DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY-DASMARIÑAS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY

ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM

THERMODYNAMICS
MODULE 4

BY:

ENGR. EDARDO L. ALASCO

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

IV. MODULE 4 – RANKINE CYCLE

4.1 GOSPEL READING

4.2 INTRODUCTION

4.3 TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES

4.4 RANKINE CYCLE

4.4.1 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

4.4.2 PROCESSES

4.4.3 T-s DIAGRAM

4.4.4 h-s DIAGRAM

4.4.5 MAJOR COMPONENTS

4.4.6 ENERGY ANALYSIS

4.4.7 STEAM RATE

4.4.8 HEAT RATE

4.4.9 EFFICIENCIES
 4.1 GOSPEL READING

Let us put ourselves in the presence of God..

In the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit..

Proverbs 2:6 and 10, “For the Lord gives wisdom, and from His mouth come

knowledge and understanding. For wisdom will enter your heart, and knowledge

will be pleasant to your soul”

St. John Baptist de la Salle..pray for us.. Live Jesus in our hearts..Forever

4.2 INTRODUCTION:

The Rankine cycle is the fundamental operating cycle of all power plants where an

operating fluid is continuously evaporated and condensed. The selection of operating fluid

depends mainly on the available temperature range. Figure 1 shows the idealized

Rankine cycle.

The pressure-enthalpy (p-h) and temperature-entropy (T-s) diagrams of this cycle are

given in Figure 2. The Rankine cycle operates in the following steps:

• 1-2-3 Isobaric Heat Transfer. High pressure liquid enters the boiler from the

feed pump (1) and is heated to the saturation temperature (2). Further addition

of energy causes evaporation of the liquid until it is fully converted to saturated

steam (3).

• 3-4 Isentropic Expansion. The vapor is expanded in the turbine, thus

producing work which may be converted to electricity. In practice, the expansion

is limited by the temperature of the cooling medium and by the erosion of the

turbine blades by liquid entrainment in the vapor stream as the process moves
 further into the two-phase region. Exit vapor qualities should be greater than

90%.

• 4-5 Isobaric Heat Rejection. The vapor-liquid mixture leaving the turbine (4) is

condensed at low pressure, usually in a surface condenser using cooling water.

In well designed and maintained condensers, the pressure of the vapor is well

below atmospheric pressure, approaching the saturation pressure of the

operating fluid at the cooling water temperature.

• 5-1 Isentropic Compression. The pressure of the condensate is raised in the

feed pump. Because of the low specific volume of liquids, the pump work is

relatively small and often neglected in thermodynamic calculations.

Figure 1. Rankine cycle.

 Figure 1. Rankine cycle.

Reference:

https://www.thermopedia.com/content/1072/

4.3 COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES:

By the end of this course, students are expected to:

TLO1. Understand the different vapor cycles for power plant

TLO2. Connect the concept of steam processes in the analysis of the different

vapor cycles.

TLO3. Make an energy analysis on each component of the vapor cycle for power

plant.

TLO4. Evaluate the performance of each different cycle

4.4 Rankine Cycle

- the simplest and the most fundamental energy cycle utilized in the

steam power plant

4.4.1 Schematic diagram:

4.4.2 Processes:

1-2: Isentropic expansion, 𝑠1 = 𝑠2

2-3: Isobaric heat rejection, 𝑃2 = 𝑃3

3-B: Isentropic compression, 𝑠3 = 𝑠𝐵

B-1: Isobaric heat addition, 𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃1

4.4.3 T-s diagram:

4.4.4 h-s diagram:

4.4.5 Major components:

a) Boiler – a component of steam generator, a pressure vessel used to

generate steam or used to convert liquid into steam.

b) Turbine / engine – a prime mover, used to convert the thermal

energy of steam into mechanical energy.

c) Condenser – a heat exchanger device used to convert steam into

liquid (condensate).

d) Boiler feedwater pump- used to create flow of liquid from condenser

back to boiler.

