Mga Isyu sa Karapatang Pantao

Politics
 Is the art or system of good governance.
 The struggle for power.
 
Uri ng Karapatan / Human Rights:
 
1. Karapatang Likas o Natural Rights
 Ang bawat tao ay may karapatang mabuhay. Ang karapatang ito ay likas at wagas para sa lahat. Halimbawa nito ay
ang mabuhay nang puspos; ang magkaroon ng sariling pangalan, identidad o pagkakakilanlan, at dignidad; ang
paunlarin ang iba't-ibang aspekto ng pagiging tao gaya ng pisikal, mental, at espiritwal.
 Rights possesed by every citizen without being granted by the state for they are given to man by God as human
being created to his image.
 
2. Karapatang Ayon sa Batas
 Mauuri pa rin sa dalawa ang ganitong mga karapatan:
 
2.1 Constitutional Rights
 Ito ang mga karapatang kaloob at pinangangalagaan o binibigyang-proteksiyon ng Kontistusyon ng bansa. Maaring
baguhin, dagdagan, o alisin ang mga ito sa pamamagitan ng mga susog sa Konstitusyon.
 Rights conferred by the Constitution.
 Established by the Law Making Body.
 Ang tawag sa Law Making Body ng Pilipinas ay Legislative Branch.
 The Constitutional Rights of the Philippines is Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Expression, Freedom of Religion,
Liberty of Abode.

Legislative Branch of the Government / Legislative Branch

 They have the power to create Alter and Repeal Laws.
 They created the Constitutional Rights.
 
Constitution
 Supreme and fundamental Law of the Land.
 Ang Konstitusyon ng Pilipinas ay hinago sa Bibliya / Bible.
 
2.2 Statutory Rights
 Ito ang mga karapatang kaloob ng mga batas na pinagtibay ng Kongreso o Tagapagbatas. Halimbawa nito ang
karapatang tumanggap nang naaayon sa pinakamababang sahod, karapatang magmana ng mga pag-aari, at
karapatang makapag-aral nang libre.
 Rights which are provided by laws promulgated by the law-making body.
 Mga halimbawa ng Statutory Rights ay Ang karapatan ng tao na makatanggap ng minimum wage o Tamang
Sahod, Karapatan magkaroon ng tinatawag na Economic Rights at Karapatan magkaroon ng Seguridad sa
tinitirhang bahay.
 
Statutes
 Written Laws.
 
Classes of Constitutional Rights o Kategorya ng Karapatang ayon sa Batas:

1. Karapatang Sibil o Panlipunan (Civil Liberties / Rights) / Civil Rights

 Nakapaloob dito ang karapatang magkaroon ng matiwasay at tahimik na pamumuhay, kalayaan sa pagsasalita,
pag-iisip, pag-oorganisa, pamamahayag, malayang pagtitipon, pagpili ng lugar na titirhan, at karapatan laban sa
diskriminasyon. Kabilang din dito ay ang maging malayang at makapaglakbay.
  Rights which the law will enforce at the instance of private individual for the purpose of serving to them the
enjoyment of their means of happiness.
 
2. Karapatang Pampolitika / Political Rights
 Kinakatawanan nito ang karapatan na makilahok sa pagtatakda at pagdedesisyon sa pamumuno at proseso ng
pamamahala sa bansa gaya ng pagboto, pagkandidato sa elesiyon, pagwewelga bilang bahagi ng pagrereklamo sa
gobyerno, at pagiging kasapi ng anumang partidong politikal.
 Rights of the citizen which give them power to participate directly or indirectly, in the establishment of the
government.
 
3. Karapatang Pang-ekonomiya o Pangkabuhayan / Social and Economic Rights
 Nagpapatungkol ito sa mga karapatan sa pagpili, pagpupursige, at pagsusulong kabuhayan, negosyo, hanapbuhay,
at disenteng pamumuhay nang ayon sa nais, nakahiligan, at nagustuhang karera. Naglalaman ito ng karapatan na
magkaroon ng ari-arian, maging mayaman, at gamitin ang yaman at ari-arian sa anumang nais basta't ito ay
naayon sa batas.
 Intended to ensure the well-being and economic security of the individual.
 
