HVAC Lab Report Analysis

M.
ABUBAKAR HVAC Lab Report 2020me12
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY, LAHORE
Heating Ventilation and

Air-Conditioning
Lab Report
Submitted To:
Mr. Ahmad Naveed
Submitted By:
M.ABUBAKAR
2020 – ME – 12
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M.ABUBAKAR HVAC Lab Report 2020me12
Experiment No. 01
“To Determine the Coefficient of Performance of Heat Pump and
Production of Heat Pump Performance Curves Over a Range of
Source and Delivery Temperatures”
1. Objective:
• “To determine the Coefficient of Performance of heat Pump and production of Heat Pump”
“performance curves over a range of source and delivery temperatures.”
• “Study the working principle of heat pump.”
2. Apparatus:
• “Mechanical heat pump”
3. Theory:
Vapor Compression Cycle
“The cycles date back to nearly 200 years from now and it is most important cycle in the”
“refrigeration domain. Despite the harmful effects of this cycle on environment this cycle makes”
“is place in the market products because it lies on the ultimate trad-off boundary of this field.”
“Moreover, the concept of this cycle is drawn from the Carnot cycle, operated in reverse direction.”
“Sometimes, it is referred as heat engine working in reverse direction. This cycle operates in the”
“opposite direction of the second law of thermodynamics, which states, the energy flow from the”
“hot reservoir to cold reservoir. Therefore, in this cycle some additional work is to be provided in”
“order to produce refrigeration by removing heat from the cold environment and assuming the”
“flow from cold to hot reservoir. This cycle is called vapor compression cycle, because the work”
“is done in compressing the vapors of the refrigerants which moves in forward direction through”
“several components to carry out the refrigeration.”
“The cycle finds its application from the chiller in the room up to the oil refineries plant”
“petrochemical plant natural gas plants etc. The cycle faced many setbacks as the refrigerant used”
“in it initially were posing a serious effect on the environment.”
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3.2 Parts of VCC

There are four components of the VCC, each component is used for the respective process.
a. Compressor
b. Condenser
c. Expander/Throttle Valve
d. Evaporator
4 Procedure:
1. “Switch on the vapor-compression refrigeration apparatus after taking care of all”
“necessary precautions”
2. “Allow running of the apparatus for a while so that the readings shown become stable”
3. “Change the condenser water flow rate using the knob provided for each set of readings”
4. “Insert the values in the table of observations”
5 Observations and Calculations:

5.1 Calculations:
Work input rate across compressor wcom = 4500/X

Heat Output across condenser qcon = mwx Cp w (T6 - T5)
Coefficient of Performance COP = Heat Output/Work Input
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5.2 Table:
Sr. Condenser Condenser Time Compressor Heat Output COP
Water Water Per rev Work
No. flow rate temperature of input rate across
s energy condenser (ND)

(g/s) (kW) (kW)
meter
outlet/inlet
(°C) (s)
mw T6 T5 X wcom qcon
1 6.5 40 26.1 18.54 0.24271 0.377 1.55
2 10 32.7 22.7 20 0.225 0.418 1.857
3 15 26.5 20.6 21 0.21428 0.369 1.724
4
20 22.8 18.7 22.8 0.19737 0.342 1.736
5.3 Specimen Calculations:

“For first set of observations;”The energy meter installed on the apparatus is based on the
following relationship:”800 Flashes Per kilo-watt-hour(kWh) corresponds 3.6x106 Joules
(J)i.e.,1kWh”1 Flash Per kilo-watt-hour(kWh)corresponds (3.6x106)/800 Joules (J)”And that
equals 4500J.”If ëXíis time for one Flash of Energy Meter then”Power Input=4500/X J/s
Hence”Work Input rate(wcom) =4500/X”(wcom)= 0.24271kW”Heat output rate (qcon)=mwx
CPx (T6 ñ T5)”(qcon)= 0.377kW”Now”
“COP = 1.55”
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6 Results and Discussion:
COP VS Condensor Outlet

Temperature
5.000
4.000
3.000
COP
2.000
1.000
0.000
25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41
Condensor Outlet Temperature
Condensor Outlet Temperature VS

Compressor work input
310.000
Heat Output Rate
300.000
290.000
280.000
270.000
260.000
250.000
25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41
Condensor Outlet Temperature VS

Heat Output Rate
1050.000
1040.000
Heat Output Rate
1030.000
1020.000
1010.000
1000.000
990.000
25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41
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“The apparatus must be start for some time before the readings are to be noted. By observing the”
“table, we have a direct relation b/w the pressure & heat transfer in evaporator which increases as”
“pressure increases or vice versa. There is inverse relation b/w the pressure & heat transfer in”
“condenser. By the increase in heat COP will increase.”
“The following can be drawn from the experiment we have conducted:”
i. From graph 1, it is clear from the plots that the COP of the Heat pump decrease with the
increase in condenser outlet temperature. This is due to that the water flow rate decrease
with the increase in the condenser outlet temperature, so the output decrease as it is the
multiple of temperature difference as well as water flow rate.
ii. Form graph 2, it is clear that with the increase in the condenser water outlet temperature
the compressor work input also increases. This is due to that compressor work input is
directly related with the power delivered to the refrigerant. So the more power transfer to
the refrigerant, the higher temperature of the condenser water outlet. In short, there is a
direct relation between the condenser water outlet temperature and compressor work input.
iii. From graph 3, it is clear that the heat output rate (condenser output) decreases with the
increase in the condenser water outlet temperature. This is due to that as the condenser
water outlet temperature increase the temperature difference increases but the flow rate
decreases more strongly. Thus, the product (condenser output) decreases as it is the
multiple of the temperature difference, specific heat capacity of water and the flow rate of
water
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Experiment No. 02
“Comparison of practical and Ideal Cycles on a p-h Diagram and
determination of energy balance for Condenser and
Compressor”
1. Objective:
• “Comparison of practical and Ideal Cycles on a p-h Diagram and determination of energy”
“balance for Condenser and Compressor”
2. Apparatus:
3. Theory:
3.1 “Condenser”
“The thermodynamics of the condenser as well as the purpose of their usage is given before. Here
we would talk about condensers working and their types technically.”
“The condenser allows the refrigerant to release its latent heat of condensation and undergo the
phase change so that the liquid refrigerant can be obtained.”
“There are three types of condensers based on the way of their cooling.”
• “Evaporative condensers”
• “Air Cooled Condensers”
• “Water cooled Condensers”
“Air Cooled Condensers works by placing the fins on the refrigerant pipe or fixing the pate, the
air is made to circulate around the pipes which abstract the heat from the pipe and rises while cool
air takes its place. In some cases, a fan is used to circulate the air.”
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“Water Cooled Condensers operate in the way, a cross flow heat exchanger works such that the
refrigerant flows in a pipe which contains another pipe with cold water in it. The water flows in”
“opposite direction to that of refrigerant. The heat exchange rate of water is more than that of air,
therefore, the efficiency of this condenser is more than that of the air-cooled ones.”
“Evaporative Condenser works by cooling the refrigerant with the help of combination of air
and water. The coils of the condenser are sprayed with the air and water mixture. The water is than
Figure 1 Water- and Air-Cooled Condensers
Figure 2 Evaporative Condenser
collected and pumped back to sprayer.”
“These condensers have these three types, the first one finds its application in daily life AC, which
is installed in the rooms. The outer kept outside have this type of condenser and the refrigerant
converts its phase in the outer portion of the room. While this condenser is also used in the
refrigerator. The coil of the refrigerator which is attached behind its backed is used as a condenser
to make the refrigerant liquify by cooling caused by the air of the atmosphere.”
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Heat Pump
“The heat pump essentially has the same components as the refrigeration system. There are three
types of heat pumps based on the heat exchange phenomena: Air-Air heat pump, Air-Water heat
pump and Ground-Air heat pumps. The heat pump mentioned in the Figure is Air-Water heat
pump. This heat pump absorbs heat from outside air and delivers it to the water to heat it. The
heating of the heat pump in this case is for increasing the temperature of the water, not the ambient
air. This heat pump doesn’t need a reversing valve, which is required in the Air-Air heat pump.
The inverter AC uses Air-Air heat pump phenomena. Therefore, reversing valve is required in that
case [2].”
“In the Air-Water heat pump, the compressor increases the temperature and pressure of the
refrigerant in vapor state. This refrigerant is passed through a plate heat exchanger (called insulated
condenser here). In the plate heat exchanger, the water to be heated is circulated in the coils and
the hot refrigerant is circulated in the adjacent coils. The refrigerant after giving heat to the water,
is condensed. It is passed through the filter drier and sight glass. Then the expansion valve expands
the refrigerant and decreases its pressure. This causes the refrigerant to boil in the evaporator and
absorb heat from surrounding air. The refrigerant is again routed to the compressor and the cycle
continues [3].”
Calculation of Experiment Deliverables

