﺔ‬
‫‪86‬‬
‫=‪2‬‬ ‫ﻋ ﺪد ﺗﻜ ﺮار اﻟﺼ ﯿﻐﺔ اﻷوﻟﯿ ﺔ =‬
‫‪43‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ ﺗﻜﻮن ‪2(C2H3O) = C4H6O2 :‬‬
‫)‪(176‬‬
‫)‪(177‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٦٣‬‬
‫وﺿﻌﺖ ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ )‪ (N2‬ﻓﻲ وﻋﺎء ﺣﺠﻤﮫ )‪ (0.29 L‬ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (25 ºC‬ﻓﺈذا‬
‫أﺿﯿﻒ إﻟﯿﮭﺎ )‪ (0.1 g‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ‪ O2‬ﺑﺤﯿﺚ أﺻﺒﺢ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء ‪(0.997‬‬
‫)‪ atm‬اﺣﺴﺐ وزن اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‪) .‬اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ = ‪.(14‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أوﻻً ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫‪m O2‬‬
‫= ‪n O2‬‬
‫‪Mw O2‬‬
‫‪0.1 g‬‬
‫= ‪n O2‬‬ ‫‪= 3.125 × 10-3 mol‬‬
‫‪(2 × 16) g/mol‬‬
‫وﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻲ )ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ‪ +‬ﻣﻮﻻت اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ( ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pt V = n t RT‬‬
‫‪Pt V‬‬
‫= ‪nt‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫= ‪nt‬‬
‫) ‪( 0.997 atm ) × ( 0.29 L‬‬
‫)‪(0.0821 L.atm/K.mo) × (25 + 273‬‬
‫‪n t = 0.0118 mol‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪n t = n O2 + n N 2‬‬
‫‪n N 2 = n t - n O2‬‬
‫‪n N 2 = 0.0118 - 3.125 × 10 -3‬‬
‫‪n N 2 = 8.675 × 10 -3 mol‬‬
‫)‪(177‬‬
‫)‪(178‬‬

‫وﻣﻨﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب وزن اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m N 2 = n N 2 × Mw‬‬
‫)‪m N 2 = ( 8.675 × 10-3 ) × (2 × 14‬‬
‫‪m N 2 = 0.2429 g‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٦٤‬‬
‫إذا ﻛﺎن ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﯿﻦ ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺘﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎزي )‪ (O2‬و )‪ (HBr‬ﻓﻲ وﻋﺎﺋﯿﻦ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﯿﻦ ﻟﮭﻤﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ وﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ ،‬ﻓﺄي اﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﯿﻦ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﯿﮫ أﻋﻠﻰ‪) .‬اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪(H =1, O = 16, Br = 80‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻷول )‪ (O2‬واﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ )‪: (HBr‬‬

‫‪m O2‬‬
‫= ‪PO2 . V‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪Mw O2‬‬
‫‪m HBr‬‬
‫= ‪PHBr .V‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪Mw HBr‬‬
‫‪m O2 = m HBr‬‬
‫وﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m O2‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪PO2 . V‬‬ ‫‪Mw O2‬‬ ‫‪PO‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪Mw HBr‬‬
‫=‬ ‫= ‪⇒ 2‬‬ ‫×‬
‫‪PHBr .V‬‬ ‫‪m HBr‬‬ ‫‪PHBr Mw O2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪Mw HBr‬‬
‫‪PO2‬‬ ‫‪Mw HBr 81‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪PHBr‬‬ ‫‪Mw O2 32‬‬
‫وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ أن ﺿﻐﻂ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻏﺎز ‪HBr‬‬
‫)‪(178‬‬
‫)‪(179‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٦٥‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد ذرات اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ )‪ (10 L‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬
‫)‪.(R = 0.0821 at. L/mol K) (STP‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ أوﻻً ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫‪PV‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫) ‪(1 atm‬‬
‫) ‪× (10 L‬‬
‫‪= 0.446 mol‬‬
‫)‪(0.0821 L.atm mol-1K -1 ) × (273 K‬‬
‫وﯾﻜﻮن ﻋﺪد ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‪:‬‬

‫‪N H2 = n H2 . N A‬‬
‫‪N H 2 = 0.446 mol × 6.02 × 10 23 molecules/mol = 2.68 × 10 23 molecules‬‬
‫وﺣﯿﺚ أن ﻛﻞ ﺟﺰيء ھﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ذرﺗﯿﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﻋﺪد ذرات اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫‪N H = 2.68 × 1023 × 2 = 5.36 × 1023 atoms‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٦٦‬‬
‫ﯾﺒﻠﻎ ﺣﺠﻢ )‪ (10 g‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز )‪ (4.62 L‬ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (35 ºC‬وﺿﻐﻂ )‪ (762 torr‬ﻓﺈذا ﺗﻢ‬
‫إﺿﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (12.3 g‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (51 ºC‬ﻣﻊ ﺛﺒﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(179‬‬
‫)‪(180‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ )‪ (10 g‬ﻹﯾﺠﺎد اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ‪:‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫= ‪PV‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫= ‪Mw‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫= ‪Mw‬‬
‫(‬‫)‪10 g ) × (0.0821 L.atm mol-1 K-1 ) × (308 K‬‬
‫)‪(762 torr/760 torr atm-1 ) × (4.62 L‬‬
‫‪Mw = 54.59 g/mol‬‬
‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﯿﺔ )‪: (10 + 12.3 = 22.3 g‬‬

‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬
‫= ‪PV‬‬ ‫= ‪RT ⇒ P‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬ ‫‪MwV‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‪22.3 g ) × (0.0821 L.atm mol-1K -1 ) × (324 K‬‬
‫)‪(54.59 g/mol) × (4.62 L‬‬
‫‪P = 2.35 atm‬‬
‫‪ 760 torr ‬‬
‫‪P = 2.35 atm × ‬‬ ‫‪ =1786 torr‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪atm‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٦٧‬‬
‫أﻛﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫)‪T (K‬‬ ‫)‪T (ºC‬‬ ‫)‪N (molecule‬‬ ‫)‪m (g‬‬ ‫)‪n (mol‬‬ ‫)‪V (L‬‬ ‫)‪P (atm‬‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫‪298‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪4.9 × 1022‬‬ ‫‪1.4‬‬ ‫‪0.082‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪NH3‬‬
‫‪293‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪6.02 × 1023‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪26.7‬‬ ‫‪0.9‬‬ ‫‪H2‬‬
‫‪278‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6.02 × 1022‬‬ ‫‪4.4‬‬ ‫‪0.1‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪0.23‬‬ ‫‪CO2‬‬
‫‪300‬‬ ‫‪27‬‬ ‫‪3.01 × 1023‬‬ ‫‪18.25‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬ ‫‪8.2‬‬ ‫‪1.5‬‬ ‫‪HCl‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٦٨‬‬
‫أﺛﺒﺖ أن ﺿﻐﻂ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ‪ CO‬اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ إﻧﺎء ذي ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﯾﺴﺎوي ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ‬
‫اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ‪ C4H8‬اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪.‬‬
‫)اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(H = 1, C = 12, O = 16 :‬‬
‫)‪(180‬‬
‫)‪(181‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪة ‪:‬‬

‫‪m CO‬‬
‫= ‪PCO .VCO‬‬ ‫‪RT ............1‬‬
‫‪Mw CO‬‬
‫‪m C 4 H8‬‬
‫= ‪PC4 H8 .VC4 H8‬‬ ‫‪RT.........2‬‬
‫‪Mw C4 H8‬‬
‫ﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪ (1‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪: (2‬‬

‫‪ m CO ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ RT‬‬
‫‪PCO .VCO‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Mw CO ‬‬
‫‪PC4H8 .VC4 H8  m C4H8 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ RT‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Mw‬‬ ‫‪C 4 H8 ‬‬
‫‪PCO‬‬ ‫‪Mw C4 H8‬‬

‫=‬
‫‪PC4H8‬‬ ‫‪Mw CO‬‬
‫‪PCO‬‬ ‫‪56 2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪PC4H8 28 1‬‬
‫وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﺘﻀﺢ أن ﺿﻐﻂ ‪ PCO‬ﺿﻌﻒ ﺿﻐﻂ ‪. PC H‬‬

‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٦٩‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻌﺎم )‪ (R‬ﺑﻮﺣﺪة )‪ (Pa. m3. mol-1. K-1‬ﺑﺎﻓﺘﺮاض أن ﻟﺪﯾﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻻً واﺣﺪاً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ )‪(STP‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪P = 1 atm = 101325 Pa‬‬
‫‪V = 1 L = 1 × 10-3 m3‬‬
‫‪T = 0 ο C = 273 K‬‬
‫)‪(181‬‬
‫)‪(182‬‬

‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮم أن ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ أي ﻏﺎز ﻓﻲ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪(V = 22.4 L = 22.4 × 10-3 m3‬‬
‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ‪: R‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫=‪R‬‬
‫‪nT‬‬
‫‪101325 Pa × 22.4 × 10-3 m3‬‬
‫=‪R‬‬
‫‪1 mol × 273 K‬‬
‫‪R = 8.314 Pa. m3 . mol-1 K -1‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٧٠‬‬
‫ﻛﻢ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻏﺎز ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ‪ CO2‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة )‪ (100 ºC‬وﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫)‪(1.5 atm‬؟ )ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪.(C = 12, O = 16‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ أوﻻً اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ‪:‬‬

‫‪MwCO 2 = 1 × 12 + 2 × 16 = 44 g/mol‬‬
‫وﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪P Mw = d R T‬‬
‫‪P Mw‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬
‫) ‪(1.5 atm ) × ( 44 g/mol‬‬
‫) ‪( 0.0821 L.atm/K.mol ) × (373 K‬‬
‫‪d = 2.16 g/L‬‬
‫)‪(182‬‬
‫)‪(183‬‬

‫وﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ وﺣﺪة اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ ‪: g/cm3‬‬
‫‪2.16 g‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬
‫‪L‬‬
‫‪2.16 g‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬
‫‪1000 cm 3‬‬
‫‪d = 2.16 × 10 -3 g/cm3‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٧١‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ )‪.(0.00187 g/cm3‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮل أوﻻً ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻰ وﺣﺪة ‪: g/L‬‬

‫‪0.00187 g‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬
‫‪cm 3‬‬
‫‪0.00187 g‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬
‫‪10-3 L‬‬
‫‪d = 0.00187 × 1000 = 1.87 g/L‬‬
‫وﻹﯾﺠﺎد اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ﻧﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪P Mw = d R T‬‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫= ‪Mw‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪ 1.87 g/L ‬‬
‫‪Mw= ‬‬ ‫) ‪ × ( 0.0821 L.atm/K.mol ) × ( 273 K‬‬
‫‪ 1atm ‬‬
‫‪Mw = 42 g/mol‬‬
‫)‪(183‬‬
‫)‪(184‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٧٢‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺰن ‪ ، 10531 g‬ﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻗﺪره ‪ 1.531 ml‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬
‫‪ ،10 ºC‬وﺿﻐﻂ ‪ ،2 atm‬اﺣﺴﺐ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ أﺧﺮى ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﺰن ‪، 0.28 g‬‬
‫وﺗﺸﻐﻞ ‪ 15.0 ml‬ﻋﻨﺪ ‪25 ºC‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪g1‬‬
‫‪P1V1 = n1RT‬‬ ‫‪or‬‬ ‫= ‪P1V1‬‬ ‫‪RT1‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫‪g‬‬
‫‪P2 V2 = n 2 RT2‬‬ ‫‪or‬‬ ‫‪P2 V2 = 2 RT2‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫‪ g1 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ RT1‬‬
‫‪P1 V1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Mw ‬‬
‫‪P2 V2‬‬ ‫‪ g2 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ RT2‬‬
‫‪ Mw ‬‬
‫‪P1V1g 2 T2‬‬ ‫) ‪( 2 atm ) × (1.531 × 10-3 L ) × ( 0.28 g ) × ( 298 K‬‬
‫= ‪⇒ P2‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪V2 g1T1‬‬ ‫) ‪(150 × 10-3 L ) × (1.531 g ) × ( 283 K‬‬
‫‪P2 = 0.00306 atm‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٧٣‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﮭﻮاء )اﻟﺬي ﯾﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ، 21%‬وﻧﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫‪ (79%‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﻄﺪم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺑﺠﺪار إﻧﺎء ﻛﺮوي‪ ،‬ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮه ‪ ،10.0 cm‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺘﻲ‬
‫)‪ ،(0 ºC, 100 ºC‬وذﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﯾﺴﺎوي )‪ (1 atm‬ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺒﺪاﯾﺔ )أي ﻋﻨﺪ ‪.(0 ºC‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أوﻻً ‪ /‬ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻹﻧﺎء اﻟﻜﺮوي ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬
‫= ‪π r3‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪× (10)3 = 4190 cm 3 = 4.19 L‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫وﺣﯿﺚ أن ‪ ،Pt = 1 atm‬وﻣﻨﮫ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزﯾﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(184‬‬
‫)‪(185‬‬

‫‪PN2 = 0.79 atm,‬‬ ‫‪PO2 = 0.21 atm‬‬
‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت = ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت × ﻋﺪد أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو‬
‫‪N = n . NA‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ أوﻻً ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز وذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪0.79 atm × 4.19 L‬‬
‫= ‪n N2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.14786 mol‬‬
‫‪0.082 L atm/K mol × 273 K‬‬
‫‪0.21 atm × 4.19 L‬‬
‫= ‪n O2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.0393 mol‬‬
‫‪0.082 L atm/Kmol × 273 K‬‬
‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ‪: N‬‬

‫‪N N2 = N A × n N 2‬‬
‫‪N N2 = 6.023 × 1023 × 0.14786 = 8.9 × 1022 molecules‬‬
‫‪N O2 = N A × n O2‬‬
‫‪N O2 = 6.023 × 1023 × 0.0393 = 2.366 × 1022 molecules‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎً ‪ /‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ‪: 100 ºC‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪ ھﺬه اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻌﺮوف ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻣﻌﻠﻮم‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة ﻧﺘﺒﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪P1 P2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪T1 T2‬‬
‫) ‪(P ) = (P‬‬
‫‪N2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪N2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪( P ) = ( P )  TT  = 0.79 ×  373‬‬
‫‪N2‬‬ ‫‪N2 1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ = 1.079 atm‬‬
‫‪273 ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫)‪(185‬‬
‫)‪(186‬‬

‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻧﺘﺒﻊ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت ‪:‬‬
‫‪P1 P2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪T1 T2‬‬
‫) ‪(P ) = (P‬‬
‫‪O2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪O2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪( P ) = ( P )  TT  = 0.21×  373‬‬
‫‪O2‬‬ ‫‪O2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ = 0.28692 atm‬‬
‫‪273 ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪PV‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪1.079 atm × 4.19 L‬‬
‫= ‪n N2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.14786 mol‬‬
‫‪0.082 L atm/K mol × 373 K‬‬
‫‪0.28692 atm × 4.19 L‬‬
‫= ‪n O2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.0393 mol‬‬
‫‪0.082 L atm/Kmol × 373 K‬‬
‫وھﻮ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻌﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن ﻋﺪد‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﻻت أو اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻻ ﯾﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﺑﺘﻐﯿﺮ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة أو اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٧٤‬‬
‫وﻋﺎء )‪ (A‬ﺣﺠﻤﮫ )‪ (500 ml‬ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻮﻋﺎء آﺧﺮ )‪ (B‬ﺣﺠﻤﮫ ‪ ،1000 ml‬وﻛﻼھﻤﺎ‬

‫ﻣﻤﻠﻮء ﺑﺎﻟﮭﻮاء ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (STP‬ﺳﺨﻦ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء ‪ B‬اﻟﻰ ‪100 ºC‬‬
‫أ( اﺣﺴﺐ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ ھﺬه اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬
‫ب( اﺣﺴﺐ وزن اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﺬي اﻧﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ B‬اﻟﻰ ‪A‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ‪) :‬ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﮭﻮاء = ‪ 1.29 g/L‬ﻋﻨﺪ ‪.(STP‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻤﻮﺣﺪ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(186‬‬
(187)

Pο V PV
=
Tο T
Pο (VA + VB ) V VB 
= P A + 
T1  Tο Tο + 100 
Pο (VA + VB ) Pο (VA + VB )
Tο Tο P (V + VB ) Tο ( Tο + 100 )
⇒P= = = ο A ×
 VA VB  VA ( Tο + 100 ) +Tο VB Tο VA ( Tο + 100 ) +Tο VB
 +  Tο ( Tο + 100 )
 Tο Tο + 100 
Pο (VA + VB ) ( Tο + 100 )
⇒P=
VA ( Tο + 100 ) + Tο VB
76 cmHg ( 500 cm3 +1000 cm3 ) × ( 273 + 100) 76 cmHg × 1500 cm3 x 373 K
P= =
500 cm3 (273 + 100 K) + 273 K × 1000cm3 500 cm3 × 373 K + 273 K × 1000 cm3
P = 92.6cm Hg
:‫ وﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ﻧﺠﺪ أن‬،‫ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﺴﺨﯿﻦ وﺑﻌﺪه‬B ‫وﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﻋﺎء‬
Po V = n o RTo , P V= n R T
Po V n o RTo P n T
= ⇒ o = o o
PV nRT P nT
Po n T = P n o To
n PTo 92.6 × 273
= = = 0.89
n o Po T 76 × 373
‫ وﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺮب ﻣﻨﮫ‬89% ‫ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﺴﺨﯿﻦ ﯾﺸﻜﻞ‬B ‫وﯾﻌﻨﻲ ذﻟﻚ أن ﻣﺎ ﯾﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﻮاء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء‬
: ‫ ھﻲ‬A ‫ وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺮب اﻟﻰ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء‬11% ‫ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ‬A ‫اﻟﻰ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء‬
0.11 × 1.29 = 0.1419 g
(٧٥) ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫ وﺿﻐﻂ‬16.5 ºC ‫ ﻋﻨﺪ‬27.34 ml ‫ ﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻗﺪره‬0.0825 g ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻛﺘﻠﮭﺎ‬

.‫ اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز‬704 mmHg
(187)
‫)‪(188‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫=‪PV‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫= ‪Mw‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫‪0.0825 g‬‬
‫= ‪Mw‬‬ ‫‪× 0.082 atm.L/mol.K × 289.5 K = 77.3 g/mol‬‬
‫‪ 704 mmHg ‬‬ ‫‪ 27.34 ml ‬‬
‫‪ 760 mmHg/atm  ×  1000 ml/L ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٧٦‬‬
‫ﻏﻼﯾﺔ ﺳﻌﺘﮭﺎ ‪ 8 L‬ﺻﻤﻤﺖ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺿﻐﻮﻃﺎً ﺣﺘﻰ ‪ ،1000 atm‬وإذا ﻛﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﻼﯾﺔ‬
‫‪ 1.5 Kg‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء‪ ،‬وﺿﺢ اﻟﻰ أي درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺴﺨﯿﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻐﻼﯾﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ أن‬
‫ﺗﻨﻔﺠﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪m‬‬
‫= ‪PV‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫‪P V Mw‬‬ ‫‪1000 atm × 8 L × 18 g/mol‬‬
‫=‪T‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‪= 1170 K (897 ο C‬‬
‫‪mR‬‬ ‫‪1500 g × 0.082 atm. L/K.mol‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٧٧‬‬
‫ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺜﻠﺞ اﻟﺠﺎف )ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﺼﻠﺐ( ﺗﺴﺎوي ‪ 1.56 g/cm3‬أوﺟﺪ ﺣﺠﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮل‪ ،‬واﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺟﺰيء‪) .‬اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟـ ‪ CO2‬ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪.(44.01 g/mol‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫وزن اﻟﻤﻮل اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺜﻠﺞ اﻟﺠﺎف ﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ‪44.01 g/mol = CO2‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ واﻟﺤﺠﻢ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(188‬‬
(189)

m
d=
V
m 44.01 g
V= = 3
= 28.2 cm 3/mol
d 1.56 g/cm
1mol of CO 2 contains N A molecules = 6.022 × 1023 molecules
28.2 cm 3 /mol
⇒ V(one molecule) = = 4.68 × 10-23cm 3 /molecule
6.022 × 10 molecules/mol
23
(٧٨) ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
(0.5 atm) ‫( ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ‬0.25 mol) ‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺸﻐﻠﮫ‬
.(R = 0.08206 L.atm/K.mol) : ‫( ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن‬50 ºC) ‫ودرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
PV=nRT
0.5 atm × V = ( 0.25 mol ) × ( 0.08206 atm L/K mol ) × (298 K)
V=
( 0.25 mol ) × ( 0.08206 atm L/K mol ) × (298 K)
= 12.23 L
0.5
(٧٩) ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
(27 ºC) ‫ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬NH3 ‫( ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﺸﺎدر‬3.4 g) ‫ﻣﺎ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺸﻐﻠﮫ‬
‫(؟‬2 atm) ‫وﺿﻐﻂ‬
( Mw NH3 = 17, m NH3 = 3.4 g. R = 0.0821 L atm/K. mol )
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
: ‫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﮫ ﺑﺼﯿﻐﺔ أﺧﺮى‬PV = nRT ‫واﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬
(189)
(190)

 m 
PV =   RT
 Mw 
 m  RT
V=  
 Mw  P
3.4 g 0.0821 L . atm mol -1K -1 × 300 K
V= ×
17 g mol-1 2 atm
V = 2.463 L
(٨٠) ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
(27 ‫( ﻋﻨﺪ‬2.8 L) ‫( ﻣﻦ ھﺬا اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﺸﻐﻞ‬10 g) ‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎن‬
.(R = 0.0821 atm L/mol K) : ‫( ﺣﯿﺚ‬2 atm) ‫ وﺿﻐﻂ‬ºC)
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
m
PV= RT
Mw
m
Mw = RT
PV
10 g
Mw = × (0.0821 atm L/Kmol) (300 K)
2 atm × 2.8L
Mw = 44 g/mol
(٨١) ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫؟‬1.2 atm ‫ وﺿﻐﻂ‬27 ºC ‫ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬g/L ‫( ﺑﻮﺣﺪات‬C2H6) ‫ﻣﺎ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻏﺎز‬
.(V = 1 L, R = 0.0821 atm. L/K. mol)
(190)
‫)‪(191‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫= ‪PV‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪PMw = RT‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪PMw = dRT‬‬
‫‪PMw‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪1.2 atm × 30 g/mol‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬ ‫‪= 2.46 g/L‬‬
‫‪( 0.0821 atm.L/mol K ) × 300 K‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٨٢‬‬
‫)‪ (560 cm3‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن وزﻧﮫ )‪ (1 g‬ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة وﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫ﻣﻌﯿﻨﯿﻦ‪ ،‬وﻏﺎز آﺧﺮ وزﻧﮫ )‪ (1.5 g‬ﯾﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻣﻘﺪاره )‪ (880 cm3‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﮭﺎ واﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻧﻔﺴﮫ‪ .‬أوﺟﺪ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺠﮭﻮل‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬

‫‪m‬‬
‫= ‪PV‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫= ‪⇒ Mw‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(191‬‬
(192)

m
Mw = RT
PV
mCO2 RT mCO2
Mw CO2 PVCO2 Mw CO2 VCO2
= ⇒ =
Mw X m X RT Mw X mX
PVX VX
1
44
= 560 ⇒ Mw X = 42 g/mol
Mw X 1
880
(192)
‫)‪(193‬‬

‫ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ )‪ (d‬ﻭﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ )‪(Mw‬‬

