M.

basanaqomcta
Mslon

EXCRETORY PHYSIOLOGY
PUNCTIONS OFKIDNEY
I. ROLE IN HOMEOSTASIS by the
It is accomplished
Primary functionofkidncysis homeostasis. varioOus
urine, kidneys regulate
lormation of urinc. During the formalion of
such as:
activities in the body, which are conceracd with homeostasis

i Exvcretio1 of Waste Products

formed during metabolic
the unwanted waste products, which are
Kidneys excrete
activities:

Urea (endproductofamino acid metabolism)

Uric acid (endproduct of nucteic acic netabolism)
Creatinine (end product
ofmetabolism in muscles),
of hemoglobin degradation),
Bilirubin (end product
Products of metabolism of other substances..
substances such astoxinsS,
also excrete harm ful forcign chemical
Kidneys
drugs,heavy metalspesticides, etc,
i.Maintenance of Water Balance water when
Kidneys maintain the iwater balance
in the body by conserving
itis decreased and excreting water when
it is excess in the body.

ii.Maintenunce ofElectrolyte Balance to

is in relation
Maintenance'of electrolyte balance, especially sodium
water balance.
iv.Mainienance of Acid-BaseBalance
The pH of the blood and body flids should b maintained withinñarrow
range for healthy living. Body isunder constant threat to developacidosis,because
of production of lot of acids during
metabolic activities. oweyeraitis prevented
and blood buffers, which eliminate thescacids
by kidneys, lungs

2. ENDOCRINE :Hormones secreted kdnëys

.
ii.
FUNCTION
Erythropoietin
Renin,
& Thrombopoietin,
ii. (calciffiolj
1,25-dihydroxycholécalciferol
iv. Prostaglandins

3. REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE

of arterial blood
Kidneys play an importantrole in the long-term regulation

pressure by
two ways:
flid
T. By regulating the volume of cxtracellular
mechanism.
Through renin-angiotensin
 AND MEPHRON
OF THE RIDNEYSfrom
ROSSThe ANATOMMY the dorsal ahdr
ahórii
iey a
peritoncal foldand
separatec from the abdominal
:
kidneys are paircd organe suspended cerve thcm.
ecels that
bicod
czvíty by their envelopë of peritone
Bec 1
ine:.

called
retropcriloneal stucturcs,
ana
Blood is eaclh kidncy by
a renal ariery, VCnous lio
carried to
vein.The
renal artery arises
afises
dirce
conveyed away from each kidrey.by a renal dircet
On tne
2orta, and the renal vein empties directly
the caudal r2va
into ena
for most
kidney is described.is a bean-shaped striucture domes
ne
IS.
lobulated
In the
horse, however, if is described
as heat- shaped,
and in catle t is

Fig.1 Right kidney,ventrei view.

(A) Horse, (B)cow, (C)shcep. These

) hea2
recpresen:
shapedobulatedand-beanshaped kidncys respectively (1)Renal ariery:(2)senal
ureter. vein:

Ifa mid-sagittal cut is made through the kidney. an outer cortex and an inrer
medulla are visible. The striations of the medulla are
formed by ihe
anatomic arrangement of t
major parts that occupy the medulla,
the loop
of Henle of long-looped nephrons and the medullary of the
portion
collectingtubules.
The medullary portions of
the
collecting tubuies are known as
ducts collectingS

The renal hilus is the indented area on the

concave edge of the kicney
luough which tlie
ureter, blood vessels, ani
nerves, lymphatics erter o?
leave.
The renal pelvis is the expanded origin
of the ureter within the kidney. Tne
of
final discharge urine TTOm ne
many collecting ducts is received by tie
renal pelvis.
The ureter isa muscular (Smoothmuscle) tube that convevs urinc from the
renal pelvis to the urinary bladder. I he urinary b!ladder is a bollew mscuiar
 (smooth inuscle) orgm tiat
variesin sizc depending on the amount of urine
it contains at any onie time.
The smooth muscle ofthe
urinaryblädder is known as the
The neck of the bladder is detrusor muscle.
the caudal continuation of the bladder
to
The smooth muscle in the neck is
the urethra. leading
mixcd with a considerable
amount of elastic tissue and functionsas an
The urethra is the caudal internalsphincter.
continuation of the neck ofthe bladder.It
the conveys
urine from the bladdertothe
Y The exterior.
external sphincterlies beyond the
muscle that encircles the neck; it is
composed of skeletal
urethra at this The
point. functional
between the boundary
bladderand theurethra is
represented bythissphincter.
Urcheroua SeulaE
V¢ve-vst'Fr
THE NEPHRON
The of the
functional unit
kidney is the
nephron. The mammalian
principal typesof nephrons, kidncy has two
G) corticomedullarynephrons
(ii)
juxtamedullary nephrons. '
Those nephronswith

.
glomeruli in the and
outer middle cortices are called
superficial or
of Henle corticomedullarynephrons. They are associated with
that extends to the a short löop
junction of.the cortex and
zone ofthe medulla. medullaor into
the outer

Those nephronswith
glomeruli inthecortex close to the
juxtamedullary nephrons medullaareknown as
Juxtamedullary nephrons are
loops of Henle that
extend more deeply into the asociatedwith long
the renal pelvis. medulla;sometend
as deepas

