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Chapter 1

Introduction

Background of Study

Power failure occurs when several electrical appliances are being used at

the same time in an extension outlet which becomes overloaded as there is a

limit on the electric capacity of sockets and wires. Exceeding this capacity by

using too many appliances at once can cause overheating and is dangerous

Kansai (2018).

Electricity holds the key to most industrial operation across the world

today. Electricity needs to be generated massively and efficiently to meet societal

needs. Electricity is generated in several ways for small-scale and large-scale

consumption batteries and small scale/intermittent use. While electricity for

large-scale use can be produce hi-tech method in coal-fired nuclear oil-fired

hydro-electric and thermal (Gas fired) power generating station Francis (1988).

Power interruption on a daily basis without apologies for the consumer.

The industrial organization have often run into serious economic losses due to

failure. The training institutions often operate for several days or week without

electricity with all electrically operated equipment rendered useless Nwokolo

(1995).

Every electrical component is comprised of electrical insulation and almost

very electrical failure involves of insulation. Electrical insulation provides a means

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retraining the voltage from the getting out of control, similar to how a violent

release energy occurs. Just after new equipment is installed, a normal

deterioration process begins. This such as environment, load and or duty cycle

can call contribute to premature failure. By performing regular testing and

maintenance, the insulation condition can be monitored and the life time

prolonged. Additionally, a new technology known as partial discharge testing is a

very good tool that is used to detect the condition of medium and high voltage

equipment Genutis (2001).

Electrical surges can be caused by anything from lightning strikes, damage

to power lines, faulty appliances and bad electrical wiring in the house. While an

actual surge only lasts a microsecond, frequent surges can damage the electrical

components connected to your home degrading their life expectancy significant.

If you experience frequent electrical surge, the culprit is probably an electrical

device connected to the home grid or the wiring itself Nicholls (2001).

Circuit breaker are designed to trip when a circuit is overloaded. By

shutting off the electrical supply, the breaker prevents wires from overheating

and potentially starting a fire. Breakers can also trip when they become old.

Occasional tripping can indicate simple overloads Pogue (2015).

Intermittent short circuit usually manifest themselves by blowing a fuse.

This can be beneficial as it gives you a starting point for diagnosis. Obtaining

both the power distribution and wiring diagrams will give you details of concerns.
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Additional valuable pieces of information are TSBs technical service bulletins and

common fixes that have been compiled by repair information sources Hoyland

(2016).

This is why the researchers conducted this study because this is one of the

problems in the community. The researchers need to know on how to avoid this

problem and on how they can help the community they are living. Also, the

researchers want to know how Electrical Failures starts and what are the causes

and effect of this problem to the community.

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Statement of the Problem

This study was design to look into the causes and effects of electrical

failures in selected household in Brgy. San Isidro, Palompon, Leyte.

Specifically, this study intended to answer the following questions:

1) What is the demographic profile of the respondents in of:

1.1 Age

1.2 Gender

1.3 Educational attainment

2) What are the cause and effects of electrical failures?

3) What is the sign of electrical failures?

4) What are the possible reasons of having electrical failures?

Significance of the study

The outcome of this study will importance to the following:

Community – this study helps the community to be informed about the

effects of using substandard electrical materials.

Brgy. San Isidro – the Brgy. San Isidro will be oriented and will be

considerate to help the household owners of Brgy. San Isidro, Palompon,

Leyte.
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Household Owners – Are the main topic of this study because they are the

most concerned about electrical failure in household. They can benefit this

study because they can teach their children about electrical failures and they

will know how to prevent this problem.

Teacher – this study can help the teacher because they can apply it to the

school and to their houses and also, to help them guide and give instruction

to the students.

Electrical Students – The electrical students can benefit from this study

because they will be guided on how to do the proper household wiring.

Future Researchers – they can use this study as reference to their

research.

Scope and delimitation

The main focus of this study is about the Cause and Effect of Electrical

Failures in Brgy. San Isidro, Palompon, Leyte.

This study stated started on the first quarter of the first semester of the

school year 2020-2021.

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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Donoghue and Eramus (1999) stated that’s these energy and time saving

device are important product without which many households would not be able

to function effectively. Moreover, these appliances are generally expensive,

complex and expected to be durable. It is therefore of the almost importance

that consumer should be satisfied with the performance of their appliances.

Before purchasing and using major electrical household appliances, consumer

from expectation. Regarding the function and symbolic performance dimension

of such appliances in a particular use situation. Thus, the consumer assessment

of their satisfaction and dissatisfaction with the actual performance of household

appliance is an involving process. Expectation about product performance withier

particular item was purchase because of its presumed superior functional

performance in mind, ranging from quite low to quite high, regarding the

acquired appliance Hawkins Et Al, (2001).

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Power of the incoming main electrical supply can be causes by numerous

sources including lightning, storms, flood, interruption of the incoming cable

power overload in the electrical provide transformer and in one case in our

institution, due to shutdown of the charging circuit of a UPS. The standard back-

up electrical supply is a petrol or diesel generator outside the operating theatre.

