MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN

FEDERATION
FEDERAL STATE AUTONOMOUS EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
OF HIGHER EDUCATION
«ST. PETERSBURG NATIONAL RESEARCH UNIVERSITY OF
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES, MECHANICS AND OPTICS»

Faculty of Energy and Environmental Technologies

ITMO UNIVERSITY

Task #4, Exercise 6, Variant 2

Course: New Energy and Resource-saving Processes in a Circular
Economy
“EVALUATION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION AND
SPECIFIC LOWER CALORIFIC VALUE”

Author:
Kolpikova Victoria,
G4151c
Educator:
Sergienko O.I., PhD,

Saint Petersburg
2022
TASK 6. STEAM TURBINE INSTALLATION
The purpose of the task is to determine the electrical power and fuel economy
in replaceable thermal power plants, which can be obtained using the energy of water vapor
from the heat recovery system (boiler unit) of the thermochemical disposal of MSW in steam
turbine plants.
Steam turbines: condensing or counter-pressure work without heat regeneration.
The following parameters are set: flow rate and initial parameters of water vapor at
the turbine inlet D, P1, t1, steam pressure at the turbine outlet P2: in the condenser Pс or back
pressure Pbp at the heat consumer, efficiency: internal relative η 0i, mechanical ηm, electric
generator ηeg (see the initial data for Task 5). The new initial data is presented in table 1.

Table 1. Initial data for solving Task 6.

The last digit Pbp Pc The penultimate ηeg ηm η0 i

of ISU number digit of ISU
number

0 0,5 - 0 0,96 0,97 0,8

1 0,005 - 1 0,94 0,93 0,72

2 0,5 - 2 0,95 0,98 0,68

3 0,005 0,005 3 0,98 0,94 0,74

4 0,005 0,005 4 0,96 0,95 0,72

5 0,7 - 5 0,97 0,96 0,76

6 0,005 0,005 6 0,93 0,92 0,66

7 0,3 - 7 0,97 0,98 0,7

8 0,5 - 8 0,95 0,96 0,75

9 0,6 - 9 0,97 0,99 0,78

Calculate:
● Enthalpy of steam in the turbine;
● Dryness of steam in the turbine;
● Available heat change in the turbine;
● Internal heat transfer in the turbine;
● Effective electrical power N еff ;
● Electrical power N е ;
For a condensing turbine:
The temperature of the cooling water at the inlet to the condenser is + 12 ° C, and at the

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outlet – 3 ° C below the temperature of saturated steam at a pressure of Pc .
Calculate:
● cooling water consumption
● cooling multiplicity in the condenser

For a counter-pressure turbine:

Calculate:
Amount of heat given to the absorber Q|¿|, ¿
Relative generation of electrical energy on thermal consumption Er

For both types of turbines:

Calculate savings of "conditional" fuel in replaceable thermal power plants that release the
same amount and quality of energy (condensing power plants and boiler plants).

The calculation is made using h-S diagram or tables of thermophysical properties of water
and water vapor, as well as tables 2, 3 (Task 5).

Instructions:
1. The steam parameters in the turbine are determined when constructing the process
for the turbine in the h-S diagram (see Figure 1).
Here – p1 is the steam pressure before the turbine;
1-2S – theoretical isоentropic process of steam energy conversion in a condensing turbine at
P2 = Pc;
1-2 – a valid internal process;
1-2bpS – theoretical isentropic process of steam energy conversion in a counter-pressure
turbine at P2 = Pbp;
1-2bp– a valid internal process.

You can also use the thermodynamic characteristics of water and water vapor, given
in Tables 2, 3 of Task 5. When S 1 is greater than S2'' (S1 > S2''), the steam state at the turbine
outlet falls into the superheated steam region, when S1 is less than S2" (S1 < S2"), the water
vapor state at the turbine outlet falls into the “wet” saturated steam region.
The enthalpy of water vapor at the turbine outlet in the superheated steam region is
determined by interpolation. In case of falling into the area of “wet” steam, the degree of
dryness of “wet” saturated steam (x) is calculated.
Determination of the parameters of water vapor in a turbine using tables of
thermophysical properties of water and water vapor (tables 2, 3 in Task 5) can be done
as following.
At the beginning, according to the table "Thermodynamic properties of water and
superheated steam", the steam pressure P1 and the steam temperature t1 are used to determine
the enthalpy of steam h1 and the entropy of steam S1 at the turbine inlet. In the case of
saturated water vapor table “Thermodynamic properties of water and water vapor in the state

