DAMODARAM SANJIVAYYA NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY

SABBAVARAM, VISAKHAPATNAM, A.P., INDIA

PROJECT TITLE:
LEAGUE OF NATIONS IN THE PROCESS OF GLOBALISATION

NAME OF THE SUBJECT:

INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS

NAME OF THE FACULTY

Dr. CH. LAKSHMI

NAME OF THE CANDIDATE: K. CHANDU

         ROLL NO: 2019LLB098

      SEMESTER: VII SEMESTER

 
 
 

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher, prof. Dr. CH. LAKSHMI
Ma’am, who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic of the
“LEAGUE OF NATIONS IN THE PROCESS OF GLOBALISATION” which helped me in
doing a lot of research and I came to know about so many new things and I am really thankful to
my professor. I have tried my best to collect information about the project in various possible
ways despite a clear picture of the given project topic.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Cover page………………………………………………………………….01
2. Acknowledgment…………………………………………………………..02
3. Table of contents……………………………………………………………03
4. Abstract……………………………………………………………………..04
5. Synopsis…………………………………………………………………….05
6. Introduction…………………………………………………………………06
7. Origin of league of nations…………………………………………………06
8. Organization of league of nations…………………………………………..08
9. Objectives of the league of nations………………………………………...08
10. League of nations in the process of globalization (efforts of the league for the
establishment of peace in the world)
…………………………………………………….09
11. Political globalization……………………………………………………..09
12. Nonpolitical globalization of the league………………………………….11
13. Economic globalization……………………………………………………11
14. Social globalization………………………………………………………..12
15. Causes for the failure of the league of nations(weakness of the league)…….13
16. Conclusion………………………………………………………………….14

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ABSTRACT

The “predecessor of the United Nations”, the League of Nations (1920-1946) changed into an
intergovernmental enterprise with the aim “to sell worldwide cooperation and to reap worldwide
peace and security”. Political globalization refers to the quantity of political co-operation that
exists among distinctive countries. This ties in with the perception that international enterprises
are higher positioned than person states to save you conflict. The League of Nations set up after
world war1 changed into without a doubt one of the pioneers in this. Since then, international
enterprises along with the World Trade Organization (WTO), United Nations (UN), and greater
nearby enterprises along with the EU have helped to growth the diploma of political
globalization.

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SYNOPSIS

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:

 To know about the league of nations

 To know about the how globalization effected in league of nations

SCOPE OF THE STUDY:

The scope of the project is limited to this case with an explanation of relevant case laws

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:

 The research is doing the doctrinal type of study in this project

RESEARCH QUESTION:

 What are the new laws related to the league of nations

LITERATURE REVIEW:

The gathering of information regarding the topic of the research would rely upon both the
primary secondary data for the research. Mainly books and online resources would be given
major importance.

Book name: international relations and organizations

Author: Dr. S. R. Myneni

In this book author says about the League of Nations geared toward stopping wars forever,
retaining international peace and selling the sensation of protection and co-operation among its
members. It additionally shouldered the duty of implementing the Treaty of Versailles in order to
achieve those targets the League of Nations made tries to save you the race of armaments. It
regular the precept of Collective Security and for this because it supported Brain-Kellogg Pact
and Locarno Treaty which assured the territorial integrity of France and Germany. If a country
dedicated an aggression on another country, the League of Nations declared it aggressor and took
steps to penalize it.

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INTRODUCTION:

The League of Nations become a global agency based after the Paris Peace Conference, 1919.
The League`s desires covered disarmament, stopping struggle fare thru collective security,
settling disputes among international locations thru negotiation international relations and
enhancing international welfare. The diplomatic philosophy at the back of the League
represented an essential shift in concept from the previous hundred years. The League lacked an
armed pressure of its personal and so trusted the Great Powers to put in force its resolutions,
preserve to monetary sanctions which the League ordered, or offer an Army, whilst needed, for
the League to use. However, it become regularly very reluctant to do so.

After some of top notable successes and a few early disasters withinside the 1920s, the League in
the end proved incapable of stopping aggression via way of means of the Axis Powers withinside
the 1930s. The onset of the Second World War made it clear that the League had failed in its
number one purpose to keep away from any destiny international struggle fare. The United
Nations Organization changed it after World War II and inherited some of groups and groups
based via way of means of the League.

