A

Seminar Report

On

“Working of four stroke diesel engine”

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of degree of

Bachelor of Technology

IN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

2019-2020

Submitted to: Submitted by:-

Mr Samrath Suthar UDIT NARAYAN SUTHAR

HOD 16ERIME009

Mechanical Engineering Mechanical engineering

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 Acknowledgment
I would like to thank respected Mr Samrath Suthar for giving me such a wonderful
opportunity to expand my knowledge for my own branch and giving me guidelines to
present a seminar report.It helped me a lot to realize of what we study for.

Secondly, I would like to thank my parents who patiently helped me as I went through my
work and my friends to modify and eliminate some of the irrelevant or un-necessary
stuffs.

Last but clearly not the least , I would thank the almighty for giving me strength to
complete my report on time.

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 Preface
I have made this report file on the topic Working of four stroke diesel engine; I have tried
my best to elucidate detail to the topic to be included in the report. While in the beginning
I have tried to give a general view about the topic.

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 Working of four stroke diesel
engine

Index:-
1. Introduction
2. Four stroke diesel engine daigram
3. Four stroke diesel engine Working
4. Four stroke diesel engine Advantage
5. Four stroke diesel engine Disadvantage
6. Diesel cycle
7. Combustion chamber
8. Parts of diesel engine
9. Uses of four stroke diesel engine

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 Four stroke diesel engine

Four-stroke diesel engineThe typical sequence of cycle events

involves a single intake valve, fuel-injection nozzle, and exhaust
valve, as shown here. Injected fuel is ignited by its reaction to
compressed hot air in the cylinder, a more efficient process than
that of the spark-ignition internal-combustion engine.

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2.FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE DAIGRAM

3.FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE WORKING

Diesel engine, also known as compression ignition (C.I.) engine is widely used in automobile
industries. Big vehicles such as truck, bus, locomotive engine etc. used diesel engine as the
power unit because of its higher torque and greater mileage than petrol engine.

The ignition temperature of diesel is lower than petrol so the working of diesel engine is
slightly different than petrol engine.

Working of a four stroke Diesel engine

Power generation in four stroke is divided into four parts namely suction stroke, compression
stroke, expansion stroke (power stroke) and exhaust stroke.

Suction stroke:

In the suction stroke of diesel engine the piston start moves from Top Dead Centre (TDC) of
the cylinder to Bottom Dead Centre (BDC) of the cylinder and simultaneously inlet valve
opens. At this time air at atmospheric pressure drawn inside the cylinder through the inlet
valve due to the suction created. The inlet valve remains open until the piston reaches the
BDC of cylinder (not practically but theoretically.).

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Pls note: All the images shows a spark plug but that is not present in Compression ignition
Engine.

Compression stroke:

After the piston passes BDC of the cylinder, it starts moving up. Both valves are closed and
hence the cylinder is sealed. The piston moves upward. This movement of piston
compresses the air into a small space between the piston and TDC of cylinder . The air is
compressed into 1/22 (compression ratio: 22, varies from engine to engine) or less of its
original volume. Due to this compression a high pressure and temperature is generated
inside the cylinder. Both the inlet and exhaust valves do not open during any part of this
stroke. At the end of compression stroke the piston is at TDC the cylinder.

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Power stroke:

At the end of the compression stroke when the piston is at TDC a pre metered quantity of
diesel is injected into the cylinder by the injector. The temperature inside the cylinder is very
high which is sufficient to ignite the fuel injected and this generates tremendous energy
which is in the form of high pressure which pushes down the piston. The connection rod
carries this force to the crankshaft which turns to move the vehicle. At the end of power
stroke the piston reaches the BDC.

Exhaust stroke:

When the piston reaches the BDC after the power stroke, the exhaust valve opens. The
pressure of the burnt gases is higher than atmospheric pressure. This pressure difference
allows burnt gases to escape through the exhaust port and the piston move through the
TDC. At the end of exhaust all burn gases escape (theoretically) and exhaust valve is closed.

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The cycle repeats…

4. Four stroke diesel engine Advantage

● Due to the higher compression ratio it produces more
torque.
● Fuel efficiency is more.
● Low fuel cost.
● More power.
● Diesel is one of the most efficient fuel available in today.
● It can be used for heavy vehicles for high power
requirements.
● It can be easily turbo charged.
● Thermal efficiency is up to 40%.
● So overheating is avoided due to the high thermal
efficiency.

