HUMAN

REPRODUCTION
SYSTEM

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 Buku Bacaan

• Purves et al., Life: Life: The Science of Biology, 4th

Edition, by Sinauer Associates (http://www.sinauer.com/)
(Chapter 43 Reproduction)

• Campbell Biology, 10th Edition

(Chpater 27 Reproduction and Embrionic Development

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SPERMATOGENESIS OOGENESIS

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Spermatogenesis and oogenesis involve meiosis but differ in three significant ways

1. Spermatogenesis is a continuous and prolific process,

while oogenesis is almost complete at birth
2. Spermatogenesis occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Stem cells or
spermatogonia are located at the periphery; developing cells move toward the
lumen as they undergo meiosis and differentiation;
in oogenesis unequal cytokinesis, with a single daughter cell
3. Structure of sperm cell fits its function; sperm cells mature continuously
throughout life; oogenesis has long resting periods

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 Human Reproduction (male)
Human reproduction involves intricate anatomy and complex
behavior
Reproductive anatomy of the human male:
- External organs: scrotum and penis
- Internal organs:
+ gonads (produce gametes/sperm cells and hormones)
+ accessory glands (produce products essential for
sperm movement)
+ ducts to carry sperm and glandular secretions

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Seminiferous Tubules
They fill the testes of the human male, continuously
producing millions of sperms. As sperm mature, they
move from the outer layer of the tubule toward the
center, where they are shed into the lumen of the tubule.
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Hormones Control the
Male Reproductive
System

The control is under a

complex series of positive
and negative feedback
controls involving several
hormones.

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During ejaculation:
- Sperm is propelled from epididymis through the vas
deferens and ejaculatory duct, which opens in the
urethra

Three sets of accessory glands:

- Seminal vesicles : 60% of the volume of sperm,
mucus, fructose, prostaglandins
- Prostate gland : buffering chemicals, citrate,
calcium, spermine;
(prostate enlargement with age and prostate cancer)

- Bulbourethral : secrete viscous alkaline fluid (to

glands neutralize acidic pH of vagina)
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• During ejaculation: 2-5 ml of semen, containing 50-130 million sperm
• Prostaglandin stimulates contraction of the uterus to facilitate movement of
sperm
• Semen is alkaline (spermine, plus buffering components) to protect sperm
and increase their motility
• Initially coagulated, then anticoagulants liquefy it and sperm begin
swimming
• Human penis is composed of three cylinders of spongy erective tissue
derived from modified veins and capillaries. Erection due to filling with
blood from arteries
• Shaft of penis covered by thick skin, except for the head or glans penis,
covered by a thin skin called foreskin or prepuce (removed by
circumcision)

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 Human Reproduction (female)

Reproductive anatomy of the human female:

• External organs:
– clitoris and two sets of labia surrounding
– clitoris and
– vaginal opening
• Internal organs:
– pair of gonads
– a system of ducts and
– chambers to conduct gametes and house embryo and
fetus

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• Female gonads or ovaries:
– attached to the uterus; contain many follicles
– A follicle consists of one egg surrounded by layers of follicle
cells to protect and nourish the egg.
– All the 400,000 follicles of a woman are formed before her
birth
– follicle cells also produce estrogens
• Only a fraction will release egg cells during the woman’s
reproductive years:
– starting at puberty until menopause, one follicle releases one
egg during each menstrual cycle (~2,000)
• During ovulation, the egg is released and the remaining
follicular tissue grows within the ovary to become the corpus
luteum (secretes estrogens and progesterone)
• If egg not fertilized, corpus luteum disintegrates and is excreted
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 Hormones
Control the
Ovarian and
Uterine Cycles

The ovarian and uterine cycles are under a complex

series of positive and negative feedback controls
involving several hormones. 13
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The Ovarian Cycle
The ovarian cycle progresses from the development of a follicle to
ovulation and finally to growth and degeneration of the corpus luteum.
The micrograph shows a mature mammalian follicle; the oocyte is in the
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center.
https://healthstrives.com/it-all-
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about-menstrual-cycle/
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https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-dutchess-ap1/chapter/anatomy-and-physiology-of-the-female-reproductive-system/
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FERTILIZATION

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 FERTILIZATION

Fertilization involves a complex series of events:

• The sperm and the egg recognize each other.
• The sperm is activated so that it is capable of gaining access to the
plasma membrane of the egg.
• The plasma membranes of the sperm and the egg fuse.
• The egg blocks entry by additional sperm.
The egg is metabolically activated and stimulated to start development.
• The egg and sperm nuclei fuse to create the diploid nucleus of the zygote.

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Contraception

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 Contraception

Sterilization Techniques (a) Vasectomy is the technique for

male sterilization. (b) Tubal ligation is the sterilization procedure 23
most commonly performed on human females.
STDs

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Assisted Reproductive Technologies

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[86.5] Maka hendaklah manusia memperhatikan dari apakah dia diciptakan?
[86.6] Dia diciptakan dari air yang terpancar,

[41.53] Kami akan memperlihatkan kepada mereka tanda-tanda (kekuasaan) Kami

di segenap ufuk dan pada diri mereka sendiri, sehingga jelaslah bagi
mereka bahwa Al Qur'an itu adalah benar. Dan apakah Tuhanmu tidak
cukup (bagi kamu) bahwa sesungguhnya Dia menyaksikan segala
sesuatu?