‫‪Gas Density and Molar Mass‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻲ‬
‫‪Using the Gas Laws to Determine Molecular Weight‬‬
‫ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة ھﻲ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪d=  ‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫وﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺄﺛﺮه ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ أو اﻟﺼﻠﺐ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ إﯾﺠﺎد اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻏﺎز وﻛﺘﻠﺘﮫ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﯿﺔ )وزﻧﮫ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ‪.(Mw‬‬
‫وﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻣﻦ أﻓﻀﻞ اﻟﻄﺮق‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ دراﺳﺘﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ وﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎزات‪ .‬ﻓﻜﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ أن درﺳﻨﺎ أن ﻣﻮﻻً واﺣﺪاً ﻣﻦ أي ﻏﺎز ﯾﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻗﺪره )‪ (22.4 L‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )‪ . (1 atm, 25 °C‬وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﻌﯿﯿﻦ اﻟﻮزن‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﯿﻨﺎ ﻗﯿﺎس أو ﺣﺴﺎب وزن ‪ 22.4 L‬ﻣﻨﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪PV = n R T‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫=‪PV‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫) ‪P Mw = ( RT‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪P Mw = d R T‬‬
‫)‪(193‬‬
‫)‪(194‬‬

‫ﺣﯿﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ : m‬ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﻮﺣﺪة ‪g‬‬
‫‪ : Mw‬اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﺑﻮﺣﺪة )‪(g/mol‬‬
‫‪ : d‬اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻮﺣﺪة ‪ g/L‬ﻋﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺑﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﻠﺘﺮ‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن وﺣﺪة اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ‪ g/ml‬وھﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﮭﺎ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة ‪ g/cm3‬ﺣﯿﺚ أن ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ ، (1 ml = 1 cm3‬أي ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم ﺟﺮام‪/‬وﺣﺪة اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ : R‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ )‪.(0.0821 L. atm/mol K‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺔ‬

‫‪Molecular Weight of A gas by Limiting Density Method‬‬
‫إن ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت )‪ (n‬وﺣﺠﻢ )‪ (V‬ھﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن وزن اﻟﻐﺎز )‪ (m‬ووزﻧﮫ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ )‪ (Mw‬ﻓﺈن ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻐﺎز ھﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫=‪PV‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫وﺑﺈﺟﺮاء ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺘﻌﺪﯾﻼت ﻋﻠﻰ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫= ‪P Mw‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪P Mw = d R T‬‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫‪⇒ Mw =   R T‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫)‪(194‬‬
‫)‪(195‬‬

‫وﺗﻤﺜﻞ ھﺬه‪ ،‬اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ووزﻧﮫ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫ﯾﻜﻮن ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎً وﻻ ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫وﺑﻤﺎ أن )‪ ،(Mw‬و )‪ (R‬ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﯾﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻓﺈن‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (P‬وھﺬا ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .(٦٤‬أﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ‬
‫ﯾﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﺑﺘﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ )‪) (P‬ﺷﻜﻞ ‪.(٦٤‬‬ ‫‪d‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ وﺟﺪ أن‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪٦٤‬‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫واﻟﻀﻐﻂ )‪ (P‬ﺗﻜﻮن ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺧﻄﯿﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻟﺬا ﻓﺈن ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫إن إﯾﺼﺎل اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ اﻟﻰ ﻗﯿﻢ ﺿﻐﻮط ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ واﻟﻰ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺻﻔﺮ ﯾﺠﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﻧﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺔ ‪limiting‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ وإن اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ‬
‫‪ P ο‬‬
‫‪ Value‬وﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪d‬‬
‫= ‪Mw‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(195‬‬
‫)‪(196‬‬

‫‪d‬‬
‫‪Mw =   R T‬‬
‫‪ P ο‬‬
‫واﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﮭﺎ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮف ھﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺔ ‪ limiting Density Method‬ﻟﺤﺴﺎب‬
‫اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ھﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﻤﻀﺒﻮﻃﺔ ﺟﺪاً وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺣﯿﺎن ﻟﺤﺴﺎب‬
‫اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺬري اﻟﻤﻀﺒﻮط ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪.‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼً ﻟﻘﺪ وﺟﺪ أن اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ اﻟﻤﻀﺒﻮط‬
‫ﻟﻸﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎ ﺑﮭﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ھﻮ )‪ ،(17.034‬وﻟﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺬري ﻟﻠﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ھﻮ )‪(1.0080‬‬
‫ﻓﺈن اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺬري ﻟﻠﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ھﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫‪17.034 = Atomic weight of N 2 + 3 × 1.0080‬‬
‫‪Atomic weight (N 2 ) = 17.034 - 3.024 = 14.010‬‬
‫إن ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﮭﺎ ﺑﻄﺮق ﻋﺪﯾﺪة وﻣﻦ أﻛﺜﺮ اﻟﻄﺮق ﺷﯿﻮﻋﺎً ھﻲ‬
‫ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ رﻛﻨﻮﻟﺖ ‪: Regnualt’s method‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺭﻛﻨﻮﻟﺖ ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬
‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮات ‪:‬‬
‫وﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﺘﻢ ﻣﻞء إﻧﺎء زﺟﺎﺟﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﯾﺘﻢ وزﻧﮫ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﯾﺤﺪد وزن اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ وزن اﻹﻧﺎء ﻓﺎرﻏﺎً ووزن اﻹﻧﺎء ﻣﻊ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﺈن اﻟﻔﺮق‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮزﻧﯿﻦ ﯾﻤﺜﻞ وزن اﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫ﺗﺤﺪد ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ وزﻧﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﻤﮫ وھﺬا ﯾﻤﺜﻞ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫)‪(196‬‬
‫)‪(197‬‬

‫‪Fig. 65 : Determining the density of an unknown gas. A bulb of known volume is‬‬
‫‪evacuated, weighed when empty, filled with gas at a known pressure and temperature, and‬‬
‫‪weighed again. Dividing the mass by the volume gives the density.‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺘﻄﺎﯾﺮة ‪ Volatile Substances‬ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻜﺘﻮر ﻣﺎﯾﺮ ‪.Victor –Mayer Method‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﻜﺘﻮﺭ ﻣﺎﻳﺮ ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﺎﻳﺮﺓ‬
‫وﻓﯿﮭﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ وزن ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻰ ﺑﺨﺎر ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺴﺒﺐ إزاﺣﺔ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﻮاء ﺑﻘﺪر‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻤﺮاد ﻗﯿﺎس وزﻧﮭﺎ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ‪.‬‬
‫• ﯾﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﮭﻮاء ﻓﻮق اﻟﻤﺎء وأن ھﺬا اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻣﻘﺎس ﻓﻲ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي وﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬
‫ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(197‬‬
‫)‪(198‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٨٣‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻏﺎز ‪ CO2‬ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ )‪.(STP‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪Mw CO2 = (1 × 12 + 2 × 16) = 44 g/mol‬‬
‫‪PMw = d RT‬‬
‫‪P Mw‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬
‫) ‪(1atm ) × ( 44 g/mol‬‬
‫)‪(0.0821 atm.L.mol-1K -1 ) × (273 K‬‬
‫‪d = 1.96 g/L‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ أﺧﺮى وھﻲ أﻧﮫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮم أن ﺣﺠﻢ )‪ (1 mol‬ﻣﻦ أي ﻏﺎز‬
‫= ‪22.4 L‬‬
‫ووزن اﻟﻤﻮل اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ‪ 44 g = CO2‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪44 g‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬
‫‪22.4 L‬‬
‫‪d = 1.96 g/L‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٨٤‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ‪ O2‬ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ )‪(STP‬‬

‫)اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ﻟﻸﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ = ‪.(16‬‬
‫)‪(198‬‬
(199)

‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
Mw O2 = 2 × 16 = 32 g/mol
PMw = d R T
P Mw
d=
RT
1atm × 32 g/mol
d=
(0.082 L.atm/mol K) × (273 K)
d = 1.43 g/L
: ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﺤﻞ‬
‫ ووزن‬،22.4 L ‫( ھﻮ‬0 ºC) ‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬
32 g/mol ‫اﻟﻤﻮل اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﯾﺴﺎوي‬
: ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن‬
m 32 g
d= =
V 22.4 L
d = 1.43 g/L
(٨٥) ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫( )اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺬري ﻟﻠﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ‬74 cm Hg) ‫( وﺿﻐﻂ‬- 5º C) ‫( ﻋﻨﺪ‬N2) ‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻏﺎز‬

.(14 =
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
74 cm Hg
P= = 0.974 atm
76 cm Hg/ atm
T = (- 5 + 273) = 268 K
Mw N2 = 2 × 14 = 28 g/mol
P Mw = d R T
P Mw (0.974 atm) × (28 g/mol)
d= = = 1.24 g/L
RT (0.0821 L. atm K -1 mol-1 ) × (268 K)
(199)
‫)‪(200‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٨٦‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﮫ )‪ (1.23 g/L‬ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ )‪(STP‬‬
‫)‪.(R = 0.0821 L. atm/mol. K‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪dRT‬‬
‫= ‪Mw‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫)‪(1.23 g/L) × (0.0821 L atm mol-1K -1 ) × (273 K‬‬
‫= ‪Mw‬‬
‫)‪(1 atm‬‬
‫‪Mw = 27.57 g/mol‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٨٧‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﮫ )‪ (2.3 g/L‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة )‪ (- 25 ºC‬وﺿﻐﻂ ﻗﺪره‬
‫)‪ (2.35 atm‬ﺣﯿﺚ )‪(R = 0.0821 L. atm. mol-1 K-1‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪dRT‬‬
‫= ‪Mw‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫)‪(2.3 g/L) × (0.0821 L. atm. mol-1K -1 ) × (- 25 + 273‬‬
‫= ‪Mw‬‬
‫)‪(2.35 atm‬‬
‫‪Mw = 19.93 g/mol‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٨٨‬‬
‫إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻏﺎز اﻵرﺟﻮن )‪ (Ar‬ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (- 5 ºC‬ﺗﺴﺎوي )‪ (1 g/L‬اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬

‫ﺑﻮﺣﺪة )‪ (atm‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ )اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺬري ﻟﻶرﺟﻮن = ‪.(40‬‬
‫)‪(200‬‬
‫)‪(201‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪PMw = d R T‬‬
‫‪dRT‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫)‪(1 g/L) × (0.0821 L. atm. mol-1 K -1 ) × (- 5 + 273‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬
‫‪40‬‬
‫‪P = 0.55 atm‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٨٩‬‬
‫إذا ﻓﺮض أن ﻣﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎزات ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ وزﻧﮭﺎ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ )‪(2 g/mol‬‬
‫وﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﮭﺎ )‪ (1.4 g/cm3‬وﺿﻐﻄﮭﺎ )‪ (1.4 × 109 atm‬اﺣﺴﺐ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ )‪(R = 0.0821 L. atm. mol-1 K-1‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻻ ﺑﺪ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﺑﻮﺣﺪة )‪: (g/L‬‬

‫‪0.0014 g‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬
‫‪cm3‬‬
‫‪0.0014 g‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬
‫‪1cm3‬‬
‫‪1000 cm3 /L‬‬
‫)‪(0.0014 g‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬ ‫‪= 1.4 g/L‬‬
‫‪0.001 L‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪P Mw = d R T‬‬
‫‪P Mw‬‬
‫=‪T‬‬
‫‪dR‬‬
‫)‪(1.4 × 109 atm) × (2 g/mol‬‬
‫=‪T‬‬ ‫‪= 2.44 × 1010 K‬‬
‫) ‪(1.4 g/L) × (0.0821 L.atm mol K‬‬
‫‪-1 -1‬‬
‫)‪(201‬‬
‫)‪(202‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٩٠‬‬
‫إذا ﻛﺎن ﺿﻐﻂ ﻏﺎز اﻹﯾﺜﺎن)‪ (C2H6‬ھﻮ )‪ (1.2 atm‬ودرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗﮫ )‪ (27 ºC‬أوﺟﺪ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ھﺬا اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﻮﺣﺪة )‪ ،(g/ml‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ‪) :‬اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪.(H = 1, C = 12) :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪PMw = d R T‬‬
‫‪PMw‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫)‪(1.2 atm) × (2 × 12 + 6 × 1‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬
‫)‪(0.0821 L. atm. mol-1 K-1 ) × (300 K‬‬
‫‪d =1.46 g/L‬‬
‫وﻧﺤﻮل ھﺬا اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻰ وﺣﺪة ‪ g/ml‬ﻛﻤﺎ ھﻮ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺆال ‪:‬‬

‫‪1.46 g 1.46 g‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.46 × 10 -3 g/ml‬‬
‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪1000 ml‬‬
‫)‪(202‬‬
‫)‪(203‬‬

‫ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﻏﺎﺯﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٩١‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻜﻠﻮر )‪ (Cl2‬اﻟﺬي ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ )‪ (9.125 g‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ )‪ (HCl‬ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (20 °C‬وﺿﻐﻂ ﻗﺪره )‪ (836 mmHg‬ﻣﻊ ﻓﺎﺋﺾ ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪ KMnO4‬ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪2KMnO 4 + 16HCl ‬‬

‫‪→ 8H 2O + 2KCl + 2MnCl 2 + 5Cl 2‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أوﻻً ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﻏﺎز اﻟﻜﻠ ﻮر اﻟﻤﺘﻜﻮﻧ ﺔ وﻣ ﻦ ﺛ ﻢ ﻧﻌ ﻮض ﺑﮭ ﺬا اﻟﻌ ﺪد ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟ ﺔ اﻟﻐ ﺎز‬
‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻨﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﻏﺎز ‪ HCl‬اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪mHCl‬‬
‫= ‪n HCl‬‬
‫‪Mw HCl‬‬
‫‪9.125g‬‬
‫= ‪n HCl‬‬ ‫‪= 0.25 mol‬‬
‫)‪(1 + 35.5‬‬

‫‪16 mol HCl ‬‬
‫‪→ 5 mol Cl2‬‬
‫‪0.25 mol HCl ‬‬
‫‪→ n Cl2‬‬
‫‪5 × 0.25‬‬
‫= ‪n Cl2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.0781 mol‬‬
‫‪16‬‬
‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﺣﺠﻢ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻜﻠﻮر اﻟﻤﺘﻜﻮن ﻧﻌﻮض ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(203‬‬
‫)‪(204‬‬

‫‪nRT‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪0.0781 mol × 0.0821 L.atm mol-1K -1 × (20 + 273)ο K‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬ ‫‪= 1.71 L‬‬
‫‪ 836 mmHg ‬‬
‫‪ 760 mmHg atm -1 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٩٢‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ وزن ھﯿﺪرﯾﺪ اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﯿﻮم ‪ CaH2‬اﻟﻼزم ﻹﻧﺘﺎج )‪ (0.6 L‬ﻣﻦ ﻏ ﺎز اﻟﮭﯿ ﺪروﺟﯿﻦ )‪(H2‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة )‪ (20 °C‬وﺿﻐﻂ )‪ (1.0 atm‬ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪CaH 2 + 2H2 O ‬‬
‫)‪→ Ca(OH)2 + 2H2 (g‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ أوﻻً ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﯿﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﺴﺆال ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿ ﻖ ﻗ ﺎﻧﻮن‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪PH 2 V = n H 2 RT‬‬
‫‪PH 2 V‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪1.0 atm × 0.6 L‬‬
‫= ‪n H2‬‬
‫‪0.0821 L.atm mol-1 K -1 × (20 + 273) K‬‬
‫‪n H 2 = 0.025 mol‬‬

‫‪1 mol CaH 2 ‬‬
‫‪→ 2 mol H 2‬‬
‫‪n CaH 2 ‬‬
‫‪→ 0.025 mol H 2‬‬
‫‪1 × 0.025‬‬
‫= ‪n CaH 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪n Ca(OH)2 = 0.0125 mol‬‬
‫)‪(204‬‬
‫)‪(205‬‬

‫وﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻰ وزن ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮام ‪:‬‬
‫‪m CaH2‬‬
‫= ‪n CaH2‬‬
‫‪Mw CaH2‬‬
‫‪m CaH2 = n CaH2 × Mw CaH2‬‬
‫‪m CaH2 = 0.0125 mol × (40 + 2 × 1) g mol-1‬‬
‫‪m CaH2 = 0.525 g‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٩٣‬‬
‫ﻛﻢ ﻟﺘﺮاً ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺮوط اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﯾﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪ 15 g‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﯿﻮم ‪:‬‬
‫‪Ca + 2H 2O ‬‬
‫‪→ Ca(OH) 2 + H 2‬‬
‫)اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﻟﺴﯿﻮم = ‪.(40‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﯿﻮم اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪m Ca‬‬
‫= ‪n Ca‬‬
‫‪Mw Ca‬‬
‫‪15 g‬‬
‫= ‪n Ca‬‬
‫‪40 g mol -1‬‬
‫‪n Ca = 0.375 mol‬‬

‫‪1 mol Ca ‬‬
‫‪→1mol H 2‬‬
‫‪0.375 mol Ca ‬‬
‫‪→ n H2‬‬
‫‪1 × 0.375‬‬
‫= ‪n H2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.375 mol‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫)‪(205‬‬
‫)‪(206‬‬

‫وﻟﺤﺴﻢ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻧﻄﺒﻖ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪nRT‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪0.375 mol × 0.0821 L. atm mol-1K -1 × 273 K‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬
‫‪1 atm‬‬
‫‪V = 8.40 L‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٩٤‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻤﻌﯿﺎرﯾﺔ )اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ(‪ ،‬اﺣ ﺴﺐ ﻋ ﺪد ﻟﺘ ﺮات ﺛ ﺎﻧﻲ أﻛ ﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑ ﻮن ‪ CO2‬اﻟﻨ ﺎﺗﺞ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ )‪ (0.05 mol‬ﻣﻦ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﯿﻮم ‪ CaCO3‬ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪CaCO 3 (S) + 2HCl ‬‬
‫)‪→ CaCl 2 + H 2O + CO 2 (g‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ ‪1.12 L :‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٩٥‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻋ ﻞ ‪ 4.6 g‬ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺼﻮدﯾﻮم ‪ Na‬ﻋﻨ ﺪ )‪(40 ºC‬‬
‫وﺿﻐﻂ ﻗﺪره )‪ (0.8 atm‬ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪2Na + 2H 2 O ‬‬
‫‪→ 2NaOH + H 2‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ ‪3.2 L :‬‬
‫)‪(206‬‬
‫)‪(207‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٩٦‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ وزن ﻛﻠ ﻮرات اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳ ﯿﻮم اﻟﻤﺘﻔﻜﻜ ﺔ ﻟ ﺪى اﻟﺤ ﺼﻮل ﻋﻠ ﻰ )‪ (100 L‬ﻣ ﻦ اﻷﻛ ﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺸﺮوط اﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪2KClO3 ‬‬
‫‪→ 2KCl + 3O2‬‬
‫اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ )‪(K = 39.1, Cl = 35.5, O = 16‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ ‪364.49 g :‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٩٧‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ وزن اﻹﯾﺜﺎﻧﻮل ‪ C2H5OH‬اﻟﻼزم ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣ ﻊ )‪ (146 L‬ﻣ ﻦ اﻷﻛ ﺴﺠﯿﻦ )‪ (O2‬ﻋﻨ ﺪ‬
‫)‪ (27 °C‬وﺿﻐﻂ ﻗﺪره )‪ (91.2 cmHg‬ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪C 2 H 5 OH + 3O 2 ‬‬
‫‪→ 2CO 2 + 3H 2 O‬‬
‫اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ )‪(H = 1, C = 12, O = 16‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ ‪109.066 g :‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٩٨‬‬
‫ﻣ ﺎ ﺣﺠ ﻢ اﻷﻛ ﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻋﻨ ﺪ )‪(STP‬اﻟ ﺬي ﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ إﻧﺘﺎﺟ ﮫ ﺑﺘ ﺴﺨﯿﻦ )‪ (112 g‬ﻣ ﻦ ﻛﻠ ﻮرات‬

‫اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﯿﻮم )‪.(KClO3‬‬
‫‪2KClO 3 (s) ‬‬
‫‪MnO 2‬‬
‫‪heat‬‬
‫)‪→ 2KCl(s) + 3O 2 (s‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ‪VO2 = 30.7 L‬‬
‫)‪(207‬‬
‫)‪(208‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٩٩‬‬
‫ﺧﻠ ﯿﻂ ﻣ ﻦ )‪ (1.80 g‬ﻣ ﻦ ﻛﻠ ﻮرات اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳ ﯿﻮم )‪ (KClO3‬و ﻛﻠﻮرﯾ ﺪ اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳ ﯿﻮم )‪(KCl‬‬
‫ﺳﺨﻨﺖ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺤﻠﻞ ﻛﻞ )‪ . (KClO3‬وﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﺠﻔﯿﻒ ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺈن اﻷﻛ ﺴﺠﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﺤ ﺮر اﺣﺘ ﻞ ‪(405‬‬
‫)‪ ml‬ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (25 °C‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺒﺎروﻣﺘﺮي )‪.(745 torr‬‬
‫أ( ﻛﻢ ﻣﻮﻻً ﻣﻦ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ أﻧﺘﺞ؟‬
‫ب( ﻣﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ KClO3‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ب( ‪%KClO3 = 73.3 %‬‬ ‫أ( ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﺗﺴﺎوي )‪(0.0162 mol‬‬
‫)‪(208‬‬
‫)‪(209‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺩﺍﻟﺘﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫)‪Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures (1807‬‬
‫ﻛﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻻھﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎت اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻟﻢ داﻟﺘﻮن دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﯿﺔ واﻟﺠﻮﯾﺔ ‪ .‬وﻟﻘﺪ اﺣﺘﻔﻆ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺪة ‪ ٥٧‬ﻋﺎﻣﺎً ﺑﻜﺘﯿﺐ ﺧﺎص دون ﻓﯿﮫ "ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﻘﺲ" ووﺻﻒ ﻓﯿﮫ ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫اﻷﺟﮭﺰة اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﯿﺎس اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﻘﯿﺎس درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ ،‬وﻣﻘﯿﺎس اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮي‪ ،‬وﻣﻘﯿﺎس درﺟﺔ ﺗﺸﺒﻊ اﻟﮭﻮاء ﺑﺒﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﺠﻮي‪.‬‬
‫وﻗﺪ أدت دراﺳﺘﮫ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺐ اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﺠﻮي اﻟﻰ وﺿﻊ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ أن دراﺳﺘﮫ ﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬
‫ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻮ أدت اﻟﻰ اﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﮫ ﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ أوﻟﯿﺔ ﺑﺴﯿﻄﺔ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ ﻏﺎزي‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ وﺟﺪ أن درﺟﺔ ﺗﺸﺒﻊ اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﺠﻮي ﺑﺒﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ )‪ (25 ºC‬ﯾﻜﻮن أﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻐﻂ ﯾﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ھﻮ ‪24 mm‬‬
‫‪ ،Hg‬وھﺬا ﯾﻌﻨﻲ أﻧﮫ إذا ﺳﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء أن ﯾﺘﺒﺨﺮ داﺧﻞ وﻋﺎء ﻣﻐﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫ﯾﺼﻞ اﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ أﻗﺼﻰ ﻣﻘﺪاره ‪ 24 mmHg‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ‪ .25 ºC‬وﺑﺬﻟﻚ إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﮭﻮاء‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮداً داﺧﻞ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء وﺿﻐﻄﮫ ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪ 760 mmHg‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pt = Pair + PH 2O‬‬
‫‪Pt = 760 + 24 = 784 mmHg‬‬
‫أﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻮﻋﺎء ﻣﻔﺮﻏﺎً ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﻮاء وﺿﻐﻄﮫ = ﺻﻔﺮاً‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﯾﺴﺎوي ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء )‪. (24 mmHg‬‬
‫وﻗﺪ أﺟﺮى داﻟﺘﻮن اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻏﺎزات أﺧﺮى وﺣﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻨﺘﯿﺠﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼً إذا‬
‫اﺣﺘﻮى اﻹﻧﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ)‪ (N2‬وﺿﻐﻄﮫ ‪ 500 mmHg‬ﻓﻔﻲ وﺟﻮد اﻟﻤﺎء ﯾﺮﺗﻔﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻰ ‪ 524 mmHg‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ‪.25 ºC‬‬
‫وﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎس ھﺬه اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت ﻓﻘﺪ اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﺎم )‪ (1801‬أن ‪:‬‬
‫" اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻻ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ ﯾﺴﺎوي ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻀﻐﻮط‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﺋﯿﺔ ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﻐﺎزات إذا ﺷﻐﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻏﺎز اﻟﺤﯿﺰ ﺑﻤﻔﺮده"‪.‬‬
‫)‪(209‬‬
‫)‪(210‬‬