4.4.6 Energy analysis:

4.4.6.1 Boiler

by energy balance:

𝑚𝑤 ℎ𝐵 + 𝑄𝐴 = 𝑚𝑠 ℎ1

technically, 𝑚𝑤 = 𝑚𝑠
 𝑸𝑨 = 𝒎𝒔 ( 𝒉𝟏 - 𝒉𝑩 )

where: 𝑚𝑤 = mass flow rate of boiler feedwater

𝑚𝑠 = mass flow rate of steam generated

𝑄𝐴 = heat absorbed by the feedwater to become steam.

= energy developed by the boiler

= capacity of the boiler

ℎ1 = enthalpy of generated steam

= enthalpy of steam entering the turbine.

ℎ𝐵 = enthalpy of feedwater

ℎ𝐵 = ℎ𝑓 ] 𝑇𝐵

where 𝑇𝐵 = feedwater temperature

4.4.6.2 Turbine / engine

by energy balance:

𝑚𝑠 ℎ1 = 𝑊𝐸 + 𝑚𝑠 ℎ2
 𝑾𝑬 = 𝒎𝒔 ( 𝒉𝟏 - 𝒉𝟐 )

where: 𝑊𝐸 = work of the turbine / engine

ℎ2 = enthalpy of exhaust steam

4.4.6.3 Condenser

by energy balance:

𝑚𝑠 ℎ2 = 𝑄𝑅 + 𝑚𝑐 ℎ3

technically, 𝑚𝑐 = 𝑚𝑠

𝑸𝑹 = 𝒎𝒔 ( 𝒉𝟐 - 𝒉𝟑 )

where: 𝑄𝑅 = heat rejected in the condenser

= capacity of the condenser

ℎ3 = enthalpy of condensate

ℎ3 = ℎ𝑓 ]𝑃𝐶

where 𝑃𝐶 = pressure of condenser

and 𝑃𝐶 = 𝑃2
4.4.6.4 Boiler Feedwater Pump

by energy balance:

𝑚𝑤 ℎ𝐵 = 𝑊𝑝 + 𝑚𝑐 ℎ3

technically, 𝑚𝑐 = 𝑚𝑤 = 𝑚𝑠

𝑾𝒑 = 𝒎𝒔 ( 𝒉𝑩 - 𝒉𝟑 )

where: 𝑊𝑃 = pump work

Note: For estimation:

𝑾𝒑 = 𝒎𝒔 𝒗𝒇𝟑 (𝑷𝑩 - 𝑷𝟑 )

and 𝒗𝒇𝟑 = 𝑣𝑓 ]𝑃3

4.4.7 Steam rate, w = amount of steam needed to produce one unit of work.

Ideal work, 𝑾𝑬 = ℎ1 - ℎ2

= isentropic enthalpy drop

Indicated work, 𝑾𝑰 = work developed inside the turbine/engine

= actual work done by the turbine/engine

Brakework, 𝑾𝑩 = also called shaftwork

= work developed by the shaft

Combined work, 𝑾𝑲 = also called generator work

= work developed by the generator

4.4.7.1 Ideal steam rate, w – amount of steam needed to produce one

unit of ideal work.

𝐾𝐽
3,600 𝑘𝑤 ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑔
w= 𝑲𝑱 →
𝑾𝑬 ( 𝒌𝒈 ) 𝑘𝑤 ℎ𝑟

𝐵𝑡𝑢
2545 ℎ𝑝 𝑙𝑏
ℎ𝑟
w= 𝑩𝒕𝒖 →
𝑾𝑬 ( 𝒍𝒃 ) ℎ𝑝 ℎ𝑟

𝐾𝐽
2684 ℎ𝑝 𝑘𝑔
ℎ𝑟
w= 𝑲𝑱 →
𝑾𝑬 ( 𝒌𝒈 ) ℎ𝑝 ℎ𝑟

4.4.7.2 Indicated steam rate, 𝒘𝑰 – amount of steam needed to

produce one unit of indicated work.