[23.14] Kemudian air mani itu Kami jadikan segumpal darah, lalu segumpal darah
itu Kami jadikan segumpal daging, dan segumpal daging itu Kami
jadikan tulang belulang, lalu tulang belulang itu Kami bungkus dengan
daging. Kemudian Kami jadikan dia makhluk yang (berbentuk) lain.
Maka Maha Suci lah Allah, Pencipta Yang Paling Baik.

[95.4] Sesungguhnya Kami telah menciptakan manusia dalam bentuk yang

sebaik-baiknya

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[22.5] Hai manusia, jika kamu dalam keraguan tentang kebangkitan (dari kubur),
maka (ketahuilah) sesungguhnya Kami telah menjadikan kamu dari tanah,
kemudian dari setetes mani, kemudian dari segumpal darah, kemudian dari
segumpal daging yang sempurna kejadiannya dan yang tidak sempurna,
agar Kami jelaskan kepada kamu dan Kami tetapkan dalam rahim, apa
yang Kami kehendaki sampai waktu yang sudah ditentukan, kemudian
Kami keluarkan kamu sebagai bayi, kemudian (dengan berangsur-angsur)
kamu sampailah kepada kedewasaan, dan di antara kamu ada yang
diwafatkan dan (ada pula) di antara kamu yang dipanjangkan umurnya
sampai pikun, supaya dia tidak mengetahui lagi sesuatupun yang
dahulunya telah diketahuinya. Dan kamu lihat bumi ini kering, kemudian
apabila telah Kami turunkan air di atasnya, hiduplah bumi itu dan suburlah
dan menumbuhkan berbagai macam tumbuh-tumbuhan yang indah.

[22.6] Yang demikian itu, karena sesungguhnya Allah, Dialah yang hak dan
sesungguhnya Dialah yang menghidupkan segala yang mati dan
sesungguhnya Allah Maha Kuasa atas segala suatu,

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 When Does Human Life Begin?
• This is a note that may generate some discussion and debate. It was
occasioned by a bulletin board set up by a political action group at our
college. The board claimed that while philosophy and religion may
have different opinions concerning when life begins, science has no
such problems. Students were told that biologists were unanimous in
agreeing that life starts at fertilization, and that there was no dispute in
the scientific literature. Besides being a parody of science (i.e., that
scientific facts are the objective truth and that all scientists agree about
what these facts mean), it is wrong. I have read a wide range of
scientific positions on when life begins, and these positions depend on
what aspect of life one privileges in such discussions. Here is my
classification scheme concerning when human life begins. You may
have others.

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 When Does Human Life Begin?
• The metabolic view: There is no one point when life
begins. The sperm cell and egg cell are as alive as any
other organism.

• The genetic view: A new individual is created at

fertilization. This is when the genes from the two parents
combine to form an individual with unique properties.

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• The embryological view: In humans, identical twinning can occur as late as day 12 pc. Such
twinning produces two individuals with different lives. Even conjoined ("Siamese") twins can
have different personalities. Thus, a single individuality is not fixed earlier than day 12. (In
religious terms, the two individuals have different souls). Some medical texts consider the stages
before this time as "pre-embryonic." This view is expressed by scientists such as Renfree (1982)
and Grobstein (1988) and has been endorsed theologically by Ford (1988), Shannon and Wolter
(1990), and McCormick (1991), among others. (Such a view would allow contraception,
"morning-after" pills, and contragestational agents, but not abortion after two weeks.)

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 When Does Human Life Begin?

• The neurological view: Our society has defined death as the loss of the cerebral EEG
(electroencephalogram) pattern. Conversely, some scientists have thought that the acquisition of
the human EEG (at about 27 weeks) should be defined as when a human life begins. This view
has been put forth most concretely by Morowitz and Trefil (1992). (This view and the ones
following would allow mid-trimester abortions).
• The ecological/technological view: This view sees human life as beginning when it can exist
separately from its maternal biological environment. The natural limit of viability occurs when
the lungs mature, but technological advances can now enable a premature infant to survive at
about 25 weeks gestation. (This is the view currently operating in many states. Once a fetus can
be potentially independent, it cannot be aborted.)

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 When Does Human Life Begin?

• The immunological view: This view sees human life as beginning when the
organism recognizes the distinction between self and non-self. In humans, this
occurs around the time of birth.
• The integrated physiological view: This view sees human life as beginning
when an individual has become independent of the mother and has its own
functioning circulatory system, alimentary system, and respiratory system. This
is the traditional birthday when the baby is born into the world and the umbilical
cord is cut.

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 When Does Human Life Begin?

• Literature Cited
• Ford, N. M. 1988. When Did I Begin? Conception of the Human Individual in History. Cambridge University Press,
NY.
• Grobstein, C. 1988. Science and the Unborn: Choosing Human Futures. Basic Books, NY.
• McCormick, R. 1991. Who or what is a pre-embryo? Kennedy Inst. Bioethics J. 1: 1-15.
• Morowitz, H. J. and Trefil, J. S. 1992. The Facts of Life: Science and the Abortion Controversy. Oxford University
Press, New York.
• Renfree, M. B. 1982. Implantation and placentation. In Austin, C. R. and Short, R. V. (eds.) Reproduction in Mammals
2. Embryonic and Fetal Development (Second edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pp. 26-69.
• Shannon, T. A. and Wolter, A. B. 1990. Reflections on the moral status of the pre-embryo. Theol. Stud. 51: 603-626.
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