A Review on Design and Development of
Low Cost Under voltage and Over voltage
Protection Scheme
Mr. Parth Upadhyay 1
Student1, Electrical Engineering1,
Shroff S. R. Rotary Institute of Chemical Technology1,
parthupadhyaysrict@gmail.com
Mr. Hardik Modi 3,
Student3, Electrical Engineering3,
Shroff S. R. Rotary Institute of Chemical Technology3,
hardik1998.mh@gmail.com
Mr. Ankur Patel,5
Student5, Electrical Engineering5,
Shroff S. R. Rotary Institute of Chemical Technology5,
ankurpatel1375@gmail.com
Abstract - Voltage fluctuation is one of
the major power quality issues facing by
consumer. This irregular voltage can cause
residual damage to the valuable electrical
equipment. Electrical power system
protection is therefore essential to ensure
protection of both user and system
equipment against fault. So our project
will help to remove the faults and
hazardous effects due to overvoltage and
under voltage condition. With the
advancement of technology, the processes
are becoming more and more complex.
The overall project is to develop a circuit
to protect the electronic devices form
power Quality problem, over voltage and
under voltage condition automatically. The
proposed work aim’s to design and
development such over voltage and under
voltage protection scheme ensuring system
security against voltage variation. In future
their might be addition of earth fault
Mr. Mu.Tanveer Maharaj2,
Student2, Electrical Engineering2,
Shroff S. R. Rotary Institute of Chemical technology2,
tanveer1@live.in
Mr. Premal Chahwala4,
Student4, Electrical Engineering4,
Shroff S. R. Rotary Institute of Chemical technology4,
premalchahwala2496@gmail.com
Mrs. Jalpa Thakkar,6,
Assist. Prof.6, Electrical Engineering6,
Shroff S. R. Rotary Institute of Chemical technology6,
jalpa.thakkar@srict.in
detection and protection, automatic
starting protection circuitry.
Keywords:- Overvoltage, Under voltage.
Introduction :-
One of the major problems that the
industries face is to counter the sudden
overvoltage in the system which results in
the deterioration of power quality and
damages to equipments. The consequences
of power incidents show that industrial and
digital firms are losing crores per year due
to power interruptions. The cost to replace
equipments damaged because of voltage
spikes is very high. Industrial business has
to deal with loss of production. In this
project, the focus of the study is the effects
of transient overvoltage and under voltage
on the substation equipment and the
corresponding protection against it.
Protection against sudden overvoltage in
substations is a vital part of the overall
reliability of power systems. The degree of
surge protection afforded to a station is
governed by the reliability required and the
economics to obtain such reliability. Since
major stations generally include strategic
and highly valuable power equipment,
surge protection is essential to avoid or
minimize major system disturbances as
well as major equipment failures.
Transient overvoltage occurring in our
power system can cause operational.
Literature Review:-
OVER VOLTAGE When the voltage in a
circuit is raised above its predetermined
value, this condition is known as an over
voltage. The over voltages results because
either the system is too weak for the desired
voltage regulation or voltage controls are
inadequate. Incorrect tap settings on
transformers can also result in system over
voltages. Overvoltage are less common than
under voltage but they also arise due to
system fault Overvoltage can occur due to
single line to ground fault, which in turn will
raise the voltage of the other phases. It can
also cause due to disconnection of heavy
industrial loads or switching on the capacitor
banks [1].
UNDER VOLTAGE If the voltage is
below the rated one than this condition is
known as under voltage. Under voltage
also results in damage of the equipments as
the potential required to run an equipment
is less than the rated of the equipment.
Under voltages are the most common power
disturbance whose effect is quite severe
especially in industrial and large commercial
customers such as the damage of the
sensitivity of an equipment’s and also huge
capital loss due to loss of production the
examples of the sensitive equipments are
Programmable Logic Controller (PLC),
Adjustable Speed Drive (ASD) [1].
In this paper we implement a circuit
which helps to detect the voltage below
198 volt which is 0.9 of rated voltage
which is 220 volt and it is sag and under
voltage condition and in this condition our
circuit will remain in open condition so
there will on any passage of current [2].
Poor electric power quality has many
harmful effects on power system devices
and consumers. These effects are so
harmful that it is not detect until failure
occurs in the equipments If there is no
occurrence of failure of equipment, there
will be losses and heating in the equipment
which will reduce the life of the
equipment[3].
When harmonics are added to the supply
voltage equipment could receive high
value of instantaneous voltage and may be
cause of failure. The effects of poor power
quality on capacitors, rotating machines,
cables and transformers, fuses, and
customers’ equipment produces heating,
noise, malfunction etc. Premature failure
of distribution transformer due to heating
can be caused by harmonics. Due to
sudden rise in voltage and/or current,
failure of power system components and
customer loads can occur [4].
Author has, the supply voltage is stepped
down at 12v using centre tapped
transformer. Transformer is with D1&D3
diode provide a centre taped full wave
rectification which is smooth by capacitor
C3. Unregulated DC output is fed to fixed
voltage regulator which is reduced voltage
at output. PIC is monitor supply main and
switch is set supply main at which relay
will be energized activities on LCD. To
protect a load from voltage surge effect of
under voltage overvoltage preset point on
time-delay was programmed when supply
voltage is out of set limit. Relay off and on
when AC set within limit [5].
