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Impact of Centralized Appliance Protector in Addressing Negative

Effects of Sudden Surges of Voltage After Brownouts

Abstract
A centralize appliance protector is a device designed to protect electrical devices and

appliances from voltage spikes, brownout, power failures and severe voltage fluctuations can

damage electronic appliances. This device protects homes and office by delaying electrical

connection and interruption of voltages until the power stabilizes. This aims to protect home

appliances from getting damaged and malfunctioned. This study also aims to determine the

user’s acceptability in terms of effectiveness and reliability of the centralized appliance

protector device This study used experimental design since centralized appliance protector

used methods or procedures in evaluating the production of the device in order to produce

affordable appliance protector. The methods used were random sampling, descriptive and

experimental. The respondents were chosen randomly into 10 using the random sampling

technique. Researcher-made questionnaire was used as the tool in gathering data as to the

acceptability of the centralized appliance protector device to the respondents. . The results

show that using centralized appliance protector can be very useful in protecting home

appliances from electrical disturbances and could help to less pay electricity bills.

Keywords: centralized appliance protector, appliance protector, electrical

disturbances, voltage, home appliances

___________________________________________________________________________

1.0 Introduction power line distribution of the country for it

The one factor in the Philippines is causes fluctuations of line voltage that

geographical location that entails erratic often causes serious problems to

climate changes. It indirectly affects the sophisticated electrical and electronic

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Impact of Centralized Appliance Protector in Addressing Negative

Effects of Sudden Surges of Voltage After Brownouts

home appliances. According to Islam et al continues to grow, so does the

(1991), it is observed that the line voltages corresponding energy consumption. In

of some phases divert to a high level and fact, a significant number of innovative

remain at the level for several hours until electrical fluctuation projects have been

some corrective measures are taken by the made and implemented to secure all

concerned authority. For example, when electrical components and systems. It is

using a voltage protector for your TV, and because power line fluctuations and cut-

it suddenly turns off without any other of offs because damages to electrical

your appliances turning off, it might mean appliances connected to the line. Note that

that it experienced a sudden drop in unexpected appliance failures can be

voltage levels. Although it has more of an inconvenient and worse, they can be

effect on appliances with motors, the case costly. Therein, surge protection has

still stands that other appliances are become a more complex and important

probably experiencing it too, and thus, you issue to look into considering that the

might choose to turn them offsite. Under value of electronic equipment in a typical

these conditions of line voltage, a fuse or house has increased enormously.

circuit breaker are normally used to protect Protective devices were developed for

different households and the ensuring a dependable and effective

corresponding appliances from under and protection to small households. Some of

over –voltage conditions that are apparent these devices are developed by Islam et al

at that time. Consequently, in spite of the (1991).Though a significant number of

above situation, the number of appliances devices have already been developed, but

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Impact of Centralized Appliance Protector in Addressing Negative

Effects of Sudden Surges of Voltage After Brownouts

an alternative approach which is being failures. Transient over voltages occurring

done within the context of this study has in the power systems can cause operational

been made. This project aimed to develop breakdown and also cause failure in

the quality and securities of power system industrial and household equipment as

are disturbed due to faults and failures well. When the voltage exceeds capacity,

occurring. Protection against sudden over power will instantly be cut off. Keep in

voltages in substations is a vital part of the mind that going above (over 265 volts) and

overall reliability of power systems. The below (under 170 volts) the standard

protection against over voltage is mainly voltage rating is quite harmful to your

necessary for human being because the appliances for a number of reasons.

people will lose their life due to Admittedly, low voltage won’t have too

overvoltage shock. The degree of surge much of an effect on most appliances. But

protection provided to a station is it would make them function slower than

governed by the reliability requirement usual. However, this could be dangerous

and the economics to obtain such for appliances that use motor; examples of

reliability. Since major stations generally these are refrigerators, washing machines,

include strategic and highly valuable and dryers. The state of low voltage can

power equipment. cause motors to overheat and ultimately

(www.googlescholar.com, retrieved damage the inner workings of the

11/13/1). Surge protection is essential to appliance. This can lead to overheating

