Course: Professionalism in Teaching (8612)

Semester: Spring, 2022

ASSIGNMENT No. 2
Q.1 Write down significance and procedure of writing reflective Journal.
A reflective journal (aka a reflective diary) is the perfect place to jot down some of life's biggest thoughts. In a
reflective journal, you can write about a positive or negative event that you experienced, what it means or meant
to you, and what you may have learned from that experience.
A well-written journal can be an important tool. As with any tool, to get the most benefits, you need practice.
This could mean forcing yourself to write, at first, but after a while, it will become like second nature. Write
down your entry as soon as possible after the event. This way, the details will still be fresh in your mind, which
will help later in your analysis.
Reflective journals are most often used to record detailed descriptions of certain aspects of an event or thought.
For example, who was there, what was the purpose of the event, what do you think about it, how does it make
you feel, etc. Write down everything, even if you don't have a clear idea of how this information will be
helpful. 
Here are some of the most common reasons why people find reflective journals so useful:
1. To make sense of things that happened. What you write should sound as if you are describing the details
to someone who wasn't there. Be as descriptive as possible. Just the act of writing down the details of what
happened may give you perspective that you may not have otherwise considered had you just continued to
think about it.
2. To speculate as to why something is the way it is. Your views can come from your own common sense, or
from something you have heard at a lecture or read in a book. Either way, speculating why something is the
way it is can be a very useful exercise in reasoning.
3. To align future actions with your reflected values and experiences. After positing your interpretation,
continue to observe the subject of your speculation to decide whether you want to stick to your original
views, or make changes. That is one of the great things about an online journal--you can make changes to
your entries at any time.
4. To get thoughts and ideas out of your head. Writing down your thoughts can help relieve pressure or help
resolve problems. It will also help you focus the task at hand.
5. To share your thoughts and ideas with others. Getting opinions from others about what you wrote can
help you clarify your feelings for a deeper understanding of yourself.
Writing a reflective journal requires not only that you describe a learning experience, but also that you analyze
the topics covered and articulate your feelings and opinions about the subject matter. There is no set structure
for writing a reflective journal, as the diary is meant for your own use. The writing process is entirely free-form.
However, there are certain guidelines to follow that will make you more successful at this. Here are some basic
tips at how to write a reflective journal. 

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1. ALWAYS KEEP THE JOURNAL NEARBY
The first step in learning how to write a reflective journal is as simple as being prepared to jot down your
thoughts and opinions on something you are learning anytime the mood strikes. For example, if you have an
insightful observation about a book you're reading while on the bus, it pays to have your journal with you.
Penzu's free diary software come in handy in such a situation, as online and mobile entries can be made in your
Penzu journal from any location.
2. MAKE REGULAR ENTRIES
While you can write in whatever form and style you please, it's important to write regular entries, even if a
moment of inspiration doesn't arise. This ensures you are reviewing content and actively thinking about what
you have learned. This will develop your writing and critical thinking skills while keeping you organized. In the
end, this should enable you to better understand specific topics you are studying.
3. PARTICIPATE, OBSERVE, SUMMARIZE AND CONTEMPLATE
While reflecting is the main part of keeping a reflective diary, it's also vital that you first participate in a
learning activity, make observations and summarize facts and experiences. For example, if you are writing a lab
for science class, be sure to first cover what you did and what the goal and outcome of the experiment was
prior to elaborating on your ideas and opinions of what was discovered. Reflective journaling is first about
participating and observing before writing.
4. REVIEW REGULARLY
Take time to read over previous journal entries and see how new experiences, additional knowledge and time
have altered how you think and feel about the material you've been analyzing and contemplating. This will
make the journal more valuable to you personally, as it will shed light on how you've grown. 
Q.2 Describe role of schools for betterment of individual and society.
Education has a manifold impact on society, from raising the quality of life, to creating conditions conducive to
the development of talented individuals capable of changing society. The importance of education in society lies
in the fact that it creates opportunities for acquiring knowledge and skills that are literally changing the world.
The success of an individual greatly depends on their level of education and the ability to practically apply what
they have learned in school. The accessibility of quality education is not only important for individual
development, but also for the development of society as a whole. It is not just the information from the lessons
that matters, but the entire learning process as well, from overcoming obstacles to personal development. This is
how mature and accomplished individuals are created, people with a critical view of the world around them,
ready to leave their mark on it.
Education plays a very important role in all areas of society, and is most responsible for the development of
civilization as we know it. Modern society is built on education, which is visible in several ways: 