Microprocessor based relay have more
advantages in protection as compared to
other relay which are designed to operate
rated frequency and pure sine wave. The
relay make incorrect operation like failure
or false to tripped. Reason of incorrect
operation may occur, malfunction in
equipment etc. overvoltage and under
voltage relay provided to protection of
equipment where either a under voltage or
over voltage is potentially damaging when
used as under voltage relay they provided
a protection of equipment that is required
to operate above minimum voltage when
used overvoltage relay they protect an
equipment against excessive voltage
condition [6].
This method provides protection against
the overvoltage and under voltage to the
induction motor. It also provides
protection against overheating and phase
reversal problem and increase the life of
motor and also its efficiency. At a time of
running of induction motor at rated voltage
this problem does not occur. Due to the
above mention problem the induction
motors gets burned which can damage the
insulation. So to rectify this problem we
are using comparators [7].
Protection against under voltage and over
voltage problems are a vital part of overall
reliability of a power system. This type of
problem can cause sudden breakdown and
its also effect industrial as well as
household equipment so to overcome this
problem author has developed a circuit
which uses relay and comparator [8].
Over voltage and under voltage occurs
when voltage exceed or lag from nominal
voltage by its 10% for time duration of 1
minute. Power failure can last from 0.5
cycle to one minute. Under voltage and
over voltage circuits generally considered
transmitter. PNP transmitter is preferred or
use for low voltage reference. NPN
transmitter is preferred or use for high
voltage. When input voltage is drop or rise
from its nominal voltage transmitter
conducts trigger to relay which cut of the
supply. Over voltage under voltage
protection device generally consist op-
amps. Op-amps used as IC LM741. This
IC used as comparators to compare the
supply voltage with reference range [9].
Series overvoltage occur in ac source in ac
source due to some disturbance hence due
to disturbance and ordinary operation of
matrix converter normal shutdown action
turns off all on the switches to equivalent
current flow therefore protection of matrix
converter against overvoltage is
necessitated [10].
Most of components used in electrical or
electronic circuit and system they have
maximum permissible working voltage
,VRWM whose value is specified for reliable
operation surge voltage arrestor is also
known by other term such component
instead of older component like as a gas
discharge tube are also known as a silicon
transient surge voltage suppressor which
are used in wide range [11].
Block Diagram:
Fig; Block diagram of over voltage and
under voltage protection scheme using
comparator.
Than step down transformer will be used
to step down the voltage to 12V.Than we
have used a diode bridge to convert AC
source to DC source. It is also known as
rectifier circuit. Two comparator used as a
window comparator which will deliver an
error in the output if the input voltage in
the comparator crosses the limit beyond
the predetermined voltage.The output from
the comparator drives the transistor & thus
relay coil gets energised. The relay will
thus trip if the output voltage is greater
than or below the rated voltage.
Ready circuit of overvoltage and under
voltage protection scheme is available in
cost Rs. 5400/-, and we will make its in
very low cost.
Conclusion:-
From above discussion it has cleared that
of under voltage and overvoltage problem
are very common and can create problem
for consumer good and industrial
application. So system should be protected
by certain protection scheme. So here
system modelled using comparator and
relay to disconnect supply when any
overvoltage and under voltage
problem occurs.
References :-
[1] G. Yaleinkaya, M. H. J. Bollen and
P.A. Crossley, “Characterization of
voltage sags in industrial distribution
systems”, IEEE, vol.34, July/August.
[2] “IEEE Recommended Practice for
Monitoring Electric Power Quality,” IEEE
Std. 1159-1995, June 1995.
[3] G.A. Taylor, A.B. Burden, “Wide Area
Power Quality – Decision Processes and
Options for Sensitive Users”, Proceedings
of the 14th International Conference and
Exhibition on Electricity Distribution
(CIRED’97), Birmingham, UK, June.
[4] Manish Paul, Barnali Talukdar, Banani
Baisliya, “Simulation of over voltage and
under voltage protection in PSIM”,
International journal of engineering
research and technology, volume-3,
ISSN:2278-0181.
[5] A.A. Ponnle and M.O. Omoj oyegbe,
“Development of a low cost
microcontroller based under and over
voltage protection device”, International
Journal of Scientic Engineering and
Technology, volume-3, 2014
[6] Omer Ozgur Gencer, Semra Ozturk
and Kohran Karaarslan, “Performance of
an over/under voltage relay at Non-
sinusoidal conditions ” , IEEE Melecon
2006, May 16-19.
[7] Shital S. Kalbande, Vaishali M.
Kamble , Priyanka G. Kale & Prof. Ankita
A. Yeotikar “ Protection and monitoring of
three phase induction motor from
overvoltage undervoltage single phasing
phase reversal and overheating review”
International Research Journal of
Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
Volume: 04 Issue: 01 | Jan -2017
[8] Gorkshanath Bhosale, Aakash
Vakhare, Abhishek Kaystha, Amol Aher
,Vishal Pansare “Overvoltage undervoltage
protection of electrical equipment”
International Research Journal of
Engineering and Technology
(IRJET).Volume: 05 Issue: 02 | Feb-2018.
[9] Kpochi Paul Kpochi,Eiyike
JeffreySmith,AbubakarAttai Ibrahim
“Microcontroller-based under and over
voltage protection device” American
Journal of Engineering Research (AJER)
Volume-7, Issue-8, pp-16-20
[10] Faz Rahman,Keping you.” Over-
voltage Protection Using Power Zener
Diode for Matrix Converter and Matrix-Z-
source Converter” 2009.
[11] Vasile V.N. Obreja, “Transient surge
voltage suppressors and their performance
in circuit over voltage protection”, October
2008.