`avoid or minimize major system and the eventual burning of the motor. In

disturbances as well as major equipment most cases, this leads to frequent motor

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Impact of Centralized Appliance Protector in Addressing Negative

Effects of Sudden Surges of Voltage After Brownouts

repairs—a costly option to an otherwise functioning with such difficulties. These

preventable problem. High voltages will voltage protectors are designed to stop the

mean that it will draw more current at the flow of electricity when voltage

start. Once it reaches a steady state, the fluctuations go beyond their perceived

current lessens, sometimes normalizes. operating levels. This means that they are

However, the relatively high starting capable of identifying whether or not

current can damage the system in many there’s something wrong with the

ways. Appliances, particularly those with electricity flow within your home or on

motor parts, need to be protected from that particular circuit. If you have multiple

ever experiencing an over- or under- appliances using voltage protectors and

voltage. Try to be aware of the operating only a certain number of them turned off,

voltage range of your appliances as well as then that means their circuits are the ones

the fluctuations that can happen in your that are experiencing significant

house.(www.researchgate.com, retrieved fluctuations. It can tell you whether there’s

11/13/19). Some appliances have a a problem for a specific circuit, your entire

relatively large operating voltage range, house’s electrical system, or in the general

which means that they can function even electrical grid. You may report it

with the normal levels of fluctuation! immediately to a professional electrician

Voltage protectors cut off power whenever from a notable electrical company in the

it detects that voltage levels are enough to Philippines to resolve the issue. With your

be considered as over- or under-voltage, appliances protected from unnecessary

preventing your appliances from voltage fluctuations and now that you have

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Impact of Centralized Appliance Protector in Addressing Negative

Effects of Sudden Surges of Voltage After Brownouts

a way of monitoring them through voltage devices are designed to handle specific

protectors you’re essentially protecting voltages. Unfortunately, in cases where

your home from electrical problems that devices are subject to higher voltages than

can lead to serious home damage. Your they are designed for, damage can occur.

appliances can get damaged, or worse, be Generally speaking the greater these

set on fire when not protected from certain voltages are, and the longer the period

electrical hazards; over- and under-voltage over which they are experienced, the

situations are some of them. By making greater the damage will likely be. Sudden,

sure that your appliances receive the right severe voltage surges like those

range of voltage, voltage protectors experienced as a result of lightning can

prevent things such as damage, burning, cause almost immediate and total failure of

and maybe even small explosions from electronic devices, requiring expensive

happening. Various products are repair work or replacement. However even

commonly available in the retail trade small voltage surges are capable of

which act as a surge protector and, to a causing damage over an extended period

limited extent, also provide protection of time. One common example of the

against damage as a result of lightning damage that can be caused by excessive

strikes. An Uninterrupted Power Supply voltage involves the rapid heating – and

will not only level off the voltage spikes subsequent cooling – of electrical wiring.

between the grid and your installation but Over time this repeated overheating can

will also continue to give you voltage for a lead to “electronic rust” and eventual

short while after a power outage. Electrical failure of devices. It is also important to

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Impact of Centralized Appliance Protector in Addressing Negative

Effects of Sudden Surges of Voltage After Brownouts

note that minor voltage surges can should be considered of primary

frequently go unnoticed; where these do importance. This is especially so in

not cause immediate failure, the owner situations where voltage surges are highly

may not be aware that their computer or likely, or where the effects of an

other electronic device is being degraded uncontrolled voltage surge could cause

on a consistent basis. As a result, power widespread, or expensive, damage. To this

surges can be seen as one of the “silent end a range of voltage surge protectors are

killers” of electronic devices. The damage now available. In essence these devices are

caused by voltage surges can be serious designed as “gate keepers” for a system,

enough in the home; however when the helping to monitor the electrical charge

effects are felt in a wider industrial scale entering the system. In cases where surges

they can even more disastrous, affecting or spikes are experienced the excess

expensive machinery and even whole voltage is then removed from the system,

sections of the power grid. Unsurprisingly, such as through earthed lead. Clearly when

for such a disastrous process, it is wise to choosing a surge suppressor there are a

use some form of surge protection, so as to number of factors that should be

mitigate the risks that power surges can considered. On the one hand, surge

cause. There can be few engineers or protectors are manufactured to deal with a

electricians have not seen the devastating range of voltages around the anticipated

impact that voltage surges can cause. It mean. The broader this range is, the more

should therefore come as no surprise that protection will be offered to the system.