𝐾𝐽
3,600 𝑘𝑤 ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑔
𝒘𝑰 = 𝑲𝑱 →
𝑾𝑰 ( 𝒌𝒈 ) 𝑘𝑤 ℎ𝑟

𝐵𝑡𝑢
2545 𝑙𝑏
ℎ𝑝 ℎ𝑟
𝒘𝑰 = 𝑩𝒕𝒖 →
𝑾𝑰 ( 𝒍𝒃 ) ℎ𝑝 ℎ𝑟

𝐾𝐽
2684 ℎ𝑝 𝑘𝑔
ℎ𝑟
𝒘𝑰 = 𝑲𝑱 →
𝑾𝑰 ( 𝒌𝒈 ) ℎ𝑝 ℎ𝑟

4.4.7.3 Brake steam rate, 𝒘𝑩 – amount of steam needed to

produce one unit of brake work.

 𝐾𝐽
3,600 𝑘𝑤 ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑔
𝒘𝑩 = 𝑲𝑱 →
𝑾𝑩 ( 𝒌𝒈 ) 𝑘𝑤 ℎ𝑟

𝐵𝑡𝑢
2545 ℎ𝑝 𝑙𝑏
ℎ𝑟
𝒘𝑩 = 𝑩𝒕𝒖 →
𝑾𝑩 ( 𝒍𝒃 ) ℎ𝑝 ℎ𝑟

𝐾𝐽
2684 ℎ𝑝 𝑘𝑔
ℎ𝑟
𝒘𝑩 = 𝑲𝑱 →
𝑾𝑩 ( 𝒌𝒈 ) ℎ𝑝 ℎ𝑟

4.4.7.4 Combined steam rate, 𝒘𝑲 – amount of steam needed to

produce one unit of combined work

𝐾𝐽
3,600 𝑘𝑤 ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑔
𝒘𝑲 = 𝑲𝑱 →
𝑾𝑲 ( 𝒌𝒈 ) 𝑘𝑤 ℎ𝑟

𝐵𝑡𝑢
2545 ℎ𝑝 𝑙𝑏
ℎ𝑟
𝒘𝑲 = 𝑩𝒕𝒖 →
𝑾𝑲 ( ) ℎ𝑝 ℎ𝑟
𝒍𝒃

𝐾𝐽
2684 ℎ𝑝 𝑘𝑔
ℎ𝑟
𝒘𝑲 = 𝑲𝑱 →
𝑾𝑲 ( 𝒌𝒈 ) ℎ𝑝 ℎ𝑟

4.4.8 Heat rate, HR = amount of heat needed to produce one unit of work

4.4.8.1 Ideal heat rate, HR – amount of heat needed to produce one

unit of ideal work.

HR = w 𝐸𝐶
 where: w = ideal steam rate

𝐸𝐶 = energy chargeable to the system

𝐸𝐶 = ℎ1 - ℎ3

4.4.8.2 Indicated heat rate, IHR – amount of heat needed to produce

one unit of indicated work.

IHR = 𝑤𝐼 𝐸𝐶

4.4.8.3 Brake heat rate, BHR – amount of heat needed to produce

one unit of brake work.

BHR = 𝑤𝐵 𝐸𝐶

4.4.8.4 Combined heat rate, KHR – amount of heat needed to produce

one unit of brake work.