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A more tolerant society 
Humankind has gone a long way from primitive communities that were solely dedicated to the fight for survival
in a harsh and unforgiving environment. People used to fear everything that was different or unknown, as well
as phenomena they did not understand. However, new standards have gradually been adopted when it comes to
human rights. According to the UN’s Declaration of Principles on Tolerance:”Education is the most effective
means of preventing intolerance. The first step in diversity education is to teach people what their shared rights
and freedoms are, so that they may be respected, and to promote the will to protect those of others.”
An educated person is able to better interpret their environment, but also to recognize their rights thanks to the
knowledge they acquired in school. Simply put, it is much harder to manipulate an educated, well-informed
person than someone who lacks education. Acquiring new knowledge helps people to critically approach any
information, because such people primarily rely on facts when they pass judgements about anything. Thus,
better education helps people to better understand social conflicts and the needs of others. 
Better quality of life for vulnerable populations 
The more educated people are, the better they will understand the world around them, and will be better able to
improve their own life and the lives of others. This progress is particularly noticeable in vulnerable populations
where education is the best solution for creating better perspectives and achieving success, both when it comes
to individuals, and community as a whole. A better quality of life is achieved by:
Reducing poverty
Lack of education is the main reason why many families, and even entire communities live in poverty for
generations. Without knowledge, they lack the basic tools needed to change their life for the better. Education
helps young people to understand their position and recognize the opportunities available to them. 
Acquiring new knowledge and skills opens the door to better-paid jobs, which in turn directly impacts the
progress of the entire community. As the education of young people from poor backgrounds is crucial for their
advancement and success, more funds are being invested in schooling and guidance so that everyone has an
equal chance to become influential members of society. 
This improves the social status of a large number of people who then have the opportunity to find more creative
and better-paid jobs, which directly reflects on the success of the whole society, country, and even the whole
world, which is faced with similar challenges. 
Improving the nation’s health 
Education encourages a healthy lifestyle, thus making it easier to tackle challenges such as poor health of
individuals and entire communities. Well-informed individuals will know how to ensure a proper development
of their children, as well as when and how to get treatment. Taking health seriously and interpreting information
based on the credibility of its sources, combined with the knowledge acquired in school, are the best ways to
maintain the psychophysical health of a nation. 

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Reducing crime
The majority of offenders who end up in prison are young people from poor backgrounds. One of the reasons
for that is the lack of perspective that pushes them into a life of crime. Education gives everyone a chance to
acquire new knowledge and learn soft skills that will help them improve their life. Education also helps children
to appreciate themselves, their ambitions and knowledge from an early age, and to understand that they have
been given a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity. It is a powerful weapon in the fight against crime and poverty, two
challenges that every country in the world is faced with.    
Improving social life
A better understanding of the industrialized world, and a higher living standard open new opportunities for
people to satisfy their cultural needs. Going to the theater, exhibitions, or concerts enriches one’s social life and
brings joy. Indeed, life is more than mere survival, and education enables a higher living standard, greater
understanding among people, and personal fulfillment through education, job, and extracurricular activities. 
A large number of educated people improves the life of a community 
Education is integral for providing better job opportunities in the fields that are always looking for experts. We
are talking about well-paid professions, such as programmers or surgeons. These professions are even able to
drive the development of a whole community. However, in order to reach that level, it is necessary to
continuously invest in the education of both children and adults who want to reskill or upskill. Although quality
higher education is synonymous with career success, education is equally important in all stages of a person’s
development. 
The foundations for the development of one’s talent and future skills are laid in elementary school, and each
subsequent step brings students closer to the ultimate goal – making a career in a field that fulfills them and
allows them to achieve their full potential. This is how the education system, and efforts of the whole
community help raise and educate young people who believe in themselves. If they make an effort and acquire
the right knowledge, they will be in the position to choose a career and job, which in turn opens up a whole
range of possibilities for fulfilling their goals such as buying a house, financial security, a stable family life, etc.
Education means long-term investment in a better life of all members of society. 
Developing talents that change the face of humanity 
When people are accomplished and successful, they have the ability to give back to their community. Perhaps
the most famous examples of such individuals are billionaires Bill Gates and Warren Buffet who not only
donate billions of dollars to charity, but also invest in the development of technologies and methods that could
help millions of people in the future (vaccines, environmental issues, food, etc.). 
When a society systematically invests in education, there is a possibility of creating a new Nikola Tesla, who
otherwise would not have a chance to develop his/her talent. It is a kind of investment in the future and the
potential of all members of society, because each of them can contribute to its development. 