protecting systems from voltage surges Consequently selecting protection devices

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Impact of Centralized Appliance Protector in Addressing Negative

Effects of Sudden Surges of Voltage After Brownouts

with a wide functional range is highly suppressors suffer far fewer mechanical

recommended. A second consideration is problems and so offer higher levels of

the speed of operation; how quickly can a reliability. This eliminates the need (and

voltage surge protector eliminate cost) of regular maintenance and ensures

unwanted excess current, and as a result fewer complications from negative

how long will the system experience a sub- environmental conditions such a dusty or

optimal load? The greater speed at which humid atmospheres.(www.sollatek.com,

your protector can respond will minimize retrieved 11/25/19).

the risk of damage such as burnout 2.0 Theoretical and Conceptual

Framework
occurring. Lastly consider whether the
The aim of this study is to develop
device you are considering includes
a system that monitors the voltage
moving the market are electronic-only
variation and provides breakpoint based on
designs, some manufacturers still produce
low and high voltage tripping mechanism
surge protectors with moving parts which
that avoids any damage to the load,
can, as a result, lead to mechanical failure.
various industrial and domestic systems
Generally speaking electronic-only surge
consisting of fluctuation.

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Impact of Centralized Appliance Protector in Addressing Negative

Effects of Sudden Surges of Voltage After Brownouts

Figure 1. Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

The aim of the proposed work is to lamp load to avoid any damage. So the

develop a system that monitors the voltage high quality power can be obtained with

variation and provides breakpoint based on the help of this device and it will also

low and high voltage tripping mechanism improve the power factor and thus power

that avoids any damage to the load, can be fully utilized. The proposed

various industrial and domestic systems protection circuit protects refrigerator, IM

consisting of fluctuation in the AC mains. and other electrical appliances from

In the tripping mechanism shown in abnormal conditions. When the voltage in

Figure 1, a quad comparator Integrated a circuit or part of it is raised above its

Chip (IC) is used with two more upper design limit, this is known as over

comparator ICs as window comparator. voltage. The conditions may be hazardous.

When the system delivers error, the input Depending on its duration, the over

voltage falls out of the window range. This voltage event can be transient or

trigger then operates a relay that cut off the permanent, leading to a power surge.

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Impact of Centralized Appliance Protector in Addressing Negative

Effects of Sudden Surges of Voltage After Brownouts

Figure 2. Circuit Diagram of Centralized Appliance Protector (CAP)

Figure 2 indicates the entire circuit capacitor banks or energization of

layout of the device. As reflected, it is capacitor bank. This is generally due to

composed of several electronics and ungrounded or floating ground delta

electrical components. These are Low systems, where a change in ground

Voltage Cut Off Amp, High Voltage Cut reference would give voltage rise to the

Off Amp, Time Delay Circuit, High ungrounded system. It can also be

Ampere Relay, Fuse and (6) 250 generated by sudden load deduction. Due

VAC .Over voltages are less common than to the disconnection of load there is a

under voltage but they also arise due to sudden reduction of current, which will

system faults. Overvoltage can occur due gives rise to over voltage, where L is the

to single line to ground fault, which in turn inductance of the line. The effects of over

will raise the voltage of the other phases. It voltage are more severe and destructive. It

can als0 happen due to disconnection of may cause the electrical equipment to fail,

heavy industrial loads or switching on the due to overheating caused by high voltage.

