Semester: August 2022 – December 2022

Maximum Marks: 30 Marking Scheme In-Semester Examination Duration : 1Hr 15 Min

Programme code: Class:
Semester:V (SVU 2020)
Programme: TY B Tech
Name of the Constituent College:
Name of the department: EXTC
K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering
Course Code: Name of the Course: DCOM

Question Max.
No. Marks
Q1 05
1) Draw unipolar NRZ, polar NRZ, bipolar NRZ and Manchester
encoding for following data sequence. 101011100

Waveform for unipolar NRZ, polar NRZ, bipolar NRZ (1 M Each)

and waveform for Manchester encoding (2M)
2) What is meant by the Gram Schmidt orthonormalization process?
What is the purpose of the Gram-Schmidt process in digital
communications?

The Gram–Schmidt orthonormalization process is a technique for orthonormalizing a

collection of vectors in an inner product space, usually the Euclidean space R n with the
standard inner product. In Digital communication, we apply input as binary bits which
are converted into symbols and waveforms by a digital modulator. These waveforms
should be unique and different from each other so we can easily identify what symbol/bit
is transmitted. To make them unique, we apply Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization
procedure. The Gram-Schmidt process is a collection of procedures that converts a
collection of linearly independent vectors into a collection of orthonormal vectors that
cover the same space as the original set.

Q2 A discrete memoryless source has alphabet of six symbols with 10

probability for its output as given below:
Symbol S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
Probability 0.1 0.05 0.3 0.15 0.2 0.2

(i) Design the Huffman code for the above symbol

(ii) Find Entropy
(iii) Compute average codeword length
(iv) Calculate Code Efficiency
 Symbol S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

Probability 0.1 0.05 0.3 0.15 0.2 0.2

CODE 0000 0001 01 001 10 11

1001 1000 11 101 00 01

(i) Design the Huffman code for the above symbol (5 Marks)
(ii) Find Entropy 2.409 bits/msg (2 Marks)
(iii) Compute average code word length 2.45 letters/msg (2 Marks)
(iv) Calculate Code Efficiency 98.34% (1 Marks)

OR
A. For a television transmission, the required number of brightness 6+4
level is equal to 32, pixels /picture frame equal to 10 6, frames
transmitted per second equal to 30 and SNR equal to 40 dB. Find
minimum bandwidth required.
• 40dB = 10000
• Information /pixel = log 232 = 5bits/pixel
• Information /picture frame = 5 x 106bits/frame
• Information rate = 30 x5x106bits/frame
Channel capacity C > 12x 107bits/frame
• C=B

B ≥ 11.288x 106
B ≥ 11.288x 106
B ≥ 11.288x 106
Minimum bandwidth = 11.288x 106

B. State and explain channel capacity theorem.

Statement of channel capacity theorem----1 M
Explanation of channel capacity theorem—3 M
Q3 05
A) A waveform, x(t) = 10 cos (1000t + π/3) +20 cos (2000t + π/6) is to be
uniformly sampled for digital transmission.
What is maximum allowable time interval between sample values that
will ensure perfect signal reproduction?

2πFm = wm = 2000------------2M
Fm = 318.3 Hz
Ts <= i/ 318.3 = .00157 Sec ------3M
05
B) Explain sampling theorem for lowpass signal with necessary
diagrams.
OR
B) Explain effect of aliasing. How to avoid aliasing?

Explanation of effect of aliasing. (03 M)

Explanation to avoid aliasing. (02 M)