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Education is an integral part of modern society 
The development and progress of mankind can be directly attributed to educated people who drove human
society forward. Investing in education raises awareness about major challenges to society, such as global
warming and environmental protection. These things directly affect the quality of life, and they could not be
solved without ambitious, creative, and intelligent people who are ready to change the world with their
knowledge.  
This is why taking education seriously is not just an important decision for an individual, but also a socially
responsible behavior. Every individual has the power to change the world, the only dilemma is – how. There is
not a single correct answer to this question, but with a good approach, quality education, hard work, innovation,
and creativity, we can be sure that society will remain in good hands. 
Q.3 What is teacher preparation? Discuss impact of globalization on teacher preparation in Pakistan.
Globalization and education are complex phenomena and their causal relationship is of a “chicken or the egg”
character. There is of course a great debate over what constitutes both “education” and “globalization”, let alone
their relationship with one another. The essays in this issue of Pedagogical Historical are not consistent in their
conceptualizations. That inconsistency is a virtue, because it points to the extraordinary range of historical
phenomena that may be included in discussions of education and globalization. One way or another social
transformations are powerfully affected by cultural developments, some of which may be clearly thought about
in terms of the impacts of deliberate and incidental educational activity. In the process individuals, communities
of various kinds, the state and collectivities and communities beyond the state are constructed.
A nation depends on the activities of the teachers. Identically, they are working to grow the basement of the
students. No matter it is school, college or university, a qualified teacher is the builder of a student. Even a
teacher on the special skills or technical courses is keeping role responsibilities on the societies. For this reason,
the leader of tomorrow is created by a teacher. At the same time, if a teacher fails to discover the eternal power of
a student, the student fails in his whole life. That means a teacher is the best mentor for a life of the student.
The education system of the 21st century has changed radically with the integration of the technology in every
sector. At the same time, the students are more matured than the previous time. Now, in the twenty-first-
century education depends on Thinking Skills, Interpersonal Skills, Information Media, Technological Skills as
well as Life Skills. Especially, the education of the present time emphasis on life and career skills. Now there has
no value for rote learning. In general, it needs to meet the industry need. To clarify, the teaching will be effective
when a student can use the lesson outside of the classroom.
For changing the globalizing world, the role of the teachers is essential to improve the sustainable education. At
the same time, inspiring and guiding the students in increasing employability skills with the digital tools is the
prerequisite for a teacher. Thus a teacher in the twenty-first century will be a digital teacher. Teachers are not the
facilitator for learning of the students only, and now they are responsible for training the students for increasing

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employability skills, expanding the mind, growing digital citizenships, critical thinking, and creativity as well as
sustainable learning. Thus, the winning of the students is the win of the teachers.
With the passes of time and integration of technology in every sector, the teacher’s role has changed a lot. They
need to enrich some skills to develop their students. Otherwise, the students will not get the lesson, and it will
increase the of educated unemployed in the digital era. Let’s see the changing role of a teacher in the 21st
century.
1. A Planner for 21st Century Careers
This is the most competitive world, and there has the diverse option to choose the next career for a student. In
this case, a teacher needs to become a big planner to support them according to their psychology. The future of a
student will depend on 4C’s (Critical thinking, Communication, Collaboration, and Creativity). It is the duty of a
teacher to introduce them the mentioned terms very clearly. The students will need to try several
multidisciplinary jobs. So the teachers will define where they will give more importance and which skills are just
for adding value or keeping as optional. Besides, if an educator can provide a proper guideline to build the career
in the 21st century for the students, he will be the all-rounder in his career and life. Do you know the quotes from
the American Philosopher Nancy Kassebaum?
If we teach today as we taught yesterday, we rob our children of tomorrow.
2. A Resource Provider
In this digital age, the internet is full of supportive resources. When a teacher teaches the students from a
collaborative perspective, the students will learn more deeply if they get the resources. It can be YouTube Video
Tutorial, Digital Content, eBooks or even the printing documents. If the student receives the supportive materials
on how to enrich Critical thinking, Communication skills, Collaboration, and Creativity, they can lead their own
future. A teacher can show the resources according to their interest. Even a teacher can’t be expert on the topics,
albeit he can easily point the links of the supportive materials. It will ensure better learning environments and the
students will be engaged with the lesson.
3. A digital Instructor for Different Ways of Learning
Effective teachers don’t limit the learning resources for the students. Correspondingly, they are the best instructor
for the students. In contrast, they will create the learning materials entertaining. In the digital age, you can find a
lot of resources who are teaching the course efficiently. The instructor knows how to make the meaningful
learning opportunities for all students. Providing practical examples in the classroom or collaborating in a class
with another teacher can also help them to learn perfectly. To emphasize, they know mixing the knowledge with
an expert collaborator can make the student motivated.
4. Learning Facilitator
A digital teacher or leader in the teaching profession don’t teach the students only. Also, they help their
colleagues to become the supporter of technology and show them how to find the online resources and how to
stay updated on their subject. They know how to enjoy the work and how to make the lesson enjoyable. That