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Impact of Centralized Appliance Protector in Addressing Negative

Effects of Sudden Surges of Voltage After Brownouts

Also electronic and other sensitive off) or as amplifiers (converting small

equipment are prone to malfunction. A currents into larger ones).

relay is an electromagnetic switch operated (www.explainthatstuff.com, retrieved

by a relatively small electric current that 11/25/19). Many electrical systems operate

can turn on or off a much larger electric by either turning on and off power or by

current. The heart of a relay is an increasing and decreasing the flow of

electromagnet (a coil of wire that becomes power. Think of thermostats or dimmer

a temporary magnet when electricity flows switches as examples of circuits designed

through it). You can think of a relay as a to increase/decrease electrical load.

kind of electric lever: switch it on with a Alternatively, think of the fan in your

tiny current and it switches on computer or the compressor on your fridge

("leverages") another appliance using a repeatedly turning on and off,

much bigger current. Why is that useful? consequently affecting the power available

As the name suggests, many sensors are in your home. In case of a power shortage,

incredibly sensitive pieces of electronic normally speaking we are able to rely on

equipment and produce only small electric our neighboring countries, who are able to

currents. But often we need them to drive send part of their surplus supply to our

bigger pieces of apparatus that use bigger grid. Especially France which has a

currents. Relays bridge the gap, making it longstanding tradition of using electric

possible for small currents to activate heating. At such times, we could well

larger ones. That means relays can work see electricity demand exceed the supply.

either as switches (turning things on and In that case, an imbalance is said to exist

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Impact of Centralized Appliance Protector in Addressing Negative

Effects of Sudden Surges of Voltage After Brownouts

between generation and consumption. equipment failure.

This imbalance is also a dangerous thing (www.circuitglobe.com, retrieved

as it could cause the Belgian - and even the 11/28/19). Current is a flow of electrical

European - electricity grid to crash. In that charge carriers, usually electron-deficient

case, we would have a blackout on hands, atoms. The common symbol for current is

which is very much the worst-case the uppercase letter I. A coulomb of

scenario.( www.researchgate.com, electrical charge (6.24 x 1018 charge

retrieved 11/28/19). Voltage surge is carriers) moving past a specific point in

defined as the sudden rise in excessive one second. Physicists consider current to

voltage which damages the electrical flow from relatively positive points to

equipment of an installation. The relatively negative points; this is called

overvoltage in the lines occurs because of conventional current or Franklin current.

a rise in voltage between both phases Electrons, the most common charge

and between phase and ground. The carriers, are negatively charged. They flow

voltage surges are mainly classified under from relatively negative points to

two heading; internal and external relatively positive points. Alternatively

voltages. A sudden increase in voltage that known as a line surge or power surge,

lasts for 3 nanoseconds or more is called a surge is a short, fast rise in voltage that

a voltage surge. They are harmful because inherently causes an increase in electrical

they cause the wires in your electronic current or vice versa. Exclusive to

equipment to overheat. Either electrical circuits, a power surge can cause

way, surges and spikes may lead to damage or impairment to a computer or

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Impact of Centralized Appliance Protector in Addressing Negative

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other devices. (www.techtarget.com, retrieved 11/28/19).

3.0 Methodology

The Quantitative survey method of respondents were chosen randomly into

research performing statistical, ten (10) using the random sampling

mathematical, or computational techniques technique. Researcher-made questionnaire

was used in conducting study this study was used as the tool in gathering data as to

used experimental design since centralized the acceptability of the centralized

appliance protector uses methods or appliance protector device to the

procedures in evaluating the production of respondents. The questionnaire was drawn

the device in order to produce affordable out based on the researcher’s readings and

appliance protector. Since the purpose of the objectives of the study. Preference for

the study is to protect the appliances at all the use of the structured questionnaire was

cost, therefore, we conducted an based on several research assumptions

experiment prior to the concern of the such as easier to make, easier to analyzed

citizens in the community wherein there and takes lesser time consumption. The

were damages occur in their appliances data collection for this research relied on

due to the electrical disturbances and other random sampling technique and through

matter. questionnaires. After validating the

Random Sampling questionnaires, the questionnaires were

The respondents were the citizens then distributed to the 10 randomly

of Rizal, Sogod, Southern Leyte because selected persons from Rizal, Sogod,

mostly all of them have appliances. The Southern Leyte that were administered by

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Impact of Centralized Appliance Protector in Addressing Negative

Effects of Sudden Surges of Voltage After Brownouts

the researchers in the event for take their answers and perspective on how

clarifications. Then the data gathered was the centralized appliance protector work

then analyzed and interpreted according to effectively wherein their appliances were

the objectives of the research. As the tested from electrical disturbances like

researchers were able to distribute and sudden on and off the switch

gather the data from the questionnaires consecutively, short circuit and such.