“The experiment deliverables are power input to the compressor, heat output to the water at
condenser and coefficient of performance of the heat pump. The formula and method to calculate
all of them is as under.”
3.3.1 Power input

“The power input to the compressor for this setup is given as follows.”
15000
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 (𝑊) =
𝑋
“15000 J is the amount of energy compressor uses in during one revolution of the meter disk. X is
the time for one revolution of the disk. Therefore, the energy used during one revolution of the
disk is constant i.e. 15000 however, the power is different. The time for one revolution of disk will
be noted by stopwatch.”
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3.3.2 Heat output

“Since the heat output is at condenser, therefore, the heat transferred to the water will be
calculated by measuring the temperatures of water at inlet and outlet of the condenser.”
𝑄̇ = 𝑚𝑤
̇ 𝐶𝑝,𝑤 (𝑡6 − 𝑡5 )
3.3.3 Coefficient of Performance

“The COP of the heat pump is higher than COP of the corresponding refrigerating system.
It is because the heat is added to the refrigerant by the compressor. The COP of the refrigerant is
calculated as follows [4].”
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑄̇
𝐶𝑂𝑃 = =
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
3.3.4 Coefficient of Performance

“Before the evaluation of a refrigeration system the performance measure / effectiveness
index is defined. The index of effectiveness cannot be called efficiency because efficiency is
actually output over input. This is not the case for a refrigeration cycle because in this case the
output is actually the heat that is wasted. Therefore, the definition of index of performance is done
in the following way”
𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝐶𝑂𝑃) = =
𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
“The COP of the refrigerating system is actually its refrigerating effect divided by the work
of compression.”
4 Procedure:
4. “Insert the values in the table of observations
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5 Observations and Calculations:

5.3 Calculations:
“Heat Transfer from Refrigerant” =mr(h2ñh3) (I)
“Heat Transfer to water” =mwCp(T6 ñT5) (II)
“Electrical Power input to Compressor” =4500/X (III)
“EnthalpychangeofR134a” =mr(h2ñh1) (IV)
Table:
Sr. Pressure Pressure Temp. Temp. Temp. Temp. Water Ref. Time Cond.
at at at at at mass mass Per Water Temps.
No At Comp. Comp. Comp. Cond. Ex. flow rate flow rate rev. In/Out
Comp. delivery suction delivery outlet Valve
-1 -1
suction o outlet g/s g/s
(kN/m
- (oC) ( C) o
( C) (s)
- o
(kN/m 2) ( C)
2
)
P1 P2 T1 T2 T3 T4 mw mref X T5 T6
1 75 625 17 64.4 20.8 -15.4 15 7 21 20.6 26.5
2 125 800 16.5 73.1 30.7 -8.6 6.5 7 18.5 26.1 40
3 62.5 590 16.2 56.3 18.4 -17.8 20 8 22.8 18.7 22.8
100 700 16.3 67.9 24 -12.2 10 7 20 22.7 32.7

4

For first set of observations:”
“Draw the points on p-h diagram as follows”
(1) “Is located by the intersection of P1= 1.25 bar and T1=16.50C”
(2) “Is located by the intersection of P2= 8 bar and T2=73.10C”
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(2s) “Is located by assuming constant entropy”

“compression from state point (1) and P2=8 bar”
(S2s=S1)
(3) “Is located by the intersection of P3=8 bar and T3=30.50C”

(4) “Is located by the intersection of T4= -8 and h3=h4”
“The following readings were taken”
“From p-h diagram h1= 317KJ/Kg”
“h2 = 360KJ/Kg “h2s=h3=h4= 140”
“v1= 0.165 m3/Kg v1=0.038”
5.5 “Energy Balance:”
“Condenser”
“Heat Transfer from Refrigerant = mr(h2-h3) = 1540 KW”
“Heat Transfer to water = mwCp(T6-T5) = 172.634 KW”
“Compressor Electrical Power input to”