The juxtamedullarynephrons are those

that
gradient of theinterstitial devlop andmaintainthe
1uid ofthemedulla, from lo osmotic
medulla, respectively. to'high in outer to inner

The percentage of nephrons

having löng;lgops of Henle
nephrons) varics amonganimal species and (juxtamedullary
ranges firom 3% in thepig to 100%in
the cat. In human the
percentageof long-looped nephrons is about
14%.
.
Piq 3f
cat .
 NEPHRON
COMPONENTS
Scgments of the lNephron

Corez
(1 Goe rular capi laries ar
Superlice
1 Bdwman's sasce

nephron

2 Prozmal convokuted

J nsany Praxaðl straigh

tubue
4
Jin
cescengrgir

5Ttn ascenging irr,

Thck ascensig fms

**.
1aata densa *

stzcocted abue

tne. necing e
Ddula

2.
When thethick
to its JUXTAGLOMERULAR
glomerulus of
segmentof-the
in ascendinglimb
APPARATUS
anglebetween the origin the cortex, it wasofthe loop of Henle returns
mecular

afferent and noted that

tubule. eiteret artenolesand it
pásses in the
The side of thetubule continues asthe
distal
that faces
arterioles; the the
the glomerulus comes
contact epithelialcellsglomerulus
ather epithelial in contact
cells and are ofthetubules
tubules are contact with the
macula densa marks the colleciveiy called more de than the
dense
The smooth muscle cellsbeginning ofthe distal the macula densa. The
of the distal tubule.
tubule.
the macula densa are afferent
arteriole that
specialized smooth makes contact

.
with
ntact with
iuxtaglomerular (JG)granular muscle cells
cells. The JG ora and are called
secretory granules that
e containrenin) a proteoli cells
The spa between themacula and ne
anular have
densa
consists of atierentand
extraglomerular-mesangial cellsor efferentarterioles
eterent arterioles
contractile activity and can
intluence blood laciscell ells which exhibit
capillaries. *** flow
through glomerular
 hoaun.al hbulr

Capitlary entothclam
aement memtiamv
Glonierul captkedes

Glomerular epitheiunm
basement membiane

cels
Mesangial
Fütration slit

diaptragmm
Mesongial maltix
Glomerulor
pitheium
foot proces Capilh:y wdothehunn
(tenostrated)

8omans capsuke
Capsulor nitickun
space

Exlraglomcrular
mesangum. Juklaglomerutar (UG)
(laciscells)
cels

Etferent artetiole

densa.
Afferent orteriole

Distal tubule

3. FACTORSDETERMINING FILTRATION
PRESSURE
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
It is the quantity of glomerular
filtrate formed each'
nephrons of both the kidneysper kg body minütc inall the
weight.
Filtration fractionn
It is the
percentageof the renal plasma
flow that becomies Glomerular
Filtrate.

aCthakmfatkungs
Determinants of the GFR
The GFR is detemined by yuy
(1) the sum of the hydrostatic and
colloidostiotio forces across the
glomerular
membrane, which gives the netfilrationpresszire and
(2) the glomerular capillary filtration coefficient, Kr
He'C

Mathematically,the GFR equals the productof Kr and the nct filtrationpreseure

GFR K XNet filtration pressure
 Th

llic
sm ol c hy'drostaliC
cTOs fhe plh
andcott
lomenia
ol atter
the
The pessae epmecnis hllratio changi
e netiliration f.nom or oppose fferg
forces that, cit
Osmetic
capillaties. (l',).whicd
ciafl1aics
forcesinclude tlic glomcrular
hese essn
inside
Hydnostatic ('n), wliici oppose
promotes lilation: in Bovman'scapsule
the hydrostatic
pressuc
plasina protcins
Ptos tiltration: oftheglomerular
capillary

the colloid osmotic pressure

1)
which opposcs filtration:
and
in Bowman'scapsule (11).
(11o). of the proteins in the
of prolcin
B () the colloid osmotic pressure
nomal conditions,
the concentration
capsule
luid is
filtration.
(Inder of the Bowinan's
Which promotesis colloid osmotic pressurc
so low that the
glomerular filtrate
considercd to bezero.)

=Kr x (Pc
- Ps - Tlc +IIn)
as GFR
fore be expressed
The GFR can'there
FE (e--4
Filtration (mm Hg)
Forces Favoring =60
pressure
Glomerular hydrostatic
Bowman's capsule colloid omotic pressure=
0
Filtration (mm Hg)
Forces Opposing = 18
Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure
colloid omotic pressure 32
Glomerular capillary mm
18-32+10 Hg
Therefore, Net filtration pressure=60

and surface
The Kris a measure of the product of thehydraulicconductivity
area ofthe glomerular capillaries.
The Kr cannot be mcasured directly, but it is estimated experimentally by
filtration by net filtration pressure:
dividing the rate of glomerular
K GFRNet
ehycal
5
filtration pressure condurt

U Ce axec
alcr RENAL BLOOD FLOW
The kidneys receive about22-259% of the cardiac output, which is among
the highest of all the organ systems

Regulation of Renal Blood Flow

As with blood low in any organ, RBF (Q) is directly
proportional to the
pressure gradient (AP) between the renal artery and the renal vein, and it is
to the resistance
inversely proportional (R) of the renal vasceulature
i.c Q AP/R