A

Micro-Project report on
“Design PID Controller using operational amplifier.”
Submitted by

Roll no. Name of students

EJ-302 Mr. Yash Panhalkar

EJ-312 Mr. Prashant Bashetti

EJ-313 Mr. Firoj Nadaf

EJ-314 Mr. Md Ashraf Khan

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

(Mr. Margur L. S.)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

Shanti Education Society’s

A. G. Patil Polytechnic Institute, Solapur.

NBA Accredited Programs

ACADEMIC YEAR (2022-2023)

 Shanti Education Society’s
A.G. Patil Polytechnic Institute, Solapur.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the micro-project report on “Design PID Controller using operational
amplifier.” has been submitted by EJ-(302,312,313,314) of TY (Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering) has completed predefined micro project satisfactorily in
course Control System and PLC (22531) for the academic year 2022-2023 as prescribed in
the curriculum of M.S.B.T.E.

Course Coordinator Program Head

(Mr. Margur L. S.) (Mr. Bagban S. R.)

PRINCIPAL
Dr. Chougule M. A.
Academic Year
(2022-2023)
 Title :- “Design PID controller using Operational amplifier.”

1. Introduction :-

The PID control is the most commonly known for control process utilized as a part of
industries for controlling action. The basic technique for PID controllers makes it simple to
coordinate the process output. As the term PID suggest, it comprises of three separate constant
parameters which are adjusted in order to get ideal, steady and faster response. In the control
process, the majority of control loops based upon proportional, integral and derivative
controller.
For specific process, the tuning of three parameters of controller is able to provide
specific control action to the system. Design methods leading to an optimal and effective
operation of PID controllers are economically vital for process industries.
The main focus of the project is about study of OPAMP and fabrication of an analog PID
Controller using the three control parameters. The Controller design is demonstrated in order
to get an output of better static performance. The controller is fabricated on hardware after the
test of individual terms: integral proportional and derivative. The resultant output from
controller is observed using the oscilloscope.

Fundamental operation
The distinguishing feature of the PID controller is the ability to use the three control terms of
proportional, integral and derivative influence on the controller output to apply accurate and
optimal control. The block diagram on the right shows the principles of how these terms are
generated and applied. It shows a PID controller, which continuously calculates an error value
e(t) as the difference between a desired setpoint SP=r(t) and a measured process variable
PV=y(t):e(t)=r(t)-y(t),
and applies a correction based on proportional, integral, and derivative terms. The controller
attempts to minimize the error over time by adjustment of a control variable u(t), such as the
opening of a control valve, to a new value determined by a weighted sum of the control terms.
Term P is proportional to the current value of the SP − PV error e(t). For example, if the error
is large, the control output will be proportionately large by using the gain factor "Kp". Using
proportional control alone will result in an error between the set point and the process value
because the controller requires an error to generate the proportional output response. In steady
state process conditions an equilibrium is reached, with a steady SP-PV "offset".

Term I accounts for past values of the SP − PV error and integrates them over time to produce
the I term. For example, if there is a residual SP − PV error after the application of proportional
control, the integral term seeks to eliminate the residual error by adding a control effect due to
the historic cumulative value of the error. When the error is eliminated, the integral term will
cease to grow. This will result in the proportional effect diminishing as the error decreases, but
this is compensated for by the growing integral effect

