INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY

LECTURE 2
OVERVIEW

¡ In this topic, you will get to know about people who have big names in
science, and that is because of their great, revolutionary contributions
not just in science but to the world. They are not only scientists but
intellectuals as well.
 TOP 10 GREATEST SCIENTISTS WHO CHANGED THE WORLD

10. Aristotle (384 – 322 BC

• Aristotle was a genius Greek philosopher and scientist

of the ancient age
• Born on 384 BC, Aristotle was a biologist, a zoologist,
ethicist, a political scientist and the master of rhetoric
and logic.
• Aristotle made collections to the plant and animal
specimens and classified them according to their
characteristics which made a standard for future work.
• Aristotle explained the chain of life through his study in
flora and fauna where it turned from simple to more
complex
 TOP 10 GREATEST SCIENTISTS WHO CHANGED THE WORLD

9. Archimedes (287 -212 BC)

• Regarded as the greatest mathematician ever,

Archimedes developed profound and influential
knowledge on mathematical physics and engineering
that are widely used in machines as well as in
constructions.
• He laid the foundation of Calculus and Geometry
• He also discovered the laws of lever, density and
buoyancy

Lever
 TOP 10 GREATEST SCIENTISTS WHO CHANGED THE WORLD

8. Galileo (1564 -1642 AD)

• Born in Pisa, Italy, Galileo is called the ‘father of

modern science’ because of his discoveries in
astronomy and physics.
• The law of falling bodies is one of Galileo’s key
contribution to physics
• He innovated telescope to observe stars and planets
• He also discovered that the surface of moon was not
smooth but contained burrows and holes to what he
called crater. He also discovered 4 revolving moons
around Jupiter
 TOP 10 GREATEST SCIENTISTS WHO CHANGED THE WORLD

7. Michael Faraday (1791 – 1867)

• Michael Faraday, was born in Newington, Surrey,

England.
• He developed a fascination with science and
particularly in electricity and electromagnetism
• Faraday is specially known for his discoveries of
electromagnetic inductions and rotations.
• This humble genius invented the electric motor and
Faraday’s ring.
 TOP 10 GREATEST SCIENTISTS WHO CHANGED THE WORLD

6. Thomas Alva Edison (1847 - 1931

• Thomas Alva Edison is nicknamed “The Wizard of the Menlo

Park”.
• Excelled as both scientist and inventor, Edison patented a total
of 1,093 inventions in his lifetime.
• Most of the inventions that came from Edison are batteries,
phonographs, cement, mining, telegraphs, lights, and powers.
• “Genius is one percent inspiration and 99 percent
perspiration” is one of the most famous quotes by this genius.
 TOP 10 GREATEST SCIENTISTS WHO CHANGED THE WORLD

5. Maria Salomea Sklodowska Curie (1867-1934)

• Marie Curie holds record for the first female to be awarded

with a Nobel Prize
• Inventor-scientist Curie was born as the youngest of five
children in Warsaw, Poland.
• She invented the first mobile X-ray machine which helped to
check the injured soldiers in the battlefield.
• She invented radium and thorium
 TOP 10 GREATEST SCIENTISTS WHO CHANGED THE WORLD

4. Louis Pasteur (1822 – 1895)

• Louis Pasteur made astounding contributions in the field of

science, technology. and medicine.
• This genius spent his life working in chemistry and
microbiology.
• Pasteur was the first-ever scientist to study about
fermentation in food elements that was caused by microbes.
• He also explained about biogenesis and proposed a theory
named as the “Germ Theory”.
• He discovered the technique called pasteurization
• He discover vaccines for rabies and anthrax
 TOP 10 GREATEST SCIENTISTS WHO CHANGED THE WORLD

3. Sir Isaac Newton (1643 – 1727)

• Born in Woolsthorpe, England, Sir Isaac Newton is best

known for his law on gravitation.
• He also explained the theory on tides which occurred due to
the gravitation pull from the sun, moon and earth.
• Newtons laws can be found in different areas of mechanics,
optics, and chemistry.
• He was knighted with the title Sir by Queen Anne in 1705.
 TOP 10 GREATEST SCIENTISTS WHO CHANGED THE WORLD