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of saturation” should be used.
P1 = 3
t1 = 320
h1 = 3044,2
S1 = 6,6267

Then the parameters of the steam at the outlet of the turbine are determined. To do
this, at the beginning, a theoretical isentropic (adiabatic) process of steam expansion in a
turbine is constructed. Determination of steam parameters at the turbine outlet during the
isentropic process is carried out in 2 stages.
At the beginning, according to the table 2 "Thermodynamic properties of water and
superheated steam" at the steam pressure at the outlet of the turbine P2, the state of steam is
searched for at the value of its entropy S2s = S1 (the value of the entropy of steam at the outlet
of the turbine during the isentropic expansion process). If such a state is found, then the value
of the enthalpy of the h2-S vapor is determined.
Not found ⇒ wet steam
If such a state is not found in this table, it means that the state of steam at the outlet of
the turbine during the isentropic expansion process falls into the region of "wet" steam. In
this case, the table "Thermodynamic properties of water and water vapor in the saturation
state (by pressure)" is used, from which, at a given steam pressure at the outlet, the values of
the enthalpy h2', entropy S2' of water and heat of vaporization r2 in the saturation state, as well
as the enthalpy h2" and entropy S2" of saturated water vapor are determined.

Based on these values , calculate:

— the degree of dryness of the "wet" water vapor at the outlet of the turbine during
the isentropic expansion process
X = (S2s - S2′) / (S2″- S2′),
where
S2s - entropy of steam at the turbine outlet with isentropic expansion (S2 = S1)
S2' - entropy of boiling water at pressure P2 at the turbine outlet
S2" - entropy of the saturation of steam at the outlet of the turbine at a pressure of P2

— the enthalpy of "wet" steam at the turbine outlet during the isentropic expansion
process
h2s = h2′+ X * r2, kJ/kg.

Specific isentropic work of steam in a turbine:

Ws = h1 – h2s, kJ/kg.

Specific internal work of steam in the turbine:

Wi = Ws * η0i, kJ/kg.

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The enthalpy of water vapor at the outlet of the turbine during the actual internal expansion
process:
h2 = h1 – Wi, kJ/kg.
Effective turbine power:
Neff = D * Ws * η0i * ηm / 3600, kW.

Electrical power generated by an electric generator:

Ne = D * Ws * η0i * ηm * ηeg / 3600, kW.
Internal turbine power:
Ni = D * Ws * η0i / 3600, kW.

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 Fig. 1. h-S process graph

2. For a condensing steam turbine installation, determine: cooling water consumption

per condenser, kg/s,
D ∙(h2−c c ∙t c )
M cw=
c cw ∙(t ″cw−t 'cw )
M cw
and the magnitude of the cooling multiplicity m = ,
D
where
D –steam consumption at the condenser inlet, kg/s;
h2 =h1−w❑ ∙η 0 i– the enthalpy of steam at the entrance to the condenser, kJ / kg;
S

t с– the condensate temperature, ᵒC, is assumed to be equal to the saturated steam

temperature corresponding to its pressure at the inlet to the condenser pс ;
c с – specific heat capacity of condensate, kJ/(kg·K);
с cw – specific heat capacity of cooling water, kJ/(kg·K);
t 'cw– temperature of the cooling water at the entrance to the condenser, ºС.
″
t cw– temperature of the cooling water at the outlet of the condenser, ° C.