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means they are the facilitator for all the students and teachers. Remember, if you can share your knowledge you
will learn more deeply. Similarly, the people will love you.
5. A Technology Lover for Learning
Now, it is so tough to attract the students without the use of technology. If you don’t teach the right use of
technology and how to find the internet resources, they will get the evil resources. Important to realize, a teacher
needs to learn how to read the psychology and what the students want. With attention to, if you can’t maintain
the online community with the students, you will not be able to inform the students about the world. Indeed,
there has no way of the teachers to deal with the students without learning the technology and internet world. As
a result, when you want to build the nation, you have to develop yourself first. Must be remembered, you have to
know how the Google Advanced Search process works.
6. A digital Learner for the lifetime
Effective teachers who are the builders of a nation are the lifetime learner. To point out, they keep knowledge of
the latest changes in their subject. Then again, they keep knowledge about which jobs will be available in the
next decade. In addition, they learn the newest technology to help the students. To put it differently, they know
how to combine the technology, pedagogy, and content which will ensure Real-World Problem Solving and
cooperative learning. To summarize, a teacher needs to follow the quotes from Henry Ford.
7. A genuine predictor
The teachers of the 21st century know the importance of Acquisition-based learning and Participation-based
learning. Similarly, he knows the value of engaging and working in the community. For bringing innovations in
the technology sector, it is necessary to create cooperation with one another. In this case. The teachers can
manage how to ensure the knowledge, skills, and attitudes.
Q.4 Explain Communication theory. How can it be used to improve teaching profession?
Whatever age we are, we go to school to learn. And no matter the type of student, learning depends on good
communication. Take a moment to think about your experiences as a student in the classroom. Did you ever
struggle to understand or communicate with the instructor? What were some of the barriers in communication?
Perhaps the teacher was very strict and that made you fear punishment. Or maybe the environment in the
classroom was too competitive and that made it hard for you to ask questions.
These examples represent potential barriers to communication in the classroom. Communication barriers can
make it difficult to learn. Ginott's congruent communication theory seeks to eliminate barriers to
communication and learning in the classroom.
The congruent communication theory was developed by Haim Ginott, a professor of psychology and a former
elementary school teacher. His theory of congruent communication avoids confrontation and seeks to validate
the feelings of others. Ginott's theory is based on his belief that the behavior and language of the instructor sets
the tone for learning in the classroom. The theory is founded on the principles of humanistic psychology that
focus on acceptance and validation as essential for healthy self-esteem.

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Ginott's approach assumes that for effective or congruent communication to occur, students must feel accepted
and valued in the classroom. In order for this to occur, teachers must abide by three tenets for classroom
behavior.
1. Teachers should demonstrate harmonious communication with students in the classroom.
According to Ginott, harmonious communication is communication that sets brief yet clear expectations for
behavior in the classroom. For example, a teacher might tell students that they are permitted to use their
textbooks to complete an assignment, but that they are not allowed to use the Internet to do so. This represents
harmonious communication.
Furthermore, harmonious communication focuses on the problem behavior rather than on the student who is
demonstrating it. Imagine that John, a student in an elementary school classroom, is disrupting the class because
he does not remain in his seat. According to Ginott, the teacher should explain that the behavior of getting in
and out of one's seat disrupts her instead of saying that John is disrupting her. This exemplifies harmonious
communication, focusing on the problem rather than John's disruption.
2. The second tenet of congruent communication theory states that teachers should demonstrate behaviors that
invite and encourage cooperation in the classroom.
This principle may sound like common sense, but let's use some examples to investigate it more deeply. Have
you ever been in a classroom where the teacher raises his or her voice to be heard when the students are too
noisy? How do the students respond? Does it quiet the classroom? Or perhaps a teacher reprimands a student by
demanding that he or she pay attention. How well does that usually work?
Communication is key in the classroom: successful teaching is generally considered to require only 50%
knowledge to 50% communication skills. As a result, a teacher should be proficient in all four modes of
communication – listening, speaking, reading, and writing – and should know how to utilise this proficiency
effectively in a school environment. Being able to do this has been proven to impact the success students
achieve in their academic lives, as well as the teacher’s own career success.
In this article, we will outline the reasons why classroom communication has such importance. You will also
learn some of the strategies you can use to help you and your students attain your best outcomes.
Communicating with Students
Communication skills are most vital for interactions with students, because the act of teaching itself requires
them. In your role, you are responsible for comprehending and breaking down complex information, conveying
this information clearly to your students (both verbally and in written resources), presenting in a manner that
sustains their attention, and listening to and resolving their questions or problems.
You are also required to adapt content for different learning styles, motivate students to learn, build supportive
relationships using encouragement and empathy, manage the classroom, and give feedback – making your
classroom a safe and supportive learning environment. All of these things require good communication skills.