Term D is a best estimate of the future trend of the SP − PV error, based on its current rate of
change. It is sometimes called "anticipatory control", as it is effectively seeking to reduce the
effect of the SP − PV error by exerting a control influence generated by the rate of error change.
The more rapid the change, the greater the controlling or damping effect.
Tuning – The balance of these effects is achieved by loop tuning to produce the optimal control
function. The tuning constants are shown below as "K" and must be derived for each control
application, as they depend on the response characteristics of the complete loop external to the
controller. These are dependent on the behavior of the measuring sensor, the final control
element (such as a control valve), any control signal delays and the process itself. Approximate
values of constants can usually be initially entered knowing the type of application, but they
are normally refined, or tuned, by "bumping" the process in practice by introducing a setpoint
change and observing the system response.
Control action – The mathematical model and practical loop above both use a direct control
action for all the terms, which means an increasing positive error results in an increasing
positive control output correction. The system is called reverse acting if it is necessary to apply
negative corrective action. For instance, if the valve in the flow loop was 100–0% valve opening
for 0–100% control output – meaning that the controller action has to be reversed. Some process
control schemes and final control elements require this reverse action. An example would be a
valve for cooling water, where the fail-safe mode, in the case of loss of signal, would be 100%
opening of the valve; therefore 0% controller output needs to cause 100% valve opening.
Proportional term
The proportional term produces an output value that is proportional to the current error value.
The proportional response can be adjusted by multiplying the error by a constant Kp, called the
proportional gain constant.
The proportional term is given by
Integral term
The contribution from the integral term is proportional to both the magnitude of the error and
the duration of the error. The integral in a PID controller is the sum of the instantaneous error
over time and gives the accumulated offset that should have been corrected previously. The
accumulated error is then multiplied by the integral gain (Ki) and added to the controller output.
The integral term is given by

The integral term accelerates the movement of the process towards setpoint and eliminates the
residual steady-state error that occurs with a pure proportional controller. However, since the
integral term responds to accumulated errors from the past, it can cause the present value
to overshoot the setpoint value (see the section on loop tuning).

Derivative term
The derivative of the process error is calculated by determining the slope of the error over time
and multiplying this rate of change by the derivative gain Kd. The magnitude of the contribution
of the derivative term to the overall control action is termed the derivative gain, Kd.
The derivative term is given by

Derivative action predicts system behavior and thus improves settling time and stability of the
system. An ideal derivative is not causal, so that implementations of PID controllers include an
additional low-pass filtering for the derivative term to limit the high-frequency gain and noise.
Derivative action is seldom used in practice though by one estimate in only 25% of deployed
controllers because of its variable impact on system stability in real-world applications.
• PID controller using Operational Amplifier circuit diagram.
2. Aim of microproject :-
• To Study the PID Controller.

3. CO’s Covered:-

CO1:- Identify different types of control systems.

CO4:- Determine the stability of the control system.
4. Action Plan :-

Serial Planned Planned Name of Responsible

Details of Activity
No. Start Date Finish Date Team Members

Group formation & topic

1. 07/09/2022 07/09/2022 All Group Members
selection discussion

Discussion of group with

2. 14/09/2022 14/09/2022 All Group Members
project guide

3. Finalization of topic 21/09/2022 21/09/2022 All Group Members

Data collection &

4. 28/09/2022 05/10/2022 Mr. Md Ashraf Khan
Arrangement of data

5. Preparation of model 05/10/2022 12/10/2022 Mr. Firoj Nadaf

6. Data collection 12/10/2022 19/10/2022 Mr. Prashant Bashetti

7. Preparation of proposal 19/10/2022 26/10/2022 Mr. Yash Panhalkar

8. Presentation of proposal 26/10/2022 02/11/2022
Mr. Prashant Bashetti
Data collection through
9. 02/11/2022 09/11/2022 Mr. Md Ashraf Khan
internet

10. Submission of model 09/11/2022 23/11/2022 Mr. Firoj Nadaf

11. Preparation of report 23/11/2022 30/11/2022 Mr. Prashant Bashetti

12. Presentation of report 30/11/2022 07/12/2022 Mr. Md Ashraf Khan

Final submission of the Micro-

13. 07/12/2022 13/12/2022 All Group Members.
project
5. Resources Required:-

Sr. Name Of Resources/ Remarks

Specification. Qty
No. Material.
www.google.com
www.electrical4u.com
https://www.arduino.cc/e
1. Internet 4
n/software
www.electronics.com

2. Computer Facility Microsoft World 1

Breadboard 01
Jumpers 15
Components used IC 741 Operational amplifier 04
3. Resistors 10
Capacitors 02

Control System
Engineering
Nagrath, J.J.;
4. Reference Books Gopal, M. 2

Programmable logic
Controllers
Petruzella, F.D.
6. Output Of Micro Project:-
We learned different types of mobile phones and their features and
specification different types of technologies used in it.

7. Skills developed/Learning out of this Micro-project :-

➢ Communication between group members
➢ Collaboration and creativity
➢ Critical thinking and comparision skills.