Gokhale Education Society’s

R. H. Sapat College of Engineering,

Management Studies and Research, Nashik-5
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2023-24

S.E. Project Based Learning Topic Synopsis

For

“PID CONTROL”

Submitted By
Roll Student Name Mobile No. E mail id
No

61 Raut Krushnakant Ravindra 9404996509

62 Shelke Dhiraj Sanjay 8275182568 Dhirajshelke222@gmail.com
63 Sonawane Shruti Roshan 9021200431
64 Warke Harsha Mahesh 7666160035
65 Zadge Atharv 7843066149
Bhavanishankar

PBL Group No.: 13 Topic Domain: PID Controller

Name and Signature of Guide:

Miss.G. R. Kawale
 Contents

Abstract

Keywords

1. Introduction

2. Problem Statement

2.1 Objectives

3. Proposed System

3.1Block Diagram

3.2 Brief Explanation

3.3 Applications of proposed System

4. Cost Estimation
5. References
 Abstract

The PID control is the most commonly known for control process utilized as a
part of industries for controlling action. The basic technique for PID controllers
makes it simple to coordinate the process output. As the term PID suggest, it
comprises of three separate constant parameters which are adjusted in order to get
ideal, steady and faster response. In the control process, the majority of control
loops based upon proportional, integral and derivative controller. For specific
process, the tuning of three parameters of controller is able to provide specific
control action to the system. Design methods leading to an optimal and effective
operation of PID controllers are economically vital for process industries.

The main focus of the project is about study of OPAMP and fabrication of an
analog PID Controller using the three control parameters. The Controller design is
demonstrated through simulation in order to get an output of better dynamic and
static performance. The controller is fabricated on hardware after the test of
individual terms:-proportional, integral and derivative. The resultant output from
controller is observed using the oscilloscope.
 1. Introduction
A PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controller implemented with an
operational amplifier (op-amp) is a common way to regulate systems in control
engineering. Here's a brief introduction to how it works:

Proportional (P) Control: The op-amp compares the input signal (desired set-
point) and the feedback signal (actual value). The difference (error) is amplified
by a proportional gain (Kp) and fed back to the system to adjust the output.

Integral (I) Control: The integral term integrates the error over time, which helps
eliminate steady-state errors. This is achieved by feeding the integrated error
(accumulated over time) multiplied by an integral gain (Ki) back to the system.

Derivative (D) Control: The derivative term predicts future behavior of the error
by measuring its rate of change. It is obtained by taking the derivative of the error
signal and multiplying it by a derivative gain (Kd). This helps to damped
oscillations and improve system stability.

The output of each control term is summed together to produce the final control
signal that drives the system. Op-amp circuits can be configured to implement
each of these control terms, typically using resistors, capacitors, and feedback
loops to adjust the gains and dynamics of the controller.
 Problem Statement
PID Controller Design with Op-Amp : Design a PID controller using an
operational amplifier (op-amp) to regulate the temperature of a heating element in
a system. The goal is to maintain the temperature at a set-point despite
disturbances and changes in the environment.

Objectives :
1. Design a PID controller circuit using an op-amp to regulate the temperature of
the system.
2. Implement the PID controller circuit using standard op-amp components and
provide a detailed schematic diagram.
3. Validate the designed controller through simulation or experimentation,
demonstrating its ability to regulate the temperature around the set-point under
various conditions and disturbances.
 Proposed System
Block Diagram :

Fig.1 : Block Diagram Of PID Controller.

The above block diagram and equation shows the PID controller behavior in
Time domain form. The time domain analysis is used for real-time results and to
determine various gain parameters like Rise time, Peak overshoot, Steady-state
error etc. However, there is another form of representation that helps in
determining the Performance of parameters like stability, gain and phase
margins etc.
Applications of proposed System :
The application of a PID controller using an op-amp is quite versatile and can be
found in various fields including:

1. Temperature Control : PID controllers are commonly used to regulate the

temperature of heating or cooling systems such as ovens, HVAC systems,
incubators, and industrial furnaces. The op-amp-based PID controller adjusts the
power supplied to the heater or cooler based on the difference between the desired
temperature and the measured temperature feedback.

2. Motion Control : In robotics and automation, PID controllers using op-amps

are employed to control the position, speed, and acceleration of motors. They
ensure precise movement and positioning in applications such as CNC machines,
robotic arms, and servo systems.

3. Process Control : PID controllers are widely used in industrial processes to

regulate variables such as pressure, flow rate, level, and pH. Op-amp-based PID
controllers maintain the desired set-point by adjusting valves, pumps, or other
actuators based on feedback from sensors.

4. Chemical Engineering : In chemical reactors and distillation columns, PID

controllers are utilized to maintain desired chemical concentrations, temperatures,
and pressures. Op-amp-based PID controllers play a crucial role in controlling the
flow rates of reactants, adjusting heating or cooling, and managing reaction
kinetics.

5. Automotive Control Systems : PID controllers are integrated into automotive

systems for engine control, cruise control, and anti-lock braking systems (ABS).
Op-amp-based PID controllers regulate fuel injection, throttle position, and
braking pressure to enhance vehicle performance and safety.
6. Agricultural Systems : In agriculture, PID controllers are applied in
greenhouse climate control, irrigation systems, and poultry farming. Op-amp-
based PID controllers adjust parameters such as humidity, temperature, and water
flow to optimize crop growth and animal welfare.

7. Power Electronics : PID controllers using op-amps are utilized in power

electronics applications such as voltage regulation, power factor correction, and
DC-DC converters. They ensure stable and efficient operation of power supply
systems in various electronic devices and industrial equipment.

These are just a few examples of the broad range of applications where PID
controllers using op-amps are employed to achieve precise and reliable control of
dynamic systems in diverse fields of engineering and technology.
Cost Estimation:
Sr.No. Component Quantity Cost

1. OP-AMP (741) 8 160

2. 100k Potentiometer 1 20

3. 1M Potentiometer 2 40

4. 100k Resister 8 70

5. 1k Resister 2 15

6. 1µF Capacitor 1 10

7. 10µF Capacitor 2 25

Total Cost 340 ₹

 References :
[1] Nagrath, I.J. and Madan, Gopal, Control system engineering, 5th Edition, New
Age International Publisher, 2007.
[2] Astrom, K. J. and Hagglund, T., PID Controllers: Theory, Design and
Tuning, ISA Press, Research Triangle Park, NC,
Available on : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PID_controller.com
[3] LM741 Operational Amplifier Texas Instruments.
Available: http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm741.com. Accessed on: LM741.
SNOSC25D – MAY 1998–REVISED OCTOBER 2015.
[4] K. Astrom and T. Hagglund, “The future of PID control,” Control Engineering
Practice, vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 1163 – 1175.
Available: http://wenku.baidu.com/view/7cdc4a000740be1e650e9ada.html
Accessed on: 6 April 2001.
[5] Ang, K.H., Chong, G.C.Y., and Li, Y. (2005). PID control system analysis,
design, and technology, IEEE Trans Control Systems Tech, 13(4), pp.559-576.
Available on: http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/3817/1/IEEE3.com.