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The better your communication skills, the more effectively you can perform these tasks. In turn, your students
will make more academic progress. Studies have found that the success of students is directly related to
interactive, engaging teaching environments formed by able teachers (see Mashburn et al., 2008). Additionally,
the way that you communicate with your students can positively affect their perceptions of school, their role in
the classroom, themselves and their abilities, and their motivation to succeed (see Dobbs & Arnold, 2009).
Communicating with Parents
As a teacher, you will also need to communicate effectively with parents. This could take place through a
variety of mediums, including phone calls, emails, and in-person meetings, so you must be skilled with both
verbal and written language.
This is particularly important because you will often have to discuss sensitive subjects – such as behaviour
issues, learning problems, and the student’s strengths and weaknesses – without making the parent feel
confused or defensive. It is vital that you are clear, but tactful, at all times. Failing to communicate well with
parents could lead to doubts on their part about your ability to teach, and possible complaints, as well as a lack
of understanding of their child’s performance and educational needs.
Communicating with Colleagues
Teaching does not always involve independent work – it also requires collaboration. Whether you are planning
lessons together, updating your colleagues on certain students’ progress, or sharing tips about how to handle
issues in the classroom, good communication skills will be of use to you.
You might also utilise these skills in staff meetings and training sessions – being able to lead meetings, present
in front of varied audiences, and give feedback to other staff could illustrate to your colleagues and superiors
that you are a good candidate for promotion.
As we have demonstrated, there are many reasons why effective communication skills are imperative in a
teaching career. In the next section, we will give you some strategies to improve your communication in the
classroom.
Strategies for Effective Communication in the Classroom
What we classify as ‘good’ or ‘effective’ communication depends on the context. When you are presenting in
front of the class, you will use different strategies than when you are facilitating a group discussion, or speaking
to a student one-to-one.
Here, we will suggest eight strategies that are applicable to each of the contexts that you may encounter
1. Create a safe learning environment with supportive relationships
It has been proven that supportive relationships between students and teachers have a positive impact on class
engagement, participation, and the students’ achievements. It has even been suggested that these supportive
relationships may negate the tendency for low-income students to have poorer school outcomes (see O’Connor
& McCartney, 2007).

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This is because, when students feel supported, they are more comfortable expressing their own thoughts and
ideas in class discussions, attempting challenges, and asking when they need help. Higher levels of engagement
and participation then lead to better developed knowledge and greater achievement.
A supportive learning environment is built using communication: you should get to know your students well,
and show them that they are safe from judgement or humiliation in your classroom. It is a good idea to learn
students’ names early in the year, and use them often. Have an open-door policy for students to come and talk to
you about any issues, and be empathic and caring when you interact with them at all times: don’t tell them off
for not understanding and don’t ridicule their thoughts and ideas.
Additionally, you should recognise that some students don’t feel comfortable talking in front of the class. If you
do ask them to participate, you could use scaffolding (such as sentence starters) to make them feel safer doing
so. However, forced participation is usually unnecessary: it is likely that quieter students have excellent
listening skills, and are learning just as much, despite not sharing their own thoughts
2. More teamwork
Teamwork and group discussions contribute to making the classroom a more comfortable environment. By
working in small groups, students are able to share their ideas more easily, and improve their own
communication skills. These activities also give them a good opportunity to ask you questions and get feedback
on their work, leading to effective communication between you, better understanding of the lesson, and
academic benefits.
You could also try to improve your communication skills through teamwork with your colleagues. Planning
more lessons together, sharing ideas, and problem-solving together will develop the way that you interact.
3. Body language
Communication is not only verbal, but also non-verbal: you should ensure that the signals you are giving out
through your body language are positive, confident, and engaging.
For example, making eye contact with students when you are talking to them shows that you are being
supportive and attentive. Making eye contact is also important when you are presenting to the whole class – it
motivates everyone to pay attention, which helps them to learn, as well as making them feel involved. In order
to make more eye contact, you may have to learn your lesson content more thoroughly in advance, so that you
don’t have to look away to read your notes.
As you teach, you should use gestures to emphasise your words. This increases the interactivity of the lesson,
making it more visually interesting and hence, more memorable. Keep your arms open – do not fold them – and
use smiles, nods, and thumbs up to encourage students when they participate. Moving around the classroom
while you teach can help to remove the barrier between you and your students, and gives them less opportunity
to zone out or get distracted.
Body language is also important when dealing with negative behaviour. To avoid being confrontational, ensure
that you don’t stand directly above or in front of a student, point, or invade their personal space. It may be

