AIAS

MODULE 1: Water Technology

Introduction and Hardness of water
 Introduction AIAS

❑As a valuable natural resource, water is found in different forms in the environment.
❑Through the water cycle, the movement of water in the environment and its
management can be understood.
❑Getting fresh water is a major problem and it is not easy, because fresh water is limited.
❑Due to increasing population, economic growth, and climate change, water shortage has
become a global issue.
❑ Lack of clean, fresh water can hinder the efforts to reduce poverty and progress
national development, resulting in poor health, low productivity, food insecurity and
restricted economic development.
Water Cycle/Hydrological Cycle AIAS

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Water Distribution on Earth AIAS

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 Sources of Water AIAS

❑ Surface water , groundwater and collected rainwater are our main sources of water for
drinking, washing, agriculture and industry, all of which are dependent on rain and snow
falling on the Earth’s surface.

SURFACE WATER

❑ It is located on top of the Earth's surface such as rivers, creeks, and wetlands. This may also be
referred to as blue water. The vast majority is produced by precipitation and water runoff from
nearby areas.

❑ Rivers, streams, lakes, and ponds are widely used as water sources, especially in rural areas.

❑ The amount of available surface water depends largely on rainfall. When rainfall is limited, the
supply of surface water will vary considerably between wet and dry seasons.
 Sources of Water AIAS

Groundwater
❑ Groundwater is the water contained in aquifers.

An aquifer is an underground layer of water-

bearing rock. Water-bearing rocks are permeable,

meaning that liquids and gases can pass through

them. This is replenished or recharged by

precipitation that percolates through the soil to the

water table, and by water seeping from streams, as

well as other bodies of surface water, such as lakes

and wetlands.
 Sources of Water AIAS

Ground water and Rainwater

❑ Groundwater reaches the surface naturally through springs or artificially through wells.
Springs typically rise up where the water table meets the land surface. Springs are
important sources of water to feed streams and are attractive cultural and landscape
features in themselves. Wells and boreholes are dug by hand or drilled by machine. These
have to be deep enough to extend below the water table so that water can be drawn up by
bucket or by pumping.
❑ Rainwater is also an important source of water, although on a relatively small scale.
Collecting rain from roofs or other hard-surfaced areas and storing it until it is needed can
provide a valuable source of water for many purposes.
 Hardness of water AIAS

❑ The water, which does not form lather with soap easily is called as hard water.
❑ Hardness of water is a measure of its capacity to precipitate soap.
❑ Hardness is caused mainly by the presence of calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+). Other
multivalent cations also cause water hardness such as Fe3+, Sr2+, Zn2+, Mn2+.
❑ If water is hard , then calcium and magnesium salts react with soluble sodium soap to form
insoluble salts of calcium and magnesium.
2C17H35COONa + CaSO4 −→ (C17H35COO)2Ca ↓ + Na2SO4
(sodium stearate) (insoluble salt)
2C17H35COONa + MgCl2 −→ (C17H35COO)2Mg ↓ + 2NaCl
(sodium stearate) (insoluble salt)
 Types of Hardness of Water AIAS

1) Temporary Hardness (Carbonate hardness): It is due to the presence of bicarbonates of

Calcium and magnesium. It can be removed by mere boiling, so it is named as temporary
hardness.
Ca(HCO3)2 −→ CaCO3↓ + H2O + CO2
Mg(HCO3)2 −→ Mg(OH)2↓ + 2CO2
2) Permanent Hardness (Non carbonate hardness): It is due to the presence of sulphates,
nitrates and chlorides of calcium and magnesium. It can’t be removed by boiling so other
special methods are used to remove it. e.g. Lime soda, zeolite, ion exchange etc.
 Hardness in terms of Calcium Carbonate Equivalents AIAS

The reason for choosing CaCO3 as a standard for calculating hardness of water
is due to:
❑Molecular weight of CaCO3 is 100 so calculation is easy.
❑Moreover, it is insoluble in water so it can be easily precipitated in water
treatment process.
Equivalents of CaCO3 = Mass of the substance * (Equivalent wt. of CaCO3
/Equivalent wt. of the substance)
 Units of Hardness AIAS

1) Parts /Million(ppm) : It is Parts of CaCO3 equivalent hardness per 106 parts of water.
2) Mg/Ltr: It is number of mgs of CaCO3 equivalent hardness present per litre of water.
1mg/L= 1mg of CaCO3 equivalent hardness /Ltr of water.
1Ltr of water = 1000 gms. = 1000*1000 mgs
1mg/L = 1mg/ 106 mg = 1ppm.
3) Degree Clarke (0Cl) : It is parts of CaCO3 equivalent hardness per 70,000 parts of water.
4) Degree French (0Fr) : It is parts of CaCO3 equivalent hardness per 105 parts of water.
1ppm= 1mg/L= 0.1 0Fr = 0.07 0Cl
 Numerical AIAS

Calculate temporary and permanent hardness of water in 0Fr and 0Cl from the following water sample:
Mg(HCO3)2= 10.2 mg/L, Mg(NO3)2= 20.8mg/L, MgSO4= 20 mg/L, CaCO3= 23 mg/L, KCl= 67 mg/L

Solution: CaCO3 Equivalents of 1) Mg(HCO3)2= 10.2*50/73 =6.99mg/L, 2) Mg(NO3)2 =20.8 * 50/74 =

14.05mg/L, 3) MgSO4 = 20*50/60 = 16.67mg/L, 4) CaCO3= 23*50/50=23mg/L
Total Hardness= 60.71 mg/L = 60.71*0.10Fr =6.0710Fr,
60.71 * 0.070Cl= 4.24970Cl
Temporary Hardness = 6.99 + 23= 29.99mg/L= 2.999 0Fr, 0.20993 0Cl
Permanent Hardness=Total hardness –Temporary hardness= 30.72 mg/L, 3.072 0Fr, 2.1504 0Cl
 AIAS

• Calculate permanent hardness of water in 0Fr and 0Cl from the following

water sample: MgCO3= 20.2 mg/L, MgSO4= 10.8mg/L, Ca(HCO3)2= 20

mg/L, CaCO3= 23 mg/L, NaCl= 67 mg/L

CaCO3 Eq. hardness of MgSO4= 10.8*50/60=9mg/L or 9ppm

Permanent hardness= 9mg/L=0.9degreeFrench= 0.63degree clarke

 AIAS

• Eq wt. of Mg(HCO3)2= 24+(1+12+48)*2=146/2=73

• Eq wt. of MgSO4= 24+32+64=120/2=60

• Eq wt. of Mg(NO3)2= 24+(14+48)*2= 148/2=74

• Eq wt. of CaCO3= 40+12+48=100/2=50

• CaCO3 eq hardness of Mg(HCO3)2=10.2*50/73= ?

• CaCO3 eq hardness of Mg(NO3)2= 20.8* 50/74 = ?

• CaCO3 eq hardness of CaCO3= 23*50/50= 23

• CaCO3 eq hardness of MgSO4 = 20*50/60 = ?