3. For a back-pressure steam turbine, determine: the consumption of heat (power)

released to the consumer, kW
Qt =D ∙(h2−h кт )
where
h2 =h1−(w S ∙η 0i ) – enthalpy of steam released to the consumer, kJ/kg;
h c – the enthalpy of condensate, kJ/kg, is taken at a temperature of 70 ° C;
relative combined production of electrical energy on thermal consumption
Ne
Er =
Qt
4. The energy efficiency of heat utilization of thermochemical processing of MSW for
additional production of heat and electric energy is determined by (annual) fuel savings ∆ B
compared with the substituted separate method of obtaining the released types of energy
products: heat Qt in the boiler, electrical energy N e at thermal condensing power plants (TCPP),
kg/s,
∆ B=BTCPP + Bbu−B❑
where
BTCPP =N e /(QW l ∙ ηTCPP )– Fuel consumption on the replaced , kg/s;
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QWl  – lower heat of combustion of fuel,kJ/kg, is assumed to be equal to the specific heat of
combustion of the conventional fuel Qcf =29350 kJ/kg;
ηTCPP  – efficiency coefficient of TCPP, is assumed forcalculations to be equal to 0,37;
W
Bbu=Q T /(Ql ∙ ηbu) – fuel consumption in the replaced boiler room, kg/s;
ηbu – к.п.д. замещаемой котельной, принимается равным 0,9;
W
Brf =( N i +Qt )(Ql ∙ η❑bu )– consumption of additional fuel during the thermochemical processing
of MSW (see the solution of task 1), converted to "conditional" fuel.
N i - Internal turbine power, kW
With an annual number of hours of installed capacity use τ = 7000 hours, the annual savings of
"conditional" fuel is :
∆Byear = ∆B * τ * 3,6, т/год.

Calculation example

The use of water vapor produced in the recovery system of thermochemical utilization of
MSW in steam turbine plants to produce mechanical, electrical, and in the case of cogeneration,
and thermal energy.
The use of water vapor produced in the recovery system of thermochemical utilization of
MSW in steam turbine plants to produce mechanical, electrical, and in the case of cogeneration,
and thermal energy.
Steam turbines are rotary heat engines in which the conversion of steam heat into
mechanical work (energy) is carried out as a result of two processes. Initially, in the turbine
nozzles, in the process of expansion (reduction of steam pressure), the potential steam energy is
converted into kinetic energy of the steam flow, which is converted into mechanical energy of
the rotating turbine rotor on the working blades mounted on the turbine disk (the turbine rotor is
the working blades, the disk mounted on the shaft, and the turbine shaft).
In the process of converting the energy of water vapor into mechanical energy, its
pressure decreases from the pressure at the inlet of the turbine Р 1 to the pressure at the outlet of
the turbine P2. The spent water vapor, giving off heat at a pressure of P 2, condenses. In this case,
the condensation temperature depends on the pressure P2. If the condensation temperature of
water vapor is close to the ambient temperature (about 30 – 40 °C), then the heat of condensation
of water vapor at this temperature is practically not used. In this case, with the help of a steam
turbine installation, only mechanical or electrical energy can be obtained. With an increase in the
pressure of water vapor P2, its condensation temperature increases and the possibility of useful
use of the heat released at the same time (condensation temperature of 100 °C or more). In this
case, the steam turbine unit operates as a cogeneration steam turbine unit with simultaneous
production of mechanical (electrical) and thermal energy.

The purpose of the task is to determine the electrical and thermal power (depending on
the initial data for the task), which can be obtained in a steam turbine unit running on water
vapor from the recovery system of thermochemical recycling of MSW (see the solution of the
Task 1, 2, 5), and fuel economy in replaceable thermal power plants.

Initial data:
D - Water vapor consumption at the turbine inlet
Parameters of water vapor at the turbine inlet:
● pressure P1 and temperature t1 (see solution of Task 5)
● steam pressure at the turbine outlet P2 (steam pressure in the condenser Pс or pressure of
water vapor at the outlet of the turbine from the heat consumer Рhc)
● Efficiency of a steam turbine: Internal relative efficiency (η 0i), Mechanical efficiency
(ηm), Efficiency of an electric generator (ηeg).
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Calculate:
- parameters and characteristics of water vapor at the turbine inlet and outlet (pressure,
temperature, enthalpy, entropy, degree of dryness of water vapor);
- Specific isentropic work of steam in a turbine W si and Specific internal work of steam in the
turbine Wi ;
- Effective turbine power Neff, electrical turbine power Ne , Internal turbine power Ni ;
- cooling water consumption per condenser M cw and magnitude of the cooling multiplicity m (for
steam turbine installations with a condenser at a pressure of Pc);
- back-pressure steam turbine consumption of heat (power) released to the consumer Qt ,
Relative generation of electrical energy on thermal consumption Er (for steam turbine
installations receiving heat for the consumer under pressure of Рhc);
- saving of "conditional" fuel in replaced thermal power plants

Initial data:
- Water vapor consumption at the turbine inlet D = 2814,242 kg/h;
- consumption of additional fuel В = 0 kg/h ("conditional" fuel);
- initial pressure parameters at the turbine inlet Р1 (Pv)= 3 MPa;
- initial temperature parameter at the turbine inlet t1 (tss)= 320 °С;
- steam pressure at the turbine outlet Р2 = Рc = 0 MPa;
- Turbine internal relative efficiency ηоi = 0,68;
- Turbine Mechanical efficiency ηm = 0,98;
- Turbine Efficiency of an electric generator ηeg = 0,95.
The parameters and characteristics of water vapor at the turbine inlet and outlet are determined
according to the tables of thermophysical properties of water and water vapor.