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effective to get down to their level and talk quietly about their behaviour, or speak to them outside the
classroom, to avoid drawing too much attention. Remember that students’ behaviour is also a form of
communication, and think about what it is telling you.
You can find out more about dealing with challenging behaviour from our dedicated article: ‘How to Deal with
Challenging Behaviour in the Classroom’.
4. Active listening
The ‘listening’ component of communication should not be overlooked – over 60% of all misunderstandings
result from poor listening (Caruso, Colombi, & Tebbit, 2017).
Practising good listening in the classroom can benefit you in two ways. Firstly, you will be a model for your
students, who will improve their own listening skills, and thus retain lessons better. Secondly, by using active
listening, you can correct misunderstandings and extend learning, resulting in a better education for your
students.
Active listening involves listening carefully to what your students say, checking that you have understood them
correctly (for example, repeating back to them what you think they have said), building on their ideas, and
challenging or questioning them. It is the best approach to use to foster understanding in the classroom, and is
an excellent example of effective communication.  
5. Feedback
Feedback is also an important component of communication in the classroom. There have been many studies
focusing on feedback in recent years. It has been shown that positive feedback (i.e. praise) builds students’
confidence – making them more likely to believe that they can succeed – and helps to create a supportive
environment and increase academic success.
You can also use positive feedback to modify students’ behaviour: for example, praising a student for having
their hand up is likely to cause the students around them to stop ‘shouting out’ and copy this behaviour, in order
to be praised themselves (Howell, Caldarella, Korth, & Young, 2014).
However, positive feedback can be detrimental to learning if it is used without being deserved, or too frequently
(Cannella, 1986). Phrases such as ‘good job’ or ‘beautiful’ may not motivate students, because they do not
understand what they are specifically being praised for, while over-praising can cause children to lack interest
in situations where they are not being praised (e.g. Howell et al., 2014). As a result, you should give specific,
deserved positive feedback – use the student’s name, explicitly state what they are doing right, and thank them
enthusiastically.
Negative feedback is used more often in the classroom than positive feedback, and many researchers have
argued that this should not be the case. While negative feedback can help students to improve – for example, by
changing their behaviour, or trying harder at a task (Conroy et al., 2014) – it does also contribute to conflictual
relationships with students (e.g. Allen et al., 2013). It has also been suggested that it can cause lower levels of
academic success (e.g. Wu et al., 2010).

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These disadvantages are compounded by the fact that the negative feedback is not always successful – students
tend to continue the behaviour despite negative feedback around 20% of the time – and it tends to decrease
students’ motivation and interest in a task (e.g. Spilt et al., 2016). Other consequences include decreased self-
worth, which impacts children’s academic success (e.g. Harter, 2012).
As such, you should ensure that you use negative feedback only sparingly; for general classroom management,
using positive feedback to illustrate the behaviour that you want to see is much more effective. In situations
where you do have to use negative feedback, you should explicitly address the behaviour you want to stop, give
an explanation why (e.g. ‘don’t do that. I don’t think it is safe’), allow the student to think about morality (e.g.
‘are you doing the right thing?’), or use a simple form of ‘no’ (e.g. ‘no’, ‘mm mm’). These techniques increase
the effectiveness of negative feedback, and decrease any detrimental impact that it might have.
Finally, you should give students the opportunity to give you feedback on your lessons or teaching styles. This
shows that you value their opinion, increases communication between you, and helps you to improve your
teaching and their learning.
6. Sense of humour
The use of humour in the classroom has been found to increase learning, self-motivation, and positive
relationships between students and teachers (see Segrist & Hupp, 2015). It allows you to establish a rapport
with your class, and keep them interested in the lesson.
For example, you might tell jokes or funny anecdotes, give light-hearted personal examples, or laugh at
students’ own jokes. However, you should ensure that you don’t use negative humour – where you demean or
embarrass students – or humour that is either irrelevant to the lesson, disturbing, violent, sexual, or forced. Only
continue to use humour that has received a positive response from the class (such as laughing).
7. Technical skills
Using up-to-date teaching aids such as computers, videos, and online resources is another way to keep students
engaged and reinforce their understanding. It can also increase the effectiveness of your communication with
students with different learning styles, who may benefit more from online resources than more old-fashioned
ones. Try to work some of these aids into your lessons on a regular basis.
Q.5 Explain relationship between ethics and teaching.
Value education is the process by which people give moral values to each other. According to Powney et al It
can be an activity that can take place in any human organisation during which people are assisted by others,
who may be older, in a condition experienced to make explicit our ethics in order to assess the effectiveness of
these values and associated behaviour for their own and others' long term well-being, and to reflect on and
acquire other values and behaviour which they recognise as being more effective for long term well-being of
self and others. There is a difference between literacy and education.
There has been very little reliable research on the results of values education classes, but there are some
encouraging preliminary results.