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5. Four stroke diesel engine Disadvantage
Complicated design :- A 4 stroke engine has complex valve mechanisms operated
& controlled by gears & chain. Also there are many parts to worry about which
makes it harder to troubleshoot.

Less powerful :- As power gets delivered once every 2 rotations of crankshaft(4

strokes), hence 4 stroke is less powerful.

Expensive :- A four stroke engine has much more parts than 2 stroke engine. So
they often require repairs which leads to greater expense.

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6.diesel cyle
The Diesel cycle is a combustion process of a reciprocating internal combustion engine. In it, fuel is ignited by
heat generated during the compression of air in the combustion chamber, into which fuel is then injected. This
is in contrast to igniting the fuel-air mixture with a spark plug as in the Otto cycle (four-stroke/petrol) engine.
Diesel engines are used in aircraft, automobiles, power generation, diesel-electric locomotives, and both
surface ships and submarines.

The Diesel cycle is assumed to have constant pressure during the initial part of the combustion phase (  

to   in the diagram, below). This is an idealized mathematical model: real physical diesels do have an
increase in pressure during this period, but it is less pronounced than in the Otto cycle. In contrast, the
idealized Otto cycle of a gasoline engine approximates a constant volume process during that phase.

Idealized Diesel cycle[edit]

p-V Diagram for the ideal Diesel cycle. The cycle follows the numbers 1-4
in clockwise direction.

The image shows a p-V diagram for the ideal Diesel cycle; where   

is pressure and V the volume or   the specific volume if the process is

placed on a unit mass basis. The idealized Diesel cycle assumes an ideal
gas and ignores combustion chemistry, exhaust- and recharge procedures
and simply follows four distinct processes:

● 1→2 : isentropic compression of the fluid (blue)

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● 2→3 : reversible constant pressure heating (red)
● 3→4 : isentropic expansion (yellow)
● 4→1 : reversible constant volume cooling (green)[1]
The Diesel engine is a heat engine: it converts heat into work. During the
bottom isentropic processes (blue), energy is transferred into the system in

the form of work  , but by definition (isentropic) no energy is transferred

into or out of the system in the form of heat. During the constant pressure

(red, isobaric) process, energy enters the system as heat  . During the

top isentropic processes (yellow), energy is transferred out of the system in

the form of  , but by definition (isentropic) no energy is transferred into

or out of the system in the form of heat. During the constant volume
(green, isochoric) process, some of energy flows out of the system as heat

through the right depressurizing process  . The work that leaves the
system is equal to the work that enters the system plus the difference
between the heat added to the system and the heat that leaves the system;
in other words, net gain of work is equal to the difference between the heat
added to the system and the heat that leaves the system.

● Work in ( ) is done by the piston compressing the air (system)

● Heat in ( ) is done by the combustion of the fuel

● Work out ( ) is done by the working fluid expanding and pushing a

piston (this produces usable work)

● Heat out ( ) is done by venting the air

● Net work produced =   - 

The net work produced is also represented by the area enclosed by the
cycle on the P-V diagram. The net work is produced per cycle and is also
called the useful work, as it can be turned to other useful types of energy
and propel a vehicle (kinetic energy) or produce electrical energy. The
summation of many such cycles per unit of time is called the developed

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power. The   is also called the gross work, some of which is used in the
next cycle of the engine to compress the next charge of air

7.Combustion chamber
Internal combustion engines can contain any number of combustion chambers
(cylinders), with numbers between one and twelve being common, though as
many as 36 (Lycoming R-7755) have been used. Having more cylinders in an
engine yields two potential benefits: first, the engine can have a larger
displacement with smaller individual reciprocating masses, that is, the mass of
each piston can be less thus making a smoother-running engine since the engine
tends to vibrate as a result of the pistons moving up and down. Doubling the
number of the same size cylinders will double the torque and power. The
downside to having more pistons is that the engine will tend to weigh more and
generate more internal friction as the greater number of pistons rub against the
inside of their cylinders. This tends to decrease fuel efficiency and robs the
engine of some of its power. For high-performance gasoline engines using
current materials and technology, such as the engines found in modern
automobiles, there seems to be a point around 10 or 12 cylinders after which the
addition of cylinders becomes an overall detriment to performance and efficiency.
Although, exceptions such as the W16 engine from Volkswagen exist.