given to ten (10) respondents which was to

4.0 Results and Discussion a high voltage which means to have an

The centralized appliance protector increasing power bill. At the first trial, we

was tested with three (3) trials as the got the voltage reading of 240 while the

readings of voltage were also included to second trial got 243 voltages and the last

test the effectiveness of having a trial with 245 voltages. Afterwards, we

centralized appliance protector. As shown , tend to read the voltage readings with the

second and third trial, we had the same use of centralized appliance protector. The

voltage reading among the three trials first, second and third trial, we had the

which was 220 voltage. in the Table 1 same voltage reading among the three

below, it shows that the voltage reading trials which was 220 voltage.

without centralized appliance protector has

CLASSIFICATION 1st Trial 2nd Trial 3rd Trial

WITHOUT
CENTRALIZED

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Impact of Centralized Appliance Protector in Addressing Negative

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APPLIANCE 240 V 243 V 245 V

PRORTECTOR
WITH
CENTRALIZED
APPLIANCE 220 V 220 V 220 V
PROTECTOR
Table 1. Voltage Testing / Difference With and Without Centralized Appliance

Protector

The data that was gathered from based the data on how many respondents

the questionnaires that were distributed to rated the device as satisfaction. Based

10 respondents were analysed and from the satisfaction, 60% of respondents

interpreted by the researchers according to rated the device as very satisfied which is

the objectives of the study. The researchers 6, 30% respondents rated 4 and 10%

Table 2. Respondent’s Data Feedback

(6) Very Satisfied

3 (5) moderately satisfied
(4) satisfied
2

0
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th
Res. Res. Res. Res. Res. Res. Res. Res. Res. Res.
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Impact of Centralized Appliance Protector in Addressing Negative

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respondents rated 5. In the questionnaires As the researchers analysed the

that were distributed, there was a question respondents’ answers, the researchers

being asked to the respondents asking if calculated the mean and had come to a

“Would you likely use these device in result; the mean was 6 which means that

protecting your home appliances?” rating 1 most of the respondents would likely use

for very unlikely to 6 which is very likely. the device for their appliance protection.

5.0 Conclusion

The protection circuit proposed in machinery, house hold appliances like:

this paper can be used to protect the costly TV, refrigerator, air conditioner,

electrical appliances from abnormal agriculture motors, and water pumps. The

conditions like sag, swell, under voltage, over/under voltage and over current cut-off

over voltage, over current and able to with time delay provides over/under-

avoid appliances being get damaged from voltage and over current protection and

harmful effects. The advantages of this also protection against any transients. This

protective device are: highly sensitive, fit device helps to control the flow of current

and forget system, low cost and reliable against from the electrical disturbances

circuit, complete elimination of and able to measure on how much voltage

manpower, can handle heavy loads, auto consumed by our appliances using

switch off during abnormal conditions and centralized appliance protector. Seventy

auto switch on at the time of normal nine (79) per cent of the population are

conditions. The applications of this likely to have and use centralized

protection device are in industrial appliance protector in order for their

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Impact of Centralized Appliance Protector in Addressing Negative

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appliances to be protected from sudden electricity interruption.

6.0 References Cited

Circuitglobe. retrieved11/23/19. www. goo uide.com.

gle.com. Googlescholar. retrieved11/26/19.www.go

Energuide. retrieved11/21/19. www.energ oglescholar.com.

Linkspringer. retrieved11/18/19. www.link

springer.com.

Meijielectric. retrieved11/21/19.www.meji

electric.com.

Researchgate. retrieved11/18/19. www.res

earchgate.com.

Researchgate. retrieved11/22/19. www.res

earchgate.net.

Studyvoltage. retrieved11/22/19. www. stu

dyvoltage.com.

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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/

293593383_HighLow_Voltage_Protection_Device_System_for_Appliances

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Impact of Centralized Appliance Protector in Addressing Negative Effects

of Sudden Surges of Voltage After Brownouts

Southern Leyte State University, Sogod, Southern Leyte