TO STUDY ABOUT INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

A Project Work Report

Submitted By
Nirmal Thapa
Class 12
Roll Number 38
Registration Number

Submitted to:
The Faculty of Science
Gorkha Secondary School

Tulsipur-06, Dang
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project work entitled “TO STUDY ABOUT
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE” submitted to the faculty of
Science, Gorkha Secondary School, Tulsipur is an original piece of work
carried out under the supervision of Sudip Bhusal, faculty member of
Gorkha Secondary School Tulsipur, Dang, and is submitted in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of grade 12. The Project
work Report hasn’t been submitted to any other university of institution
for the award of any degree.

………………………..
Nirmal Thapa
Gorkha Secondary School
Tulsipur, Dang
27th November, 2022
 RECOMMENDATION

The work report entitled ‘TO STUDY ABOUT INTERNAL

COMBUSTION ENGINE’ submitted by Nirmal Thapa of Gorkha
Secondary School, Tulsipur, Dang, is prepared under my supervision as
per the procedure and format requirements laid by the Faculty of
Science, Gorkha Secondary School Tulsipur, as partial of the project.
The work has been prepared for completion of 12 course of NEB. The
study is original and carries useful information in the concerned area. I
therefore, recommend the project work report for evaluation.

………………………….
Mr. Sudip Bhusal
Gorkha Secondary School
Tulsipur, Dang, Nepal
27th November, 2022

ENDORSEMENT
We hereby endorse the project work report entitled ' TO STUDY
ABOUT INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE' submitted by
Nirmal Thapa of Gorkha Secondary School Tulsipur, Dang, in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for award of the grade 12 Approved by
Mr. Sudip Bhusal
Date: 27th November , 2022
Supervisor
…………………………………….

Mr. Bishnu Prasad Bhandari

Date: 27th November, 2022
Academic Coordinator
……………………………………….

Date: 27th November, 2022

External Examiner understand that my report will become part of the
permanent collection of Gorkha Secondary School Tulsipur’s Library.
My signature below authorizes release of my thesis to any reader upon
request.
……………………………
Nirmal Thapa , Author
Date: 27th November, 2022
The author is also grateful to Mr. Bishnu Prasad Bhandari , the
coordinator of science faculty Tulsipur as well as Mr.Sudip Bhusal for
providing necessary guidelines for preparation of report. The author
would also thankful to all the teachers and friends for their support
during the period of report preparation . Finally, the author would like to
thank all whom the author has forgotten to mention.
…………………………………..
Nirmal Thapa , Author
(27th November , 2022)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am overwhelmed in all humbleness and gratefulness to acknowledge

my depth to all those who have helped me to put these ideas, well above
the level of simplicity and into something concrete. I would like to
express my special thanks of gratitude to my Physics teacher Mr. Sudip
Bhusal, Mr.Chirangb Khadka and Our Coordinator Mr. Bishnu
Bhandari as well as our principal Mr. Bijay GM who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic "TO STUDY
ABOUT INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE " which also helped
me in doing a lot of Research and I came to know about plethora of new
things. I am really thankful to them further more, I would like to
mention the support system and consideration of my parents who have
always been there in my life.
Last but not the least, my friends Pritam and Mina who have always
been there with my side. Without them, I could never had completed this
task. Thanks a lot.
 TABLE OF CONTENT
S.N. TOPICS PAGE S.N.
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 History 2
1.2 Types 3
1.3 Spark Ignition Engine 4
1.4 Working Mechanism of Spark Ignition Engine 5
1.5 Diesel Engine 6
1.6 Working Mechanism of Diesel Engine 7
1.7 Petrol Engine 8
1.8 Working Mechanism of Petrol Engine 9
1.9 How does it work ? 10
2.0 Application 11
2 12
 TO STUDY ABOUT INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

INTRODUCTION
An internal combustion engine (ICE or IC engine) is a heat engine in
which the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in
a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow
circuit. In an internal combustion engine, the expansion of the high-
temperature and high-pressure gases produced by combustion applies
direct force to some component of the engine. The force is typically
applied to pistons (piston engine), turbine blades (gas turbine), a rotor
(Wankel engine), or a nozzle (jet engine). This force moves the
component over a distance, transforming chemical energy into kinetic
energy which is used to propel, move or power whatever the engine is
attached to. This replaced the external combustion engine for
applications where the weight or size of an engine was more important.
 HISTORY OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