● Most car engines have four to eight cylinders, with some high-performance cars
having ten, 12 — or even 16, and some very small cars and trucks having two or
three. In previous years, some quite large cars such as the DKW and Saab 92, had
two-cylinder or two-stroke engines.
● Radial aircraft engines had from three to 28 cylinders; examples include the
small Kinner B-5 and the large Pratt & Whitney R-4360. Larger examples were built
as multiple rows. As each row contains an odd number of cylinders, to give an even
firing sequence for a four-stroke engine, an even number indicates a two- or four-
row engine. The largest of these was the Lycoming R-7755 with 36 cylinders (four
rows of nine cylinders), but it did not enter production.
● Motorcycles commonly have from one to four cylinders, with a few high-performance
models having six; although, some 'novelties' exist with 8, 10, or 12.
● Snowmobiles Usually have one to four cylinders and can be both 2-stroke or 4-
stroke, normally in the in-line configuration; however, there are again some novelties
that exist with V-4 engines
● Small portable appliances such as chainsaws, generators, and domestic lawn
mowers most commonly have one cylinder, but two-cylinder chainsaws exist.
● Large reversible two-cycle marine diesels have a minimum of three to over ten
cylinders. Freight diesel locomotives usually have around 12 to 20 cylinders due to
space limitations, as larger cylinders take more space (volume) per kwh, due to the

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 limit on average piston speed of less than 30 ft/sec on engines lasting more than
40,000 hours under full power.

8.Parts of diesel engine

#1. Piston and Piston Rings

The Piston is a very important part of a cylinder and it moves up and down. It comprises of
several different parts. On the other hand, piston rings are on the edges of the inner and outer
of a cylinder. These rings perform two important roles in diesel engines. One important role is of
sealing the valve so that the fuel, air, or combustion does not leak out during the process of
combustion and compression. It prevents the oil from the sump from leaking into the combustion
area and so the wastage of fuel by being burnt out and wasted can be easily avoided. As a
result, the fuel consumption of the car increases. diesel engine parts get old and worn off, and
so is true with piston rings as well. And when it does happen, the oil is lost, burnt and wasted. In
this way, the fuel consumption in the case increases.

#2. The Crankshaft

This is one of the diesel engine parts which is designed to convert the piston’s up and down
motion into rotational. This is one of the diesel engine parts that are an integral part of the
overall functioning of the engine. There are one or even more offset shafts in crankshaft to
convert the motion. So, when the piston is moving up and down, it only pushes the offset shaft
and in turn, rotates the crankshaft. In some of the engines, the counterweight is also used to
offset the piston and to improve overall balance.

#3. The Oil Pans

The oil pan is also known as Carter. This is a special tub which accommodates the engine oil. It
is just a container of engine oil, but this is one of the diesel engine parts that cannot be made or
installed carelessly. Usually, these components are made of thin zinc which is iron like.
However, there are also some cars that have combined it with the thicker material. With time
this container may also wear and tear, and you need to then replace it with the perfect fit for
your diesel engine model.

#4. The Fly Wheels

Initially, the flywheel works to balance the overall engine speed. Solid iron is used to make it
and especially the one that can store torque. This is one of the reasons why the flywheel can
balance the engine speed. On the other hand, it also serves to power the engine and this can
be noted from outside of the flywheel which has several wheels. To start the engine, the gear
will be connected to the starter motor pinion.

These were just a few of the many diesel engine parts that need to function efficiently for the
smooth driving experience. All diesel engine parts are equally important and if there is any weird

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noise or a difference in driving that you note, it is best to take help from the professionals.
Experienced professionals in the field of diesel engine repairing will help identify and repair your
diesel engine parts problems and replace any problematic part that can cause trouble to the
smooth functioning of a diesel engine.

#5. Connecting Rod

The piston and crankshaft are connected by the rod. the power of rotation at each end lets it
change angles flexible because the rotating shaft rotates and therefore the piston moves.

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9.Uses of four stroke diesel engine
engine is widely used in automobile industries. Big vehicles such
as truck, bus, locomotive engine etc.

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