“Compressor=4500/X=214.28 KW”
“Enthalpy of R134 = mr (h2 - h1) = 301 KW”
6 Discussion:
“As COP has inverse relation with the condenser outlet temperature so as the condenser outlet”
“temperature increases, heat output across the condenser also increases and as a result COP will”
“decrease.”
“COP is inversely proportional to inlet temp. of water. From the table we observe that as the”
“pressure increases the temperature also increases accordingly which results in a gradual increase”
“in condenser outlet temperature showing a direct relation b/w these quantities.”
i. As perfect insulator is not available due to which we can have energy losses due to 2law
of thermodynamics.
ii. As there are mechanical losses in pump due to this energy balance seems to be unbalanced.
iii. It clears from the calculation that the electrical energy transfer to the compressor is 337.2W
but the energy transfer to the working refrigerant by the compressor is 323.9 W. So there
11 | P a g e
is an energy gap of 13.3W, which goes disappear by working of the compressor. So this
energy is the loss to the environment. This energy may be converted into heat, by friction
etc.
iv. Similarly, while the water is flowing through the condenser environment then the energy
loss by the refrigerant while changing its state from superheated vapors to saturated liquid
is 1356W while the water flowing through the condenser tubes get only 1207W of energy
through the refrigerant. So, there is 11% of energy loss through the condenser. This loss
can be reduced by using a proper insulated environment for the condenser working.
Providing a smooth flow rate of water. So, for real cycles these are irreversibility present
in the system where energy losses occur.”
Experiment No. 03
“Production of Heat Pump performance curves based on the
R134a properties at a variety of Evaporating and Condensing
temperatures”
1. Objective:
• “Production of Heat Pump performance curves based on the R134a properties at a variety”
“of Evaporating and Condensing temperatures”
2. Apparatus:
3. Theory:
3.1 Expansion Valve
"This valve has a lot of work to do, first it makes sure that only that amount of refrigerant
enters the evaporator which would be converted fully into vapor at the evaporator outlet. Secondly,
it maintains the pressure at which the refrigerant enters the evaporator.”
“There are two main types of the Expansion Valves.”
• “Internally Equalized”
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• “Externally Equalized”
“In Internally Equalized expansion valve the pressure shown by the needle against the
diaphragm is of the inlet of the evaporator while, In Externally Equalized expansion valve the
pressure shown by the needle against the diaphragm is of the outlet of the evaporator. Thus, the
basic difference between these two is the representation of the pressure.”
“Another thing to be distinguished between these two valves is that the internally equalized
valves can be operated at the single circuit evaporator, but same cannot be said of the externally
equalized valves, because they need multi circuit evaporator to work on .”
Figure 1 Expansion Valves
4. Procedure:
2. “Allow running of the apparatus for a while so that the readings shown become stable
3. Change the condenser water flow rate using the knob provided for each set of readings
Insert the values in the table of observation
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5. Observations and Calculations:

5.1 Calculations:
“Work input rate across Compressor” wcom =4500/X
“Heat Transferring Condenser” qcon =mrx (h2 ñh3)
Tem Tem Tem Ref. Cond. Cond.

p p p
Time H.T. H.T.
Pressure Pressure Temp flow Water Wate Comp
at 2 at 3 at 4 rate Per In in
Sr. at 1 at 2 at 1 In r Input
kN/m-2 kN/m-2 (oC ) (oC (oC (oC (g/s- rev. Evap Cond COP
No. Out (W)
) ) ) 1
) (s) (W) (W)
P1 P2 T1
T 2 T3 T4 mref X T5 T6 qevap qcon wcom
45. 27. 21 28
1 390 800 18.4 9.3 6.0 58.1 1032 1164 258 4.5
6 9
48. 31. 10. 22 31
2 400 860 17.2 5.9 54.1 979 1139 277 4.1
3 7 2
53. 34. 11. 22 35
3 405 960 16.6 5.8 51.5 899 1090 291 3.7
6 6 0
59. 39. 11. 23 39
4 410 1075 13.8 5.8 49.3 858 1079 304 3.5
3 5 0
“Heat Transfer in Evaporator” qevap =mrx (h1 ñh4)
“Coefficient of Performance” COP =qcon/ wcom
“Draw the state points on p-h diagram as follows:”
(1) “Is located by the intersection of P1=1.25 bar”

“T1=16.50C”
(2) “Is located by the intersection of P2=8 bar”
“T2=73.10C”
(3) “Is located by the intersection of P3= 8 bar”
“T3=30.70C”
(4) “Is located by the intersection of h3=h4”
“T4=-8.6 0C”
“The following readings were taken”
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“h1= 317 KJ/Kg h2= 360 KJ/Kg”
“h3=h4= 140 KJ/Kg”

“Work input rate across Compressor wcom =4500/X”
“wcom = 4500/18.54”
“wcom = 242.7”
“Heat Transfer in Condenser qcon = mrx (h2 -h3)”
“qcon=7 (360 – 140)”

“qcon= 0.296 KW”
“Heat Transfer in Evaporator qevap = mrx (h1 -h4)”
“qevap=7 (317 – 140)”
“qevap= 0.175 KW”
“Coefficient of Performance = COP =”

“wcom/qcon”
“COP = 0.242/0.296”
“COP =1.22”
6. Discussion:
COP Vs Condenser Water Outlet Temperature

5
4.5
COP
3.5
3
25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39
Condenser Water Outlet Temperature (oC)
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Compressor power input Vs Condenser Water

Outlet Temperature
310
Compressor Power input (W)

300
290
280
270
260
250
25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39
Heat output Vs Condenser Water Outlet

Temperature
1180
1160
Heat output (W)
1140
1120
1100
1080
1060
25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39
Heat transfer in evaporator Vs Condenser

Water Outlet Temperature
1050
Heat transfer in Evaporator (W)
1000
950
900
850
800
25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39
16 | P a g e
Comments :“
As COP has inverse relation with the condenser outlet temperature so as the condenser outlet”
“temperature increases, heat output across the condenser also increases and as a result COP will”
“decrease. As the condenser water outlet temperature increases the heat output rate also increases”
“by some proportion that is specific. Compressor input power increases along with a small”
“increase in heat output of condenser which at the end decreases once again showing an abrupt”
“behavior with sudden changes while operating.”
“The following conclusions can be drawn from the experiment we have conducted:”
➢ “It is clear from the graph 5, that the COP decrease with the increase in the condenser water
outlet temperature. The heat input to the evaporator also decreases with the increase in the
condenser water outlet temperature. The heat output to the condenser is also decrease with
the increase in the condenser water outlet temperature. While the power input to the
compressor increases with the increase in the condenser water outlet temperature. The
COP, condenser and evaporator heat transfer has inverse relation with the condenser water
outlet temperature. On the other hand, the power input to the compressor has a direct
relation with the condenser water outlet temperature
Experiment No. 04
“Estimation of the effect of Compressor Pressure Ratio on
Volumetric Efficiency”
1. Objective:
• “Estimation of the effect of Compressor Pressure Ratio on Volumetric Efficiency.”
2. Apparatus:
17 | P a g e
3. Theory:
Laboratory Setup
“The laboratory setup of the VCC available in the laboratory is shown in the figure below. The
apparatus has been manufactured by P.A. Hilton Ltd [1]. The schematic diagram of the apparatus
shows the locations of different components of the system and their locations [2].”
“The apparatus consists of the following components:”
“Compressor”
“Insulated Condenser”
“Thermostatic expansion valve”
“Evaporator”
“Fan”
“Refrigerant flow meter”
“Receiver”
“Filter drain”
“Six temperature sensors”
“Instrument panel (Temperature indicator, Energy meter, Condenser and Evaporator”
pressure gauges and Water flow meter).
18 | P a g e
Figure 3: Laboratory Setup
19 | P a g e
4. Procedure:
4. “Insert the values in the table of observations