Various scientists and engineers contributed to the development of

internal combustion engines. In 1791, John Barber developed the gas
turbine. In 1794 Thomas Mead patented a gas engine. Also in 1794,
Robert Street patented an internal combustion engine, which was also
the first to use liquid fuel, and built an engine around that time. In
1798, John Stevens built the first American internal combustion engine.
In 1807, French engineers Nicéphore Niépce (who went on to
invent photography) and Claude Niépce ran a prototype internal
combustion engine, using controlled dust explosions, the Pyréolophore,
which was granted a patent by Napoleon Bonaparte. This engine
powered a boat on the Saône river in France. In the same
year, Swiss engineer François Isaac de Rivaz invented a hydrogen-based
internal combustion engine and powered the engine by electric spark. In
1808, De Rivaz fitted his invention to a primitive working vehicle – "the
world's first internal combustion powered automobile". In 1823, Samuel
Brown patented the first internal combustion engine to be applied
industrially.
 TYPES OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
The major types of internal combustion engines in use today:
1. The spark ignition engine, which is used primarily in automobiles;
2. The diesel engine, which is used in large vehicles and industrial systems where
the improvements in cycle efficiency make it advantageous over the more compact
and lighter.
3.The petrol engine, It is used in automobiles, motorcycles, aircraft, motorboats,
and small engine.
 1.The spark Ignition Engine
It is an internal combustion engine in which the ignition of the air-fuel mixture
takes place by the spark. The spark is generated with the help of spark plug. Since
in this engine, the spark is responsible for the ignition of the fuel, it is named as
spark ignition engine (SI engine). This engine uses petrol as a fuel for its working.
It works on the principle of otto cycle. The fuel in this engine is injected
through carburetor during suction stroke. The compression ratio of this engine is
usually 6 to 10. It has light weight engine and used in light duty vehicles like
motorcycle, cars etc.

fig. spark ignition engine

 Working Mechanism of Spark Ignition Engine

Here we will discuss the working four stroke engine. The working of 4 stroke SI
engine can be divided into four strokes.
1. Suction Stroke

In this stroke, the piston moves downward and the air-fuel mixture from
the carburetor enters into the cylinder through inlet valve. During this stroke inlet
valve opens and exhaust valve remains closed.

2. Compression Stroke

In this stroke, the piston moves upward and compresses the air-fuel mixture. The
compression strokes completes as the piston moves at TDC. During this stroke
Both the inlet and exhaust valve remains closed.

3. Power Stroke

At the end of compression stroke, a spark is produced by the spark plug. This
spark ignites the air-fuel mixture and combustion takes place in the combustion
chamber. Due to combustion, a very high thrust force is generated which pushes
the piston downward rapidly and makes the crankshaft to rotate. This stroke is
called as power stroke because we get power in it. Both inlet and exhaust valve
remains closed in this stroke.

4. Exhaust Stroke

In this stroke, the piston moves upward and burnt or exhaust gases produced in
the power stroke escapes out of the cylinder through exhaust valve. In this stroke,
the exhaust valve gets open and inlet valve remains closed.

After the completion of exhaust stroke, again all the four stroke repeats itself. The
most commonly used spark ignition engine are of two stroke engine and four
stroke engine. In two stroke engine we have inlet and exhaust port instead of
valve.
 2. The Diesel Engine
Any internal-combustion engine in which air is compressed to a sufficiently high
temperature to ignite diesel fuel injected into the cylinder, where combustion and
expansion actuate a piston. It converts the chemical energy stored in the fuel
into mechanical energy, which can be used to power freight trucks, large tractors,
locomotives, and marine vessels. A limited number of automobiles also are diesel-
powered, as are some electric-power generator sets.

fig. Diesel engine

 Working mechanism of Diesel Engine

Here we will discuss the working four stroke engine. The working of 4 stroke SI
engine can be divided into four strokes.
1.Intake stroke

As the piston moves outward, Inlet valve are open and atmospheric air is sucked
into the cylinder.
2.Compressed Stroke

When the piston moves upward, all three valve remain closed and the air is
compressed adiabatically to 1/17th of initial volume. As a result temperature of air
rises about 1000 degree Celsius and pressure about 34atm.
3.Working stroke

Due to the high pressure, the piston is pushed outward by large force and the
burning gases expand adiabatically. As a result, Mechanism work is obtained and
temperature and pressure fall. It is represented by the curve 23 PV diagram.
4.Exhaust Stroke
As the piston moves inward, the remaining burnt gases are expelled out through outlet valve at
constant pressure. It is represented by the dotted line from p4 to 4. in PV diagram.
In this Way, one diesel cycle completes and the cylinder is again ready for another fresh cycle.
 3.The petrol Engine
The petrol engine is an internal combustion engine developed by Otto in 1876.
It consists of a cylinder fitted with piston. The cylinder is provided with an
inlet and an outlet valve I and O respectively. The opening and closing of these
valves are controlled by the motion of the piston. It is a four-stroke engine and
uses 98% air and 2% petrol vapor mixture as working substance.