KHR = 𝑤𝐾 𝐸𝐶

4.4.9 Efficiencies:

4.4.9.1 Thermal efficiency, e

4.4.9.1.1 Ideal Engine Thermal Efficiency, e

𝑊𝐸
e= x 100%
𝐸𝐶
 4.4.9.1.2 Cycle Thermal Efficiency, 𝒆𝑪

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝒆𝑪 = x 100%
𝑄𝐴

where: 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = net work

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑄𝐴 - 𝑄𝑅

𝑄𝐴 = heat added in the boiler

𝑄𝑅 = heat rejected in the condenser

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ( ℎ1 - ℎ𝐵 ) - ( ℎ2 - ℎ3 )

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ( ℎ1 - ℎ2 ) - ( ℎ𝐵 - ℎ3 )

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊𝐸 - 𝑊𝑃

hence, 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑄𝐴 - 𝑄𝑅 = 𝑊𝐸 - 𝑊𝑃

4.4.9.1.3 Indicated Thermal Efficiency, 𝒆𝑰

𝑊𝐼
𝒆𝑰 = x 100%
𝐸𝐶

4.4.9.1.4 Brake Thermal Efficiency, 𝒆𝑩

𝑊𝐵
𝒆𝑩 = x 100%
𝐸𝐶

4.4.9.1.5 Combined Thermal Efficiency, 𝒆𝑲

𝑊𝐾
𝒆𝑲 = x 100%
𝐸𝐶
 4.4.9.2 Engine efficiency, n

4.4.9.2.1 Ideal Engine Efficiency, 𝒏𝒆 or 𝒏𝑻

𝑊𝐸′ ℎ1 − ℎ2′
𝒏𝒆 or 𝒏𝑻 =
𝑊𝐸
x 100% =
ℎ 1 − ℎ2
x 100%

4.4.9.2.2 Indicated Engine Efficiency, 𝒏𝑰

𝑊𝐼
𝒏𝑰 =
𝑊𝐸
x 100%

4.4.9.2.3 Brake Engine Efficiency, 𝒏𝑩

𝑊𝐵
𝒏𝑩 =
𝑊𝐸
x 100%

4.4.9.2.4 Combined Engine Efficiency, 𝒏𝑲

𝑊𝐾
𝒏𝑲 =
𝑊𝐸
x 100%

4.4.9.3 Mechanical Efficiency, 𝒏𝒎

𝑊𝐵
𝒏𝒎 =
𝑊𝐼
x 100%

4.4.9.4 Generator Efficiency, 𝒏𝒈

𝑊𝐾
𝒏𝒈 =
𝑊𝐵
x 100%
 𝑘𝑔
Example 1. A turbo-generator has a combined steam rate of 5.35 at its rated load
𝑘𝑤 ℎ𝑟

of 20,000 KW. The steam supply is at 1.7 MPa, 300oC and exhaust at 0.01 MPa.

Calculate: a) combined heat rate, KHR

b) combined thermal efficiency, 𝑒𝐾

c) combined engine efficiency, 𝑛𝐾

Solution:

a) KHR = 𝑤𝐾 𝐸𝐶

𝐾𝐽
ℎ1 = ℎ]𝑇=300 𝐶
𝑃=1.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 3,032.1
𝑘𝑔

𝐾𝐽
ℎ3 = ℎ𝑓 ]𝑃𝐶 = 𝑃2 =0.01 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 191.83 𝑘𝑔

𝐾𝐽
𝐸𝐶 = ℎ1 - ℎ3 = 3.032.1 – 191.83 = 2,840.27 𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝑔 𝐾𝐽 𝑲𝑱
so that, KHR = (5.35 ) (2,840.27 ) = 15,195.44 Ans.
𝑘𝑤 ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑔 𝒌𝒘 𝒉𝒓
 𝑊𝐾
b) 𝒆𝑲 = x 100%
𝐸𝐶

3,600
𝑤𝐾 =
𝑊𝐾

𝐾𝐽
3,600 𝐾𝐽
𝑘𝑤 ℎ𝑟
𝑊𝐾 = 𝑘𝑔 = 672.897
5.35 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑤 ℎ𝑟

𝐾𝐽
672.897
𝑘𝑔
hence, 𝑒𝐾 = 𝐾𝐽 x 100% = 23.69% Ans.
2,840.27
𝑘𝑔

𝑊𝐾
c) 𝑛𝐾 =
𝑊𝐸
x 100%

and 𝑊𝐸 = ℎ1 - ℎ2

𝐾𝐽
𝑠1 = 𝑠]𝑇=300 𝐶
𝑃=1.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 6.8528
𝑘𝑔 𝐾