ORIGIN OF LEAGUE OF NATIONS

American President Woodrow Wilson told Edward M. House to draft a U.S. plan that
meditated Wilson`s personal idealistic views (first articulated withinside the Fourteen
Points of January 1918), in addition to the paintings of the Phillimore Committee. The
final results of House`s paintings and Wilson`s personal first draft, proposed the
termination of “unethical” nation behavior, inclusive of types of espionage and
dishonesty. Methods of compulsion towards recalcitrant states might consist of intense
measures, such as “blocking and final the frontiers of that electricity to trade or sex with
any a part of the sector and to apply any pressure that can be necessary”.
The fundamental architects of the covenant of the League of Nations have been Lord
Robert Cecil (an attorney and diplomat) and Jan Smuts (a Commonwealth statesman).
Smuts` proposals blanketed the advent of a Council of the top notable powers as
everlasting participants and a non-everlasting choice of the minor states. He additionally

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 proposed the advent of a mandate device for captured colonies of the Central Powers at
some point of the battle. Cecil centered at the administrative facet and proposed annual
Council conferences and quadrennial conferences for the Assembly of all participants. He
additionally argued for a big and everlasting secretariat to perform the League`s
administrative duties.
At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, Wilson, Cecil, and Smuts recommend their draft
proposals. After prolonged negotiations among the delegates, the Hurst-Miller draft
turned into sooner or later produced as a foundation for the Covenant. After greater
negotiation and compromise, the delegates sooner or later authorized of the concept to
create the League of Nations on January 25, 1919. The very last Covenant of the League
of Nations turned into drafted via way of means of a unique commission, and the League
turned into hooked up via way of means of Part I of the Treaty of Versailles. On June 28,
forty-four states signed the Covenant, inclusive of 31 states that took element withinside
the battle at the facet of the Triple Entente or joined it at some point of the conflict.1
The League might include a General Assembly (representing all member states), an
Executive Council (with club confined to principal powers), and a everlasting secretariat.
Member states have been anticipated to “admire and hold as towards outside aggression”
the territorial integrity of different participants and to disarm “to the bottom factor regular
with home safety.” All states have been required to post lawsuits for arbitration or
judicial inquiry earlier than going to battle. The Executive Council might create a
Permanent Court of International Justice to make judgments at the disputes.
Despite Wilson`s efforts to set up and sell the League, for which he turned into provided
the Nobel Peace Prize in October 1919, the USA did now no longer join. Opposition
withinside the Senate, especially from Republican politicians, Henry Cabot Lodge and
William Borah, and particularly in regard to Article X of the Covenant, ensured that the
USA might now no longer ratify the agreement. Their objections have been primarily
based totally at the truth that via way of means of ratifying this sort of document, the
USA might be sure via way of means of worldwide agreement to guard a League of
Nations member if it turned into attacked. They believed that it turned into pleasant now
no longer to turn out to be concerned in worldwide conflicts.

1
https://www.ungeneva.org

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The League held its first council assembly in Paris on January 16, 1920, six days after the
Versailles Treaty and the Covenant of the League of Nations got here into pressure. On
November1, the headquarters of the League turned into moved from London to Geneva, in which
the primary General Assembly turned into hung on November 15.

ORGANISATION OF LEAGUE OF NATIONS:

The League had 3 primary organs specifically the assembly, the council and the secretariat.
However, further to those three, there were two namely the permanent court of international
justice and the international labour organization. There have been 5 subsidiary or auxiliary
organs also. they have been:2

(1) mandates fee

(2) International Institute for Intellectual cooperation

(3) International Tariff fee

(4) International fee for Arms; and

(5) International Transport fee

OBJECTIVES OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS

The important gadgets of the League of Nations were particular withinside the preamble to the
covenant as under

(1) promotion of global cooperation and success of global peace and security;

(2) attractiveness of duty now no longer to lodge to war;

(3) prescription of open, simply and honourable family members amongst nations

(4) Firm established order of the understandings of international regulation because the real rule
of behavior amongst Government’s; and

(5) The renovation of justice and a scrupulous admire for all treaty duties withinside the dealing
of organized peoples with one another

2
https://www.jstor.org

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LEAGUE OF NATIONS IN THE PROCESS OF GLOBALISATION (EFFORTS OF THE
LEAGUE FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PEACE IN THE WORLD)

Political globalization:

During the two decades of the league of nations, it achieved remarkable success in the following
fronts, forty political issues came in for enquiry by the League of nations. The League settled
some issues as explained hereunder:3

Aaland dispute 1920: A dispute broke out among Finland and Sweden over the Baltic
Island of Aaland. Sweden claimed that the island belonged to it and Finland adversarial
its claim. These states have been now no longer contributors of the League, conflict
regarded to be probably and so England took the initiative in bringing the dispute to the
League. The council gave its selection in 1921. Under this the Aaland humans have been
to have autonomy and their political rights have been to be protected, however Finland`s
authority turned into confirmed. Thus, a capability quarrel turned into prevented and a
very good compromise answer emerged.
Albano – Yugoslav crisis, 1925: There became a dispute among Greece and Yugoslavia
concerning the border. Albania became in among the 2 states. The League of Nations
declared Albania unbiased and furnished club to it withinside the league. but Yugoslavia
invaded Albania. England dispatched a telegram to the League approximately the deal
with to worldwide peace. Within every week the council met. Both international locations
Albania and Yugoslavia gave public assurances now no longer to hotel to conflict. An
impartial quarter ended inside a brief time.
Greece and Bulgaria issue, 1925: There became a battle concerning the border among
Bulgaria and Greece. Bulgarian infantrymen killed of the Greece border force. Greek
desired Bulgaria to make an apology and pay reimbursement which it rejected. Greece
invaded Bulgaria. Bulgaria added the difficulty earlier than League. According to the file
Military fee of England, France and Italy, appointed with the aid of using the League,
Greece now no longer simplest withdrew her troops however additionally paid 210,000
greenbacks to Bulgaria with the aid of using manner of damages.