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One definition refers to it as the process that gives young people an initiation into values, giving knowledge of
the rules needed to function in this mode of relating to other people, and to seek the development in the student
a grasp of certain underlying principles, together with the ability to apply these rules intelligently, and to have
the settled disposition to do so[3] Some researchers use the concept values education as an umbrella of concepts
that includes moral education and citizenship education. Themes that values education can address to varying
degrees are character, moral development, Religious Education, Spiritual development, citizenship
education, personal development, social development and cultural development.
There is a further distinction between explicit values education and implicit values education where:
 explicit values education is associated with those different pedagogies, methods or programmes that
teachers or educators use in order to create learning experiences for students when it comes to value
questions.
Another definition of value education is "learning about self and wisdom of life" in a self exploratory,
systematic and scientific way through formal education. According to C.V.Good'value education is the
aggregate of all the process by means of which a person develops abilities and other form of behavior of the
positive values in the society in which he lives'. Intrigued by the notion that effective teaching is as much about
relationship as it is about ‘technical’ proficiency, the author examines the values of teachers that inform
classroom relationships, and poses the question as to whether there are particular teacher values that are
necessary for quality values education. This question is addressed by focusing on the teaching strategies
involved in the major approaches to values education, and by deducing the teacher values necessary for
effective teaching. The implications for the pedagogy of teacher education are briefly discussed. The teacher in
particular holds poignant role that mediates interaction of students with them and with others. As every
individual are summed of the values that they learn from different contexts, dyadic exchange of values come to
perpetuate in classroom relationships among teachers and students vice versa One of the instances by which
these values come to surface is when one characterizes the degree of one's relationship as paralleled with
transgressions. The study transpires that while similar values ought to emerge in these two relationships,
differentiation lies in its manifestation of the values. ... It is the moral obligation of teachers to keep them on
track by identifying and clarifying their ideas and by making them think in the right direction; therefore, at the
university level, establishment of positive teacher-student relationship is much more important than anything
else. This association is a vibrant procedure which is acquainted by the values and morals of both students and
teachers (Brady, 2011). Values related practices play a very significant and decisive role in the establishment of
positive student-teacher relationship
When students define ethics, they connect the term to specific expectations that society has for professionals in
professionals settings, such as codes of ethics. When students define morals, the term (or its variant morality) is
usually reserved for prescriptive standards of behaviour imposed by some powerful entity. For these students,
they consider the latter term to be outdated and dogmatic. According to Gunzenhauser moral principles are the

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basis of deontological ethics, and rules and duties are the basis for moral actions. Deontological ethicists
consider these principles to be universal and categorical, and in ethical conflicts, deontological ethicists argue
over which rule or principle should be more prominent. From the consequentialist ethics, the educator can draw
the importance of the consequences of one’s actions and the justification for a public education that serves all
children to the best of their abilities. A moral actor can make the notion of consequences as complicated as she
would like, considering even what kind of society she helps to create by acting the way she does in a certain
situation. In that sense it can form the basis for a social ethics. Concerning the virtue ethics the most important
set of virtues in the school are the ones that are being cultivated in the students. What virtues are the adults
modelling for the students and encouraging through curriculum? To what extent are the difficulties the teachers
having with the curriculum affecting the students? What is it they are learning? Virtue ethics can be more
helpful if we could get a handle on those effects (Gunzenhauser, 47-50). Then Gunzenhauser argues for three
tenets of professionalism for educators: 1. As a professional, an educator is in a position to profess substantive
beliefs about the meaning and value of education. In other words, a professional educator has a philosophy of
education and engages others who may have different ideas about the meaning and value of education. A
philosophy of education grounded on the care of the self is a philosophy of possibility. 2. As a professional, an
educator is in a position to exercise ethical and professional judgment. An educator is in a position to
continually develop ethical and professional judgment throughout his career and in his various positions of
responsibility. Further, professional judgment spans the positions of educators throughout the educational
sector. Active/ethical professionalism applies to educators, school leaders, school boards, teacher educators,
graduate educators, and policymakers. 3. As a professional, an educator is in a position to acknowledge and
resist opportunities to enact normalization on herself, students, and colleagues. One very important part of
articulating an active/ethical professionalism is being clear on the role that resistance plays in order to achieve
more defensible educational aims than those that are encouraged by high-stakes accountability policy. To act
ethically, an educator needs to understand how and why her work must at some level be resistant
(Gunzenhauser, 126-127).
The importance of ethics When I stress the importance of ethics in education, it constitutes the repository of
their social and cultural values, and the medium of their historical memory. In common usage multicultural
education generally refers to education about different ethnic groups. As dialogue on cultural difference and
education has spread to other nations, it has become more sharply focused on complex issues of identity,
diversity, and citizenship. "the relationships between democracy, citizenship, and education cannot be treated in
isolation from the question of multiculturalism." Several vectors of globalization have converged to raise the
topic of multicultural education to the level of public, or at least professional, debate around the world today.
The increasing cross-national mobility of people and the transnational communication of ideas that took place
in the twenty-first century has fed into the contours of diversity around the world. It has also led to international
dialogue. With increased human mobility and increasingly thick networks of communication, the common