2. Albert Einstein (1879 – 1955)

• Born in Ulm, Germany, Einstein is considered as one of the

greatest revolutionary scientists the world has ever known.
• Considered to be the “father of the modern physics for his
contribution in developing the general theory of relativity.
• The world’s most famous equation E=mc2 on which the
bomb is based comes from his theory.
• This rare genius was awarded Nobel Prize in 1921.
 TOP 10 GREATEST SCIENTISTS WHO CHANGED THE WORLD

1. Nikola Tesla (1856 – 1943)

• This Serbian born scientist atop the list because of his immense
knowledge in different fields of science and technology.
• He could speak 8 languages, recite a whole book completely with
just one reading, make a device just by seeing it once and not
writing down anything.
• Tesla had generated AC current before Edison knew about
charges.
• Markoni who got noble prize for inventing radio used all the ideas
of Tesla. X-rays by Roentgen.
• Remote control, neon lightening, and modern electric motor, are
finest inventions from Tesla
¡ The advancement of human civilization is possible just because of enormous
contribution made by scientists throughout the course of time.
¡ They are one of the most influential people of today’s world.
¡ With practical advantages in engineering, medicine, and technology, they have
helped us to grow better understanding about the world and different working
phenomenon that governs us.
WHAT IS ‘INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION’?

¡ Intellectual revolution is a movement about

enlightenment that was said to be initiated during
17th century when people are more driven by the
new discoveries in science and technology and
cultural relativism resulting from the explorations.
WHAT ARE THE INTELLECTUAL (SCIENTIFIC) REVOLUTIONS KNOWN IN
HISTORY?

¡ COPERNICAN
¡ This caused the paradigm shift of how the earth and
sun were placed in the heavens/universe.
¡ It is the idea that rejected Ptolemaic model (earth is
the center of the solar system) and proved the Nicolaus Copernicus
heliocentric model (Sun is the center of the solar
system having the earth revolving around it.)
WHAT ARE THE INTELLECTUAL (SCIENTIFIC) REVOLUTIONS KNOWN IN
HISTORY?

¡ DARWINIAN
¡ This has brought a great impact on how people approach
Biology forever. This revolution provided a different than the
"theory of Creation".
¡ The Darwinian revolution started when Charles Darwin
published his book "The Origin of Species" that emphasizes
that humans are the result of an evolution. Charles Darwin
WHAT ARE THE INTELLECTUAL (SCIENTIFIC) REVOLUTIONS KNOWN IN
HISTORY?

¡ FREUDIAN
¡ This theory has started to revolutionize Psychiatry with Sigmund
Freud.
¡ This includes the "Freudian Theory of Personality" that involves
the human development contributes to his/her personality and
also his "psychoanalysis" that is the process for achieving proper
functioning if a human does not complete his/her developmental
stage. Sigmund Freud
WHAT ARE THE INTELLECTUAL (SCIENTIFIC) REVOLUTIONS KNOWN IN
HISTORY?

¡ INFORMATION
¡ This has been the era in which technology has been
prevalent. It is also known as the Computer Age that has
brought so much change on how are we living today.
WHAT ARE THE INTELLECTUAL (SCIENTIFIC) REVOLUTIONS KNOWN IN
HISTORY?

¡ MESO-AMERICAN
¡ It has contributed a lot ideas or discoveries for
Archaeology. The temples and pyramids left a lot about of
Architecture that leads us to study more of it.
WHAT ARE THE INTELLECTUAL (SCIENTIFIC) REVOLUTIONS KNOWN IN
HISTORY?

¡ ASIAN
¡ The revolution itself taught Asian countries about freedom
and independent nationhood along the improvement
brought by it internally.
WHAT ARE THE INTELLECTUAL (SCIENTIFIC) REVOLUTIONS KNOWN IN
HISTORY?

¡ MIDDLE EAST
¡ The revolutions in the Middle East were a product of the
development and growth of individual nationalism,
imperialism, for the efforts to westernize and modernize
Middle Eastern societies, and to push the declining power of
the Ottoman Empire in the Arab region.
WHAT ARE THE INTELLECTUAL (SCIENTIFIC) REVOLUTIONS KNOWN IN
HISTORY?

¡ AFRICAN
¡ The fight against colonialism and imperialism in Africa.
 QUIZ NEXT MEETING
COVERAGE: LECTURE 1 AND 2
THANK YOU