3
https://www.encyclopedia.com

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Dispute between Germany and Belgium: Eupen and Malmedy had been districts
placed among Germany and Belgium which had been ceded to Belgium beneath Neath
the treaty of Versailles. as in line with the phrases of treaty, a plebiscite became held in
those regions which went in favour of Belgium. This became objected with the aid of
using Germany. But the council did now no longer take delivery of the competition of
Germany and eventually knowledgeable Germany approximately the very last
irrevocable decision.
Dispute between Peru and Columbia: In 1932, Peru seized the border province of
Leticia from Columbia. conflict appeared imminent. But the League intervened right now
and its well-timed motion averted conflict among the countries. The province of Leticia
became peacefully given returned to Columbia.
Dispute between Poland and Germany (1922): A dispute arose among Poland and
Germany over top Silesia. This have become complicated with France helping Poland
and England helping Germany. At closing the League divided the region among Poland
and Germany.
Dispute between Lithuania and Poland 1923: In 1920 Poland seized Vilna in Lithuania
with the aid of using pressure of palms and separated it from Lithuania which turned into
truly in ownership of that place. The league had attempted to mediate withinside the
affairs. But Poland with the backing of France rejected the League`s provide of
mediation. An impartial accord turned into concluded amongst France, England and Italy
in 1923. The accord upheld the seizure of Vilna with the aid of using Poland. right here
we see Poland with the assist of a massive electricity like France efficaciously robbing
Lithuania, a small state, of its territory and the League not able to do anything.
Dispute between Italy and Greece, 1923: Certain Italian navy officials had been
murdered on Greek soil. The Italian authorities demanded apologies and reparations for
the crime from the Greece government. because it refused, Italy captured Corfu Island. It
turned into suggested to the council. In a convention of Ambassadors, the events
determined to settle it in diplomatic negotiations and it turned into referred to the council
and later Corfu turned into back to Greece. It turned into now no longer the league, But
the council of ambassadors that solved the dispute. Greece needed to pay the indemnity
or compensation which Italy demanded.

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 Dispute between Japan and China: Japan occupied Manchuria, a part of Chinese
language territory in 1931. It gave up its club of the League in 1933. The League did not
anything on this issue.
Dispute between Tukey and Iraq 1923: Turkey and Iraq, at the same time as drawing a
boundary among them, claimed Mosul vilayet and the problem turned into stated League.
Britain as mandatory electricity of Iraq prevalent the award of the League and turkey
refused to do so. However, with the aid of using a compromise treaty concluded among
Britain and Turkey and a few royalties from the Mosul oil fields had been additionally
given to turkey.4
Italy attacks of Ethiopia: In 1935, Italy attacked Ethiopia and Ethiopia requested the
league to take action. the council asked Italy to withdraw its army. however, Italy refused
to obey it. The league introduced entire financial sanctions. Italy did now no longer
hassle and occupied it in can also additionally 1936 and introduced that Abyssinia is in
Italy. By July 1936, The League had withdrawn all of the sanctions.
Germany’s aggression: in 1933 Germany withdrew from the League. After that, it
occupied Austria in 1938 and invaded Czechoslovakia in 1939. the League turned into
not able to do something besides giving caution to Germany. whilst Germany invaded
Poland in 1939 global battle 2 began out and the league had end up nearly defunct. The
league turned into a success best n such instances wherein the huge energy pursuits have
been now no longer affected or they themselves desired the League to intervene. The
league turned into silent and proved inefficient whilst huge powers have become
competitive and occupied others territories.

NON-POLITICAL GOBALISATION OF THE LEAGUE

Through the League of Nations had not been successful in the political sphere, it did accomplish
much in promoting social and humanitarian and economic cooperation between countries.