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social fact of unequal educational experiences and outcomes is increasingly the subject of transnational
dialogue. Educators around the world are faced with new challenges of balancing local, national, and global
norms and moral as well as ethical values in the process of educating children. While fostering a sense of
citizenship remains an important function of mass schooling, it is becoming less and less viable to do so at the
expense of socializing children for their futures in a global society (Sutton, 100). Schools should ensure
multicultural perspectives are incorporated into all aspects of school life by: promoting diversity as a positive
learning experience, incorporating multicultural perspectives across all learning domains, incorporating
multicultural, anti-racism, and human rights perspectives in school policies and practices, enhancing teachers’
and students’ intercultural understanding and cross-cultural communication skills. Teaching multiculturalism in
the classroom is important. At the basic level, multicultural education provides a fundamental education for all
students, with the purpose of eliminating discrimination because of ethnic origin and background. By
incorporating many cultures into the classroom, schools can celebrate diversity, learn about cultures around the
world and raise awareness. There are four steps to bring multiculturalism into each classroom: 1. Provide a
basic education for all students – it means to keep in mind that there are stereotypes for international students.
By understanding that you will be teaching students from many different walks of life, you will have won half
the battle. Therefore, do not favor or ignore international students specifically. You may feel like you should
favor these students so you can teach them more, but it is important to treat all of your students, international or
not, with the same respect and understanding. 2. Address language and cultural norms: dispel myths that are
often associated with certain cultures; avoid using jargon while speaking; be willing to use multiple forms of
communication to convey ideas; repeat and recap information; use visual aids for clarity; teachers encourages
the usage of multiple modes of learning: including logical, mathematical, literate, kinesthetic, music and spatial
methods; active listening may also help when there is a moderate language barrier; reading material on cultural
norms may also help with transitions. Gestures in one part of the world may not mean the same thing in others.
3. Make it a learning experience - if you have just a few international students in your classroom, the best way
to integrate their new perspective into your classroom is to integrate their cultures into the curriculum as well.
One of the best ways for younger students includes incorporating fairy tales and folklore into the learning.
Storytelling is a great way to have your students learn about new customs. In connection with contemporary
global issues in multicultural and globalized school environment I would like to stress ethical and human
approach. Humanity and human dignity are the terms used in moral, ethical, and political discussions to signify
that a being has an innate right to respect an ethical treatment. Young people must be able to measure current
events against the yardstick of the principles of humanity, dignity and law and not just in terms of economic or
political criteria; develop resistance to feelings of impotence and indifference and refuse to become hardened
the face of complex and negative world events; develop tangible bonds of solidarity with the suffering or needy;
develop the strength to reject acts which take account only of the end to be achieved and not of the
consequences to themselves and others; to incorporate the minimum standards of behaviour to respect in the

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event of conflict in the values handed down by official educational establishments, families and social
authorities and in the rules of the society.

References:

 A First Look At Communication Theory by Em Griffin (Published by McGraw-Hill)

 Communication Theory: Epistemological Foundations by James A. Anderson
 Communication Theories: Origins, Methods and Uses in the Mass Media (5th Edition) by Werner J.
Severin and James W. Tankard
 Theories of Human Communication (9th Edition) by Stephen W. Littlejohn and Karen A. Foss
 Communication: Theories and Applications by Mark V. Redmond
 Communication Theories: Perspectives, Processes, and Contexts by Katherine Miller
 Communication Theory: Media, Technology and Society by David Holmes
 Building Communication Theory by Dominic A. Infante, Andrew S. Rancer, and Deanna F. Womack
 The Communication Theory Reader by Paul Cobley
 Clarifying Communications Theories: A Hands-On Approach by Gerald Stone, Michael Singletary, and
Virginia P. Richmond
 An Introduction to Communication Theory by Don W. Stacks, Sidney R. Hill, and Mark, III Hickson
 Introducing Communication Theory by Richard West and Lynn H. Turner

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