‫وھﺬا ﯾﻌﻨﻲ أن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﻊ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات دون أن‬
‫ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺎً ﯾﺴﺎوي ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﻤﻔﺮده‪ .‬وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﻮف ﻧﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻓﻲ ﻣﺰﯾﺞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎن ھﻮ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻮﺣﯿﺪ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد‪.‬‬
‫إن اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﻜﺒﯿﺮة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﻛﻔﯿﻠﺔ ﺑﺄن ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز اﺳﺘﻘﻼﻻً‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻏﯿﺮه ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ‪ ،‬وﺣﺮﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎﺗﮫ‪ .‬وﻋﻠﻰ ھﺬا اﻷﺳﺎس ﻧﺘﻮﻗﻊ أن ﯾﺆﺛﺮ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺑﻀﻐﻂ ﺧﺎص ﺑﮫ‪ ،‬وﻛﺄﻧﮫ اﻟﻮﺣﯿﺪ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺸﻐﻞ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﺪد‪ ،‬وأن ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﻠﻮط ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ھﺬه اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﺠﺰﺋﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﮫ‪.‬‬
‫‪Fig. 66 : Dalton's Law of partial pressures. Partial pressure of oxygen gas (small dots) is‬‬
‫‪250 torr, and partial pressure of nitrogen gas (large dots) is 300 torr‬‬
‫‪Fig. 67 : Schematic illustration of Dalton's law of partial pressures.‬‬
‫)‪(210‬‬
(211)

٦٨ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
Fig. 69 : Dalton's law of partial pressures
(211)
(212)

Fig. 70 : An illustration of Dalton's Law. When the two gases A and B are mixed in the
same container at the same temperature, they exert a total pressure equal to the sum of their
partial pressure.
Fig. 71 : A molecular interpretation of Dalton's Law. The molecules act independently

in the mixture, so each gas exerts its own partial pressure due to its molecular collisions
with the walls. The total gas pressure is the sum of the partial pressures of the component
gases.
: ‫ وﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬،1 L ‫ ﺳﻌﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬،‫ﻓﻠﻨﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﺜﻼً ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أوﻋﯿﺔ ﻣﻠﯿﺌﺔ ﺑﻐﺎزات‬
0.5 atm ‫( ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ‬N2) ‫أﺣﺪھﺎ ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ‬ •
0.75 atm ‫( ﺑﻀﻐﻂ‬O2) ‫واﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ‬ •
0.1 atm ‫( ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ‬H2) ‫و اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‬ •
‫( ﯾﺴﺎوي‬Pt) ‫ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ‬،‫ ﺳﻌﺘﮫ ﻟﺘﺮ واﺣﺪ‬،‫ﻓﺈذا اﺧﺘﻠﻄﺖ ھﺬه اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻓﻲ إﻧﺎء واﺣﺪ‬
:‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﺿﻐﻮط ھﺬه اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ واﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
(212)
‫)‪(213‬‬

‫‪Pt = PN2 + PO2 + PH2‬‬
‫‪Pt = 0.5 + 0.75 + 0.1‬‬
‫‪Pt = 1.35‬‬
‫وﯾﻌﺮف ﺿﻐﻂ ﻏﺎز ﺑﺬاﺗﮫ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻠﯿﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻹﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٧٢‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪٧٢‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻛﻞ اﻷوﻋﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ وﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﻟﮫ ﻣﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻟﻘﯿﺎس اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ‪ .‬وﻟﻨﻔﺘﺮض‬
‫أن ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻗﺪ ﺿﺨﺖ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء اﻷول‪ ،‬وأن ﺿﻐﻄﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﻘﯿﺲ ھﻮ‬
‫)‪ ،(4 mmHg‬وأن ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻗﺪ ﺿﺨﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬وأن ﺿﻐﻄﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﻘﯿﺲ‬
‫ھﻮ )‪ .(6 mmHg‬وإذا ﻧﻘﻠﺖ ﻛﻠﺘﺎ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺘﯿﻦ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻼﺣﻆ أن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﯾﻜﻮن‬
‫)‪.(10 mmHg‬‬
‫وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺻﯿﺎﻏﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن داﻟﺘﻮن ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﺠﺰﺋﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺤﻮ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫" اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻻ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ وﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﯾﺴﺎوي ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﺠﺰﺋﯿﺔ ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﻐﺎزات"‬
‫وﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻨﮫ رﯾﺎﺿﯿﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺧﻠﯿﻂ ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪد )‪ (n‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات‪.‬‬
‫‪Pt = P1 + P2 + ………….+ Pn‬‬
‫وھﺬا ﯾﻌﻨﻲ أﻧﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ وﺿﻊ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز )ﻻ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺎً( ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻤﺎرس ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺞ ﻧﻔﺴﮫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎن ھﻮ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻮﺣﯿﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء‪.‬‬
‫واﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﻤﺎرس ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺞ ﯾﺪﻋﻰ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ‪(Partial‬‬
‫)‪. Pressure‬‬
‫ﻓﻠﻮ ﻛﺎن ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ ﻏﺎزات )‪ ،(A, B, C‬ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻﺗﮭﺎ )‪ (nA, nB, nC‬ﻓﺈن ﺿﻐﻮﻃﮭﺎ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﯿﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺴﺐ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(213‬‬
‫)‪(214‬‬

‫‪nAR T‬‬
‫= ‪PA V= n A RT ⇒ PA‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪n RT‬‬
‫‪PB V= n B RT ⇒ PB = B‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪n RT‬‬
‫‪PC V= n C RT ⇒ PC = C‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪Pt = PA + PB + PC‬‬
‫‪n ART‬‬ ‫‪n RT‬‬ ‫‪n RT‬‬
‫= ‪Pt‬‬ ‫‪+ B‬‬ ‫‪+ C‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫‪(n + n B + n C ) R T‬‬
‫‪⇒ Pt = A‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪n RT‬‬
‫‪Pt = t‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪⇒ Pt V = n t R T‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ ھﻨﺎ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ﻓﻲ ﺻﻮرﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻨﻘﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pt V = nt RT‬‬
‫وﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن داﻟﺘﻮن ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻀﻐﻄﻲ‬
‫)‪ (Pressure Fraction‬وھﻮ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻷي ﻣﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮط اﻟﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ PA ‬‬
‫‪pressure fraction = ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ Pt ‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﺤﺴﺐ ﻷي ﻏﺎز ﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻨﻘﯿ ﺔ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟ ﺔ اﻟﻐ ﺎز‬
‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط اﻟﻐﺎزات ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(214‬‬
‫)‪(215‬‬

‫‪PA V = n A RT‬‬
‫‪PA V n A R T‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪Pt V n t R T‬‬
‫‪PA‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫⇒‬ ‫‪= A = XA‬‬
‫‪Pt‬‬ ‫‪nt‬‬
‫‪PB‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫‪= B = XB‬‬
‫‪Pt‬‬ ‫‪nt‬‬
‫‪PC‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫‪= C = XC‬‬
‫‪Pt‬‬ ‫‪nt‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ )‪ (XA, XB, XC‬ھﻲ اﻟﻜﺴﻮر اﻟﻤﻮﻟﯿﺔ )‪ (Mole Fraction‬ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات )‪.(A, B, C‬‬
‫وﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻜﺴﻮر اﻟﻤﻮﻟﯿﺔ ھﻮ واﺣﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪∑X = 1‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻷي ﻣﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮط ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪PA = XA Pt‬‬
‫‪PB = XB Pt‬‬
‫‪PC = XC Pt‬‬
‫وﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﯿﻂ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻄﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن داﻟﺘﻮن ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي وﻟﻜﻦ ﻛﺜﯿﺮاً ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬
‫ﯾﻈﮭﺮ ﺣﯿﻮداً ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺎً ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻈﮭﺮ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﺣﯿﻮداً ﻋﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪ .‬وﺳﻮف ﯾﺘﻌﺎﻇﻢ اﻟﺤﯿﻮد ﻋﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ازداد اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ‪ .‬وﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﺎدام اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﻌﯿﺪاً‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺴﯿﯿﻞ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﯿﻂ‪.‬‬
‫• وﻻ ﯾﻌﺰى ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺤﯿﻮد ﻓﻘﻂ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺠﺎذﺑﺎت ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻨﻮع‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ أﯾﻀﺎً‬
‫اﻟﻰ ﺗﺠﺎذﺑﺎت ﺑﯿﻦ اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‪.‬‬
‫)‪(215‬‬
‫)‪(216‬‬

‫• وﻋﻼوة ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻔﺮاغ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﺸﻐﻮﻻً ﺟﺰﺋﯿﺎً‬
‫ﺑﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻣﻦ أﻧﻮاع ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﻘﻠﻞ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻔﻌﺎل )‪(effective volume‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة‪ ،‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎً ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻗﺎﻧﻮن داﻟﺘﻮن دون ﺧﻄﺄ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ‬
‫وذﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻮط ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎق واﺣﺪ ﺟﻮ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﺤﯿﻮد ﺻﻐﯿﺮاً‪.‬‬
‫ﲡﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﺎء‬

‫‪Collecting Gases Over Water‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن داﻟﺘﻮن ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﺠﺰﺋﯿﺔ ﺣﺴﺎب ﺿﻐﻮط اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺘﺠﻤﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻮق ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‪ .‬وﻛﺜﯿﺮاً ﻣﺎ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺤﻀﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ إزاﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﺎء‪ .‬وإذا‬
‫ﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻮق ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺘﻄﺎﯾﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﺎء )اﻷﺷﻜﺎل ‪ (٧٨ – ٧٤‬ﻓﯿﺠﺐ إﺟﺮاء ﺗﺼﺤﯿﺢ‬
‫ﻟﻀﻐﻄﮫ ﻧﻈﺮاً ﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻣﻊ اﻟﻐﺎز )ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺬي ﯾﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﮭﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻠﻮﺛﺎً ﺑﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺒﺨﺮ اﻟﻰ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻐﺎز )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ،(٧٣‬وﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻓﻮق‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎء ﻣﺸﺒﻌﺎً ﺑﺒﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﺬي ﯾﺸﻐﻞ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز وﻟﮫ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ‪ .‬واﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﺒﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء )‪ (Vapor Pressure‬ﻣﺤﺪد ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﻞ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة وﻻ ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز أو ﺿﻐﻄﮫ‪ .‬ھﺬه اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺪدة ﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء – ﻛﺪاﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ درﺟﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة – ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﺟﺪاول ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪٧٣‬‬
‫)‪(216‬‬
(217)

Fig. 74 : Pressure of a wet and dry gas
Fig. 75 : Collection of a gas over water. The water vapor is shown in the collection bottle
as (dark dots), and the gas as (green dots).
(217)
(218)

Fig. 77 : Apparatus for preparing hydrogen from zinc and sulfuric acid.
Zn(s) + 2H+ (aq) → Zn 2+ (aq) + H2 (g) . The hydrogen is collected by displacement of
water.
٧٦ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
(218)
(219)

Fig. 78 : Collection gas over water
‫ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻛﺪاﻟﺔ ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬:١٦ ‫ﺟﺪول‬

vapor Pressure of Water at Different Temperatures
T P P T P P T P P
°C kPa mmHg °C kPa mmHg °C kPa mmHg
0 0.61 4.6 24 2.97 22.4 40 7.37 55.3
1 0.65 4.9 25 3.17 23.8 45 9.59 71.9
2 0.71 5.3 26 3.36 25.2 98 94.30 707.3
3 0.76 5.7 17 1.93 14.5 99 97.75 733.2
4 0.81 6.1 18 2.07 15.5 100 101.325 760.0
5 0.87 6.5 19 2.20 16.5 101 105.00 787.6
6 0.93 7.0 20 2.33 17.5 50 12.33 92.5
7 1.00 7.5 21 2.49 18.7 55 15.73 118.0
8 1.07 8.0 22 2.64 19.8 60 19.92 149.4
9 1.15 8.6 27 3.56 26.7 65 25.00 187.5
10 1.23 9.2 28 3.77 28.3 70 31.16 233.7
11 1.31 9.8 29 4.00 30.0 75 38.54 289.1
12 1.40 10.5 30 4.24 31.8 80 47.34 355.1
13 1.49 11.2 31 4.49 33.7 85 57.81 433.6
14 1.60 12.0 32 4.76 35.7 90 70.10 522.8
15 1.71 12.8 33 5.03 37.7 95 84.54 634.1
16 1.81 13.6 34 5.32 39.9 96 87.67 657.6
23 2.81 21.1 35 5.63 42.2 97 90.94 682.1
(219)
‫)‪(220‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺗﻐﯿﺮ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻣﻊ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﯾﻈﮭﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(٧٩‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ : ٧٩‬ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ .‬ﺗﺬﻛﺮ أﻧﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﻏﻠﯿ ﺎن اﻟﻤ ﺎء )‪ (100 °C‬ﻓ ﺈن‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﯾﻜﻮن )‪ (760 mm Hg‬واﻟﺬي ﯾﺴﺎوي )‪.(1 atm‬‬
‫وﯾﺴﺎھﻢ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﺮﻃﺐ‪ .‬وﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن داﻟﺘﻮن ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻮط‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﺋﯿﺔ ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ = ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ‪ +‬ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪Pt = Pgas + PH 2O‬‬
‫ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز = اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ – ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ‪.‬‬

‫‪Pgas = Pt - PH2O‬‬
‫ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء = اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ – ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز‪.‬‬

‫‪PH 2O = Pt - Pgas‬‬
‫وإذا ﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻮق ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﻓﻠﯿﺲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮوري إﺟﺮاء ﺗﺼﺤﯿﺤﺎت ﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر‬
‫اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﻷن ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﮭﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻧﻼﺣﻆ أن ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﺎء واﺣﺪاً داﺧﻞ دورق اﻟﺘﺠﻤﯿﻊ وﺧﺎرﺟﮫ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﺴﺎوﯾﺎً ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﺎرج )أي ﯾﺴﺎوي اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي(‪ .‬واﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫)‪(220‬‬
‫)‪(221‬‬

‫اﻟﺠﻮي ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻗﯿﺎﺳﮫ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﺒﺎروﻣﺘﺮ‪ .‬أﻣﺎ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﯿﮫ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺪول )‪ (١٦‬إذا ﻋﺮﻓﻨﺎ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﻨﻘﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pgas = Pt - PH 2O‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ ﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﺎء ‪:‬‬
‫ﯾﺤﻀﺮ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﺑﺘﺴﺨﯿﻦ ﻛﻠﻮرات اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﯿﻮم ‪:KClO3‬‬

‫∆‬
‫‪2KClO3 (s) ‬‬
‫‪MnO 2‬‬
‫)‪→ 2KCl(s) + 3O 2 (g‬‬
‫وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻨﺘﺞ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﯾﺠﻤﻊ ﻓﻮق اﻟﻤﺎء ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻠﯿﻦ )‪.(٨١ ،٨٠‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪٨٠‬‬
‫)‪(221‬‬
(222)

Fig. 81 : An apparatus for collecting gas over water. The oxygen generated
by heating potassium chlorate (KClO 3) in the presence of a small amount of
manganese dioxide (MnO 2), which speeds up the reaction., is bubbled through
water and collected in a bottle as shown. Water originally present in the bottle
is pushed into the trough by the oxygen gas.
‫ وذﻟ ﻚ ﻟﻮﺟ ﻮد ﺑﺨ ﺎر اﻟﻤ ﺎء ﻓ ﻲ‬،ً‫وﻟﻜﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ اﻟﺬي ﺟﻤﻊ ﺑﮭﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘ ﺔ ﻻ ﯾﻌﺘﺒ ﺮ ﻧﻘﯿ ﺎ‬
.‫ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺤﯿﺰ‬
‫ ﻟﻠﻐ ﺎز اﻟﻤﻮﺟ ﻮد ﻓ ﻮق اﻟﻤ ﺎء ﯾ ﺴﺎوي ﻣﺠﻤ ﻮع اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻨ ﺎﺗﺞ ﻋ ﻦ‬P ‫وﻟﮭﺬا ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ‬
: ‫ وﻋﻦ ﻏﺎز ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء‬P ‫ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ‬
Pt = PO2 + PH2O
PO2 = Pt - PH2O
(222)
‫)‪(223‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﺠﻮﻡ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ ‪Partial Volume‬‬
‫ﻟﻮ ﻓﺮﺿﻨﺎ أن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻹﻧﺎء ﺛﺎﺑﺖ وأن درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﯿﻂ ﯾﺴﺎوي ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﺤﺠﻮم اﻟﺠﺰﺋﯿﺔ ‪ Partial Volume‬ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺨﻠﯿﻂ‪.‬‬
‫وﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﻮن اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻣﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻓﯿﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻹﻧﺎء اﻟﺬي ﺿﻐﻄﮫ ‪ P‬ﻓﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﺬي ﻛﻤﯿﺘﮫ )‪ (n1‬ﻣﻮل ﻓﺈن ﺣﺠﻤﮫ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ )‪(V1‬‬
‫ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪:‬‬
‫‪n1RT‬‬
‫= ‪V1‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫وﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪n 2 RT‬‬
‫= ‪V2‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫وﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻓﺈن‪:‬‬
‫‪n 3 RT‬‬
‫= ‪V3‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫وﻟﻠﻐﺎز )‪ (i‬ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫‪n i RT‬‬
‫= ‪Vi‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫وإن ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﺤﺠﻮم اﻟﺠﺰﺋﯿﺔ ﺗﺴﺎوي اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ )‪: (Vt‬‬
‫‪Vt = V1 + V2 + V3 + ...+ Vi‬‬
‫وﻟﻠﺨﻠﯿﻂ ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(223‬‬
(224)

( n1 + n 2 + n3 +...+ ni ) RT
( V1 + V2 + V3 + ...+ Vi ) =
P
 n t = n1 + n 2 + n3 +...+ ni
nt R T
⇒ Vt =
P
: ‫وﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬
n1RT
V1 =
P
: ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬
nt R T
Vt =
P
: ‫ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
n1RT
V1 P
=
Vt n t R T
P
V n
⇒ 1 = 1 = X1
Vt nt
V1
⇒ = X1
Vt
:‫وﻣﻨﮫ ﻓﺈن‬
V1 = X1Vt
V2 = X 2 Vt
V3 = X 3Vt
: ‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻘﻮل‬
V 
Volume Fraction =  1 
 Vt 
(224)
‫)‪(225‬‬

‫ھﻲ اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ‪ Volume Fraction‬أي أن اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﯾﺴﺎوي اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ‪،‬‬
‫وإن ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻜﺴﻮر اﻟﻤﻮﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﯿﻂ ﺗﺴﺎوي واﺣﺪ داﺋﻤﺎً‪.‬‬
‫‪n1‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n + n 2 + n 3 +...+ n i‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫‪+ 2 + 3 +..........+ i = 1‬‬ ‫‪= t =1‬‬
‫‪nt‬‬ ‫‪nt‬‬ ‫‪nt‬‬ ‫‪nt‬‬ ‫‪nt‬‬ ‫‪nt‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٠٠‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺒﺬول ﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎزﯾﻦ ‪ 7.50 g‬ﻧﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ)‪ ،(N2‬و ‪ 6.00g‬ھﯿﻠﯿﻮم‬

‫)‪ (He‬ﻓﻲ وﻋﺎء ﺣﺠﻤﮫ ‪ 2.50 L‬درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗﮫ )‪.(15 ºC‬‬
‫)اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(N = 14, He = 4) :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أوﻻً‪ /‬ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﻛﻞ ﻏﺎز ﺛﻢ ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪7.5 g‬‬
‫= ‪n N2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.27 mol‬‬
‫‪Mw 28 g/mol‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫= ‪n He‬‬ ‫‪= = 1.5 mol‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪n t = n N2 + n He = 0.27 + 1.5 = 1.77‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪n t RT‬‬
‫= ‪Pt‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫)‪1.77 × 0.0821 × (15 + 273‬‬
‫= ‪Pt‬‬
‫‪2.50‬‬
‫‪Pt = 16.74 atm‬‬
‫)‪(225‬‬
‫)‪(226‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٠١‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬
‫‪ 23ºC‬إذا ﻛﺎن ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺎء ھﻮ ‪ 23.50 mmHg‬واﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ‪ 754 mm Hg‬؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أوﻻً ‪ /‬ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن داﻟﺘﻮن ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﺠﺰﺋﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pt = PH2O + PH2‬‬
‫‪PH2 = Pt - PH2O‬‬
‫‪PH2 = 754 - 23.50‬‬
‫‪PH2 = 730.5 mmHg‬‬
‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫‪PH2 = X H2 Pt‬‬
‫‪ PH2   730.5 ‬‬
‫‪X H2 = ‬‬ ‫‪ = ‬‬ ‫‪ = 0.97‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪754‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٠٢‬‬
‫ﺧﻠﯿﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎزﯾﻦ )‪ (A‬وﻛﺘﻠﺘﮫ ‪) 0.495 g‬وزﻧﮫ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ‪ (B) ، (66.0‬وﻛﺘﻠﺘﮫ ‪0.182 g‬‬
‫)ووزﻧﮫ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ‪ ،(45.5‬وﻛﺎن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﯿﻂ ) ‪ (76.2 cmHg‬اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز‪.‬‬
‫)‪(226‬‬
(227)

‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
mA 0.495 g
nA = = = 0.0075mol
Mw A 66 g mol-1
m 0.182
nB = B = = 0.004 mol
Mw B 45.5
nt = n A + n B = 0.0075 + 0.004 = 0.0115 mol
n 0.0075
XA = A = = 0.6522
nt 0.0115
n 0.004
XB = B = = 0.34783
nt 0.0115
PA = X A Pt = 0.6522 × 76.2 cmHg = 49.7 cmHg
PB = X B Pt = 0.34783 × 76.2 cmHg = 26.5 cmHg
(١٠٣) ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫ وﺳﺨﻦ‬،‫ ﻟﺘﺮ‬6 ‫( ﻓﻲ وﻋﺎء ﻣﻘﻔﻞ ﺳﻌﺘﮫ‬C6H14) ‫ﺧﻠﻂ ﺟﺮام ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻣﻊ ﺟﺮام ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﻜﺴﺎن‬
‫ اﺣﺴﺐ ﺿﻐﻂ‬. ‫ ﻓﺘﺤﻮﻟﺖ اﻟﻤﺎدﺗﺎن اﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ‬،250 ºC ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ ﺣﺘﻰ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬
.‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
m 1
n H2O = = = 0.0556 mol
Mw 18
m 1
n Hexane = = = 0.0116 mol
Mw 86
n t = n H2 O + n Hexane = 0.0556 + 0.0116 = 0.0672 mol
Pt V = n t RT
n t RT
Pt =
V
0.0672 mol × 0.082 L atmK -1mol -1 × 523 K
Pt =
6L
Pt = 0.492 atm
Pt = 374 mmHg
(227)
‫)‪(228‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٠٤‬‬
‫)‪ (10 L‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ )‪ (100 atm‬أردﻧﺎ ﻣﻞء اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺎت‬
‫ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ )‪ (0.4 L‬وﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ )‪.(20 atm‬‬
‫أ( اﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ذات ﺳﻌﺔ )‪(10 L‬‬
‫ب( ﻛﻢ اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﺗﻜﻔﻲ ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺮض أن درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ وأن اﻟﻐﺎز ﯾﺴﻠﻚ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﺎً ﻣﺜﺎﻟﯿﺎً‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻤﺎ أن درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ وﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪P1V1 = P2 V2‬‬
‫‪100 × 10 = 20 × V2‬‬
‫‪V2 = 50 L‬‬
‫‪⇒ VO2 = 50 - 10 = 40 L‬‬
‫)ﺣﺠﻢ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻰ اﻷﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮة = ‪(40 L‬‬

‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ھﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫‪40‬‬
‫‪× 100 = 80 %‬‬
‫‪50‬‬
‫ب( ﻋﺪد اﻷﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ھﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪40‬‬
‫‪= 100 cylinder‬‬
‫‪0.4‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٠٥‬‬
‫أﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﯾﺔ ﺗﺼﻞ إﻟﯿﮭﺎ اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ﻏﺎز ﻓﻲ ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﺼﯿﻒ )‪ (42 ºC‬وأﻗﻞ درﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮارﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺘﺎء )‪(- 38 ºC‬‬
‫)‪(228‬‬
‫)‪(229‬‬

‫ﻛﻢ ﻛﯿﻠﻮ ﻏﺮام زﯾﺎدة ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ ھﺬه اﻷﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ذات ﺳﻌﺔ أﻟـ‬
‫)‪ (2000 m3‬أن ﺗﺴﺘﻮﻋﺒﮫ ﻓﻲ أﻗﻞ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ أﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﯾﺔ إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫داﺧﻞ اﻷﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ھﻮ )‪ ،(780 mmHg‬اﻓﺮض ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﺜﺎﻟﯿﺎً‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﺼﯿﻒ ‪:‬‬

‫‪PV = n R T‬‬
‫‪780‬‬
‫)‪× 2000 × 103 = n1 × 0.0821 × (42 + 273‬‬
‫‪760‬‬
‫‪n1 = 0.795 × 105 moles‬‬
‫ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﺸﺘﺎء ‪:‬‬

‫‪PV = n R T‬‬
‫‪780‬‬
‫)‪× 2000 × 103 = n 2 × 0.0821 × (- 38 + 273‬‬
‫‪760‬‬
‫‪n1 = 1.065 × 105 moles‬‬
‫اﻟﺰﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﯿﻒ ﻋﻨﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺘﺎء ‪:‬‬

‫‪n 2 - n 1 = 1.095 × 105 - 0.795 × 105 = 0.270 × 105 moles‬‬
‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﺰﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ وزن اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ )ﺣﯿﺚ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪.(2 g/mol‬‬
‫‪Mw . n‬‬ ‫‪2 × 0 .2 7 0 × 1 0 5‬‬
‫‪m Kg‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 54 K g‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬ ‫‪1000‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٠٦‬‬
‫ﺧﻠﯿﻂ ﻣﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ )‪ (0.15 g‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪ ،‬و )‪ (0.700 g‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ‪،‬‬
‫و )‪ (0.340 g‬ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻣﻘﺪاره )‪ (1 atm‬ودرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة )‪(27 ºC‬‬
‫)‪(229‬‬
‫)‪(230‬‬

‫أ( اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز‬
‫ج( اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ب( اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أ( ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز ‪:‬‬

‫‪0.15‬‬
‫= ‪n H2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.075mole‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪0.700‬‬
‫= ‪n N2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.025mole‬‬
‫‪28‬‬
‫‪0.340‬‬
‫= ‪n NH3‬‬ ‫‪= 0.02mole‬‬
‫‪17‬‬
‫‪⇒ n T = n H2 + n N 2 + n NH3‬‬
‫‪n T = 0.075 + 0.025 + 0.02 = 0.12 moles‬‬
‫وﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز ‪:‬‬

‫‪n H2‬‬ ‫‪0.075‬‬
‫= ‪X H2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.625‬‬
‫‪nT‬‬ ‫‪0.12‬‬
‫‪n N2‬‬ ‫‪0.025‬‬
‫= ‪X N2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.208‬‬
‫‪nT‬‬ ‫‪0.12‬‬
‫‪n NH3‬‬ ‫‪0.02‬‬
‫= ‪X NH3‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.167‬‬
‫‪nT‬‬ ‫‪0.12‬‬
‫ب( ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ‪:‬‬

‫‪PH 2 = PH 2 =X H 2 PT = 0.625 × 1= 0.625atm‬‬
‫‪PN 2 = X N 2 PT = 0.208 × 1 = 0.208 atm‬‬
‫‪PNH 3 = X NH 3 PT = 0.167 × 1 = 0.167 atm‬‬
‫)‪(230‬‬
‫)‪(231‬‬

‫ج( اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪PV = n R T‬‬
‫)‪1 × V = 0.12 × 0.082 × (27 + 273‬‬
‫‪V = 2.952 L‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٠٧‬‬
‫ﺟﻤﻌﺖ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ زﺟﺎﺟﺔ ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺑﺔ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ (٨٢‬ﻓﻮق ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺎء‪ .‬وﻋﻨ ﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺎوى ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺎء داﺧﻞ اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﺔ وﺧﺎرﺟﮭﺎ ﻛ ﺎن اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ داﺧ ﻞ اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟ ﺔ ﻣ ﺴﺎوﯾﺎً ﻟﻠ ﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮي وﻗﯿﻤﺘﮫ ‪ .753 mmHg‬وإذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ درﺟﺔ ﺣ ﺮارة اﻟﻤ ﺎء واﻟﻐ ﺎز داﺧ ﻞ اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟ ﺔ ‪34‬‬
‫‪ ،ºC‬وﻛ ﺎن اﻟﺤﯿ ﺰ اﻟ ﺬي ﯾﻮﺟ ﺪ ﺑ ﮫ اﻟﻐ ﺎز داﺧ ﻞ اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟ ﺔ ‪ ،425 cm3‬ﻓﻤ ﺎ ھ ﻮ ﺣﺠ ﻢ ﻏ ﺎز‬
‫اﻟﮭﯿ ﺪروﺟﯿﻦ اﻟﺠ ﺎف ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﺿ ﻐﻂ ‪ 760 mmHg‬ودرﺟ ﺔ ﺣ ﺮارة ‪0 ºC‬؟ ﻋﻠﻤ ﺎً ﺑ ﺄن ﺿ ﻐﻂ‬
‫ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ 34 ºC‬ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪40 mmHg‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪٨٢‬‬
‫)‪(231‬‬
‫)‪(232‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻓﻮق ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻄﺎً ﺑﺒﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ داﺧﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﺔ ‪ 753 mmHg‬ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ وﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ إﯾﺠﺎد ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺎف اﻋﺘﻤﺎداً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن داﻟﺘﻮن ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pt = PH 2 + PH2O‬‬
‫‪PH 2 = Pt - PH 2O‬‬
‫‪PH 2 = 753 - 40 = 713 mmHg‬‬
‫وﯾ ﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻵن ﺿ ﻐﻂ اﻟﮭﯿ ﺪروﺟﯿﻦ اﻟﺠ ﺎف ﻹﯾﺠ ﺎد ﺣﺠﻤ ﮫ ﻋﻨ ﺪ ‪ 0 °C‬وﺗﺤ ﺖ ﺿ ﻐﻂ ‪760‬‬
‫‪ mmHg‬وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات )ﻣﻊ ﺛﺒﺎت ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ‪: (n = K‬‬
‫‪P1V1‬‬ ‫‪PV‬‬
‫‪= 2 2‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻹﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬

‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫‪K‬‬ ‫‪425 cm3‬‬ ‫‪307 K‬‬ ‫‪713 mmHg‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫‪K‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪273 K‬‬ ‫‪760 mmHg‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﺑﮭﺬه اﻟﻘﯿﻢ ‪:‬‬

‫‪P1V1‬‬ ‫‪PV‬‬
‫‪= 2 2‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪P ‬‬ ‫‪T ‬‬
‫‪V2 = V1 ×  1  ×  2 ‬‬
‫‪ P2 ‬‬ ‫‪ T1 ‬‬
‫‪ 713 mmHg ‬‬ ‫‪ 273 K ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 453 cm 3 × ‬‬ ‫‪ × ‬‬ ‫‪ = 355 cm‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪ 760 mmHg ‬‬ ‫‪ 307 K ‬‬
‫)‪(232‬‬
‫)‪(233‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٠٨‬‬
‫)‪ (0.250 L‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز أول أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن )‪ (CO‬ﺟﻤﻌﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺮة ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻮق اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫درﺟﺔ )‪ (10 ºC‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي )‪ .(765 mmHg‬اﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﻏﺎز أول‬
‫أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﻤﺘﺠﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ ھﺬه اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ ھﻮ ‪(9.2‬‬
‫)‪mmHg‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻹﻧﺎء ھﻮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟـ ‪ CO‬واﻟﻤﺎء ‪:‬‬

‫‪PT = PCO + PH 2O‬‬
‫‪PCO = PT - PH 2O‬‬
‫‪PCO = 765mmHg - 9.2 mmHg = 755.8mmHg‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬

‫‪PCO2 V = n CO2 R T‬‬
‫‪PCO2 V‬‬
‫= ‪n CO2‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪ 755.8 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ × 0.250‬‬
‫‪n CO2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪760 ‬‬
‫‪= 0.0107 mole‬‬
‫)‪0.0821 × (10 + 273‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٠٩‬‬
‫إﻧﺎء ﺣﺠﻤﮫ )‪ (500 cm3‬ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻐﺎز )‪ (A‬اﻟﺬي ﯾﺴﻠﻂ ﺿﻐﻄﺎً ﻣﻘﺪاره‬
‫)‪ (76 mmHg‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺻﻔﺮ درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﯾﺔ وإﻧﺎء آﺧﺮ ﺣﺠﻤﮫ )‪ (800 cm3‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز )‪ (B‬اﻟﺬي‬
‫ﯾﺴﻠﻂ ﺿﻐﻄﺎً ﻣﻘﺪاره )‪ (152 mmHg‬رﺑﻂ اﻹﻧﺎءان ﻓﻤﺎ ھﻮ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎم ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺮ درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(233‬‬
‫)‪(234‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ‪ ، nt‬ﺛﻢ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ )‪ ،(Vt‬ﺛﻢ ﻧﻄﺒﻖ ﺑﻘﯿﻤﺘﮭﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪Pt Vt = nt R T :‬‬
‫أوﻻً ‪ /‬ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻐﺎز ‪A‬‬

‫‪PA VA = n A RT‬‬
‫‪PA VA‬‬
‫= ‪nA‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪ 75 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ × 0.500‬‬
‫= ‪nA‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪760 ‬‬
‫‪= 0.00223 mol‬‬
‫)‪0.0821 × (0 + 273‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎً‪ /‬ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻐﺎز ‪: B‬‬

‫‪PB VB = n B RT‬‬
‫‪PB VB‬‬
‫= ‪nB‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪ 152 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ × 0.800‬‬
‫‪nB = ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪760‬‬
‫‪= 0.00714 mol‬‬
‫)‪0.0821 × (0 + 273‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎً‪ /‬ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪n t = n A + n B = 0.00223 + 0.00714 = 0.00937 mol‬‬
‫وﻋﻨﺪ وﺻﻞ اﻹﻧﺎﺋﯿﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﻤﺎ ﺳﯿﺼﺒﺢ ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﺟﺪﯾﺪاً ھﻮ )‪(Vt = VA + VB‬‬
‫وﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ھﻮ )‪ ،(nt = nA + nB‬وﺿﻐﻂ ﺟﺪﯾﺪاً ﻣﺠﮭﻮﻻً )‪: (Pt‬‬
‫)‪(234‬‬
‫)‪(235‬‬

‫‪Pt Vt = n t RT‬‬
‫‪n t RT‬‬
‫= ‪Pt‬‬
‫‪Vt‬‬
‫‪0.00937 × 0.0821 × 273‬‬
‫= ‪Pt‬‬
‫)‪(0.500 + 0.800‬‬
‫‪Pt = 0.1615 atm‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﺤﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫وﻓﯿﮭﺎ ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻛﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪة ﺛﻢ ﻧﺠﻤﻌﮭﻤﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫أوﻻً‪ /‬ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ‪A‬‬
‫‪( P1 )A ( V1 )A‬‬ ‫‪= ( P2‬‬ ‫‪)A ( V2 )T‬‬
‫‪76 × 500 = ( P2‬‬ ‫)‪)A (1300‬‬
‫‪76 × 500‬‬
‫= ‪( P2 )A‬‬ ‫‪= 29.2 mmHg‬‬
‫‪1300‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎً‪ /‬ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ‪B‬‬
‫‪( P1 )B ( V1 )B‬‬ ‫‪= ( P2‬‬ ‫‪)B ( V2 )T‬‬
‫‪152 × 800 = ( P2‬‬ ‫)‪)B .(1300‬‬
‫‪152 × 800‬‬
‫= ‪( P2 )B‬‬ ‫‪= 93.5 mmHg‬‬
‫‪1300‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎً‪ /‬ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزﯾﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pt = PA + PB = 29.2 + 93.5 = 122.7 mmHg‬‬
‫وﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻠﮭﺎ ﻟﻮﺣﺪة )‪: (atm‬‬
‫‪122.7‬‬
‫= ‪Pt‬‬ ‫‪= 0.1615 atm‬‬
‫‪760‬‬
‫)‪(235‬‬
‫)‪(236‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١١٠‬‬
‫إذا ﻛﺎن ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺒﻠﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء ‪ 750 mmHg‬وﻛﺎن ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ‪35 mmHg‬‬
‫ﻛﻢ ﯾﻜﻮن ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺟﺎﻓﺎً؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪PT = PH2O + Pgas‬‬
‫‪⇒ 750 = 35 + Pgas‬‬
‫‪Pgas = 750 - 35 = 715 mmHg‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١١١‬‬
‫ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ )‪ (32 g‬ﻣﻦ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ )‪ ،(O2‬و )‪ (112 g‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ )‪(N2‬‬
‫وﺿﻐﻄﮫ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ )‪ (1 atm‬اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻸﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ أوﻻً ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﻧﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ وﻣﻨﮫ ﻧﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m O2‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬
‫= ‪n O2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1mol‬‬
‫‪Mw O2‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬
‫‪m N2‬‬ ‫‪112‬‬
‫= ‪n N2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 4mol‬‬
‫‪Mw N2‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬
‫‪n T = n O2 + n N2 = 1+ 4 = 5 mol‬‬
‫‪n O2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪X O2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.2‬‬
‫‪nT‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪n N2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫= ‪X N2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.8‬‬
‫‪nT‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪PO2 = X O2 PT = 0.2 × 1 = 0.2 atm‬‬
‫‪PN2 = X O2 PT = 0.8 × 1= 0.8 atm‬‬
‫)‪(236‬‬
‫)‪(237‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١١٢‬‬
‫إذا وﺿﻌﺖ ﻏﺎزات ﻧﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ )‪ (N2‬وأﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ )‪ (O2‬وﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن )‪ (CO2‬ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺰﯾﺞ ھﻮ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pt = PN 2 + PO2 + PCO2‬‬
‫ﻓﺈذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ‪ ،25 KPa‬وﻟﻸﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ‪ 35 KPa‬وﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ‬

‫‪ ،45 KPa‬ﻓﯿﻜﻮن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺰﯾﺞ ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‬
‫‪Pt = 25 kPa + 35 kPa + 45 kPa = 105 kPa‬‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻹﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن داﻟﺘﻮن ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺰج ﻏﺎزﯾﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﺎ أﺻﻼً ﻓﻲ‬
‫أوﻋﯿﺔ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١١٣‬‬
‫إذا ﺗﻢ ﻣﺰج )‪ (200 cm3‬ﻣﻦ ‪ N2‬ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ ، (25 ºC‬وﺿﻐﻂ ﯾﻌﺎدل )‪ (35 KPa‬ﻣﻊ ‪(350‬‬
‫)‪ cm3‬ﻣﻦ ‪ O2‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة )‪ (25 ºC‬وﺿﻐﻂ ﯾﻌﺎدل )‪ (45 KPa‬ﺑﺤﯿﺚ أن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
‫‪25 ºC‬؟‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪ 300 cm3‬ﻓﻤﺎذا ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺰﯾﺢ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن داﻟﺘﻮن ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎن ھﻮ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻮﺣﯿﺪ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﺬا ﻧﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ أن ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ O2, N2‬ﻋﻨﺪ وﺿﻌﮭﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫)‪ (300 cm3‬وﺑﺴﺒﺐ أن درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻊ ھﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻋﺎء ﺳﻌﺘﮫ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪For N2‬‬ ‫‪For O2‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪35 kPa‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪45 kPa‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪200 cm3‬‬ ‫‪300 cm3‬‬ ‫‪350 cm3‬‬ ‫‪300 cm3‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎب ‪ P2‬ﻟﻠﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ وﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(237‬‬
‫)‪(238‬‬

‫‪P1V1 = P2 V2‬‬
‫‪V ‬‬
‫‪⇒ P2 = P1  1 ‬‬
‫‪ V2 ‬‬
‫‪ 200 ‬‬
‫‪⇒ P2 = 35 ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 300 ‬‬
‫‪⇒ P2 = 23.3 kPa‬‬
‫وﻧﻼﺣﻆ أن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻗﺪ زاد ﻣﻦ )‪ (200 cm3‬اﻟﻰ )‪ (300 cm3‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬

‫)‪ (P1‬ﺳﯿﻘﻞ اﻟﻰ )‪ (P2‬وﻣﻦ ھﻨﺎ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن‬
‫‪P1 > P2‬‬
‫ﻓﺈن ‪ P1‬ﺗﻀﺮب ﻓﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺣﺠﻢ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ وھﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ V1   200 ‬‬
‫‪ =‬‬ ‫‪ = 0.667‬‬
‫‪ V2   300 ‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫)‪P2 = P1 (0.67‬‬
‫)‪⇒ P2 = 35(0.67‬‬
‫‪⇒ P2 = 23.3 = PN2‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎً ‪ /‬ﺣﺴﺎب ﺿﻐﻂ ‪ O2‬وﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫‪P1V2 = P2 V2‬‬
‫ﯾﻼﺣﻆ أن ﺣﺠﻢ ‪ O2‬اﻧﺨﻔﺾ ﻣﻦ ‪ 350 cm3‬اﻟﻰ ‪ 300 cm3‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ‪P1‬‬
‫ﺳﯿﺮﺗﻔﻊ ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻲ ﯾﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺿﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺣﺠﻢ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪V ‬‬ ‫‪ 350 ‬‬
‫‪⇒ P2 = P1  1  = 45 kPa ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ V2 ‬‬ ‫‪ 300 ‬‬
‫‪P2 = 52.5 kPa = PO2‬‬
‫)‪(238‬‬
‫)‪(239‬‬

‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺰﯾﺞ ﻧﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﺠﺰﺋﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪PT = PN2 + PO2 = 23.3 + 52.5‬‬

‫‪PT = 75.8 kPa‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١١٤‬‬
‫ﻟﺪﯾﻚ ﻗﻨﯿﻨﺔ ﺣﺠﻤﮭﺎ )‪ (10.0 L‬ﺗﺤﻮي )‪ (0.200 mol‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﯿﺜﺎن )‪ (0.300 mol‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪ (0.400 mol) ،‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ )‪.(25 ºC‬‬
‫أ( ﻣﺎ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي داﺧﻞ اﻟﻘﻨﯿﻨﺔ؟‬
‫ب( ﻣﺎ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﯿﻂ اﻟﻐﺎزات؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أ( ﻧﺤﺴﺐ أوﻻً ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ‪: nt‬‬

‫‪n t = 0.200 mol CH 4 + 0.300 mol H 2 + 0.400 mol N 2 = 0.900 mol of gas‬‬
‫‪V = 10.0 L, T = 25 + 273 = 298 K‬‬
‫‪n RT‬‬
‫‪Ptotal = t‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫)‪(0.900 mol) × (0.0821 L atm/Kmol) × (298 K‬‬
‫= ‪Pt‬‬
‫‪10.0 L‬‬
‫‪Pt = 2.20 atm‬‬
‫ب( اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﺤﺴﺐ ﺑﺈﺣﻼل ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﻛﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪ PV = nRT‬ﻛﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪة‪ ،‬وھﺬا ﯾﻌﻨﻲ أن ‪:‬‬
‫‪n CH 4 RT‬‬ ‫)‪(0.200 mol) × (0.0821 L atm/K mol) × (298 K‬‬
‫= ‪PCH4‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.489 atm‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪10.0 L‬‬
‫‪n H RT‬‬ ‫)‪(0.300 mol) × (0.0821 L atm/K mol) × (298 K‬‬
‫‪PH2‬‬ ‫‪= 2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.734 atm‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪10.0 L‬‬
‫‪n N2 RT‬‬ ‫)‪(0.400 mol) × (0.0821 L atm/K mol) × (298 K‬‬
‫‪PN2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.979 atm‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪10.0 L‬‬
‫)‪(239‬‬
‫)‪(240‬‬

‫واﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ‪ Pt‬ﯾﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫‪Ptotal = PCH4 + PH2 + PN2‬‬
‫‪Ptotal = 0.489 atm + 0.734 atm + 0.97 atm = 2.20 atm‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١١٥‬‬
‫ﻗﺎم ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺘﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ‪ ،‬وﺗﺠﻤﯿﻌﮫ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ إزاﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮارة )‪ (25 ºC‬اﻟﻰ أن أﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﺎء داﺧﻞ اﻟﺪورق وﺧﺎرﺟﮫ ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺎً‪ ،‬ﻓﺈذا ﻛﺎن‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز ‪ 245 cm3‬واﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي ‪98.5 KPa‬‬
‫أ( ﻣﺎ ھﻮ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز ‪ O2‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺰﯾﺞ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺮﻃﺐ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ ، 25 ºC‬إذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن‬
‫ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ 25 ºC‬ھﻮ ‪3.17 KPa‬‬
‫ب( ﻣﺎ ھﻮ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺎف ﻋﻨﺪ )‪(STP‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Pt = Pgas + PH 2O‬‬
‫واﻟﻐﺎز ھﻮ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Pt = PO2 + PH2O‬‬
‫‪⇒ PO2 = Pt + PH2O‬‬
‫‪PO2 = 98.5 - 3.17 = 95.33 kPa‬‬
‫وھﺬا ھﻮ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﻤﺎرس ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻟﻮﺣﺪه‪.‬‬

‫ب( ﻟﺤﺴﺎب ) ‪ V(O2‬ﻋﻨﺪ ‪(P = 101.325 kPa, T = 273 K) STP‬‬
‫)‪ (i‬اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫)‪ (f‬اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪245 cm3‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪95.33 KPa‬‬ ‫‪101.325 kPa‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪298 K‬‬ ‫‪273 K‬‬
‫)‪(240‬‬
‫)‪(241‬‬