Economic globalization:

withinside the monetary sphere the League installation some of economic and economic
committees constituting professionals from diverse nations. These committees performed
a commendable position in tackling the hassle of counterfeiting, falsification of industrial
4
https://www.bartleby.com

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 documents, double taxation etc. This committee prepared some of worldwide meetings
like global monetary convention (1927), economic and monetary convention of 1933.
The Financial committee became answerable for the difficulty and supervision of
League`s loans to Austria, Hungary, Greece and different nations. A well-known finance
convention became held in Brussels (1920), in Geneva (1927) and in London (1933) to
assist international locations withinside the area of economic relations.5
whilst Australia became on the brink of monetary fall apart in 1921-22, the league of
countries arranged for a worldwide mortgage and helped the country's monetary
recovery. comparable assist became given to Bulgaria and different nations also. The
league establishes worldwide conventions with reference to customs, export of positive
commodities etc.

Transport and communication:

The league had installation the self-sustaining conversation and Transit business enterprise in
1920. It attempted to simplify techniques to facilitate passenger and items site visitors
internationally. A version passport turned into followed for fashionable use at some stage in the
world. it encouraged agreements with reference to move in worldwide rivers, maritime signals,
the lights of coasts and street site visitors. It insisted on loose worldwide communications, loose
worldwide transit etc.

Social globalization:

The league attempted difficult to enhance the lot of running humans thru the worldwide labour
organization (ILO). it attempted to do away with the social evil of slavery. For the abolition of
slavery. The league installation everlasting slavery fee in 1932. It carried out a great deal
withinside the area of manipulate of commercial enterprise in risky tablets like opium, cannabis
and different risky tablets, prohibition of site visitors in women, promoting of toddler welfare,
suppression of exchange in obscene literature etc.

Health service:

The league of countries installation the health business enterprise in 1923 with a Health
committee and a secretariat. This organization executed loads of beneficial paintings in
5
https://www.researchgate.net

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establishing movement towards malaria, leprosy, smallpox, cancer, tuberculosis, syphilis, heart -
disease, cholera, plague and different illnesses in lots of components of the arena. it helped
studies in medicine. it helped countries to enhance country wide fitness with the aid of using
organizing technical conferences.

Promotion of minorities:

The league did a beneficial task of protective the rights of minorities thru the minority fee. The
rights of minorities along with political rights, civil rights, use of mom tongue, use of minority
language in schools, employment of minorities in public places of work had been protected. it
additionally entertained petitions from the minorities in special nations for statistics sake.

Legal activities:

The league of countries had undertaken numerous felony activities. It became responsible for
drawing up a large range of worldwide agreements and conventions. an try become made to
codify legal guidelines referring to nationality, territorial waters, kingdom responsibilities etc.

International cooperation:

The committee for worldwide cooperation become additionally installed to offer for cultural and
highbrow cooperation amongst countries. It enabled students from special components of the
arena to satisfy often in order that special cultures of the arena to satisfy often in order that
special cultures of the arena can be delivered to the information of all. the promoting of tutorial
and cultural cooperation become to a point helped with the aid of using this frame for the
primary time.

CAUSES FOR THE FAILURE OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS (WEAKNESS OF THE

LEAGUE)6

The league of nations had made sincere efforts to promote national security and international
peace for about fifteen years since the treaty of Versailles. However, it failed in attaining the
objectives due to many factors. They are:

Lack of international spirit:

6
https://www.academia.edu

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No member of the league turned into organized to stake its personal countrywide hobbies for the
sake of extra worldwide hobbies. a few participants did now no longer even hesitate to violate
the league covenant for the sake in their slender countrywide hobbies. in short, loss of loyalty in
their participants to the league turned into one of the leader reasons of its failure. The totalitarian
states had been greater chargeable for the destruction of worldwide collaboration beneath Neath
the league than the liberal states.

Non- participation of the USA:

the league by no means received a frequent character, handicapped from the outset through the
non- participation of America, it remained predominantly a European organization. The absence
of America from the League turned into a intense blow to the league`s electricity and prestige.
the league turned into in want of team spirit of the super powers, and that turned into unluckily
lacking.

Absence of Germany and Russia for a long time:

A range of states like Russia, Germany, Austria and Turkey had been now no longer invited to
enroll in the league on the preliminary levels which gave them the sensation that the league
turned into now no longer a meeting of unfastened countries however an meeting of the effective
imperialists and their satellite tv for pc states, who had been especially interested by maintaining
the culmination in their victory through keeping popularity quo. Germany turned into admitted to
the league best in 1926 and the USA in 1934

CONCLUSION:

The League of Nations turned into the primary global company to unite as many essential fields
as feasible of human existence beneath Neath one roof. Yet, in addition to status for some of
improvements that smoothed the direction for the paintings of the United Nations and mounted
the League of Nations as a player withinside the methods of globalization, it embodies European
rivalries, the ongoing life of colonial structures, and the inviolability of country wide rights of
sovereignty. This article sketches this double issue of the League of Nations via way of means of
portraying the importance of the League of Nations and the position of Europe.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

 https://www.ungeneva.org
 https://www.jstor.org
 https://www.encyclopedia.com
 https://www.bartleby.com
 https://www.researchgate.net

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