5.1 Calculations:
“Volume Flow Rate at Compressor Suction V1 =mrv1”
“Compressor Pressure Ratio rP =P2/P1”
“Volumetric Efficiency Áv =V1 /Vs”
5.2 Table:
Comp. Comp.
Comp. Comp. Comp. Ref. Comp.
inlet inlet vol.
Sr. No. inlet inlet outlet flow Press. Vol. eff.
Spec. flow
Temp. Press. Press. rate ratio
vol. rate
# 𝑇1 𝑃1 𝑣1 𝑃2 𝑚𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑉1 10−3 𝑟𝑝 𝜂𝑝
1. 18.4 390 0.055 800 6.0 0.332 2.05 80.38
2. 17.2 400 0.054 860 5.9 0.316 2.15 76.39
3. 16.6 405 0.052 960 5.9 0.310 2.37 75.10
4. 13.8 410 0.051 1075 5.8 0.296 2.62 71.77
5. 13 420 0.050 1140 5.8 0.287 2.71 69.54

The sample calculation for 5th reading is as:
Volume flow rate at compressor suction = 𝑉1 = 𝑚𝑟𝑒𝑓 ∗ 𝑣1
= 5.8 ∗ 0.04952 =
0.287 ∗ 10−3 𝑚3 /𝑠
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𝑃2
Compressor pressure ratio = 𝑟𝑝 =
𝑃1
1140
=
420
= 2.71
𝑉1
Volumetric efficiency = 𝜂𝑣 =
𝑉𝑠
0.287 ∗ 10−3
=
0.413 ∗ 10−3
= 0.6954
= 69.54%
6. Results and Discussion:
Compressor pressure ratio Vs Volumetric efficiency

82
80
Volumetric efficiency (%)
78
76
74
72
70
68
1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8
Compressor Pressure ratio
“The following conclusions can be drawn from the experiment we have conducted:”
i. “The volumetric efficiency decreases with the increase in the pressure ratio. As the outlet
pressure increase as compared to the inlet pressure then the volumetric efficiency of the
compressor decreases. This is due to that as the pressure increase on the gas molecules get
closer to closer to each other. So, there are some sorts of forces of attraction develop
21 | P a g e
between the gas molecules. So, these forces induced mores strongly as the pressure ratio
increase thus the volumetric efficiency decreases
Experiment No. 05
“Demonstration of the vapor compression refrigeration cycle and
production of the cycle diagram under various conditions”
1. Objective:
• “Demonstration of the vapor compression refrigeration cycle and production of the cycle”
“diagram under various conditions”
• “Study the working principle of vapor compressor refrigeration cycle.”
2. Apparatus:
• “Refrigeration Laboratory Unit R713”
3. Theory:
3.1 “Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle”
“The Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle involves four components: compressor, condenser”
“expansion valve/throttle valve and evaporator. It is a compression process, whose aim is to raise”
“the refrigerant pressure, as it flows from an evaporator. The high-pressure refrigerant flows”
“through a condenser/heat exchanger before attaining the initial low pressure and going back to”
“the evaporator. A more detailed explanation of the steps is as explained below.”
Figure 4: "Ideal Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle"
22 | P a g e
“Step 1: Compression”
“The refrigerant (for example R-717) enters the compressor at low temperature and low pressure.”
“It is in a gaseous state. Here, compression takes place to raise the temperature and refrigerant”
“pressure. The refrigerant leaves the compressor and enters to the condenser. Since this process”
“requires work, an electric motor may be used. Compressors themselves can be scroll, screw”
“centrifugal or reciprocating types.”
“Step 2: Condensation”
“The condenser is essentially a heat exchanger. Heat is transferred from the refrigerant to a flow”
“of water. This water goes to a cooling tower for cooling in the case of water-cooled condensation.”
“Note that seawater and air-cooling methods may also play this role. As the refrigerant flows”
“through the condenser, it is in a constant pressure. One cannot afford to ignore condenser safety”
“and performance. Specifically, pressure control is paramount for safety and efficiency reasons.”
“There are several pressure-controlling devices to take care of this requirement.”
“Step 3: Throttling and Expansion”
“When the refrigerant enters the throttling valve, it expands and releases pressure. Consequently”
“the temperature drops at this stage. Because of these changes, the refrigerant leaves the throttle”
“valve as a liquid vapor mixture, typically in proportions of around 75 % and 25 % respectively.”
“Throttling valves play two crucial roles in the vapor compression cycle. First, they maintain a”
“pressure differential between low- and high-pressure sides. Second, they control the amount of”
“liquid refrigerant entering the evaporator.”
“Step 4: Evaporation”
“At this stage of the Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle, the refrigerant is at a lower”
“temperature than its surroundings. Therefore, it evaporates and absorbs latent heat of”
“vaporization. Heat extraction from the refrigerant happens at low pressure and temperature.”
“Compressor suction effect helps maintain the low pressure. There is different evaporator”
“versions in the market, but the major classifications are liquid cooling and air cooling, depending”
“whether they cool liquid or air respectively.”
23 | P a g e
Figure 5: “Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle”
3.2 “Problems in the Vapor Compression Cycle”

“The Coefficient of Performance (COP) expresses the efficiency of this cycle. Knowing that the”
“aim of the refrigerator is heat removal and that this process requires work, the COP of the cycle”
“becomes: Where “h” is the enthalpy in the system. Some of the Vapor Compression”
“Refrigeration Cycle Problems that may affect this value are:”
3.2.1 “Compressor Leakage/Failure”

“The failure of an industrial refrigeration compressor can be expensive affair to the company and”
“damaging to the manufacturer’s reputation. Often, manufacturers will tear down returned”
“compressors in search faults. Over years of studies, some common reasons for compressor”
“failure have been identified to include lubrication problems, overheating, slugging, flood back”
“and contamination.”
3.2.2 “Fouling – Evaporator and Condenser”

“Fouling is any insulator hinders transfer between the water and the refrigerant. It could result”
“from algae growth, sedimentation, scale formation or slime. As this problem increases head”
“pressure, it can lead to increased energy use by the compressor. What is the best practice? Keep”
“the evaporator surface and condenser tubes clean. Water treatment practices need to be on point”
“to keep this problem at bay.”
24 | P a g e
3.2.3 “Motor Cooling”

“The motor is easily the highest energy consumer in the vapor compression cycle. Most times”
“when efficiency drops in this device, it is because of a cooling problem. Many issues could lead”
“to this- blocked air filters, dirty air passages etc. Regular checks of the chiller logs should unearth”
“any anomaly, specifically the comparison between amperage and voltage [1].”
3.2.4 “Liquid Line Restriction”

“If you are a refrigeration technician and you encounter low evaporator pressure, one of the areas”
“to check is the liquid line, specifically for any form of restriction. Many other symptoms could”
“point to the problem that affects the system enthalpy as shown by the following examples:”
“Abnormally high discharge temperature”
• “Low current draw”

• “High superheats”
• “Low condensing pressures”
• “Local frost close to the restriction”
• “Bubbles in sight glass”
“In commercial cooling, liquid line restriction can degrade cooling capacity of the system by as”
“much as 50%. Diagnosis of this problem does not to be fancy, as an experienced technician can”
“tell something is not good by just checking the system history or checking visually. If you are”
“not acquainted with the system, you may need to conduct a few tests to pinpoint the issue. The”
“first “one is temperature drop test, which is done at all points likely to develop restriction. You”
“could “also perform a freeze test if finding the exact point becomes troublesome. This test comes”
“in “handy when you suspect several components such as evaporator, feeder tubes and metering”
“device. Thermal imaging has to be the most advanced and reliable method of identifying liquid”
“line restriction. It gives real time results that help you identify the problem as shown by”
“temperature changes.”
3.3 “Need To Improve Your System?”