4. Mga Karapatan ng Asukado / Nasasakdal (Rights of the Accused) / Rights of the Accused
 Pinangangalagaan nito ang mga taong akusado o nasasakdal sa anumang paglabag sa batas. Ang ilan sa mga
karapatang ito ay ang karapatan sa pagpapalagay na siya ay walang sala hangga't hindi napapatunayan ang
kasalanan at may karapatan laban sa di-makataong parusa.
 The rights intended for the protection of the accused of any crime.
 
The Welfare of the People is the Supreme Law of the Land.
 Prinoproteksyunan o binibigyan prioridad ng ating konstitusyon.
 
Sa ating Konstitusyon:
 We follow the Latin Maxims and Salus populi suprema lex esto
 
Salus populi suprema lex esto
 Meaning The Welfare of the is the Supreme Law of the Land.
 The people should have or the the government should promote good health, salvation, felicity or safety of the
people and to promote or protect the welfare of the people (Human Rights)
 To protect your Human Rights it should be written in the contitution (Page 204 - Katipunan ng mga Karapatan)
 
Article III
Kaatipunan ng mga Karapatan (Bill of Rights)
Section 1
 Hindi dapat alisan ng buhay, kalayaan, o ari - arian ang sino mang tao nang hindi kaparaanan ng batas, ni pagkaitan
ang sino mang tao ng pantay na pangangalaga ng batas.
 Title: Basic Human Rights & Equal Protection Clause
 
Bakit nasabi nating na Basic Human Rights ang Article III Section 1 o nandodoon ang Basic Human Rights
 Dahil sa ingles ito ay naka-translate na "No person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due
process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws.”

Ibig sabihin mayroon tayong 3 parte at ito ay ang:

 Ang tatlong ito ay tinatawag na Basic Human Rights.
1. Life
 More than the mere existence of an animal.
 Ang buhay natin ay hindi ikinukumpara sa isang hayop.
2. Liberty
 Is the freedom from physical restraint.
  Tinutukoy rito ang Illegal Detainee (Inaresto o dinetaine ka ng Illegal)
 Right to use his faculties which has been endowed by his Creators.
 Ang tinutukoy rito ay kung ano ang meron sa iyong physical body, you have the liberty to use and to use it and to
prove kung ano man ang meron ka.
3. Property
 Right to the thing itself or right over a thing.
 
Deprivation
Paano ba masasabi na na-deprived tayo ng ating Life, Liberrty and Property?
 Ang sinabing Deprivation of Life ay hindi sinasabing Human Extinction, It includes the laws of any various physical
and mental attributes.
 Kahit anong parte ng iyong katawan ay bawal matanggal under our law.
 Deprivation of Liberty is not necessary the person be detained or confined.
 Hindi lang siya nagre-refer sa kinulong ng illegal bugkus kung mayroong pumipigil saiyo na kumilos at gawin ang
gusto niyo that is Deprivation of Liberty.
 Deprivation of Property if your property or belongings is being destroyed by someone.
 
Due Process of Law
 Ang Due Process of Law under the constitution it is undefined because it is case-to-cases basis.
 No exact definition has been given to the expression, The reason being that the idea expressed their name is
applicable under so many diverse condition.
 Ang Due Process ay nakadepende ang definition niya sa isang taong aarestuhin o isang taong kakasuhan.
 Sa ating konstitusyon hindi dinefine 'yung meaning ng Due Process ngunit mayroon itong binigay na dalawang
aspeto kung paano natin ito masusunod.
1. The Law that is being enforced under the authority of a law that is valid not contrary to the constitution.
2. After compliance with fair and reasonable methods.
 
Procedure:
1. Kailangan ng Warrant of Arrest issued by the court (Lowered Court).
2. Actual (In the act of the commission of the crime) pwe-pwede siyang arestuhin ng walang Warrant of Arrest.
 