This supply is also prone to shot down due to failure to start, cracked pistons,

loss of coolant fluid and failure of the voltage controller, which can cause power

surges, as in our case in excess of 600V. Since our generator was checked on a

weekly basis at that time for only short interval, cooling system failure would not

have been apartment. Failure of this cannot have been apartment. Failure of this

back up can also be due to positioning of the power input sensor line. A sensor

of this back-up generator usually be proximal to be theatre emergency system

will not automatically cut M Hargrole (2002).

Electrical failure is a major threat pacing poetry producer. It may be a fare

occurrence in countries with good power supply system but it is a real and

frequent problem in some areas. As a result, back up electricity generators are in

use on almost all farm around the world. Nevertheless, sometimes the

unexpected happens. The back – up system also fails and disaster boom. Dhia

Alchalabi, (2002).

Electrical failures is an abnormal condition caused by equipment failures

such as transformer and rotating machines, household and environmental

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condition. These failure cause interruption to electric flows, equipment damages

and even cause death. Agarwal (2008).

A normal way to guard against system failure is to ensure that power flows

remain below the transmission lines capacity. When the capacity limit is

transgressed the lines overheat. This may cause theme to sac, generate unstable

power supply or even fail. Longer power lines result in greater losses. Further

vulnerabilities arise because a power grids need the frequency and phase of all

power generation to synchronize within tightly defined limits circuit breakers are

used to remove generators from the system if their frequency fluctuates too

greatly. However, when certain part of the grid is carrying electricity at near

capacity at near capacity. Small shift of power flows can trip circuit breakers,

which send larger flow onto neighboring lines to start a chain reaction failure

Lerner (2003).

Every time a circuit trips or a fuse blows it is an indication that the circuit is

overloaded, but most people will simply reset the breaker and do it again. The

inevitable result is that the circuit breaker is slowly damaged to the point it

doesn’t work properly anymore and the panel itself can be damaged as well as

an electrician I’ve seen house panels that have the massive bus bar inside,

carrying the entire power for the whole home, half melted from repeated

overloaded and this a recipe for disaster it most certainly is one way that home

fires station Dan Harmon (2017).

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Every electrical component is comprised of electrical insulation and almost

every electrical failure involves failures of the insulation. Electrical insulation

provides a means of restraining the voltage from getting out of control, similar to

how a pipe keep from spraying everywhere. When the insulation is comprised, a

violent release of electrical energy occurs. Electrical failure occurs, a great deal

of destructive energy is released suddenly. The resultant force can create a

deafening noise and an arc-blast with temperature that exceed those of the sun.

The high-temperature arc can vaporize any material in the home. Anyone in

close proximity of this blast is at risk of severe injury or death Don Genutis

(2001).
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DEFINITION OF TERMS

1) Transmission- The action or process of transmitting something or the

state of being transmitted

2) Efficiently – In a way that achieves maximum productivity with

maximum wasted effort or expense.

3) Intermittent – Occurring at irregular intervals not continuous or steady.

4) Societal – Relating to society or social relations.

5) Massively – In very large and heavy or solid form.

6) Vital – Absolutely necessary or important essential.

7) Incessant – Something regarded as in pleasant continuing without pause

or interruption.

8) Rendered – Melted in order to separate out the impurities.

9) Delimits – To officially set or state the limit.

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10) Benefactors – Someone who helps another person group, etc. by the

giving money.

11) Octopus Connections - An octopus connection is one with eight

outlets.

12) Overload - an excessive load or amount.

Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The researchers used descriptive design as appropriate by the study.

The Sample

The researchers will use purposive sampling that the respondents are

related to the study. Ten (10) household owners and five (5) electricians in Brgy.

San Isidro, Palompon, Leyte.

The Instruments
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The researchers will use questionnaire to the respondents that purposively

selected by the researchers in Brgy. San Isidro, Palompon, Leyte in terms of age,

gender, educational attainment and the question about the cause and effects of

electrical failures.

Data Collection Procedure

The researchers will ask permission first to the respondents for the

conduct of this study in Brgy. San Isidro, Palompon, Leyte.

Data Analysis

All gathered data were complied. The data that gathered of cause and

effects of Electrical Failures was treated to simple and was presented through

table.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Hoyland (2016). “Common Causes of Electrical System Failure”. Published on

December 2, 2016, from the source https://www.vehicleservicepros.com

Elizabeth McGrath (2013). “What Causes an Electrical Short Circuit?”. Published

on January 29, 2019, from the source https://www.thespruce.com

Steve Mathewman (2008). “Blackouts: A Sociology of Electrical Power Failure”.

Published on March 8, 2014, from the source https://www.socialspacejournal.eu

John R. Hall, Jr. (2011). “Home Electrical Fires”. Published on April 12, 2013,

from the source https://www.nfpa.org

Marshall (2007). “How Power Works”. Published on March 7, 2018, from the

source https://www.teachengineering.org
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M Hargrole (2002). “Types of faults and effects in electrical power system”.

Published on March 05, 2013, from the source https://www.elprocus.com

Donoghue and Eramus (1999). “Dissatisfied consumers complaints behavior

concerning product failure of major electrical household appliances- a conceptual

framework”. Published on February 20, 2006, from the source

https://www.ajol.info

Ting Qu (2010). “A case of implementing materials management for household

electrical appliances”. Published on June 23, 2012, from the source

https://www.link,springer.com