“Understanding the vapor compression cycle is a critical step towards countering common”
“industrial refrigeration problems. All the components involved in the cycle have the potential to”
“disrupt efficiency or overall functionality of the system altogether. ARANER can help you”
25 | P a g e
“identify upgrading opportunities within your Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle. The”
“process involves evaluation of the current system condition and the possible improvement”
“opportunities. Other possible improvement approaches for your system include installation of”
“high efficiency system components cooling tower upgrades. Contact the team today for these”
“and other industrial refrigeration solutions.”
Figure 6: “A representative pressure-volume diagram for a refrigeration cycle”
4. Procedure:
1. “Switch on the Refrigeration Laboratory Unit apparatus after taking care of all necessary”
“precautions”
3. “Change the Evaporator Input by the knob provided for each set of readings”
4. “To keep Condenser Pressure Constant change water flow rate accordingly”

5.1 Table
Exp.
Compressor Compressor
Evaporator Condenser Valve Evaporator Ref. Flow
Sr. Suction Delivery
*Pressure *Pressure Inlet Inlet Temp. Rate
No. Temp. Temp.
(kN/m-2) (kN/m-2) Temp. (oC) (g/s)
(oC) (oC)
(oC)
26 | P a g e
Pevp Pcon T1 T2 T3 T4 mr
1 80 970 -18.8 55.1 22.1 -35.1 2.2
2 60 970 -18.1 58.5 24.5 -26 1.8
3 90 800 -24.5 56.4 13.1 -27.8 3.0
4 30 615 -29.1 55.2 11.5 -39.3 2
5 170 1100 -14 49 18 -27 4.8
6 200 1100 -9 51 17.5 -21 7.0
7 257 1100 -0.7 54 19.5 -15 11
8 305 1100 9.0 56 20 -1 18.1
5.2 Specimen Calculations

“Draw the state points on p-h diagram as follows:
(1) “Is located by the intersection of Pevp = 80 & T1 = -18.8”

(2) “Is located by the intersection of Pcon = 970 & T2 = 55.1”
(3) “Is located by the intersection of Pcon = 970 & T3 = 22.1”
(4) “Is located by dropping a vertical line (assumed adiabatic) from point 3 to the intersection”
“with Pcon line.”
27 | P a g e
28 | P a g e
29 | P a g e

“In an ideal vapor-compression cycle, the system executing the cycle undergoes a series of four
processes: one isentropic (reversible adiabatic) process, one throttling process alternated with two
isobaric processes:”
i. “Isentropic compression (compression in the piston compressor) – A circulating

refrigerant such as R134a enters a compressor as low-pressure vapor at or slightly below
the temperature of the refrigerator interior. The gaseous medium is compressed
adiabatically from state 1 to state 2 by piston compressor (or by centrifugal pumps) to a
relatively high pressure and temperature. The surroundings do work on the gas, increasing
its internal energy (temperature) and compressing it (increasing its pressure). On the other
30 | P a g e
hand the entropy remains unchanged. The work required for the compressor is given
by WC = H2 – H1.”
ii. “Isobaric heat rejection (in a condenser) – The superheated vapor travels under
pressure through coils or tubes that make up the condenser. In this phase the refrigerant
passes through the condenser, where the refrigerant condenses and there is heat transfer
from the refrigerant to the cooler surroundings. The net heat rejected is given by Qre =
H3 – H2. As the refrigerant leaves the condenser, it is still under pressure but is now only
slightly above room temperature.”
iii. “Isenthalpic process (expansion in an expansion valve) – The refrigerant at state 3
enters the expansion valve and expands to the evaporator pressure. This process is usually
modeled as a throttling process for which enthalpy remains constant. H4 = H3. The sudden
decrease in pressure results in explosive-like flash evaporation of a portion (typically about
half) of the liquid. The latent heat absorbed by this flash evaporation is drawn mostly from
adjacent still-liquid refrigerant, a phenomenon known as auto-refrigeration.”
iv. “Isobaric heat addition (in an evaporator) – The cold and partially vaporized
refrigerant continues through the coils or tubes of the evaporator unit. In this phase
(between state 4 and state 1) there is a constant-pressure heat transfer to the liquid medium
from an external source, since the chamber is open to flow in and out. As the refrigerant
passes through the evaporator, heat transfer from the refrigerated space results in the
vaporization of the refrigerant. The net heat added is given by Qadd = H1 – H4”
Experiment No. 06
“Production of energy balance for the refrigerator”
1. Objective:
• “Production of energy balance for the refrigerator”
• “Study the working principle of VCRC.”
2. Apparatus:
31 | P a g e
3. Theory:
3.1 Refrigeration System
The primary application of refrigeration system is to transfer heat from a lower temperature
region to a higher temperature one. A refrigeration cycle consists of a source at low
temperature, a sink at high temperature, and a device to produce the work done to transfer heat
from the source to sink. For the complete circulation, the refrigeration cycle should have an
expansion device to circulate the refrigerant to the source.
Major refrigeration systems include vapor-compression refrigeration system (VCRS), heat

pump (HP), gas refrigeration system (GRS), multi-pressure refrigeration systems (MPRS), and
absorption refrigeration system (ARS), as presented in Figure 1. These systems are combined
with renewable sources, such as geothermal, solar, and wind energy sources.
Figure 7: "The classifications of refrigeration systems and renewable sources"
3.2 “Refrigeration Capacity”

“Refrigeration capacity is a measure of the effective cooling capacity of a refrigerator, expressed”
“In Btu per hour or in tons, where one (1) ton of capacity is equal to the heat required to melt”
“2,000 pounds of ice in 24 hours or 12,000 Btu per hour.”
3.3 “HVAC Systems”

“Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system is designed to achieve the”
“environmental requirements of the comfort of occupants and a process.”
32 | P a g e
“HVAC systems are more used in different types of buildings such as industrial, commercial”
“residential and institutional buildings. The main mission of HVAC system is to satisfy the”
“thermal comfort of occupants by adjusting and changing the outdoor air conditions to the desired”
“conditions of occupied buildings. Depending on outdoor conditions, the outdoor air is drawn into”
“the buildings and heated or cooled before it is distributed into the occupied spaces, then it is”
“exhausted to the ambient air or reused in the system. The selection of HVAC systems in a given”
“building will depend on the climate, the age of the building, the individual preferences of the”
“owner of the building and a designer of a project, the project budget, the architectural design of”
“the buildings.”
“HVAC systems can be classified according to necessary processes and distribution process. The”
“required processes include the heating process, the cooling process, and ventilation process.”
“Other processes can be added such as humidification and dehumidification process. These”
“process can be achieved by using suitable HVAC equipment such as heating systems, air”
“conditioning “systems, ventilation fans, and dehumidifiers. The HVAC systems need the”
“distribution system to “deliver the required amount of air with the desired environmental”
“condition. The distribution “system mainly varies according to the refrigerant type and the”
“delivering method such as air “handling equipment, fan coils, air ducts, and water pipes.”
3.4 “HVAC System Selection”

“System selection depends on three main factors including the building configuration, the climate”
“conditions, and the owner desire. The design engineer is responsible for considering various”
“systems and recommending more than one system to meet the goal and satisfy the owner of a”
“building. Some criteria can be considered such as climate change (e.g., temperature, humidity,”
“and space pressure), building capacity, spatial requirements, cost such as capital cost, operating”
“cost, and maintenance cost, life cycle analysis, and reliability and flexibility.”
“However, the selection of a system has some constraints that must be determined. These”
“constraints include the available capacity according to standards, building configuration”
“available space, construction budget, the available utility source, heating and cooling building”
“loads.
33 | P a g e
4. Procedure:
“precautions”

5.1 Table
Table and Observations
Sr Pressure Pressure Temp. Temp. Temp. Temp. Condenser Ref. Time Condenser
No. at Comp at Comp at at at at Ex. Water mass per Water
suction delivery Comp. Comp. Cond. Valve Flow Rate flow rev of Temperatures
suction delivery Outlet rate energy
meter
P1 P2 T1 T2 T3 T4 mw mref X Outlet Inlet
T6 T5
kNm-2 kNm-2 o
C o
C o
C o
C g/s g/s s oC oC
1 440 1100 27.6 73.9 43.9 18.4 30 8 42.07 42.2 32.2
2 422 1050 27.4 72.7 42.3 18 35 7.5 43.96 41.1 32.2
3 420 1050 27.6 71.3 40.9 18 40 7.5 45 39.4 31.9
4 420 995 27.7 68.7 40.2 17.3 44 7.5 47.02 38.6 31.9
Calculations
h1 S1=S2 h2 h2s h3=h4 v1 V1
kJ/kg kJ/kg-K kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg m3/kg m3/kg
272 0.981 306 294 109 0.0506 0.0208
272 0.98 306 293 109 0.0529 0.0218
272 0.981 305 293 109 0.0532 0.0218
34 | P a g e
273 0.982 303 292 108 0.0533 0.0231

From the p-h chart:
h1= 388 kj/kg h2= 430 kj/kg h3=h4= 220 kj/kg
Energy Balance:
Evaporator
Evaporator Heat Input Qevp = Vevp × Ievp
Qevp = 110 x 3
Qevp= 330 W
R134a Enthalpy change Rate = mf × (h1 – h4)

= 2.8 x (388-220)
= 470.4 W
Condenser
eat Transfer to Water Qc = mw Cp × (T6 – T5)
Qc = 21 x 4.18 (21.6-16.1)
Qc = 482.79
R134a Enthalpy change Rate = mf × (h2 – h3)

= 2.8 x (430-220)
= 588
Compressor
Shaft Power Ps = Tω
Ps = 0.165 × F × (2π nm)/60
Ps = 12.88126
Friction Power Pf = 0.165 × Ff × (2π nm)/60

where Ff is the motor load cell reading with compressor suction valve closed i.e., the compressor
doing no net work done on the gas.
Typically, this load is 3 N.
Hence,
35 | P a g e
Pf = 11.8904
Compressor indicated power Pi = Ps – Pf

Pi = 12.88126- 11.8904
Pi = 0.990866
R134a Enthalpy change Rate = mr × (h2 – h1)

= 2.8x(430-388)
= 117.6 W
Motor Input Pel = Vm × Im × CosΦ
where Vm = 215 volt , Im = 3.1 A and CosΦ = 0.57 are constant for each set of readings
So, Pel = 379.905 W
Heat losses from the compressor in the form of radiated and convected heat represent,
Qrad = Ps – mr × (h2 – h1)
Qrad = -104.719 W

“Based on the experiment which we have done, we make the following conclusions:”
“We have observed a general trend in the results, but the values are very much scattered to the
point that no relation between them can be drawn. All calculated values are experimental.
Theoretically, these readings can be calculated, but the results have not been verified. The
parameters do not show a linear relationship. The relationship might be better described by a
curve.”
“Based on the equipment we have, the results obtained are old. Sensors placed inside the
equipment could have caused incorrect readings. It is also possible for human error to cause poor
results. Taking into consideration that the values are calculated at one point and change with time”
“we must select the point at which the readings are stable. Conclusions can be drawn based on the”
“general trend.”
36 | P a g e
Experiment No. 07
“Investigation of the variation in refrigerator ‘Duty’ (or cooling
ability) for various condensing temperatures”
1. Objective:
• “Investigation of the variation in refrigerator Duty (or cooling ability) for various”
“condensing temperatures”
• “Study the working principle of VCRC.”
2. Apparatus:
3. Theory:
3.1 Basic Components of an HVAC System””
“The basic components or equipment of an HVAC system that delivers conditioned air to satisfy”
“thermal comfort of space and occupants and the achieve the indoor air quality are listed below”
• “Mixed-air plenum and outdoor air control”

• “Air filter”
• “Supply fan”
• “Exhaust or relief fans and an air outlet”
• “Outdoor air intake”
• “Ducts”
• “Terminal devices”
• “Return air system”
• “Heating and cooling coils”
• “Self-contained heating or cooling unit”
• “Cooling tower”
• “Boiler”
• “Control”
• “Water chiller”
37 | P a g e
• “Humidification and dehumidification equipment”