‫) ‪VO2 = V1 × (pressure ratio) .( temperature ratio‬‬
‫‪ 95.33   273 ‬‬
‫‪VO2 = 245 × ‬‬ ‫‪×‬‬ ‫‪ = 211.17cm‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪ 101.325   298 ‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١١٦‬‬
‫وﺿﻊ ﺷﺮﯾﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺴﯿﻮم ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء وأﺿﯿﻒ إﻟﯿﮭﺎ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻤﺾ )‪(HCl‬‬
‫وﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Mg(S) + 2 HCl(aq) ‬‬
‫)‪→ H 2 (g) ↑ + Mg 2+ (aq) + 2Cl- (aq‬‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ إﻧﺎء ﺣﺠﻤﮫ )‪ (10 L‬ﻓﺈذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺴﯿﻮم اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺗﺆدي اﻟﻰ ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪ )‪ (0.5 g‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ وﻛﺎن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﻘﺎس‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻹﻧﺎء ﯾﺴﺎوي )‪ (488.61 torr‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫أ( اﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ )ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪.(Aw = 1‬‬
‫ب( اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ إذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﯾﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﻨﺪ ھﺬه‬
‫اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺮارة )‪.(22.76 torr‬‬
‫د( ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻲ )‪.(nt‬‬ ‫ج( ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء وﻟﻠﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ھـ( اﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﺘﻲ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﯿﻊ‪ .‬و( اﺣﺴﺐ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أ( ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m H2‬‬ ‫‪0.5 g‬‬

‫= ‪n H2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.25 mol‬‬
‫‪Mw H2‬‬ ‫‪2 g/mol‬‬
‫)‪(241‬‬
‫)‪(242‬‬

‫ب( ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﯾﺤﺴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن داﻟﺘﻮن ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪PT = P H 2 O + P H 2‬‬
‫‪P H 2 = PT - P H 2 O‬‬
‫‪PH 2 = 48 8.61 to rr - 23 .7 6 torr‬‬
‫‪PH 2 = 46 4.91 torr‬‬
‫ج( ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ) ‪ ( X H‬واﻟﻤﺎء )‪: (XH2O‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪PH 2‬‬
‫= ‪X H2‬‬
‫‪PT‬‬
‫‪464.85‬‬
‫= ‪X H2‬‬
‫‪488.61‬‬
‫‪⇒ X H 2 = 0.95‬‬
‫‪X H2O = 1 - X H2‬‬
‫‪X H 2O = 1 - 0.95‬‬
‫‪⇒ X H 2O = 0.05‬‬
‫د( ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ‪: nt‬‬

‫ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﯾﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ)‪ ،(nH2‬وﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﺑﺨﺎر‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎء )‪(nH2O‬‬
‫‪n H2‬‬
‫= ‪X H2‬‬
‫‪nt‬‬
‫‪n H2‬‬
‫=‪nt‬‬
‫‪X H2‬‬
‫‪0.25‬‬
‫= ‪nt‬‬
‫‪0.95‬‬
‫‪⇒ n t = 0.263 m ol‬‬
‫)‪(242‬‬
‫)‪(243‬‬

‫ھـ( ﺣﺴﺎب ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء )‪n(H2O‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻲ اﻟﺬي ﺣﺴﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﺑﺨﺎر‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎء ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪n t = n H 2 + n H 2O‬‬
‫‪n H 2O = n t - n H 2‬‬
‫‪n H 2 O = 0.263 - 0.25‬‬
‫‪n H 2 O = 0.013 mol‬‬
‫و( ﺣﺴﺎب درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ‪: T‬‬

‫ھﻨﺎك ﺛﻼث ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﺤﺴﺎب درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة وﻛﻠﮭﺎ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ‬
‫ﻧﻮع اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪PH2 V = n H 2 RT‬‬
‫‪PH 2 V‬‬
‫=‪⇒T‬‬
‫‪n H2 R‬‬
‫‪ 464.91 torr ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫) ‪ × (10 L‬‬
‫=‪T‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪760 torr/atm ‬‬
‫‪= 298 K = 25 ο C‬‬
‫) ‪( 0.25mol ) × ( 0.082 Latm/K.mol‬‬
‫‪or‬‬
‫‪PT V = n T RT‬‬
‫‪PT V‬‬
‫=‪⇒T‬‬
‫‪nTR‬‬
‫‪ 488.61 torr ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫) ‪ × (10 L‬‬
‫=‪T‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪760 torr/atm ‬‬
‫‪= 298K = 25 ο C‬‬
‫) ‪( 0.263 mol ) × ( 0.082 Latm/K.mol‬‬
‫)‪(243‬‬
‫)‪(244‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١١٧‬‬
‫ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎزات ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (0.5 atm‬ﻣﻦ )‪ (O2‬ﻣﻊ )‪ (0.2 atm‬ﻣﻦ )‪ (N2‬ﻣﻊ‬
‫)‪ (0.15 atm‬ﻣﻦ ‪ NO2‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺞ؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪Pt = PO2 + PN2 + PNO2‬‬
‫‪Pt = 0.5 + 0.2 + 0.15 = 0.85 atm‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١١٨‬‬
‫ﺗﻢ ﺟﻤﻊ )‪ (60 ml‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻓﻮق اﻟﻤﺎء وﻛﺎن ﺿﻐﻄﮫ اﻟﻤﻘﺎس ھﻮ ‪ 755 torr‬ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ‪ ،25 ºC‬ﻓﺈذا ﻛﺎن ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ھﻮ ‪24 torr‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻤﺘﺠﻤﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أوﻻً‪ /‬ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Pt = PO2 + PH 2O‬‬
‫‪PO2 = Pt - PH2O‬‬
‫‪PO2 = 755 torr - 24 torr = 731 torr‬‬
‫وﻟﻜﻲ ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻧﻄﺒﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪732 torr‬‬
‫= ‪PO2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.963 atm‬‬
‫‪760 torr/atm‬‬
‫‪60 ml‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬ ‫‪= 0.06 L‬‬
‫‪1000 ml/L‬‬
‫‪T = 25 + 273 = 298 K‬‬
‫)‪(244‬‬
‫)‪(245‬‬

‫‪PO2 V = n O2 RT‬‬
‫‪PO2 V‬‬
‫= ‪n O2‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫) ‪(0.963 atm) × ( 0.060 L‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫)‪(0.0821 L. atm. mol-1 . K -1 ) × (298 K‬‬
‫‪n = 2.36 × 10-3 mol‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١١٩‬‬
‫ﺧﺰان ﻣﻤﻠﻮء ﺑﺎﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪ H2‬ﻓﻮق اﻟﻤﺎء ﺣﺠﻤﮫ ‪ 20 L‬وﯾﺒﻠﻎ ﺿﻐﻄﮫ ‪ 74.7 cmHg‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪ ،27 ºC‬اﺣﺴﺐ وزن وﻋﺪد ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ إذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪ 2.7 cm.Hg‬؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أوﻻً ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Pt = PH 2 + PH 2O‬‬
‫‪PH 2 = Pt - PH 2O‬‬
‫‪PO2 = 74.7 cm.Hg - 2.7 cmHg = 72 cm. Hg‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪72 cm Hg‬‬
‫= ‪PH2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.95 atm‬‬
‫‪76 cmHg/atm‬‬
‫‪V = 20 L‬‬
‫‪T = 27 + 273 = 300 K‬‬
‫‪PH2 V = n H2 RT‬‬
‫‪PH 2 V‬‬
‫= ‪n H2‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫) ‪(0.95 atm) × ( 20 L‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫)‪(0.0821 L. atm. mol-1 . K -1 ) × (300 K‬‬
‫‪n = 0.77 mol‬‬
‫)‪(245‬‬
‫)‪(246‬‬

‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب وزن اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m = n . Mw‬‬
‫‪m = 0.77 mol × (2 × 1) g/mol‬‬
‫‪m = 1.54 g‬‬
‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫‪N H2 = n . N A‬‬
‫‪N H 2 = 0.77 × 6.02 × 10 23 = 4.6354 × 10 23 molecules‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٢٠‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ﻓﻮق زﺟﺎﺟﺔ ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻮق ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺒﻨﺰﯾﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬
‫‪ 26 ºC‬ﻛﺎن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﺔ ‪ 80 cmHg‬واﻟﺤﺠﻢ ‪ ،225 ml‬اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﺒﻨﺰﯾﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ 26 ºC‬ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪ ، 10 cm Hg‬ﺛﻢ‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ وزن ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pt = PN 2 + PBenzene‬‬
‫‪PN 2 = Pt - PBenzene‬‬
‫‪PN 2 = 80 cm.Hg - 10 cmHg = 70 cm. Hg‬‬
‫)‪(246‬‬
‫)‪(247‬‬

‫ﺛﻢ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫‪70 cm Hg‬‬
‫= ‪PN2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.921 atm‬‬
‫‪76 cm Hg‬‬
‫‪225 ml‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬ ‫‪= 0.225 L‬‬
‫‪1000 ml/L‬‬
‫‪T = 26 + 273 = 299 K‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫)‪(0.921 atm) × (0.225 L‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬ ‫‪= 8.44 × 10 -3 mol‬‬
‫)‪(0.0821 L. atm. mol . K ) × (299 K‬‬
‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب وزن ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫‪m = n × Mw‬‬
‫‪m = 8.44 x 10 -3 mol × (2 × 14) = 0.23632 g‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٢١‬‬
‫ﺗﻢ ﺗﺠﻤﯿﻊ ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪ H2‬ﻓﻮق اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ وﻋﺎء ﺳﻌﺘﮫ ‪ 750 ml‬وذﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬
‫)‪ (25 ºC‬وﺿﻐﻂ )‪ . (755 torr‬اﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺎف اﻟﺬي ﺗﻢ ﺗﺠﻤﯿﻌﮫ ﻋﻠﻤﺎً‬
‫ﺑﺄن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺒﺨﺎري ﻟﻠﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪24 torr‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ ‪0.06 g :‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٢٢‬‬
‫ﻗﺎم أﺣﺪ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﯿﻦ ﺑﺠﻤﻊ ‪ 500 ml‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ)‪ (N2‬ﻓﻮق ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ )‪(25 ºC‬‬
‫و ‪ 75.5 cm Hg‬اﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ ‪(25‬‬
‫)‪ ºC‬ﺗﺴﺎوي ‪2.4 cm Hg‬‬
‫)‪(247‬‬
‫)‪(248‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ أوﻻً ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Pt = PH2 + PH 2O‬‬
‫‪PH2 = Pt - PH2O‬‬
‫‪PH2 = 75.5 - 2.4 = 73.1 cmHg‬‬
‫‪73.1 cmHg‬‬
‫= ‪pH2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.962 atm‬‬
‫‪76 cm . Hg/atm‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫‪PV‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫)‪(0.962 atm) × (0.500 L‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫)‪(0.0821 L. atm. mol-1K -1 ) × (298K‬‬
‫‪n = 0.02 mol‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪N H2 = n × N A‬‬
‫‪N H 2 = 0.02 × 6.023 × 10 23 = 1.204 × 10 22 molecule‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٢٣‬‬
‫ﺗﻢ ﺟﻤﻊ )‪ (24.8 g‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻓﻮق ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (30 ºC‬وﺿﻐﻂ ﻗﺪره‬
‫)‪ ،(736 mmHg‬ﻣﺎ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ اﻟﺬي ﺗﻢ ﺟﻤﻌﮫ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫)‪ (25 ºC‬ﺗﺴﺎوي )‪) (3.1 cmHg‬اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ﻟﻸﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ = ‪(16‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أوﻻً ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(248‬‬
(249)

1 cmHg 
→10 mmHg
P 
→ 736 mmHg
1cmHg × 736 mmHg
P=
10 mmHg
P = 73.6 cmHg
Pt = PH 2O + PO2
PO2 = Pt - PH 2O
PO2 = 73.6 cmHg - 3.1 cmHg = 70.5 cmHg
70.5 cmHg
PO2 = = 0.93 atm
76 cmHg/atm
: ‫ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ‬

m
n=
Mw
24.8 g
n=
(2 × 16) g/mol
24.8 g
n= = 0.775mol
32 g/mol
: ‫وﻣﻨﮫ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﺑﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻌﺎم‬

PV = nRT
nRT
V=
P
(0.775 mol) × (0.0821 L. atm. mol -1K -1) × (298 K)
V=
(0.928 atm)
V = 20.43L
(249)
‫)‪(250‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٢٤‬‬
‫ﺗﻢ ﻓﻲ أﺣﺪ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب ﺗﺠﻤﯿﻊ )‪ (0.1 mol‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻓﻮق اﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫ﻓﻲ إﻧﺎء ﺣﺠﻤﮫ )‪ (2.5 L‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﻠﻎ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ )‪ (745 torr‬ﻓﺈذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )‪ (23.8 torr‬ﻓﺄوﺟﺪ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Pt = Pg + PH2O‬‬
‫‪P(g) = Pt - PH2 O‬‬
‫‪P(g) = 745 torr - 23.8 torr = 721.2 torr‬‬
‫‪721.2 torr‬‬
‫= )‪P(g‬‬ ‫‪= 0.95 atm‬‬
‫‪760 torr/atm‬‬
‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ‪:‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫=‪T‬‬
‫‪nR‬‬
‫)‪(0.95 atm) × (2.5 L‬‬
‫=‪T‬‬
‫) ‪(0.1 mol) × (0.0821 L. atm. mol-1 K-1‬‬
‫‪T = 289.28 K‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٢٥‬‬
‫ﺗﻢ إﻧﺘﺎج ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺴﺨﯿﻦ ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻔﻀﺔ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﮭﺎ )‪ (8 g‬وﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪2A g 2 O (s)  Δ‬‬
‫)‪→ 4A g(S ) + O 2 (g‬‬
‫)‪(250‬‬
‫)‪(251‬‬

‫ﻓﺈذا ﺟﻤﻊ ھﺬا اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻮق اﻟﻤﺎء وﻛﺎﻧﺖ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )‪ ،(35 ºC‬وﻛﺎن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ‬
‫ﯾﺴﺎوي )‪ (1 atm‬ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﻤﻊ إذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺒﺨﺎري ﻟﻠﻤﺎء‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ )‪) (0.0555 atm‬اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(O = 16, Ag = 107.9) :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ أوﻻً ﺿﻐﻂ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Pt = PH 2 O + PO2‬‬
‫‪PO2 = Pt - PH 2 O‬‬
‫‪PO2 = 1 atm - 0.0555 atm = 0.9445 atm‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ‪ Ag2O‬اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫= ‪n Ag2O‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪8g‬‬
‫= ‪n Ag2O‬‬ ‫=‬
‫)‪(2 × 107.9 + 16‬‬ ‫‪231.8 g/mol‬‬
‫‪n Ag2O = 0.0345 mol‬‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪ ﻣﻮﻻت اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻔﻀﺔ وﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪2Ag 2 O(s) ‬‬

‫‪Δ‬‬
‫)‪→ 4Ag(s) + O2 (g‬‬
‫‪2 mol Ag 2 O ‬‬
‫‪→1mol O2‬‬
‫‪0.0345 mol Ag2 O ‬‬
‫‪→ n O2‬‬
‫= ‪n O2‬‬
‫‪(1mol O2 ) × ( 0.0345 mol Ag2 O) = 0.01725 mol‬‬
‫) ‪( 2 mol Ag2 O‬‬
‫)‪(251‬‬
‫)‪(252‬‬

‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﺣﺠﻢ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﻤﻊ ‪:‬‬
‫‪nRT‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬
‫(‬ ‫‪0.01725 mol ) × (0.0821 L. atm. mol -1K -1 ) × (35 + 273)K‬‬
‫)‪(0.9445 atm‬‬
‫‪V = 0.4618 L‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٢٦‬‬
‫أﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ﺣﺠﻤﮭﺎ )‪ (800 cm3‬ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎز اﻵرﺟﻮن )‪ (Ar‬أﺿﯿﻒ إﻟﯿﮫ )‪(0.583 g‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﻮن )‪ (Ne‬ﻓﺈذا ﻛﺎن ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز داﺧﻞ اﻷﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ﯾﺴﺎوي )‪ (1.17 atm‬ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫)‪ (22 ºC‬اﺣﺴﺐ وزن ﻏﺎز اﻵرﺟﻮن ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻷﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ )‪(Ne = 20, Ar = 40‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ ﺿﻐﻂ أﺣﺪ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﻦ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ داﻟﺘﻮن‪،‬‬
‫وﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﺑﮫ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pt V= n t RT‬‬
‫‪Pt V‬‬
‫= ‪nt‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫)‪(1.17atm) × (800/1000‬‬
‫= ‪nt‬‬
‫‪(0.0821 L.atm. K -1mol-1 ) × (22 + 273) K‬‬
‫‪n t = 0.0386 mol‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٢٧‬‬
‫وﺿﻊ ﺷﺮﯾﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺴﯿﻮم ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء وأﺿﯿﻒ إﻟﯿﮭﺎ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻤﺾ )‪(HCl‬‬
‫وﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Mg(S) + 2 HCl(aq) ‬‬
‫)‪→ H 2 (g) ↑ + Mg 2+ (aq) + 2Cl- (aq‬‬
‫)‪(252‬‬
‫)‪(253‬‬

‫ﺛﻢ ﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ إﻧﺎء ﺣﺠﻤﮫ )‪ (10 L‬ﻓﺈذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺴﯿﻮم اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺗﺆدي اﻟﻰ ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪ )‪ (0.5 g‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ وﻛﺎن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﻘﺎس‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻹﻧﺎء ﯾﺴﺎوي )‪ (488.61 torr‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫أ( اﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ )ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪.(H = 1‬‬
‫ب( اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ إذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﯾﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﻨﺪ ھﺬه‬
‫اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺮارة )‪.(22.76 torr‬‬
‫د( ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻲ )‪.(nt‬‬ ‫ح( ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء وﻟﻠﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ھـ( اﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﺘﻲ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﯿﻊ‪ .‬و( اﺣﺴﺐ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أ( ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫‪m H2‬‬ ‫‪0.5 g‬‬
‫= ‪n H2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.25 mol‬‬
‫‪Mw H2 2 g/mol‬‬
‫ب( ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﯾﺤﺴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن داﻟﺘﻮن ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪PT = P H 2 O + PH 2‬‬
‫‪PH 2 = PT - PH 2 O‬‬
‫‪PH 2 = 488.61 torr - 23.76 torr‬‬
‫‪PH 2 = 464.91 torr‬‬
‫ح( ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ) ‪ ( X H‬واﻟﻤﺎء )‪: (XH2O‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪PH2‬‬
‫= ‪X H2‬‬
‫‪PT‬‬
‫‪464.85‬‬
‫= ‪X H2‬‬ ‫‪⇒ X H2 = 0.95‬‬
‫‪488.61‬‬
‫‪X H2O = 1 - X H2‬‬
‫‪X H2O = 1 - 0.95 ⇒ XH2O = 0.05‬‬
‫)‪(253‬‬
‫)‪(254‬‬

‫د( ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ‪: nt‬‬
‫ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﯾﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ)‪ ،(nH2‬وﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﺑﺨﺎر‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎء )‪(nH2O‬‬
‫‪n H2‬‬
‫= ‪X H2‬‬
‫‪nt‬‬
‫‪n H2‬‬
‫=‪nt‬‬
‫‪X H2‬‬
‫‪0 .2 5‬‬
‫= ‪nt‬‬
‫‪0 .9 5‬‬
‫‪⇒ n t = 0 .2 6 3 m o l‬‬
‫ھـ( ﺣﺴﺎب ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء )‪n(H2O‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻲ اﻟﺬي ﺣﺴﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﺑﺨﺎر‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎء ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪n t = n H 2 + n H 2O‬‬
‫‪n H 2O = n t - n H 2‬‬
‫‪n H 2 O = 0.263 - 0.25‬‬
‫‪n H 2 O = 0.013 mol‬‬
‫و( ﺣﺴﺎب درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ‪: T‬‬

‫ھﻨﺎك ﺛﻼث ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﺤﺴﺎب درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة وﻛﻠﮭﺎ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ‬
‫ﻧﻮع اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(254‬‬
‫)‪(255‬‬

‫‪PH2 V‬‬
‫= ‪PH2 V = n H2 RT ⇒ T‬‬
‫‪n H2 R‬‬
‫‪ 464.91torr ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫) ‪ × (10 L‬‬
‫=‪T‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪760 torr/atm ‬‬
‫‪= 298K = 25 ο C‬‬
‫) ‪( 0.25mol ) × ( 0.082 Latm/K.mol‬‬
‫‪PT V‬‬
‫= ‪PT V = n T RT ⇒ T‬‬
‫‪nTR‬‬
‫‪ 488.61 torr ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫) ‪ × (10 L‬‬
‫=‪T‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪760 torr/atm ‬‬
‫‪= 298 K = 25 ο C‬‬
‫) ‪( 0.263 mol ) × ( 0.082 Latm/K.mol‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٢٨‬‬
‫ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﺟﺎف ﺣﺠﻤﮭﺎ )‪ (100 ml‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة )‪ (20 °C‬وﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫‪ ،750 mmHg‬وﺷﻐﻠﺖ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻗﺪره )‪ (105 ml‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺟﻤﻌﺖ ﻓﻮق اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮارة ‪ 25 ºC‬وﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ‪ ،750 mmHg‬اﺣﺴﺐ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬
‫‪25 ºC‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﻄﯿﺎت ‪(V1 = 100 ml, V2 = 105 ml, T1 = 20 ºC = 293 K, T2 = 25 ºC :‬‬

‫‪= 298 K,‬‬
‫‪Pt = 750 mmHg, P1 = 750 mmHg , P2 = ?,‬‬ ‫)? = )‪P(H2O‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﻲ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ )‪ (P2‬وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ‬
‫ﻧﻄﺮﺣﮫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ )‪ (Pt‬ﻟﻨﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ أوﻻً ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز )‪ (P2‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻤﻮﺣﺪ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(255‬‬
‫)‪(256‬‬

‫‪P1V1 P2 V2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪750 mmHg × 100 ml‬‬ ‫‪P × 105 ml‬‬
‫‪= 2‬‬
‫‪293 K‬‬ ‫‪298 K‬‬
‫‪750 mmHg × 100 ml × 298 K‬‬
‫= ‪P2‬‬
‫‪293 K × 105 ml‬‬
‫‪P2 = 726.47 mmHg‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pt = PH2O + Pgas‬‬

‫‪PH2O = Pt - Pgas‬‬
‫‪PH2O = 750 - 726.47‬‬
‫‪PH2O = 23.53 torr‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٢٩‬‬
‫أ( ﻣﺎ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺸﻐﻠﮫ ‪ 1.25 g‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ‪ O2‬اﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﺑﺒﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬
‫‪ 25 ºC‬وﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻗﺪره ‪ 749 mmHg‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬
‫‪ 25 ºC‬ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪، (R = 0.0821 L. atm/K. mol) 23.8 mmHg‬‬
‫)اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪.(H = 1, O =16 :‬‬
‫ب( اﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻤﺎء‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﺣﺠﻢ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺿﻐﻄﮫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(256‬‬
‫)‪(257‬‬