To check the condition at pt.2

𝐾𝐽
𝑠𝑔 ]𝑃=0.01 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 8.1502 𝑘𝑔 𝐾 → pt.2 is wet

𝑠2 = 𝑠𝑓2 + x 𝑠𝑓𝑔2 ]𝑃=0.01 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝐾𝐽
and 𝑠1 = 𝑠2 = 6.8528 𝑘𝑔 𝐾

𝑠2 − 𝑠𝑓 6.8528−0.6493
2
𝑥2 = 𝑠𝑓𝑔
= x 100% = 82.7%
2
7.5009

and for ℎ2

ℎ2 = ℎ𝑓2 + x ℎ𝑓𝑔2 ]𝑃=0.01 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝐾𝐽
ℎ2 = 191.83 + (0.827) (2392.8) = 2,170.76 𝑘𝑔
 𝐾𝐽
so that, 𝑊𝐸 = 3,032.1 - 2,170.76 = 861.34
𝑘𝑔

672.897
therefore, 𝑛𝐾 = x 100% = 78.1% Ans.
861.34

Example 2. Steam at 2,000 KPa and 400oC is supplied to the turbine of a power plant

operating on a Rankine cycle. The steam expands at 50 KPa.

Determine: a) quality of exhaust steam

b) network output of the cycle

c) cycle thermal efficiency

d) quantity of heat chargeable to the turbine

e) ideal engine thermal efficiency

f) if the turbine efficiency is 90%, mechanical efficiency of 85%,

generator efficiency of 80%, what is the brake steam rate?

g) combined heat rate

h) indicated heat rate

i) combined engine efficiency

Solution:
 𝐾𝐽
a) 𝑠1 = 𝑠]𝑇=400 𝐶
𝑃=2 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 7.1271
𝑘𝑔 𝐾

and 𝑠1 = 𝑠2

𝐾𝐽
𝑠𝑔 ]𝑃=0.05 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 7.5939 𝑘𝑔 𝐾 → pt.2 is wet

𝑠2 = 𝑠𝑓2 + x 𝑠𝑓𝑔2 ]𝑃=0.05 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑠2 − 𝑠𝑓 7.1271−1.0910
2
𝑥2 = 𝑠𝑓𝑔
= x 100% = 92.82% Ans.
2
6.5029

b) 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊𝐸 - 𝑊𝑃

𝑊𝐸 = ℎ1 - ℎ2
𝐾𝐽
ℎ1 = ℎ]𝑇=400 𝐶
𝑃=2 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 3,247.6
𝑘𝑔

ℎ2 = ℎ𝑓2 + x ℎ𝑓𝑔2 ]𝑃=0.05 𝑀𝑃𝑎

 𝐾𝐽
ℎ2 = 340.49 + (0.9282) (2,305.4) = 2,480.36 𝑘𝑔

𝐾𝐽
hence, 𝑊𝐸 = 3,247.6 - 2,480.36 = 767.24
𝑘𝑔

𝑊𝑝 = 𝑣𝑓3 (𝑃𝐵 - 𝑃3 )

𝑚3
and 𝑣𝑓3 = 𝑣𝑓 ]𝑃=0.05 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 1.0300 x 10-3 𝑘𝑔

𝑚3 𝐾𝑁 𝐾𝑁 𝑚 𝐾𝐽
𝑊𝑝 = 1.0300 x 10-3 (2 – 0.05) x 103 = 2.0085 = 2.0085
𝑘𝑔 𝑚2 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔

𝑲𝑱
so that 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 767.24 - 2.0085 = 765.2315 Ans.
𝒌𝒈