Condensation turbine

1.The state of water vapor at the turbine inlet:

- pressure P1 = 3 MPa,
- temperature t1 = 320 ° C (superheated water vapor).
According to the table "Thermodynamic properties of water and superheated steam", this state
corresponds to:
- the enthalpy of water vapor h1 = 3044,2 kJ/ kg
- entropy S1 = 6,6267 kJ / (kg * K)
P1 = 3
t1 = 320
h1 = 3044,2
S1 = 6,6267

If Pbp = 0,5, therefore

- h′=640,2
- S′=1,8606
- h″ =2738,1
- S″=6,8206
- r=2107,9

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2. The water vapor state at the turbine outlet falls into the “wet” saturated steam region

3. The degree of dryness of the "wet" saturated water vapor at the end of the isentropic expansion
process:

X=(S1 - S′)/(S″- S′)=(6,6267-1,8606)/(6,8206-1,8606) = 0,961

S1 - entropy of steam at the turbine outlet with isentropic expansion (S2 = S1)
S' - entropy of boiling water at pressure P2 at the turbine outlet
S" - entropy of the saturation of steam at the outlet of the turbine at a pressure of P2

4. The enthalpy of wet saturated water vapor at the end of the isentropic expansion process:
h2s = h′+ r * X = 640,2 + 2107,9 * 0,961 = 2665,892 kJ/kg.

5. Specific isentropic work of steam in a turbine:

Ws = h1 – h2s = 3044,2 – 2665,892 = 378,308 kJ/kg.

6. Specific internal work of steam in the turbine:

Wi = Ws * ηoi = 378,308 * 0,68 = 257,249 kJ/kg

7. Enthalpy of water vapor at the turbine outlet:

h2 = h1 – Wi = 3044,2 – 257,249 = 2786,951 kJ/kg

8. Effective turbine power:

Neff = D * Ws * η0i * ηm / 3600 = 2814,242 * 378,308* 0,68* 0,98/3600 =197,079 kW

9. Electrical power generated by an electric generator:

Ne = D * Ws * η0i * ηm * ηeg / 3600 = 2814,242 * 378,308 * 0,68 * 0,95 * 0,97 / 3600 =185,314
kW

Consumption of thermal energy received for the consumer:

Qt=D* (h2 – hk) = 2814,242* (2786,951 – 4,19* 70) = 7017737,378 kJ/h = 1949,371 kW

10. Internal turbine power:

Ni = D * Ws * η0i / 3600 = 2814,242 * 378,308 / 3600 = 295,736 , kW.

11. Cooling water consumption per condenser, kg/s,:

M = D * ( h2 – Cс * tс) / [С cw* (t′′ - t′)] = 2814,242 * (2786,951 - 4,19 * 32,88) / [ 4,19 * (29,88 -
12)] = 99515,79 kg/h, = 99,516 t/h

where
D –steam consumption at the condenser inlet, kg/s;
h2 =h1−w❑ ∙η 0 i– the enthalpy of steam at the entrance to the condenser, kJ / kg;
S

t с– the condensate temperature, ᵒC, is assumed to be equal to the saturated steam

temperature corresponding to its pressure at the inlet to the condenser pс ;
c с – specific heat capacity of condensate, kJ/(kg·K);
с cw – specific heat capacity of cooling water, kJ/(kg·K);
'
t cw– temperature of the cooling water at the entrance to the condenser, ºС.
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 t ″cw– temperature of the cooling water at the outlet of the condenser, ° C.

tc = 32,88 °С – condensate temperature at pressure Р2 = Рc = 0,005 MPa;

Сc = Сcw = 4.19 kJ / (kg*K) specific mass heat capacities of condensate and cooling water;
t′= 12 °С –the temperature of the cooling water at the inlet to the condenser;
t′′= tк – 3 = 32,88 – 3 = 29,88 °С –temperature of the cooling water at the outlet of the condenser.