“HVAC System Requirements”
“Four requirements are the bases for any HVAC systems. They need primary equipment, space”
“requirement, air distribution, and piping, as shown in Figure 1.”
Figure 8: "Horizontal hierarchy representation of HVAC system requirements”
“Primary equipment includes heating equipment such as steam boilers and hot water boilers to”
“heat buildings or spaces, air delivery equipment as packaged equipment to deliver conditioned”
“ventilation air by using centrifugal fans, axial fans, and plug or plenum fans, and refrigeration”
“equipment that delivers cooled or conditioned air into space. It includes cooling coils based on”
“water from water chillers or refrigerants from a refrigeration process .”
“Space requirement is essential in shaping an HVAC system to be central or local. It requires five”
“facilities as the following:”
• “Equipment rooms: since the total mechanical and electrical space requirements range”
“between 4 and 9% of the gross building area. It is preferable to be centrally located in the”
“building to reduce the long duct, pipe, and conduit runs and sizes, to simplify shaft”
“layouts, and centralized maintenance and operation.”
• “HVAC facilities: heating equipment and refrigeration equipment require many facilities”
“to perform their primary tasks of heating and cooling the building. The heat equipment”
38 | P a g e
“requires boiler units, pumps, heat exchangers, pressure-reducing equipment, control air”
“compressors, and miscellaneous equipment, while the refrigeration equipment requires”
“water chillers or cooling water towers for large buildings, condenser water pumps, heat”
“exchangers, air-conditioning equipment, control air compressors, and miscellaneous”
“equipment. The design of equipment rooms to host both pieces of equipment should”
“consider the size and the weight of equipment, the installation and maintenance of”
“equipment, and the applicable regulations to combustion air and ventilation air criteria.”
• “Fan rooms contain the HVAC fan equipment and other miscellaneous equipment. The”
“rooms should consider the size of the installation and removal of fan shafts and coils, the”
“replacement, and maintenance. The size of fans depends on the required air flow rate to”
“condition the building, and it can be centralized or localized based on the availability”
“location, and cost. It is preferable to have easy access to outdoor air.”
• “Vertical shaft: provide space for air distribution and water and steam pipe distribution”
“The air distribution contains HVAC supply air, exhaust air, and return air ductwork. Pipe”
“distribution includes hot water, chilled water, condenser water, and steam supply, and”
“condenser return. The vertical shaft includes other mechanical and electrical distribution”
“to serve the entire building including plumbing pipes, fire protection pipes, and electric”
“conduits/closets”
• “Equipment access: the equipment room must allow the movement of large, heavy”
“equipment during the installation, replacement, and maintenance”
“Air distribution considers ductwork that delivers the conditioned air to the desired area in a direct”
“quiet, and economical way as possible. Air distribution includes air terminal units such as grilles”
“and diffusers to deliver supply air into a space at low velocity; fan-powered terminal units, which”
“uses an integral fan to ensure the supply air to the space; variable air volume terminal units which”
“deliver variable amount of air into the space; all-air induction terminal units, which controls the”
“primary air, induces return air, and distributes the mixed air into a space; and air-water induction”
“terminal units, which contains a coil in the induction air stream. All the ductwork and piping”
“should be insulated to prevent heat loss and save building energy. It is also recommended that”
“buildings should have enough ceiling spaces to host ductwork in the suspended ceiling and floor”
“slab, and can be used as a return air plenum to reduce the return ductwork”
39 | P a g e
“The piping system is used to deliver refrigerant, hot water, cooled water, steam, gas, and”
“condensate to and from HVAC equipment in a direct, quiet and affordable way. Piping systems”
“can be divided into two parts: the piping in the central plant equipment room and the delivery”
“piping. HVAC piping may or may not be insulated based on existing code criteria.”
4. Procedure:
“precautions”

5.1 Table
Sr Condenser Ref. mass Pressure Pressure Temp. at Temp. at Temp. at Cond.
No. Water flow rate at Comp at Comp Comp. Comp. Outlet
Flow Rate suction delivery suction delivery
mw mr P1 P2 T1 T2 T3
(g/s) (g/s) (kPa) (kPa) (0C) (0C) (0C)
1 30 8 440 1100 27.6 73.9 43.9
2 35 7.5 422 1050 27.4 72.7 42.3
3 40 7.5 420 1025 27.6 71.3 40.29
4 44 7.5 420 995 27.7 68.7 40.2
Temp. at Cond. Cond. Time per Compressor Heat input Heat COP
Ex. Valve Water Water Inlet rev of work input at output
Outlet Temp. T5 energy rate evaporator at
Temp. T6 meter Cond.
T4 T6 T5 X Wcomp Qevap Qcond COP
(0C) (0C) (0C) (Sec) (kW) (kW) (kW)
40 | P a g e
18.4 42.2 32.2 42.07 356.5486 1576 1304 4.420155

18 41.1 32.2 43.96 341.2193 1477.5 1222.5 4.33006
17.9 39.4 31.9 45 333.3333 1470 1222.5 4.41
17.3 38.6 31.9 47.02 319.0132 1462.5 1237.5 4.58445

Refrigerator Duty Qe = Ve × Ie = 100 x 2.8
Qe = 280 W
6. Discussion:
COP Vs T6
4.6
4.55
4.5
COP
4.45
4.4
4.35
4.3
38 38.5 39 39.5 40 40.5 41 41.5 42 42.5
T6
Wcomp Vs T6
360
355
350
Wcomp (kW)
345
340
335
330
325
320
315
38 38.5 39 39.5 40 40.5 41 41.5 42 42.5
T6
41 | P a g e
Qcond Vs T6
1310
1300
1290
1280
Qcond.(kW)
1270
1260
1250
1240
1230
1220
1210
38 38.5 39 39.5 40 40.5 41 41.5 42 42.5
T6
Qevap Vs T6
1600
1580
1560
Qevap. (kW)
1540
1520
1500
1480
1460
1440
38 38.5 39 39.5 40 40.5 41 41.5 42 42.5
T6
“
Comments:
Based on the experiment which we have done, we make the following conclusions:”
“Our results reveal a general trend; however, the values are extremely dispersed, making
it impossible to discern any relationship between them. It is experimental to calculate these
values. Theoretically, these readings can be calculated, but the results have not been verified.
The parameters do not show a linear relationship. The relationship might be better described
by a curve. Based on the equipment we have, which is old, we have obtained the results we
42 | P a g e
have. Sensors placed inside the equipment could have caused incorrect readings. It is also
possible for human error to cause poor results. During the measurement process, we need to
select when the reading becomes stable. Conclusions can be drawn based on the general trend.
Experiment No. 08
“Investigation of the Power input Based on Electrical, Shaft &
Indicated Power.”
1. Objective:
Investigation of the Power input Based on Electrical, Shaft & Indicated Power.”
Study the working principle of VCRC.”
2. Apparatus:
3. Theory:
Electrical Power”
“Electric power is the rate, per unit time, at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric”
“circuit. The SI unit of power is the watt, one joule per second.”
Shaft Power”
“This power can be generated in many ways. In both industrialized countries and developing”
“countries, internal combustion engines using petroleum fuels are commonly used for vehicle and”
“agricultural machinery. For stationary applications, however, the different infrastructures of”
“industrialized and developing countries leads to different solutions for the supply of shaft power.”
“In the industrialized countries with well-developed electric grid systems supplied by large”
“hydro-electric, coal-fired or nuclear power plants, electric motors are often used to provide shaft”
“power.”
Indicated Power”
“The indicated power of an I.C engine is the total power developed within the cylinder in one”
“complete cycle neglecting any losses. It is the sum total of the brake power and the friction power”
“of an engine. In short it is the maximum power available from the expanding gases developed”
43 | P a g e
“by combustion of fuel within the cylinder neglecting frictional losses, mechanical losses and loss”
“due to heat and enthalpy.”
“Which means this is the theoretical maximum and actual power developed within the cylinder”
“that never reach completely to the crankshaft.”
4. Procedure:
1. Switch on the Refrigeration Laboratory Unit apparatus after taking care of all necessary”
precautions”
2. Allow running of the apparatus for a while so that the readings shown become stable”
3. Change the Evaporator Input by the knob provided for each set of readings”
4. To keep Condenser Pressure Constant change water flow rate accordingly
5. Insert the values in the table of observations”