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡
c) 𝑒𝐶 = x 100%
𝑄𝐴

𝑄𝐴 = ℎ1 - ℎ𝐵

and 𝑊𝑝 = ℎ𝐵 - ℎ3

ℎ𝐵 = 𝑊𝑝 + ℎ3

𝐾𝐽
ℎ3 = ℎ𝑓 ]𝑃=0.05 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 340.49 𝑘𝑔

𝐾𝐽
ℎ𝐵 = 2.0085 + 340.49 = 342.498 𝑘𝑔

𝐾𝐽
𝑄𝐴 = 3,247.6 - 342.498 = 2,905.102 𝑘𝑔

765.2315
𝑒𝐶 = x 100% = 26.34% Ans.
2,905.102
 𝑲𝑱
d) 𝐸𝐶 = ℎ1 - ℎ3 = 3,247.6 – 340.49 = 2,907.11 Ans.
𝒌𝒈

𝑊𝐸
e) e = x 100%
𝐸𝐶

767.24
e= x 100% = 26.39% Ans.
2,907.11

𝐾𝐽
3,600 𝑘𝑤 ℎ𝑟
f) 𝑤𝐵 = 𝐾𝐽
𝑊𝐵 ( 𝑘𝑔 )

assuming 𝑊𝐼 = 𝑊𝐸 ′

𝑊𝐸′ 𝑊𝐼
𝑛𝑇 = x 100% = x 100%
𝑊𝐸 𝑊𝐸

𝐾𝐽
𝑊𝐼 = 𝑛𝑇 ( 𝑊𝐸 ) = 0.90 (767.24) = 690.516
𝑘𝑔

𝑊𝐵
𝑛𝑚 =
𝑊𝐼
x 100%

𝐾𝐽
𝑊𝐵 = 𝑛𝑚 ( 𝑊𝐼 ) = 0.85 (690.516) = 586.94 𝑘𝑔

𝐾𝐽 𝐾𝐽
3,600 3,600 𝑘𝑤 ℎ𝑟 𝒌𝒈
𝑘𝑤 ℎ𝑟
hence, 𝑤𝐵 = 𝐾𝐽 = 𝐾𝐽 = 6.1335 Ans.
𝑊𝐵 ( ) 586.94 𝒌𝒘 𝒉𝒓
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔

g) KHR = 𝑤𝐾 𝐸𝐶

𝐾𝐽
3,600
𝑘𝑤 ℎ𝑟
𝑤𝐾 = 𝐾𝐽
𝑊𝐾 ( )
𝑘𝑔

𝑊𝐾
𝑛𝑔 =
𝑊𝐵
x 100%
 𝐾𝐽
𝑊𝐾 = 𝑛𝑔 ( 𝑊𝐵 ) = 0.80 (586.94) = 469.552 𝑘𝑔

𝐾𝐽
3,600 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑤 ℎ𝑟
𝑤𝐾 = 𝐾𝐽 = 7.67
469.552 𝑘𝑤 ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝑔 𝐾𝐽 𝑲𝑱
KHR = (7.67 ) (2,907.11 𝑘𝑔 ) = 22,297.534 Ans.
𝑘𝑤 ℎ𝑟 𝒌𝒘 𝒉𝒓

h) IHR = 𝑤𝐾 𝐸𝐶

𝐾𝐽 𝐾𝐽
3,600 3,600 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑤 ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑤 ℎ𝑟
𝑤𝐼 = 𝐾𝐽 = 𝐾𝐽 = 5.213
𝑊𝐼 ( ) 690.516 𝑘𝑤 ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝑔 𝐾𝐽 𝑲𝑱
IHR = (5.213 ) (2,907.11 )= 15,154.76 Ans.
𝑘𝑤 ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑔 𝒌𝒘 𝒉𝒓

𝑊𝐾 469.552
i) 𝑛𝐾 =
𝑊𝐸
x 100% =
767.24
x 100% = 61.2% Ans.
REFERENCES

Online References
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Online https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Vprz4XisuQ
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