‫‪Pt = PO2 + PH2O‬‬
‫‪PO2 = Pt - PH2O‬‬
‫‪PO2 = 749 - 23.8‬‬
‫‪PO2 = 725.2 mm. Hg‬‬
‫‪725.2 mm.Hg‬‬
‫= ‪PO2‬‬
‫‪760mmHg/atm‬‬
‫‪PO2 = 0.954atm‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﺣﺠﻢ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻧﺘﺒﻊ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻌﺎم ‪:‬‬
‫‪P × V=nRT‬‬
‫‪ 1.25 ‬‬
‫‪0.954 × V = ‬‬ ‫)‪ × (0.0821 L . atm/K.mol) × (298 K‬‬
‫‪ 2 × 16 ‬‬
‫‪0.039 × 0.0821 × 298‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬
‫‪0.954‬‬
‫‪V= 1 L‬‬
‫ب( ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻤﺎء ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ وﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺴﺎب ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء ﻓﺈن ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻤﺎء ﯾﺤﺴﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ 23.8‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫)‪atm  × 1 L= n H2 O × (0.0821 L atm/K. mol) × (298 K‬‬
‫‪ 760‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪n H2 O =1.28 × 10-3 mol‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٣٠‬‬
‫ﻏﺎز ﺟﺎف ﯾﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻗﺪره ‪ 127 cm3‬ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ )‪ (STP‬ﻓﺈذا ﺟﻤﻌﺖ ﻧﻔﺲ‬
‫ھﺬه اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻮق ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺎء وﻛﺎن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز )‪ (745 mmHg‬ﻓﻤﺎ ھﻮ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي ﺳﯿﺸﻐﻠﮫ إذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﯾﺴﺎوي )‪ (21 mmHg‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮارة ‪23 ºC‬؟‬
‫)‪(257‬‬
‫)‪(258‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ أوﻻً ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺟﻤﻌﮫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن داﻟﺘﻮن‬
‫ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﺠﺰﺋﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pt = PH2O + Pgas‬‬
‫‪Pgas = Pt - PH2O‬‬
‫‪Pgas = 745 mmHg - 21 mm.Hg‬‬
‫‪Pgas = 724 mmHg‬‬
‫‪⇒ P2 = 724 mmHg‬‬
‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ﺑﻌﺪ ﺟﻤﻌﮫ ﻧﻄﺒﻖ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻤﻮﺣﺪ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ‪:‬‬
‫‪P1V1 P2 V2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪760 × 127‬‬ ‫‪724 × V2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪273‬‬ ‫‪296‬‬
‫‪V2 = 144.5 cm 3‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٣١‬‬
‫ﻛﻢ ﺟﺮاﻣﺎً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ‪ 20 L‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ‪ CO‬إذا ﺟﻤﻊ ﻓﻮق ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ‬
‫‪ 20 ºC‬وﺿﻐﻂ ‪) 750 mm.Hg‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺮارة‬
‫‪ 20 ºC‬ﯾﺴﺎوي )‪) .(17.5 mmHg‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ‪.((R = 0.0821 L.atm/K. mol :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أوﻻ‪ /‬ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻗﺎﻧﻮن داﻟﺘﻮن ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﺠﺰﺋﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pt = PH 2O + PCO2‬‬
‫‪PCO2 = Pt - PH2 O‬‬
‫‪PCO2 = 750 mmHg - 17.5 mmHg = 732.5 mmHg‬‬
‫‪732.5 mmHg‬‬
‫= ‪PCO2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.964 atm‬‬
‫‪760 mmHg /atm‬‬
‫)‪(258‬‬
‫)‪(259‬‬

‫وﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﻏﺎز ‪ CO2‬وﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت‬
‫اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ‪:‬‬
‫‪0.964 atm × 20 L = n CO2 × 0.0821 L. atm/K. mol × 293 K‬‬
‫‪0.964 atm × 20 L‬‬
‫= ‪n CO2‬‬
‫‪(0.0821 L.atm/K.mol) × 293 K‬‬
‫‪n CO2 = 0.80 mol‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ‪ 0.8 mol‬ﻣﻦ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‪.‬‬
‫‪ 1 mol C ‬‬
‫‪n C = 0.8 mol CO 2 × ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 1 mol CO 2 ‬‬
‫‪n C = 0.8 mol‬‬
‫‪m C = n C . Aw‬‬
‫‪m C = 0.8 × 12‬‬
‫‪m C = 9.6 g‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٣٢‬‬
‫ﻣﺰﯾﺞ ﻏﺎزي ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ‪ 50.0 g‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ‪ O2‬و ‪ 50.5 g‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻤﯿﺜﺎن‬
‫‪ CH4‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ وﻋﺎء ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ‪ ، 600 mmHg‬ﻣﺎ ھﻮ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺞ؟‬
‫)ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪. (C = 12, O = 16, H = 1 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ أوﻻً ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز‪ ،‬ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻲ‪ ،‬اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(259‬‬
‫)‪(260‬‬

‫‪mO 2‬‬ ‫‪50.0 g‬‬
‫= ‪n O2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.56 mol‬‬
‫‪Mw O2 32 g/mol‬‬
‫‪mCH4‬‬ ‫‪50.5g‬‬
‫= ‪n CH4‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 3.16mol‬‬
‫‪Mw CH4 16g/mol‬‬
‫‪n t = 1.56 + 3.16 = 4.72 mol‬‬
‫‪nO‬‬ ‫‪1.56 mol‬‬
‫= ‪X O2 = 2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.33‬‬
‫‪nt‬‬ ‫‪4.72 mol‬‬
‫‪n CH4 3.16 mol‬‬
‫= ‪XCH4‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.67‬‬
‫‪nt‬‬ ‫‪4.72 mol‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪PO2 = X O2 Pt‬‬
‫‪PO2 = 0.33 × 600 mmHg = 198 mmHg‬‬
‫‪PCH4 = X CH4 Pt‬‬

‫‪PCH4 = 0.67 × 600 = 402 mmHg‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٣٣‬‬
‫ﻣﺰﯾﺞ ﻏﺎزي ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 2 × 1023‬ﺟﺰيء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ‪ N2‬و ‪ 8.0 × 1023‬ﺟﺰيء‬

‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﯿﺜﺎن ‪ ،CH4‬ﻓﺈذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزﯾﻦ ‪ ،740 mmHg‬ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز‪) .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪.(C = 12, H = 1, N =14‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺟﺪ أوﻻً ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز‪ ،‬ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻲ‪ ،‬اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز ﺛﻢ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(260‬‬
‫)‪(261‬‬

‫‪N N2‬‬ ‫‪2 × 1023‬‬
‫= ‪n N2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.332 mol‬‬
‫‪N A 6.023 × 1023‬‬
‫‪N CH4‬‬ ‫‪8.0 × 1023‬‬
‫= ‪n CH4‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪=1.33 mol‬‬
‫‪N A 6.023 × 1023‬‬
‫‪n t = n N2 + n CH4 = 0.332 + 1.33 = 1.662 mol‬‬
‫‪n N2‬‬ ‫‪0.332‬‬
‫= ‪X N2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.2‬‬
‫‪nt‬‬ ‫‪1.662‬‬
‫‪n CH4 1.33‬‬
‫= ‪X CH4‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.8‬‬
‫‪nt 1.662‬‬
‫‪PN2 =X N2 Pt = 0.2 × 740 mmHg = 148 mmHg‬‬
‫‪PCH4 = X CH4 Pt = 0.8 × 740 mmHg = 592 mmHg‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٣٤‬‬
‫ﺟﻤﻌﺖ ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﺣﺠﻤﮭﺎ ‪ 152 cm3‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪ 25 ºC‬وﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻲ ﻗﺪره ‪ 758 mmHg‬ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء‪ .‬ﻓﺈذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻣﺴﺎوﯾﺎً ‪ ، 23.76 mmHg‬ﻓﺈذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫)اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(H = 1, O = 16 :‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ ‪:‬‬
‫أ( اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ )‪ (H2‬ب( ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل‬
‫ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ‬
‫ج( اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪ H2‬واﻟﻤﺎء ‪ H2O‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺞ اﻟﻐﺎزي‪.‬‬
‫)‪(261‬‬
‫)‪(262‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أ( ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Pt = PH2 + PH2O‬‬
‫‪PH2 = Pt - PH2O‬‬
‫‪PH2 = 758 - 23.76‬‬
‫‪PH2 = 734.24 mmHg‬‬
‫ب( وﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻧﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪( 734.42‬‬ ‫)‪× (152 × 10-3 ) = nH2 (0.0821 L. atm/mol.K) × (298 K‬‬
‫‪ 734.42 ‬‬
‫) ‪ × (152 ×10‬‬
‫‪-3‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫= ‪n H2‬‬ ‫‪ 760 ‬‬
‫)‪(0.0821 L. atm/mol.K) × (298 K‬‬
‫‪n H2 = 0.006 mol‬‬
‫ج( ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ واﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺞ اﻟﻐﺎزي ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ أوﻻً ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز ﺛﻢ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪PH2 = X H 2 Pt‬‬
‫‪PH2‬‬
‫= ‪X H2‬‬
‫‪Pt‬‬
‫‪734.24 mmHg‬‬
‫= ‪X H2‬‬
‫‪758 mmHg‬‬
‫‪⇒ X H 2 = 0.969‬‬
‫‪X H 2O = 1- X H 2‬‬
‫‪X H 2O = 1 - 0.969 ⇒ X H 2O = 0.031‬‬
‫)‪(262‬‬
‫)‪(263‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٣٥‬‬
‫ﺟﻤﻌﺖ ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻓﻮق اﻟﻤﺎء ﺣﺠﻤﮭﺎ ‪ 370 ml‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪23 ºC‬‬
‫وﺿﻐﻂ ‪ ،0.992 atm‬ﻓﻤﺎ ھﻮ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي ﺳﺘﺸﻐﻠﮫ ھﺬه اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺟﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف‬
‫اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ )‪) (STP‬ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ 23 ºC‬ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪(0.1088 atm‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أوﻻً ﻧﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻷوﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻃﺎً ﻣﻊ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pt = P1 + PH 2O‬‬
‫‪P1 = Pt - PH 2O‬‬
‫‪P1 = 0.992 - 0.1088‬‬
‫‪P1 = 0.8832 atm‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ ‪ V2‬ﻧﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻤﻮﺣﺪ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ‪:‬‬

‫‪P1V1 P2 V2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪0.8832 × 370 1 × V2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪296‬‬ ‫‪298‬‬
‫‪V2 × 296 = 0.8832 × 370 × 298‬‬
‫‪0.8832 × 370 × 298‬‬
‫= ‪V2‬‬ ‫‪= 329 ml‬‬
‫‪296‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٣٦‬‬
‫ﯾﺰن ﻟﺘﺮ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ‪ 1.5 g‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪ 25 ºC‬وﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ‪730 mm.Hg‬‬
‫أ( ﻣﺎ ھﻮ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺸﻐﻠﮫ ھﺬا اﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ب( ﻣﺎ ھﻮ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﻐﺎز‪.‬‬
‫)‪(263‬‬
‫)‪(264‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أ( ﺣﺴﺎب ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز ‪: V2‬‬

‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻤﻮﺣﺪ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ‪:‬‬
‫‪P1V1 P2 V2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪730 × 1000 760 × V2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪298‬‬ ‫‪273‬‬
‫‪V2 = 880 ml‬‬
‫‪V2 = 0.880 L‬‬
‫ب( ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ‪:‬‬

‫‪PV= nRT‬‬
‫‪ m ‬‬
‫‪PV= ‬‬ ‫‪ RT‬‬
‫‪ Mw ‬‬
‫‪ 1.5 ‬‬
‫‪1 × 0.880 = ‬‬ ‫‪ × 0.082 × 273‬‬
‫‪ Mw ‬‬
‫‪Mw = 38.16 g/mol‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٣٧‬‬
‫ﻣﺰﯾﺞ ﻣﻦ ‪ 0.560 g‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ‪ O2‬و ‪ 0.560 g‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ‪ N2‬ﯾﺆﺛﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻀﻐﻂ وﻗﺪره ‪ ،0.600 atm‬ﻣﺎ ھﻮ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز؟ )ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪( N = 14, O = 16‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻻت‪ ،‬اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز وﻣﻨﮫ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(264‬‬
‫)‪(265‬‬

‫‪m O2‬‬ ‫‪0.560 g‬‬
‫= ‪n O2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.0175 mol‬‬
‫‪Mw O2‬‬ ‫‪32 g/mol‬‬
‫‪m N2‬‬ ‫‪0.560 g‬‬
‫= ‪n N2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.02 mol‬‬
‫‪Mw N2‬‬ ‫‪28 g/mol‬‬
‫‪n O2‬‬ ‫‪0.0175‬‬
‫= ‪X O2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.47‬‬
‫‪nt‬‬ ‫‪0.0375‬‬
‫‪n N2‬‬ ‫‪0.02‬‬
‫= ‪X N2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.53‬‬
‫‪nt‬‬ ‫‪0.0375‬‬
‫‪⇒ PO2 = X O2 . Pt = 0.47 × 0.600 = 0.282 atm‬‬
‫‪⇒ PN2 = X N2 . Pt = 0.53 × 0.600 = 0.318 atm‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٣٨‬‬
‫ﺟﻤﻌﺖ ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻓﻮق اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪ 50 ºC‬وﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻗﺪره ‪1.00 L‬‬
‫ﯾﺆﺛﺮ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺮﻃﺐ ﺑﻀﻐﻂ وﻗﺪره ‪ ،1.00 atm‬وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺟﻔﻒ وﺟﺪ أن اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً‬
‫ﻗﺪره )‪ (1.00 L‬وﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﻀﻐﻂ ﻗﺪره ‪ 1.00 atm‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪ 95 ºC‬ﻓﻤﺎ ھﻮ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺒﺨﺎري ﻟﻠﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪50 ºC‬؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻷوﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز )اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮط ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺎء( ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻤﻮﺣﺪ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ‪:‬‬
‫‪P1V1 P2 V2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪P2 V2 T1‬‬
‫= ‪P1‬‬
‫‪V1T2‬‬
‫)‪(1 atm)(1.00 L) × (323 K‬‬
‫= ‪P1‬‬
‫)‪(1.00 L) × (368 K‬‬
‫‪P1 = 0.878 atm‬‬
‫)‪(265‬‬
‫)‪(266‬‬

‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻗﺎﻧﻮن داﻟﺘﻮن ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﺠﺰﺋﯿﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pt = (P1 )g + PH 2O‬‬
‫‪PH2O = Pt - (P1 )g‬‬
‫‪PH2O = 1 - 0.878‬‬
‫‪PH2O = 0.122 atm‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٣٩‬‬
‫ﺟﻤﻌﺖ ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﺣﺠﻤﮭﺎ ‪ 500 ml‬ﻓﻮق اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪ 30 ºC‬وﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫‪ ،1.01 atm‬ﻓﻤﺎ ھﻮ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي ﺳﯿﺸﻐﻠﮫ اﻟﻐﺎز إذا ﻛﺎن ﺟﺎﻓﺎً وﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎروﻣﺘﺮي‬
‫ﺣﺮارة ‪ ،100 ºC‬وﺿﻐﻂ ‪1.00 atm‬؟ )ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ ‪.(0.042 atm = 30 ºC‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أوﻻً ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز )اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮط ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺎء( ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Pt = (P1 )g + PH 2O‬‬
‫‪(P1 )g = Pt - PH 2O‬‬
‫‪(P1 )g 1 = 1.01 - 0.042‬‬
‫‪(P1 )g = 0.968 atm‬‬
‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي ﺳﯿﺸﻐﻠﮫ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن ﺟﺎﻓﺎً )‪ (V2‬ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻤﻮﺣﺪ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ‪:‬‬
‫‪P1V1 P2 V2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪P1V1T2 0.968 atm × 500 ml × 373 K‬‬
‫= ‪V2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 595.8 ml‬‬
‫‪P2 T1‬‬ ‫‪1 atm × 303 K‬‬
‫)‪(266‬‬
‫)‪(267‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٤٠‬‬
‫ﯾﺒﻠﻎ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﯿﺜﺎن ‪ 0.225 atm CH4‬وﻟﻐﺎز اﻹﯾﺜﺎن ‪(0.165 C2H6‬‬
‫)‪ atm‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺰﯾﺞ ﻏﺎزي ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ ھﺬﯾﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﻦ‪.‬‬
‫أ( ﻣﺎ ھﻮ اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺞ؟‬
‫ب( إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺞ ﯾﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً وﻗﺪره ‪ 9.73 L‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪ 35 ºC‬ﻓﻤﺎ ھﻮ ﻋﺪد‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺞ‪.‬‬
‫ج( ﻛﻢ ﺟﺮاﻣﺎً ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻏﺎز ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺞ؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أ( ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزﯾﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Pt = PC H 4 + PC 2H 6‬‬
‫‪P t = 0 .2 2 5 + 0 .1 6 5‬‬
‫‪P t = 0 .3 9 0 a tm‬‬
‫‪PC H 4 = X CH 4 P t‬‬
‫‪PC H 4‬‬
‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪CH 4‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪Pt‬‬
‫‪0 .2 2 5‬‬
‫= ‪X CH4‬‬
‫‪0 .3 9 0‬‬
‫‪⇒ X C H 4 = 0 .5 7 7‬‬
‫‪PC 2H 6‬‬
‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪C 2H 6‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪Pt‬‬
‫‪0 .1 6 5‬‬
‫= ‪X C 2H 6‬‬
‫‪0 .3 9 0‬‬
‫‪⇒ X C 2H 6 = 0 .4 2 3‬‬
‫)‪(267‬‬
‫)‪(268‬‬

‫ب( ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pt V = n t R T‬‬
‫‪Pt V‬‬
‫=‪nt‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪0.39 atm × 9.73L‬‬
‫=‪nt‬‬
‫‪0.0821 L.atm/mol.K × 308 K‬‬
‫‪n t = 0.150 mol‬‬
‫ج( ﺣﺴﺎب ﺟﺮاﻣﺎت ﻛﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺞ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺪاﯾﺔ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﻛﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪة وﻣﻨﮫ ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﺟﺮاﻣﺎت ﻛﻞ ﻏﺎز ‪:‬‬
‫‪(n‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪= 0.150 mol, XCH4 = 0.577, XC2H6 = 0.423‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪n CH4‬‬
‫= ‪X CH4‬‬
‫‪nt‬‬
‫‪n CH4 = XCH4 n t‬‬
‫‪n CH4 = 0.577 × 0.150‬‬
‫‪⇒ n CH4 = 0.09 mol‬‬
‫‪n C2H6‬‬
‫= ‪X C2H6‬‬
‫‪nt‬‬
‫‪n C2 H 6 = X C2 H 6 . n t‬‬
‫‪n C2H6 = 0.423 × 0.150‬‬
‫‪⇒ n C2H6 = 0.063 mol‬‬
‫)‪(268‬‬
‫)‪(269‬‬

‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺮاﻣﺎت ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻧﺘﺒﻊ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m CH 4‬‬
‫= ‪n CH 4‬‬
‫‪Mw CH 4‬‬
‫)‪mCH 4 = n CH 4 . Mw CH 4 ⇒ mCH 4 = 0.09 × (12 + 4 × 1‬‬
‫‪⇒ m CH4 = 1.44 g‬‬
‫‪m C2 H6‬‬
‫= ‪n C2 H6‬‬
‫‪Mw C2 H6‬‬
‫)‪mC2H6 = n C2H6 . Mw C H ⇒ m C2H6 = 0.06 × (2 × 12 + 6 × 1‬‬
‫‪2 6‬‬
‫‪⇒ m C2 H6 = 1.80 g‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٤١‬‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻤﺰﯾﺞ ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ‪ 40 g‬ﻣﻦ ‪ O2‬و ‪ 40 g‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم ‪ He‬ﻣﺴﺎوﯾﺎً ﻟـ‬
‫‪ ،0.900 atm‬ﻓﻤﺎ ھﻮ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻸﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ )اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪.(He = 4, O = 16 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز واﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m O2‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬
‫= ‪n O2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.25mol‬‬
‫‪Mw O2‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬
‫‪m He 40‬‬
‫= ‪n He‬‬ ‫‪= = 10 mol‬‬
‫‪Aw 4‬‬
‫‪n O2‬‬ ‫‪1.25‬‬
‫‪X O2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.11‬‬
‫‪nt‬‬ ‫‪11.25‬‬
‫‪n He‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫= ‪X He‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.89‬‬
‫‪nt‬‬ ‫‪11.25‬‬
‫)‪(269‬‬
‫)‪(270‬‬

‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزﯾﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫‪PO2 = XO2 . Pt‬‬
‫‪PO2 = 0.11 × 0.900‬‬
‫‪⇒ PO2 = 0.099 atm‬‬
‫‪PHe = X He . Pt‬‬
‫‪PHe = 0.89 × 0.900 ⇒ PHe = 0.801 atm‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٤٢‬‬
‫ﺧﻠ ﯿﻂ ﻏ ﺎزي ﻋﻨ ﺪ ‪ 100 C‬وﺿ ﻐﻂ )‪ (0.800 atm‬ﯾ ﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠ ﻰ )‪ (50%‬ھﯿﻠﯿ ﻮم )‪ (He‬و‬

‫‪ 50%‬زﯾﻨﻮن )‪ (Xe‬ﺑﺎﻟﻮزن‪ .‬أوﺟﺪ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪه‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ أن ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ )‪ (100 g‬ﻣﻦ ﻋﯿﻨﺔ اﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ ﺛﻢ ﻧﻌﯿﻦ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﻛﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻓﯿﮫ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m He‬‬ ‫‪50.0 g‬‬
‫= ‪n He‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 12.5 mol He‬‬
‫‪Aw He 4.00 g mol-1‬‬
‫‪m Xe‬‬ ‫‪50.0 g‬‬
‫= ‪n Xe‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.381 mol Xe‬‬
‫‪Aw Xe 131.3 g mol-1‬‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ )‪ (X‬ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻜﻮن ‪:‬‬

‫‪n He‬‬ ‫‪12.5‬‬
‫= ‪X He‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.970‬‬
‫‪n He + n Xe 12.5 + 0.381‬‬
‫‪n Xe‬‬ ‫‪0.381‬‬
‫‪X Xe‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.030‬‬
‫‪n He + n Xe 12.5 + 0.381‬‬
‫وﻃﺒﻘﺎً ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن داﻟﺘﻮن‪ ،‬ﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pi = Xi Ptotal‬‬
‫‪PHe = 0.970 × 0.800 = 0.776 atm‬‬
‫‪PXe = 0.030 × 0.800 = 0.024 atm‬‬
‫)‪(270‬‬
‫)‪(271‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٤٣‬‬
‫ﺧﻠﯿﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎزﯾﻦ ‪ (A) :‬وﻛﺘﻠﺘﮫ ‪) 0.495‬ووزﻧﮫ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ‪ ، (66.0‬و )‪ (B‬وﻛﺘﻠﺘﮫ ‪0.182‬‬

‫‪) g‬ووزﻧ ﮫ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﻲ ‪ ، (45.5‬وﻛ ﺎن اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠ ﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻠ ﯿﻂ )‪ .(76.2 cmHg‬اﺣ ﺴﺐ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز )‪ ، 49.7 cm Hg = (A‬ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز )‪26.5 cm Hg = (B‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٤٤‬‬
‫ﺧﻠﻂ ﺟﺮام ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻣﻊ ﺟﺮام ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﻜﺴﺎن )‪ (C6H14‬ﻓﻲ وﻋﺎء ﻣﻘﻔﻞ ﺳﻌﺘﮫ )‪ ،(6 L‬وﺳ ﺨﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ ﺣﺘﻰ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة )‪ (250 °C‬ﻓﺘﺤﻮﻟﺖ اﻟﻤﺎدﺗﺎن اﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾ ﺔ‪ .‬اﺣ ﺴﺐ ﺿ ﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ ‪P = 374 mmHg :‬‬
‫)‪(271‬‬
‫)‪(272‬‬