fig. PV diagram of petrol Engine

 Working mechanism of Petrol Engine

1. Suction Stroke: In this stroke, the inlet valve I is opened and the air petrol
mixture is sucked into the cylinder by the outward motion of the piston
as shown in the figure.
2. Compression stroke: In this stroke, both the inlet and outlet valve are
closed. The mixture undergoes adiabatic expansion and its volume is
reduced to about 1/5 of the original volume as a result the temperature
of the mixture is raised about 6000C.
3. Working stroke: During this stroke, both inlet and outlet valves remain
closed. A spark is produced at the sparking plug and the compressed
mixture of petrol vapor and air ignites. The temperature rises about
20000C and a pressure of about 15 atmospheres are developed inside the
cylinder. The piston is pushed down and the shaft rotates as shown in
the figure. Only in this stroke work is done by the piston
4. Exhaust stroke: The outlet valve opens and the burnt-out gases are
exhausted out to the atmosphere as shown in the figure. The portion AB
represents the suction stroke in which a mixture of air and fuel is
sucked in at atmospheric pressure. The portion BC represents the
adiabatic compression stroke, the volume decreasing from V 2 to V1. The
portion CD represents the result of an explosion of the mixture. Both
temperature and pressure rise at constant volume. During this part, the
heat energy from combustion is supplied to the engine. The portion DE
represents the working stroke which indicates quesi-static adiabatic
expansion from volume V1 to volume V2. During this process, air suffers
a drop in temperature and pressure. At E the exhaust valve is opened
and the pressure falls to atmospheric pressure at B, at constant volume
V2. The portion BA represents exhaust at constant pressure.
 HOW DOES AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE WORK?

Combustion, also known as burning, is the basic chemical process of releasing

energy from a fuel and air mixture.  In an internal combustion engine (ICE), the
ignition and combustion of the fuel occurs within the engine itself. The engine then
partially converts the energy from the combustion to work. The engine consists of
a fixed cylinder and a moving piston. The expanding combustion gases push the
piston, which in turn rotates the crankshaft. Ultimately, through a system of gears
in the powertrain, this motion drives the vehicle’s wheels. Spark ignition gasoline
and compression ignition diesel engines differ in how they supply and ignite the
fuel.  In a spark ignition engine, the fuel is mixed with air and then inducted into
the cylinder during the intake process. After the piston compresses the fuel-air
mixture, the spark ignites it, causing combustion. The expansion of the combustion
gases pushes the piston during the power stroke. In a diesel engine, only air is
inducted into the engine and then compressed. Diesel engines then spray the fuel
into the hot compressed air at a suitable, measured rate, causing it to ignite.
 APPLICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
Reciprocating piston engines are by far the most common power source for land
and water vehicles, including automobiles, motorcycles, ships and to a lesser
extent, locomotives (some are electrical but most use Diesel engines). Rotary
engines of the Wankel design are used in some automobiles, aircraft and
motorcycles. These are collectively known as internal-combustion-engine vehicles.
 OBJECTIVES
1. What is an internal combustion engine?.
2. How does an internal combustion engine work?
3. How does kinetic energy turn the wheels of a car to drive?
 CONCLUSION
Internal Combustion Engines are among the most important engineering
applications. The theory of application either depends on diesel, petrol or Otto
cycles. They are categorized either according to the operating cycle, or due to the
mechanism of working. Internal Combustion Engine, any of a group of device in
which reactant of combustion (oxidizer and fuel) and the products of combustion
serve as the working fluids of the engine. Such an engine gains its energy from
released during the combustion of the nonreacted working fluids, the oxidizer-fuel
mixture. A combustion engine is a complex machine that burns fuel to produce
thermal energy and then uses the energy to do work. An internal combustion
engine burns fuel internally, or inside the engine. In an internal combustion engine,
a mixture of fuel and air is burned in a closed cylinder, forcing a piston to move up
and down. In a car, the moving piston rotates a crankshaft, which turns a
driveshaft. The turning driveshaft causes the wheels of the car to turn.
 REFERENCE
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine
2. Class 12 Dreamland Publication physics book chapter thermodynamic, Page
No. 159-163
3. https://www.merospark.com/content/638/petrol-engine-explanation-cycle-
and-efficiency/
4. https://www.mechanicalbooster.com/2017/10/spark-ignition-engine.html
5. https://www.britannica.com/technology/diesel-engine