12. The magnitude of the cooling multiplicity:

m = M / D = 99515,79 / 2814,242 = 35,36.

13.Saving of "conditional" fuel on the replaced thermal condensing power plants (TCPP):
The energy efficiency of additional generation of electric energy due to heat recovery of
thermochemical utilization of MSW is determined by the economy of "conditional" fuel at a
replaced thermal condensing power plants (TCPP)
∆B = Ne* 3600 / (Qu * ηTCPP) +Qt* 3600/(Qu* ηk) – Вu = 1047,754 * 3600 / (29350 *
0,37)+1949,371*3600/(29350*0,9) – 182,176 = 430,834 kg/h,
where
ηTCPP = 0,37 – efficiency of TCPP

With an annual number of hours of installed capacity use τ = 7000 hours, the annual savings of
"conditional" fuel will be:

∆В year = ∆В * τ= 430,834 * 7000 = 3015838 kg/year = 3015,838

t/year

Counter-pressure turbine

A variant of the example of calculating the operation of water vapor in a turbine at a steam
pressure at the outlet of the turbine P2 = Рhc = 3 MPa. The rest of the original data remains the
same.

1. The state of water vapor at the turbine inlet: steam pressure P 1 = 3 MPa, steam
temperature t1 = 320 ° C, enthalpy – h1 = 3044,2 kJ / kg, entropy – S1 = 6,6267 kJ / (kg *
K).
2. The state of water vapor at the turbine outlet during isentropic expansion from pressure
P1 = 3 MPa to pressure P 2 = 0 MPa. In this case, the entropy of water vapor at the end of
the expansion S2s = S1 = 6,6267 kJ/(kg * K). Initially, as in the example described earlier,
according to the table "Thermodynamic properties of water and superheated steam" at a
pressure of P2 = 0 MPa, we are looking for the state of steam at the entropy value S 2s =
6,1858 kJ / (kg * K). We find that this entropy value corresponds to the enthalpy value of
water vapor h2s = 3044,2 kJ/kg.
3. Specific isentropic work of steam in a turbine:
Ws = h1 – h2s = 3044,2 – 2,6456 = 208,95 kJ/kg.
4. Specific internal work of steam in the turbine:
Wi = Ws * ηoi = 208,95 * 0,8 = 167,16 кkJ/kg.

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5. Enthalpy of water vapor at the turbine outlet during an actual internal process:
h2 = h1 – Wi = 3009,6 – 167,16 = 2842,44 kJ/kg.
6. Electrical turbine power:
Ne = D * Ws * ηoi * ηm / 3600 = 2814,242*208,95 * 0,8* 0,95 / 3600 = 124,141 kW
7. Electrical power generated by an electric generator:
Neff= D * Ws * ηoi * ηm * ηeg / 3600 = 2814,242*208,95 * 0,8 * 0,95 * 0,97 / 3600 =
120,417 kW
8. Consumption of thermal energy received for the consumer:
Qt = D * (h2 – hc) = 2814,242 * (2842,44 – 4,19 * 70) = 7173896,852 kJ/h= 1992,749
kW,
where
hc = Сc * tc – эenthalpy of condensate at temperature tc = 70 °С

9. Relative generation of electrical energy on thermal consumption

Er = Neff/ Qt = 120,417 / 1992,749 = 0,060

The energy efficiency of heat recovery of thermochemical utilization of MSW in the case of
additional generation of electrical and thermal energy is determined by the economy of
"conventional" fuel in the replaced TCPP for generating electrical energy and boiler plant for
generating thermal energy minus the consumption of additional fuel (converted to
"conventional" fuel).

10. Savings of "conditional" fuel on the replaced TCPP and boiler plant:
∆В =Neff * 3600 / (Qu * ηTCPP) + Qt * 3600 / (Qu* ηc) – Вu, kg/h
∆В = 120,417 * 3600 /(29350 * 0,37) + 1992,749 * 3600 / (29350 * 0,9) –
182,176 = 129,327 kg/h
With an annual number of hours of installed capacity τ = 7000 hours, the annual savings of
"conditional" fuel will be:

∆Вyear = ∆В * τ = 129,327 * 7000 = 905289 kg/year = 905,289 t/year

Conclusion: the use of the Condensation turbine in this case is more efficient, comparing
annual savings of conditional fuel of 3015.838 t/year in the case of the Condensation turbine
and 913.933 t/year in the case of the Counter-pressure turbine.

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