‫ً‬
‫ﻋﺎﺷﺮﺍ ‪ /‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺱ ﺟﺮﺍﻫﺎﻡ ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫) ‪(Graham’s Law of Diffusion 1829‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺟﺮﺍﻫﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫‪Graham's Law : Diffusion and Effusion of Gases‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺪاﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﯿﺔ وﺳﺮﻋﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ أن اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻂ )‪(mix‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ اﺗﺼﺎل )‪ ،(when they come in contact‬أو ﺧﻼل‬
‫وﻋﺎء‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﻠﺰم اﻟﺘﻔﺮﯾﻖ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﯿﻦ ھﻤﺎ اﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎر )‪ (Diffusion‬واﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ )اﻹﻧﺒﺠﺎس(‬
‫)‪.(Effusion‬‬
‫وﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎر )‪ (Diffusion‬ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ )‪ ،(Effusion‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﺪل‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻏﺎز ﻣﻊ ﻏﺎز آﺧﺮ‪ ،‬أﻣﺎ اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻓﯿﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﺪﻓﺎع اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬
‫ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺿﯿﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬
‫‪Gas Diffusion‬‬
‫ﯾﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮور اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﺜﻼً ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺎدة ﻣﺴﺎﻣﯿﺔ ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ واﺣﺪاً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟ ﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬
‫ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺎدة‪،‬‬
‫• ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﺮك ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﻟﺘﺤﺘﻞ اﻟﺤﯿﺰ اﻟﻤﺘﺎح ﻟﮭﺎ )ﻣﯿﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻟﻠﺘﻤﺪد وﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎم وﺧﻼل اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮح ﺑﮫ ﻓﻘﻂ(‪.‬‬
‫واﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎزات ھﻮ اﻟﺨﻠﻂ اﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺠﻲ ﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت أﺣﺪ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻣﻊ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻏﺎز آﺧﺮ‬
‫)اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺑﮭﺎ أﺣﺪ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺗﺪرﯾﺠﯿﺎً ﻣﻊ ﻏﺎز آﺧﺮ( ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﺨﻮاﺻﮭﺎ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﯾﻌﻄﻲ ﻣﺜﺎﻻً ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮاً ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت أﺣﺪ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﻦ ﺑﺤﺮﯾﺔ‬
‫)‪(272‬‬
(273)

‫ وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻘﻮل ﺑﺄن أي ﻏﺎز ﯾﻜﻮن‬.‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز اﻵﺧﺮ‬
.‫ﺗﺎم اﻟﺬوﺑﺎن ﻓﻲ أي ﻏﺎز آﺧﺮ‬
Mixing of different gases by random molecular motion with frequent
collisions is called diffusion
Fig. 83 : Diffusion is the mixing of gas molecules by random motion under conditions
where molecular collisions occur.
Fig. 84 : A representation of diffusion of gases. The space between the

molecules allows for ease of mixing one gas with another. Collisions of
molecules with the walls of the container are responsible for the pressure of
the gas.
(273)
‫)‪(274‬‬

‫وﺗﺤﺪث ھﺬا اﻟﻈﺎھﺮة ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﻦ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺑﻄﯿﺌﺔ ﺟﺪاً ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻮاد‬
‫اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻐﺎزات ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻟﺘﻤﻸ ﻛﻞ اﻹﻧﺎء اﻟﺬي ﯾﺸﻐﻠﮫ اﻟﻐﺎز وﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ اﻹﺗﺠﺎھﺎت وﺣﺘﻰ ﺿﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿﺔ‪ .‬وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ذﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺮش ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻄﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﺮﻋﺎن ﻣﺎ ﺗﻤﻸ راﺋﺤﺘﮭﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ‪ .‬وﻗﺪ وﺟﺪ أن اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺬي وزﻧﮫ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﺻﻐﯿﺮ )ﺧﻔﯿﻒ اﻟﻮزن( ھﻮ اﻷﺳﺮع اﻧﺘﺸﺎراً‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺑﺴﮭﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﻋﻨﺪ إﻃﻼق ﺑﻌﻀﺎً ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎ )اﻟﻨﺸﺎدر( إذ ﺳﺮﻋﺎن ﻣﺎ ﺗﻤﻸ راﺋﺤﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﻌﻨﻲ‬
‫أن اﻷﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎ ﻗﺪ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻣﻮزﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻜﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺠﺮة‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﺰع ﻏﻄﺎء ﻗﺎرورة ﻋﻄﺮ )‪ (a bottle of perfume‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﺮاﺋﺤﺔ )‪(odor‬‬
‫ﺳﺘﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ اﺧﺘﻠﻄﺖ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻌﻄﺮ ﺑﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﮭﻮاء‪ .‬ھﺬا اﻟﺨﻠﻂ‬
‫ﻟﻐﺎزات ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﯿﺔ )‪(random molecular motion‬‬
‫ﺑﺘﺼﺎدﻣﺎت ﻣﺘﻜﺮرة )‪ (frequent collisions‬ﯾﺴﻤﻰ اﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎر )‪.(diffusion‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﺎﺳﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﯿﺾ‬ ‫)راﺋﺤﺔ‬ ‫‪H2S‬‬ ‫اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﺮﯾﺘﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫وﻣﺜﺎﻟﮫ‬ ‫‪(٣‬‬
‫)‪ (the smell of rotten eggs‬إذا ﺣﺮر )‪ (released‬ﻓﻲ ﻏﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﺮاﺋﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ زﻣﻦ ﯾﺴﯿﺮ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﯿﯿﺰھﺎ )‪ (can be detected‬ﺧﻼل اﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺎت اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﺟﺪاً إﻻ أن ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻧﻔﺴﮭﺎ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ‬
‫وﻗﺘﺎً ﻃﻮﯾﻼً ﻧﺴﺒﯿﺎً ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻜﺘﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼً‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻓﺘﺢ ﻗﺎرورة ﻣﻠﯿﺌﺔ ﺑﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻷﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬
‫)‪ (concentrated ammonia) (NH3‬ﻋﻨﺪ أﺣﺪ أﻃﺮاف ﻃﺎوﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﻤﻞ ‪(at one end‬‬
‫)‪ of a lab bench‬ﻓﯿﺠﺐ أن ﯾﻤﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻗﺒﻞ أن ﯾﺸﻢ ﺷﺨﺺ آﺧﺮ راﺋﺤﺔ اﻷﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻄﺮف اﻵﺧﺮ ﻟﻠﻄﺎوﻟﺔ ‪ .‬واﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ ﯾﻜﻤﻦ ﻓﻲ أن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺗﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﻌﺪد ﻛﺒﯿﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺼﺎدﻣﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻃﺮﯾﻘﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ أﺣﺪ أﻃﺮاف اﻟﻄﺎوﻟﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻄﺮف اﻵﺧﺮ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪.(٨٥‬‬
‫)‪(274‬‬
(275)

Fig. 85 : The path traveled by a single gas molecule. Each change in direction represents a
collision with another molecule.
‫( وھﻮ‬instantly)ً‫( وﻟﯿﺲ ﻟﺤﻈﯿﺎ‬gradually) ‫إذاً ﯾﺤﺪث اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺗﺪرﯾﺠﯿﺎً ﺑﺒﻂء‬

‫ ﻓﻨﺠﺪ أن اﻟﻐﺎز‬،‫ وإﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫اﻟﺸﻲء اﻟﺬي ﯾﺒﺪو ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎً ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺎت اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻷﺧﻒ )اﻟﺬي وزﻧﮫ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﺻﻐﯿﺮ( ﯾﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺣﯿﺰ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ أﺳﺮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻷﺛﻘﻞ وذﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ أن اﻟﺠﺬر اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﻌﻲ ﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺨﻔﯿﻒ ﺗﻜﻮن أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز‬
.‫( ﯾﺸﺮح ذﻟﻚ‬٨٧ ‫ و‬٨٦ ) ‫ ﺷﻜﻞ‬،‫اﻟﺜﻘﯿﻞ‬
Fig. 86 : NH3 gas (left) and HCl gas (right) escape from concentrated aqueous solutions.
The white smoke (solid NH4Cl) shows where the gases mix and react
NH 3 (g) + HCl (g) 
→ NH 4Cl
(275)
(276)

Fig. 87 : A demonstration of gas diffusion. NH3 gas (from a bottle containing aqueous
ammonia) combines with HCl gas (from a bottle containing hydrochloric acid) to form
solid NH4Cl. Because NH3 is lighter and therefore diffuses faster, solid NH4Cl first appears
neared the HCl bottle (on the right).
‫ ﻟﻜﻦ ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﺆﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﯿﻦ اﻹﻋﺘﺒﺎر أن ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬،ً‫وﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﺟﺪا‬
‫ ﻓﺈن اﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻓﻲ‬،‫ وﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬،ً‫ ﺻﻐﯿﺮاً ﺟﺪا‬،‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻘﻄﻌﮭﺎ أي ﺟﺰيء ﺑﯿﻦ ﺗﺼﺎدﻣﯿﻦ‬
‫ إذ أن اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ‬.‫ﻓﺮاغ ﺳﻮف ﯾﺤﺪث ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ ﺑﻜﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻓﻲ ﻏﺎز آﺧﺮ‬
.‫ﻻ ﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻏﺎزﯾﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ )أو ﻓﻲ ﻓﺮاغ( ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﯿﯿﻦ‬
(276)
‫)‪(277‬‬

‫ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ )ﺍﻹﻧﺒﺠﺎﺱ(‬

‫‪Gas Effusion‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ھﻮ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﺮور ﻏﺎز )ﺗﺤﺮﻛﮫ وﺗﻤﺪده( وﺗﺴﺮﺑﮫ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺻﻐﯿﺮة‬
‫ﺟﺪاً )ﺛﻘﺐ ﺿﯿﻖ( أو ﺧﻼل أﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ ﺿﯿﻘﺔ ﺟﺪاً أو ﻣﺎدة ﻣﺴﺎﻣﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺪار اﻟﻮﻋﺎء اﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﻮي‬
‫ھﺬا اﻟﻐﺎز‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ذات ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ اﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ذات ﺿﻐﻂ أﻗﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ اﻟﻤﺎدة‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻣﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ )‪ (Effusion‬ھﻮ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻜﻦ أﺣﺪ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺬي ﯾﻜﻮن ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﮭﺮوب‬
‫ﻣﻦ إﺣﺪى ﺣﺠﺮات اﻹﻧﺎء اﻟﻰ اﻷﺧﺮى ﻋﺒﺮ ﺛﻘﺐ ﺻﻐﯿﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ أن اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﯾﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﮭﺮب ﺑﺪون ﺗﺼﺎدﻣﺎت ﺧﻼل ﻓﺘﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﺟﺪاً اﻟﻰ اﻟﻔﺮاغ‪.‬‬
‫‪Effusion is a process in which gas molecules escape without‬‬
‫‪collisions through a tiny hole into a vacuum is called effusion‬‬
‫وإذا ﻛﺎن ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﻓﻲ أﺣﺪ ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء اﻟﺤﺎوي ﺻﻐﯿﺮاً ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﯿﺔ )ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﻜﻮن‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮ اﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﺻﻐﯿﺮاً ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻤﻤﺮ اﻟﺤﺮ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز( ﻓﺈن اﻟﺠﺰيء اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﻧﺤﻮ‬
‫اﻹﺻﻄﺪام ﺑﺠﺪار اﻹﻧﺎء اﻟﺤﺎوي ﺳﻮف ﯾﻼﻗﻲ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ اﻟﺨﺮوج ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺜﻘﺐ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﺎرج‪.‬‬
‫واﻷﺷﻜﺎل ) ‪ (٩٠ - ٨٨‬ﯾﻮﺿﺢ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ أﺣﺪ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺮاغ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪٨٨‬‬
‫)‪(277‬‬
‫)‪(278‬‬

‫‪Fig. 89 : Effusion is the escape of a gas through a pinhole without molecular collisions.‬‬
‫‪Fig. 90 : Gas effusion. Gas molecules move from a high-pressure region (left) to a low-‬‬
‫‪pressure one through a pinhole‬‬
‫ﯾﺒﯿﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٩٠ – ٨٨‬اﻧﺪﻓﺎق اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﻦ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺿﯿﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺪار اﻟﻮﻋﺎء اﻟﺤﺎوي‪ .‬وھﻮ‬
‫اﺣﺘﻤﺎل اﺳﺘﻨﺒﻄﮫ ﺟﺮاھﺎم ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺗﺼﻄﺪم ﺑﺠﺪران اﻟﻮﻋﺎء اﻟﺤﺎوي‪ .‬وﻗﺪ أﻋﻠﻦ ﺑﺄن‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪل ﺗﺴﺮب اﻟﻐﺎز ﺧﻼل ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺿﯿﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻜﺴﯿﺎً ﻣﻊ اﻟﺠﺬر اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﻌﻲ ﻟﻮزﻧﮫ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ‪،‬‬
‫أو ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺮدﯾﺎً ﻣﻊ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎﺗﮫ ﻃﺒﻘﺎً ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(278‬‬
(279)

Fig. 91 : Effusion of gases.

a) A molecular interpretation of effusion. Molecules are in constant motion; occasionally
they strike the opening and escape.
b) Latex balloons were filled with the same volume of He (yellow), N2 (blue) and O2 (red).
Lighter molecules, such as He, effuse through the tiny pores of the latex balloons more
rapidly than does N2 or O2. The silver party balloon is made of a metal-coated polymer
with pores that are too small to allow rapid He effusion.
c) If a bell jar full of hydrogen is brought down over a porous cup full of air, rapidly
moving hydrogen effuses into the cup faster than the oxygen and nitrogen in the air can
effuse out of the cup. This causes an increase in pressure in the cup sufficient to produce
bubbles in the water in the beaker.
،(٩١ ‫وﻇﺎھﺮة اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ھﺬه ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻧﻜﻤﺎش ﺑﺎﻟﻮن اﻷﻃﻔﺎل اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻮء ﺑﻐﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم )ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﺟﺪاً أن ﯾﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻣﺎت‬He ‫ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز وھﻮ ﻣﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ذرات‬
ً‫ وﻟﻮ ﻛﺎن ﻣﻤﻠﻮءا‬.‫اﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮة ﺟﺪاً اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎدة اﻟﻤﻄﺎط اﻟﺮﻗﯿﻖ اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻮع ﻣﻨﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻮن‬
.‫ﺑﺎﻟﮭﻮاء ﻟﻜﺎن ﺗﺴﺮﺑﮫ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﻄﺌﺎً ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم‬
.‫ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻇﺮوف ﻗﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻤﻤﯿﺰة ﻟﻠﻐﺎز‬،(‫وﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻧﺒﺠﺎس ﻏﺎز)ﺗﺪﻓﻘﮫ‬
‫وﻧﻈﺮاً ﻷﻧﮫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺎً وﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎً أن ﻧﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻘﯿﻢ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺪﻻت اﻹﻧﺒﺠﺎس‬
‫)اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ( ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺛﻘﺐ ذي أﺑﻌﺎد ﻣﺤﺪدة ﻟﺬﻟﻚ اﻛﺘﻔﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ ﻻ ﻧﺒﺠﺎس‬
.‫اﻟﻐﺎزات‬
(279)
‫)‪(280‬‬

‫وﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﯾﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ اﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻓﻲ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺘﮫ إﻻ أن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎزات‬
‫ﯾﻌﻄﻰ أﯾﻀﺎً ﺑﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺟﺮاھﺎم ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻣﺜﻠﻤﺎ ھﻮ اﻟﺤﺎل ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺮى ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻌﯿﻨﺔ‪ ،‬أن اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺨﻔﯿﻔﺔ ﺗﺘﺪﻓﻖ أﺳﺮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺜﻘﯿﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ )‪ (rate of effusion‬ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﺎرة ﺧﻼل ﺛﻘﺐ ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻲ زﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻄﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪The rate of effusion is the number of molecules passing through a‬‬
‫‪porous hole in a given time.‬‬
‫‪r1 t 2‬‬ ‫‪Mw 2‬‬
‫= =‬
‫‪r2 t1‬‬ ‫‪Mw1‬‬
‫‪The longer the time it takes, the slower is the rate of effusion.‬‬
‫وﻗﺪ درس اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﯾﻄﺎﻧﻲ )ﺗﻮﻣﺎس ﺟﺮاھﺎم ‪ (Thomas Graham‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬
‫‪١٨٢٩‬م ﻣﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ وأﺟﺮى ﻗﯿﺎﺳﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻧﺒﺠﺎس اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﻟﻌﺪد ﻛﺒﯿﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات‪ ،‬ووﺟﺪ أﻧﮫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ھﺬه اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻈﺮوف ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة )ﺛﺒﻮت درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة وﺛﺒﻮت ﻓﺮق اﻟﻀﻐﻂ( ﻓﺈن ﻣﻌﺪل ﺗﺪﻓﻘﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺻﻐﯿﺮة‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫= ‪،  Rate1‬‬ ‫‪d2‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪار ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻜﺴﯿﺎً ﻣﻊ اﻟﺠﺬر اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﻐﺎزات‬
‫‪ Rate 2‬‬ ‫‪d1‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫وھﺬا ﻣﺎ ﯾﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺟﺮاھﺎم‪ .‬وﻟﻘﺪ ﻧﺘﺠﺖ ھﺬه اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻗﯿﺴﺖ ﺳﺮﻋﺎت اﻹﻧﺒﺠﺎس‬
‫ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﻨﺒﺠﺲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ وﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ وﯾﻨﺺ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺟﺮاھﺎم ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺸﺎر أو اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫" أن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻏﺎز ﻣﺎ ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻜﺴﯿﺎً ﻣﻊ اﻟﺠﺬر اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﻌﻲ ﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﮫ وذﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ"‬
‫)‪(280‬‬
‫)‪(281‬‬

‫وﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪rα‬‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ‪ : r‬ﻣﻌﺪل اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻟﻐﺎز‪ .‬وھﺬا ﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﺮف ﺑﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺟﺮاھﺎم ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺸﺎر‪.‬‬

‫وإذا اﻓﺘﺮﺿﻨﺎ ﻣﻌﺪﻟﯿﻦ ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺸﺎر ‪ r1, r2‬ذاﺗﻲ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ‪ d1, d2‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪r1 α‬‬ ‫‪⇒ r1 = K‬‬
‫‪d1‬‬ ‫‪d1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪r2 α‬‬ ‫‪⇒ r1 = K‬‬
‫‪d2‬‬ ‫‪d2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪K‬‬
‫‪r1‬‬ ‫‪d1‬‬ ‫‪r1‬‬ ‫‪d1‬‬ ‫‪1 d2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫⇒‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫×‬
‫‪r2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪r2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪d1 1‬‬
‫‪K‬‬
‫‪d2‬‬ ‫‪d2‬‬
‫‪r1‬‬ ‫‪u2‬‬ ‫‪d2‬‬

‫⇒‬ ‫= ‪= 2‬‬
‫‪r2‬‬ ‫‪u‬‬ ‫‪d1‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪m‬‬
‫= ‪P Mw‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪P Mw = d R T‬‬
‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ أن اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺮدﯾﺎً ﻣﻊ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪d α Mw‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(281‬‬
‫)‪(282‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪r1α‬‬ ‫‪⇒ r1 = K‬‬
‫‪Mw1‬‬ ‫‪Mw1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪r2 α‬‬ ‫‪⇒ r1 = K‬‬
‫‪Mw 2‬‬ ‫‪Mw 2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪K‬‬
‫‪r1‬‬ ‫‪Mw1‬‬ ‫‪r1‬‬ ‫‪Mw1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫⇒‬ ‫=‬
‫‪r2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪r2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪K‬‬
‫‪Mw 2‬‬ ‫‪Mw 2‬‬
‫‪r1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪Mw 2‬‬

‫=‬ ‫×‬
‫‪r2‬‬ ‫‪Mw1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪r1‬‬ ‫‪u2‬‬ ‫‪Mw 2‬‬

‫= ‪⇒ = 2‬‬
‫‪r2‬‬ ‫‪u‬‬ ‫‪Mw1‬‬
‫وﻃﺒﻘﺎً ﻟﻔﺮض أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎً ﻃﺮدﯾﺎً ﻣﻊ وزﻧﮫ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻓﺈن ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬
‫ﺟﺮاھﺎم ﺗﺘﻔﻖ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻨﺒﺄ ﺑﺄن ﻣﻌﺪل ﺗﺴﺮب اﻟﻐﺎز ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺮدﯾﺎً ﻣﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ أو ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻜﺴﯿﺎً ﻣﻊ اﻟﺠﺬر اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ‬
‫‪ Rate1‬‬ ‫‪Mw 2 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ Rate2‬‬ ‫‪Mw1 ‬‬
‫وإذا أﺧﺬﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻹﻋﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﺰﻣﻦ اﻟﻼزم ﻟﻠﺘﺪﻓﻖ )‪ (t‬ﻓﯿﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻐﺎزات‬
‫ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪rate of effusion 1 r1‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪u2‬‬ ‫‪d2‬‬ ‫‪Mw 2‬‬

‫= ‪= = 2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪rate of effusion 2 r2‬‬ ‫‪t1‬‬ ‫‪u‬‬ ‫‪d1‬‬ ‫‪Mw1‬‬
‫وﯾﺼﻌﺐ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎً ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ ﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻏﺎزﯾﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻈﺮوف ﻣﻦ درﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ .‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﮭﻞ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺩ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺟﺮﺍﻫﺎﻡ ‪:‬‬
‫وﺟﺪ أن اﻟﺤﯿﻮد ﻋﻦ ھﺬا اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﯾﺤﺪث ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻮط ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﺘﺼﺎدم اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻋﺪة‬
‫ﻣﺮات ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ أﺛﻨﺎء ﺗﺴﺮﺑﮭﺎ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺜﻘﺐ‪ .‬وﺑﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻠﻚ‬
‫)‪(282‬‬
‫)‪(283‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ أوﺿﺤﺖ اﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎً ﻛﺒﯿﺮاً ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺎن ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺎً وأن‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺜﻘﺐ‪ ،‬اﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﺪث اﻧﺪﻓﺎق اﻟﻐﺎز ﺧﻼﻟﮫ ﺻﻐﯿﺮاً‪ .‬وﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﯾﻜﻮن‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻤﻤﺮ اﻟﺤﺮ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ﻛﺒﯿﺮاً ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﯿﺔ‪ ،‬وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻜﻮن إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺣﺪوث اﻟﺘﺼﺎدم‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺜﻘﺐ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻮط أﻋﻠﻰ‪ .‬وﺑﺎﻟﻤﺜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ إذا ﻛﺎن ﻗﻄﺮ اﻟﺜﻘﺐ‬
‫ﻛﺒﯿﺮاً ﻧﺴﺒﯿﺎً‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﺳﻮف ﯾﺼﺒﺢ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻓﺮﺻﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻟﻺﺻﻄﺪام ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮور ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺜﻘﺐ‪ ،‬وﺳﻮف ﻻ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ اﻹﻓﺘﺮاﺿﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻔﺸﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬
‫ﺟﺮاھﺎم أﯾﻀﺎً إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺜﻘﻮب ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﯿﺔ ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﯾﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﺪﻓﻖ ھﯿﺪرودﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ﺑﻘﻮة ﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﺜﻘﺐ )ﻣﺜﻞ اﻧﺒﺜﺎق اﻟﻤﺎء( وﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﺎداﻣﺖ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﺰوﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺗﺘﺴﺮب ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺳﯿﺮھﺎ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ أﺛﻨﺎء ﺗﺤﺮﻛﮭﺎ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﻲ ﺧﻼل ﻏﺎز ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺈن اﻹﻓﺘﺮاﺿﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ ﺳﻮف ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺟﺮﺍﻫﺎﻡ ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزات‪ ،‬وأوزاﻧﮭﺎ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈذا ﺳﻤﺢ ﻟﻐﺎزﯾﻦ)‪ (A, B‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ‬
‫اﻟﻈﺮوف ﻣﻦ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ ،‬واﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺘﯿﻦ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺘﯿﻦ‬
‫ﻓﺈن‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻌ ﺪل اﻧ ﺪﻓﺎق اﻟﻐ ﺎز‪Mw B A‬‬
‫=‬
‫ﻣﻌ ﺪل اﻧ ﺪﻓﺎق اﻟﻐ ﺎز‪Mw A B‬‬
‫وﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﺗﺠﺮى اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻤﺎح ﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻏﺎز ﺑﺄن ﯾﺘﺪﻓﻖ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻈﺮوف‬
‫ﻣﻦ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ ،‬واﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ ،‬وﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺴﺘﻐﺮﻗﮫ ﻛﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻓﻲ اﻹﻧﺪﻓﺎق ‪.‬‬
‫وﺣﯿﺚ أﻧﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻋﺘﺒﺎر اﻷزﻣﻨﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻜﺴﯿﺎً ﻣﻊ ﻣﻌﺪﻻت اﻹﻧﺪﻓﺎق ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫‪Mw A‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬

‫‪= A‬‬
‫‪Mw B‬‬ ‫‪tB‬‬
‫)‪(283‬‬
‫)‪(284‬‬

‫ﺣﯿﺚ )‪ (tA, tB‬اﻟﺰﻣﻦ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺴﺘﻐﺮﻗﮫ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز ‪ A, B‬ﻟﻜﻲ ﯾﺘﺪﻓﻖ‪.‬‬
‫وإذا ﻋﺮف اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻷﺣﺪ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻵﺧﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫وﯾﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻐﺎزي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات )ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﯿﻂ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ( اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺼﻌﺐ ﻓﺼﻠﮭﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ أﺧﺮى‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﯿﻂ اﻟﻨﻈﺎﺋﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ )ﻧﻈﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﯿﻮراﻧﯿﻮم( )ﯾﻮراﻧﯿﻮم ‪ ،٢٣٥‬ﯾﻮراﻧﯿﻮم ‪ (٢٣٨‬ﻟﺘﺤﻀﯿﺮ وﻗﻮد اﻷﻓﺮان‬
‫اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ﻧﻈﺮاً ﻷھﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ اﻷول وﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺘﮫ ﻟﻺﻧﺸﻄﺎر‪.‬‬
‫‪ (Pitchblende‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﺧﺎم اﻟﯿﻮراﻧﯿﻮم )اﻟﺨﺎم اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﯾﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺘﺸﺒﻠﻨﺪ‬
‫‪235‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪92‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ )‪ (99.28 %‬وﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﯿﺮ اﻟﯿﻮراﻧﯿﻮم اﻷھﻢ وھﻮ ‪U‬‬ ‫‪238‬‬
‫‪92‬‬ ‫‪U‬‬ ‫اﻟﯿﻮراﻧﯿﻮم‬
‫ھﻮ اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻺﻧﺸﻄﺎر اﻟﻨﻮوي وﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻄﺎت اﻟﻘﻮى‬ ‫‪238‬‬
‫‪92‬‬ ‫‪U‬‬ ‫)‪ .(0.71 %‬واﻟﻨﻈﯿﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻮوﯾﺔ وﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻠﺤﺔ اﻟﻨﻮوﯾﺔ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ ﻃﺮق ﻓﺼﻞ ھﺬﯾﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﯿﺮﯾﻦ ھﻮ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻛﻤﯿﺎت ﻛﺒﯿﺮة‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻔﻠﻮر )‪ (F2‬ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺎدس ﻓﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﯿﻮراﻧﯿﻮم ‪ .UF6‬وﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺴﻤﺎح ﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫ﺳﺎدس ﻓﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﯿﻮراﻧﯿﻮم ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺑﺒﻂء‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻧﻈﺮاً ﻟﻠﻔﺮق ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﯿﺮﯾﻦ‬
‫‪235‬‬
‫‪92‬‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪ 352‬ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ ‪UF6‬‬ ‫‪238‬‬
‫‪92‬‬ ‫)اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ ‪UF6‬‬
‫ھﻮ ‪ (349‬ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺎً وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﯿﺮﯾﻦ ﺑﮭﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪235‬‬
‫‪rate of diffusion of‬‬ ‫‪UF6‬‬ ‫‪352‬‬
‫‪92‬‬
‫‪238‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.0043‬‬
‫‪rate of diffusion of‬‬ ‫‪92‬‬ ‫‪UF6‬‬ ‫‪349‬‬
‫‪238‬‬
‫ﺑﻤﻘﺪار ‪ 1.0043‬ﻣﺮة‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻔﻮق ﻣﻌﺪل اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ‪UF6‬‬ ‫أي أن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ‪UF6‬‬
‫‪235‬‬
‫‪92‬‬ ‫‪92‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن اﻟﻔﺮق ﻓﻲ اﻷوزان اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ ﺻﻐﯿﺮ )‪ ،(1.0043‬إﻻ أن ﺗﻜﺮار‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺧﻼل ﺣﻮاﺟﺰ ﻣﻨﻔﺬة )ﯾﻘﺪر ﻋﺪدھﺎ ﺑﺎﻵﻻف( ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻘﻮب ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﺟﺪاً‪،‬‬
‫)‪(284‬‬
‫)‪(285‬‬

‫ﯾﺆدي اﻟﻰ ﺟﻌﻞ اﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ ﻏﻨﯿﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﮫ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﻄﯿﺎر ‪ 235 UF6‬اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻺﻧﺸﻄﺎر‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ وﻓﺮة ﺟﻮھﺮﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﯿﺮ ‪ 235‬اﻟﻤﺮﻏﻮب ﻓﯿﮫ‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﻌﺮف اﻟﻨﻈﺎﺋﺮ ‪ Isotopes‬ﺑﺄﻧﮭﺎ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﺘﺤﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺬري وﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮزن‬
‫اﻟﺬري وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻹﺧﺘﻼف ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻨﯿﻮﺗﺮوﻧﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻮاة‪ .‬أﻣﺎ اﻷﯾﺰوﺑﺎرات ‪Isobars‬‬
‫ﻓﮭﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﺋﺮ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﺘﺤﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺬري وﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺬري ﻣﺜﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪115‬‬
‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪Sn & 115‬‬
‫‪49 Sn‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬
‫ھﻨﺎك ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻟﻠﺘﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻐﺎزي ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﻄﺐ ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﺴﺘﺒﺪل ﻣﺨﺎﻟﯿﻂ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ‪ ،‬واﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم‬
‫ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﻌﺎدي‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ‪ .‬إذ‬
‫أن اﻟﻤﺮﺿﻰ ﯾﺘﻨﻔﺴﻮن ﺑﺴﮭﻮﻟﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻧﻈﺮاً ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪل اﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﻻ ﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﻌﺎدي‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺟﺮﺍﻫﺎﻡ ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٤٥‬‬
‫ﻏﺎز ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻧﺘﺸﺎره ‪ 1.414‬ﻣﺮة ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻏﺎز ‪ SO2‬ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف‬
‫اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺈذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ ‪) ،(R = 0.0821 atm L/mol. K) :‬اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(S = 32, O = 16 :‬‬
‫أ( اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز‬
‫ب( اﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫)‪(285‬‬
‫)‪(286‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أ( ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺠﮭﻮل ‪: MwX‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺗﺒﺎع ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺟﺮاھﺎم ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺸﺎر ‪:‬‬
‫‪rX‬‬ ‫‪Mw SO2‬‬

‫=‬
‫‪rSO2‬‬ ‫‪Mw X‬‬
‫)‪(32 + 2 × 16‬‬
‫= ‪1.414‬‬
‫‪Mw X‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪64 ‬‬
‫‪(1.414 ) = ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Mw‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪64‬‬ ‫‪64‬‬
‫=‪2‬‬ ‫‪⇒ Mw x = = 32 g/mol‬‬
‫‪Mw X‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ب( ﺣﺴﺎب ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪P Mw X = d X R T‬‬
‫‪P Mw X‬‬
‫= ‪dX‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫)‪(1atm) × (32 g/mol‬‬
‫= ‪dX‬‬
‫)‪(0.0821 L atm/Kmol) (273K‬‬
‫‪d X = 1.43 g/L‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٤٦‬‬
‫ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﻏﺎز ‪ A‬ﺧﻼل ﺛﻘﺐ ﺿﯿﻖ ﻓﻲ زﻣﻦ ﻗﺪره ‪ 1.44 min‬وﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻈﺮوف ﺗﺪﻓﻖ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ زﻣﻦ ﻗﺪره ‪ 1.8 min‬اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز )‪(A‬‬
‫ووزﻧﮫ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(286‬‬
‫)‪(287‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ أن زﻣﻦ ﺗﺴﺮب اﻟﻐﺎز اﻷول )‪ (A‬أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ زﻣﻦ ﺗﺴﺮب اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ‪A‬‬
‫أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪r1 c1 t 2‬‬ ‫‪d‬‬ ‫‪Mw 2‬‬
‫=‪= = = 2‬‬
‫‪r2 c 2 t1‬‬ ‫‪d1‬‬ ‫‪Mw1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪  Mw A‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ tA‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ = ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ t O2‬‬ ‫‪  Mw O2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ 1.44 ‬‬ ‫‪Mw A‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫= ‪‬‬
‫‪ 1.8 ‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬
‫‪2.0736 Mw A‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪3.24‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬
‫‪16 × 2.0736‬‬
‫= ‪⇒ Mw A‬‬ ‫‪=10.24g/mol‬‬
‫‪3.24‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٤٧‬‬
‫ﻗﺎرن ﺑﯿﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎزي اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ )‪ (H2‬واﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ )‪ (O2‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﺔ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎر؟‬

‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ‪(MwO2 = 32 g/mol, MwH2 = 2 g/mol) :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪rH2‬‬ ‫‪Mw O2‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬

‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 16 = 4‬‬
‫‪rO2‬‬ ‫‪M H2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪rH2 = 4 rO2‬‬
‫أي أن اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ أﺳﺮع اﻧﺘﺸﺎراً ﻣﻦ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ أرﺑﻊ ﻣﺮات ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻈﺮوف‪.‬‬
‫)‪(287‬‬
‫)‪(288‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٤٨‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز ﯾﻨﺘﺸﺮ )ﯾﻨﺴﺎب( ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ‪ 1.14‬ﻣﺮة أﺳﺮع ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ‪.‬‬
‫)اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺬري ﻟﻸﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ = ‪.(16‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪rX‬‬ ‫‪Mw O2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪rO2‬‬ ‫‪Mw X‬‬
‫‪32‬‬
‫= ‪1.14‬‬
‫‪Mw X‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ 32 ‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬
‫‪(1.14 ) = ‬‬ ‫= ‪ ⇒ 1.2996‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ Mw X ‬‬ ‫‪Mw X‬‬

‫‪32‬‬
‫= ‪Mw X‬‬ ‫‪= 24.62 g/mol‬‬
‫‪1.2996‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٤٩‬‬
‫ﻗﺎرن ﺑﯿﻦ ﻏﺎزي ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ وأول أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎر‬
‫)اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪.((N = 14, O = 16 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪rNO‬‬ ‫‪Mw NO2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪rNO2‬‬ ‫‪Mw NO‬‬
‫‪rNO‬‬ ‫)‪(14 + 2 × 16‬‬ ‫‪46‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.24‬‬
‫‪rNO2‬‬ ‫)‪(14 + 16‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬
‫أي أن أول أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ أﺳﺮع ﻣﻦ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ﺑﻤﻘﺪار ‪ 1.24‬ﻣﺮة‪.‬‬
‫)‪(288‬‬
‫)‪(289‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٥٠‬‬
‫ﻟﺪﯾﻚ ﻏﺎزان )‪ HBr (Mw = 81‬وﻏﺎز )‪ ،CH4 (Mw = 16‬ﯾﺘﺴﺮب ﻏﺎز ‪ HBr‬ﺧﻼل‬
‫ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﺑﻤﻌﺪل ‪ ،4 ml/S‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﻣﻌﺪل ﺗﺴﺮب ‪ CH4‬ﺧﻼل اﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪rCH4‬‬ ‫‪Mw HBr‬‬

‫=‬
‫‪rHBr‬‬ ‫‪Mw CH4‬‬
‫‪rCH4‬‬ ‫‪81‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 2.25‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬
‫‪rCH4‬‬
‫‪= 2.25 ⇒ rCH4 = 2.25 × 4 = 9 ml/s‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٥١‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز إذا ﻛﺎن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻧﺘﺸﺎره ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪ 4.69‬ﻣﺮة أﺳﺮع ﻣﻦ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر‬
‫ﻏﺎز ‪) CO2‬اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪.(C = 12, O = 16) :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪rX‬‬ ‫‪Mw CO2‬‬

‫=‬
‫‪rCO2‬‬ ‫‪Mw X‬‬
‫‪44‬‬
‫= ‪4.69‬‬
‫‪Mw X‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪44 ‬‬
‫‪( 4.69 ) = ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Mw‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪44‬‬ ‫‪44‬‬
‫= ‪21.9961‬‬ ‫= ‪⇒ Mw X‬‬ ‫‪= 2 g/mol‬‬
‫‪Mw X‬‬ ‫‪21.9961‬‬
‫واﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺬي وزﻧﮫ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ )‪ (2‬ھﻮ ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(289‬‬
‫)‪(290‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٥٢‬‬
‫إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز )‪ (A‬ھﻮ ﺿﻌﻒ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز )‪ (B‬ﻓﺄوﺟﺪ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ‪ A‬اﻟﻰ ‪B‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪rA‬‬ ‫‪Mw B‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪rB‬‬ ‫‪Mw A‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪rA‬‬
‫‪= 0.707‬‬
‫‪rB‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٥٣‬‬
‫ﯾﺤﺘﺎج ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز ‪ X‬ﻷن ﯾﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺧﻼل ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺿﯿﻘﺔ زﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺪاره ‪ ،112.25S‬واﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻼزم ﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﻘﺪار ﻣﻦ ‪ O2‬ھﻮ ‪ ،84.7S‬اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز‪.‬‬
‫)اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺬري ﻟﻸﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ = ‪.(16‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪rX‬‬ ‫‪Mw O2‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪Mw X‬‬

‫=‬ ‫= ‪⇒ X‬‬
‫‪rO2‬‬ ‫‪Mw X‬‬ ‫‪rO2‬‬ ‫‪Mw O2‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ أن اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻋﻜﺴﯿﺎً‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪tX‬‬ ‫‪Mw X‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪rO2‬‬ ‫‪Mw O2‬‬
‫‪112.5‬‬ ‫‪Mw x‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪84.7‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ 112.5   Mw x ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ =‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪ 84.7   32 ‬‬
‫‪12656.25‬‬ ‫‪Mw X‬‬ ‫‪12656.25 × 32‬‬
‫=‬ ‫= ‪⇒ Mw X‬‬ ‫‪= 56.45 g/mol‬‬
‫‪7174.09‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪7174.09‬‬
‫)‪(290‬‬
‫)‪(291‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٥٤‬‬
‫‪ ،1.44 g‬ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﻟﺘﺮ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻷﺣﻮال اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﺮ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﯾﺰن‬
‫اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﯾﺰن )‪ ،(0.09 g‬أي اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﻦ ﺳﯿﻨﺘﺸﺮ أﺳﺮع؟ اﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻢ ﻣﺮة ﯾﻜﻮن أﺳﺮع‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ أوﻻً اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪0.09‬‬
‫= ‪d H2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.09 g/L‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪m 1.44‬‬
‫= ‪d O2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪=1.44 g/L‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪rH 2‬‬ ‫‪d O2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪rO2‬‬ ‫‪d H2‬‬
‫‪rH 2‬‬ ‫‪1.44‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪=4‬‬
‫‪rO2‬‬ ‫‪0.09‬‬
‫ﻏﺎز أﻟـ )‪ (H2‬ﯾﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ )‪ (O2‬ﺑﺄرﺑﻊ ﻣﺮات‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٥٥‬‬
‫ﺗﻢ ﺗﺠﻤﯿﻊ )‪ (0.1 mol‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻮق اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ إﻧﺎء ﺣﺠﻤﮫ ‪ ،2.5 L‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﻠﻎ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫‪ ،745 torr‬ﻓﺈذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﺴﺎوي )‪ (93.5 %‬ﻣﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻏﺎز‬
‫)‪ (N2‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻈﺮوف ﻓﺄوﺟﺪ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز )‪.(N = 14‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺮض أن ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻟﻐﺎز )‪ (g‬ھﻲ ‪ ، rg‬وﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻏﺎز )‪ (N2‬ھﻲ ‪rN2‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺆال ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(291‬‬
‫)‪(292‬‬

‫‪r(g) = 0.935 rN2‬‬
‫)‪r(g‬‬ ‫‪Mw N 2‬‬
‫= ‪0.935‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪rN2‬‬ ‫)‪Mw (g‬‬
‫‪Mw N2‬‬
‫= ‪0.935‬‬
‫)‪Mw (g‬‬
‫)‪(2 × 14‬‬
‫= ‪0.935‬‬
‫)‪Mw (g‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ (2 × 14) ‬‬
‫‪( 0.935) = ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫)‪(g‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪28‬‬
‫= ‪0.874225‬‬
‫)‪Mw (g‬‬
‫‪28‬‬
‫= )‪Mw (g‬‬ ‫‪= 32 g/mol‬‬
‫‪0.874225‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٥٦‬‬
‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ اﻟﻼزم ﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻣﺠﮭﻮل ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﯾﺴﺎوي‬
‫‪ ،112.2 s‬اﻟﺰﻣﻦ اﻟﻼزم ﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ‪ ،84.7 s‬اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻮزن‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺠﮭﻮل‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(292‬‬
‫)‪(293‬‬

‫‪t O2‬‬ ‫‪Mw O2‬‬

‫=‬
‫‪tX‬‬ ‫‪Mw X‬‬
‫‪84.7 S‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪112.2 S‬‬ ‫‪Mw X‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ 84.7 S   32 ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ =‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪ 112.2 S   Mw X ‬‬
‫‪32‬‬
‫= ‪0.57‬‬
‫‪Mw X‬‬
‫‪32‬‬
‫= ‪Mw X‬‬ ‫‪= 56.14 g/mol‬‬
‫‪0.57‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٥٧‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻏﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ )‪ (STP‬إذا اﻧﺘﺸﺮ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم ﻣﻨﮫ ﺧﻼل ﺟﮭﺎز‬
‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 5.00 min‬وإذا اﻧﺘﺸﺮ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫واﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺠﮭﺎز ﻓﻲ زﻣﻦ ﻗﺪره ‪) 6.30 min‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ‬
‫)‪(O = 16‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪t O2‬‬ ‫‪Mw O2‬‬

‫=‬
‫‪tX‬‬ ‫‪Mw X‬‬
‫‪6.30‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪Mw X‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ 6.30   32 ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ =‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪ 5   Mw X ‬‬
‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬
‫= ‪1.5876‬‬ ‫= ‪⇒ Mw X‬‬ ‫‪= 20.16 g/mol‬‬
‫‪Mw X‬‬ ‫‪1.5876‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﺑﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(293‬‬
‫)‪(294‬‬

‫‪PMw = d X RT‬‬
‫‪P Mw‬‬
‫= ‪dX‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪1atm × 20.16 g/mol‬‬
‫= ‪dX‬‬
‫)‪(0.0821 L.atm/ K. mol) × (273 K‬‬
‫‪d X = 0.899 g/L‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٥٨‬‬
‫ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ‪ 0.572 g/L‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪ 25 ºC‬وﺿﻐﻂ ‪0.500 atm‬‬
‫وﯾﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ‪ N2‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺛﻘﺐ ‪) 9.50 ml/S‬اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ = ‪.(14‬‬
‫أ( ﻣﺎ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﯾﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺑﻤﻌﺪل ‪ 6.28 ml/S‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻔﺲ‬
‫اﻟﻈﺮوف‬
‫ب( ﻣﺎ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﻐﺎز؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أ( ﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ‪ dX‬ﻧﻄﺒﻖ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪t N2‬‬ ‫‪d N2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪tX‬‬ ‫‪dX‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ 9.50   0.572 ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ = ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪6.28‬‬ ‫‪  d X ‬‬
‫‪0.572‬‬ ‫‪0.527‬‬
‫= ‪2.29‬‬ ‫= ‪⇒ dx‬‬ ‫‪= 0.250 g/L‬‬
‫‪dx‬‬ ‫‪2.29‬‬
‫)‪(294‬‬
‫)‪(295‬‬

‫ب( ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪P Mw X = d R T‬‬
‫‪dXR T‬‬
‫= ‪Mw X‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫= ‪Mw X‬‬
‫)‪( 0.25 g/L) × (0.0821 L atm/Kmol)× (298K‬‬
‫) ‪( 0.500 atm‬‬
‫‪Mw X = 12.2 g/mol‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٥٩‬‬
‫أوﺟﺪ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز ﯾﻨﺴﺎب ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ‪ 3.1‬ﻣﺮة أﺳﺮع ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ‪) F2‬اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻔﻠﻮر = ‪.(9‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺝ( ‪4 g/mol‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٦٠‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز ﯾﻨﺴﺎب ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ‪ 0.323‬أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻧﺴﯿﺎب ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم‪.‬‬
‫)اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺬري ﻟﻠﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم = ‪.(4‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺝ( ‪38.13 g/mol‬‬
‫)‪(295‬‬

02nd Chapter Thermodynamic

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‫ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬: ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

‫ﻃﺮﻕ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﱄ)‪ (Ideal Gas‬ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ )‪(Real Gas‬‬

‫ھﻨﺎك ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻔﺎن ھﺎﻣﺎن ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ھﻤﺎ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ واﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﱄ )‪:(Ideal Gas‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ )‪:(Real Gas‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

‫ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬: ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬

Fig. 19 : A apparatus for studying the relationship between pressure and

‫ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬: ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬: ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬

Fig. 21 : Boyle's law. Boyle's experiment showing the compressibility of

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

‫‪Fig. 22 : A representation of Boyle's experiment. A sample of air is trapped‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺟﺪول ‪ : ١٠‬اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ واﻟﺤﺠﻢ "ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ"‬

‫ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬: ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬

Fig. 23 : Boyle's law: As volume decreases, gas molecules become more

Fig. 24 : Boyle's law.

‫ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬: ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬

Fig. 25 : A demonstration of Boyle's Law. Temperature is constant.

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

‫‪Fig. 27 : Compression of gases‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

‫ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬: ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬

Fig. 30 : Boyle's law summarizes the effect of pressure on the volume of a

‫ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬: ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬

Fig. 31 : When the pressure is plotted against 1/volume, a straight line is

‫( ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻮر اﻟﺼﺎدات‬V) ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻮر اﻟﺴﯿﻨﺎت واﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬ 1

K ‫( واﻟﺬي ﻣﯿﻠﮫ ﯾﺴﺎوي اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ‬٣٢) ‫ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

‫ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬: ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬

Fig. 33 : Graphical illustration of Boyle's law.

Fig. 34 : Boyle's law.

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ : ٣٦‬رﺳﻢ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﻲ ﯾﻮﺿﺢ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ‪.‬‬

‫وﻗﺪ وﺟﺪ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﺎن رﯾﻜﻨﻮﻟﺖ )‪ (Regnault‬وأﻣﻘﺎت )‪ (Amagat‬أن اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻟﯿﺲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﻮﻳﻞ‬

‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺑﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

‫ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬: ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

‫‪Fig. 43 : A demonstration of Charle's Law. Pressure is constant.‬‬

‫ﺟﺪول ‪ : ١٣‬اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﻮم اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ واﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ واﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺴﺨﯿﻨﮭﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪t1 ‬‬

‫ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻤﺪد اﻟﺤﺮاري اﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

‫وﻟﻠﺘﺒﺴﯿﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺗﻨﺎ ﺳﻨﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺮﻗﻢ )‪ (273‬ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ )‪ (273.15‬وﻧﮭﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﻌﺸﺮي‬

‫ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬: ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬: ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