Two - Fold Aspects of Due Process
1. Procedural Due Process
 Methods or manner by which the law is enforced.
 Ibig sabihin paano ine-enforce ang batas valid ba siya? Legal ba siya? Mayroon bang ginawang mali?
2. Substantive Due Process
 The law itself is fair, reasonable and just.
 Ibig sabihin ito na ang outcome. Nakamit ba ng pamilya at biktima ang hustisya?
 
Equal Protection Clause
 "No person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law, nor shall any person be
denied the equal protection of the laws.”
 All person subjection should be treated alike.
 Under our Constitution, all people or all person shall be treated alike under our law.
 Equal protection of the law.
 
Article III
Kaatipunan ng mga Karapatan (Bill of Rights)
Section 2 - Right against unreasonable seaerch and seizures
 Ang karapatan ng mga taong bayan na magkaroon ng kapanatagan sa kanilang sarili, pamamahay, papeles, at mga
bagay-bagay laban sa hindi makatwirang paghahalughog at pagsamsam sa ano mang layunin ay hindi dapat
labagin, at hindi dapat maglagdang warrant sa paghalughog o warrant sa pagdakip maliban kung may malinaw na
dahilan na personal na pagpapasyahan ng hukom matapos masiyasat ang mga habla at ang mga testigong
 maihaharap niya sa ilalim ng panunumpa o patotoo. At tiyakang tinutukoy ang lugarna hahalughugin, at mga taong
darakpin o mga bagay na sasamsamin.
 The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches
and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of
arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be determined personally by the judge after examination under
oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to
be searched and the persons or things to be seized.
 "Against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable"
 General Rule: Inviolable (kahit anong mangyari hindi siya pwedeng ma-violate)
 "Right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects."
 Houses
 Persons (tao na nasa loob ng inyong mga bahay / Kamag-anak)
 Papers or Documents (owning you)
 
Search Warrant
 Is an order in writing issued in the of the people of the Philippines, signed by the judge directed to a pieace officer.
 Kapag may ipinakitang valid search warrant ay hindi niyo pwedeng tanggihan.
 Dapat ito'y may probable cause at ito'y pirmado ng hukom at judge.
 Commanding him to search ceratain personal property and bring it before the court.
 Any evidences na makita sa search warrant will be presented to the court.
 
Warrant of Arrest
 A command to arrest a person designated to take him into custody in order that he may be bound to answer for
the commission of an offense.
 Suspect is presumed inocent until proven guilty.
 
Ano nga ba ang prino-proteksyunan ng Article 3 Section 2 saatin o Scope of Protection
1. Persons
Applies to everybody to citizens as well as the aliens (foreigner) whether accused of a crime or not.
2. Houses
 Protection is not limited to the dwelling houses but extends to the garage, warehouse, shop and store office.
3. Papers and Events (Documents)
 They includes seal letters and packages in the mail which may be open and examined only in the pursuance of the
value search warrant.
 
Requisites of a Valid Search Warrant
1. It must be issued upon probable cause.
2. The probable cause must be determined personally by the judge.
3. Must be made after examination of probable cause
4. It must described a place to search and a person to seize.
 
Probable Cause
 Facts and circumstances antecedent to the issuance of a warrant.
 
When Search and Seizure may be made without warrant.
1. Where there is a consent or waiver;
2. Where the search is an incident of a lawful arrest.
3. Where the officer making it has reasonable cause.
4. The possesion of articles is disclosed to plain view.
 
Warrant of Arrest
 When, in the presence of the policeman, the person to be arrested has committed, is actually committing, or is
attempting to commit an offense.
  When an offense has just been committed, and he has probable cause to believe based on personal knowledge of
facts or circumstances that the person to be arrested has committed it; and
 When the person to be arrested is a prisoner who has escaped from a penal establishment or place where he is
serving final judgment or is temporarily confined while his case is pending, or has escaped while being transferred
from one confinement to another.”
 
Article III
Section 3
 Right of Privacy
 Defined as the right to be left alone.
 The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable except upon lawful order of the court, or
when public safety or order requires otherwise, as prescribed by law.
 Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding section shall be inadmissible for any purpose in any
proceeding.