Table and Observations
Sr Pressure Pressure Temp. Comp. Volume Ref. Com. Volumetric
No. at Comp at Comp at Suction flow rate at mass Power Efficiency
suction delivery Comp. Specific comp. flow ratio
suction Volume suction rate
P1 P2 T1 v1 V1 (m3/s) M ref Rp Nv
*10-3
kNm-2 kNm-2 oC m3/kg m3/kg g/s
1 440 1100 27.6 0.0506 0.4048 8 2.500 97.95918367
2 422 1050 27.4 0.0529 0.39675 7.5 2.488 96.01113173
3 420 1050 27.6 0.0532 0.399 7.5 2.500 96.55561829
4 420 995 27.7 0.0533 0.39975 7.5 2.369 96.73711382
Calculations
h1 S1=S2 h2 h2s h3=h4
kJ/kg kJ/kg-K kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg
44 | P a g e
272 0.981 306 294 109

272 0.98 306 293 109
272 0.981 305 293 109
273 0.982 303 292 108
6. Discussion:
There is a linear increase in the CoP of Refrigeration unit as the evaporator saturation
temperature increases. This is because the energy absorbed by the refrigerant through the
evaporator increases as saturation temperature and saturation pressure increases and thus the
total refrigeration duty increase resulting the increase in coefficient of performance of
refrigeration unit.”
There is a linear decrease in the CoP of Refrigeration unit as the condenser temperature
increases. This is because the heat released by the refrigerant through the condenser decreases
as condenser temperature and condenser pressure increases and thus the total refrigeration duty
decreases resulting the decrease in coefficient of performance of refrigeration unit. There can
be many drawbacks like cost, complexity, energy losses etc.
Friction losses: Friction losses occur due to the rubbing of moving parts against each other.
This includes losses due to the bearings, seals, and other rotating components. Friction losses
can be reduced by using high-quality lubricants and minimizing the number of moving parts
Electrical losses: Electrical losses occur in the conversion of electrical power into mechanical
power. These losses include resistance losses in the cables, transformers, and other electrical
components. As a result, the electrical power input is always higher than the mechanical power
output
Windage losses: Windage losses occur due to the resistance of the air against the rotating shaft.
These losses are particularly important in high-speed applications such as turbines and
compressors. Windage losses can be reduced by streamlining the rotating components and
minimizing the turbulence
45 | P a g e
Heat losses: Heat losses occur due to the conversion of mechanical energy into heat. This
includes losses due to the inefficiency of the combustion process in internal combustion
engines, as well as losses due to the resistance of the air and other materials to the flow of heat.
Heat losses can be reduced by improving the efficiency of the combustion process and using
insulating materials to reduce heat transfer
Other losses: Other losses can include losses due to electrical and magnetic fields, losses due
to eddy currents, losses due to the deformation of the shaft and other components under stress,
and losses due to noise and vibrations. These losses can be reduced by using high-quality
materials and designing the components to minimize stress and deformation
46 | P a g e

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HVAC Lab Report Analysis

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ABUBAKAR HVAC Lab Report 2020me12

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND

Heating Ventilation and

3.2 Parts of VCC

5 Observations and Calculations:

Work input rate across compressor wcom = 4500/X

s energy condenser (ND)

1 6.5 40 26.1 18.54 0.24271 0.377 1.55

2 10 32.7 22.7 20 0.225 0.418 1.857

3 15 26.5 20.6 21 0.21428 0.369 1.724

5.3 Specimen Calculations:

6 Results and Discussion:

COP VS Condensor Outlet

Condensor Outlet Temperature VS

Condensor Outlet Temperature VS

“The following can be drawn from the experiment we have conducted:”

Figure 1 Water- and Air-Cooled Condensers

Figure 2 Evaporative Condenser

collected and pumped back to sprayer.”

Calculation of Experiment Deliverables

3.3.1 Power input

3.3.2 Heat output

3.3.3 Coefficient of Performance

3.3.4 Coefficient of Performance

5 Observations and Calculations:

“Heat Transfer from Refrigerant” =mr(h2ñh3) (I)

“Heat Transfer to water” =mwCp(T6 ñT5) (II)

“Electrical Power input to Compressor” =4500/X (III)

“EnthalpychangeofR134a” =mr(h2ñh1) (IV)

2 125 800 16.5 73.1 30.7 -8.6 6.5 7 18.5 26.1 40

3 62.5 590 16.2 56.3 18.4 -17.8 20 8 22.8 18.7 22.8

100 700 16.3 67.9 24 -12.2 10 7 20 22.7 32.7

5.4 Specimen Calculations:

“Draw the points on p-h diagram as follows”

(2s) “Is located by assuming constant entropy”

(3) “Is located by the intersection of P3=8 bar and T3=30.50C”

“Compressor Electrical Power input to”

“There are two main types of the Expansion Valves.”

Figure 1 Expansion Valves

5. Observations and Calculations:

“Heat Transferring Condenser” qcon =mrx (h2 ñh3)

Tem Tem Tem Ref. Cond. Cond.

“Coefficient of Performance” COP =qcon/ wcom

5.2 Specimen Calculations:

“Draw the state points on p-h diagram as follows:”

(1) “Is located by the intersection of P1=1.25 bar”

(2) “Is located by the intersection of P2=8 bar”

(4) “Is located by the intersection of h3=h4”

“The following readings were taken”

“h1= 317 KJ/Kg h2= 360 KJ/Kg”

“h3=h4= 140 KJ/Kg”

“Heat Transfer in Condenser qcon = mrx (h2 -h3)”

“qcon=7 (360 – 140)”

“Heat Transfer in Evaporator qevap = mrx (h1 -h4)”

“qevap=7 (317 – 140)”

“qevap= 0.175 KW”

“Coefficient of Performance = COP =”

COP Vs Condenser Water Outlet Temperature

Compressor power input Vs Condenser Water

Compressor Power input (W)

Heat output Vs Condenser Water Outlet