MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN

FEDERATION
FEDERAL STATE AUTONOMOUS EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF
HIGHER EDUCATION
«ST. PETERSBURG NATIONAL RESEARCH UNIVERSITY OF
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES, MECHANICS AND OPTICS»

Faculty of Energy and Environmental Technologies

ITMO UNIVERSITY

Task #3, Exercise 5, Variant 2

Course: New Energy and Resource-saving Processes in a Circular Economy
“EVALUATION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION AND
SPECIFIC LOWER CALORIFIC VALUE”

Author:
Kolpikova Victoria,
G4151c
Educator:
Sergienko O.I., PhD,

Saint Petersburg
2022
 TASK 5. WATER VAPOUR OBTAINING

The objective of the task is to determine the useful heat consumption in the form of
water vapour that can be obtained in a heat recovery system for thermochemical utilisation of
MSW, and due to this, the fuel savings in the substituted boiler units.
MSW consumption, and its thermal and technical characteristics should be taken from
Tasks 1 and 2. Thermal and technical characteristics and quantity of the generator gas obtained
by MSW gasification should be taken from Tasks 1 and 2. Flue gases temperature t sg, boiler
steam pressure pv, superheated steam temperature tss, feedwater temperature tfw, blowdown rate
βbd, and cold air inflow along the gas path of the heat recovery system
∆α are given in the Table 1.
Determine:
— method of fuel combustion, type of furnace, value of excess air ratio in the furnace α (see
Tasks 1, 2) and at the outlet of the heat recovery system α sg (taking into account
cold air inflow along the gas path of the heat recovery system
∆α);
— stack gases heat leakage q2;
gr
— the gross efficiency of the utilisation boiler unit ηbu ;
— steam consumption. supplied by the utilisation boiler unit;
— fuel savings in replacement boiler units.

Table 1. Input data for the Task 5

Last digit tsg, ºC tfw, ºC tss, ºC Pv, MPa Next-to- ∆α βbd, %

last digit
0 135 100 240 1,5 0 0,27 3
1 130 104 300 2,5 1 0,25 3,5
2 155 50 320 3 2 0,32 4,5
3 120 102 370 2,5 3 0,26 2,5
4 140 102 240 2,5 4 0,22 2
5 135 100 250 1,5 5 0,22 2
6 120 102 370 2,5 6 0,26 2,5
7 145 100 250 1,5 7 0,24 3
8 130 102 270 1,5 8 0,25 4
9 125 50 Saturated 0,9 9 0,3 5
Notes: the choice of option is carried out at the instruction of the teacher.

1. Calculation of flue gas enthalpy

Composition, specific lower calorific value, and thermal and technical characteristics of
MSW and generator gas are taken from Tasks 1, 2, 3.
Theoretical flue gas volume, m3/kg, m3/m3
V 0g=V RO +V 0N +V 0H O
2 2 2

Actual flue gas volume, m3/kg, m3/m3

 0 0
V g=V g+(α−1)V
Enthalpy of theoretical air volume, kJ/kg, kJ/m3
0 0
H a =V ∗C a ∙ t
Enthalpy of flue gas theoretical volume, kJ/kg, kJ/m3
H g=(V RO ∗C CO +V N ∗C N +V H O∗C H O )∗t
0 0 0
2 2 2 2 2 2

Enthalpy of flue gas actual volume when α > 1, kJ/kg, kJ/m3

H g=H 0g +(α −1)H 0a ,
where C a, C CO , C N , C H O, kJ/(m2*K) – are the average specific, volumetric heat capacities of air,
2 2 2

triatomic gases, nitrogen and water vapour at constant pressure (Task 2, Table 2).

2. Flue gases heat loss q2, %, is calculated using formula:

0
( H fg −α fg∗H ca )∗(100−q 4 )
q 2= w ,
Ql
where H fg - flue gases enthalpy with α sg и t sg, kJ/kg;
0
H ca- enthalpy of the theoretical air volume, t = 30 oC;
w
Ql - specific lower working calorific value of MSW, kJ/kg;
q 4 - combustible losses, % (assume 5%);
0 0
Н fg =H fg +(α fg – 1)∗H ca, kJ/kg;
where α sg =α t + Δ α – flue gases excess air ratio;
Δ α - cold air inflow along the gas path of the heat recovery system.

If extra fuel is available:

( H fgMSW +b∗H fgdf – α fgMSW ∗H 0caMSW – α fgdf ∗b∗H 0cadf )∗(100 – q 4 )
q 2= , %,
QMSW +b∗Qdf
where H fgMSW , H fgdf - flue gases enthalpy at given excess air ratio and flue gases temperature
after MSW and DF combustion, respectively, kJ/kg;
α fgMSW =α ❑ + Δα , α fgdf =α df + Δ α – flue gases excess air ratio for MSW and DF, respectively;
0 0
H caMSW , H cadf – theoretical cold air volume enthalpy for MSW and DF, respectively, kJ/kg;
Q MSW , Q df – specific lower heat of MSW and DF combustion, kJ/kg.
In the case of a cooling water supply:
g∗C H 2O∗t sg
( H ¿ ¿ fgMSW + −α fgMSW ∗H caMSW )∗(100−q 4 )
ρ wv ,%.
q 2= ¿
Q MSW

3. Incomplete combustion heat loss q 3 assumed equal to 0,5-1 %. External cooling heat
loss q 5 assumed equal to 1,5-4 %. Slag physical heat loss q 6 assumed equal to 0 %.
gr
4. The gross efficiency of the utilisation boiler unit ηbu :
gr
ηbu=100−(q2 +q 3+ q 4 +q5 + q6 )
5. Steam consumption that can be obtained by recovering the heat from the thermo-
chemical treatment of MSW in the boiler unit, kg/h:
 gr
G MSW∗(QMSW +b∗Qdf )∗ηbu∗0,01
D= ,
hv −hfw + 0,01 β ❑
bd ∗( hbw −hfw )
where h v, h fw, h bw, kJ/kg – specific enthalpies of vapour, feed water, and boiler water,
respectively, kJ/kg;
β bd , % – blowdown rate,
without additional fuel:
gr
GMSW ∗QMSW ∗ηbu ∗0,01
D= ❑ .
h v −h fw +0,01 β bd∗( hbw −h fw )

The energy efficiency of process heat recovery through the additional generation of
water vapour is determined by the fuel savings in the replacement boiler plants.
Savings of reference fuel in the substituted boiler unit, kg/h:
❑
D∗[hv −hfw +0,01 βbd∗( h bw −hfw ) ]
Δ Вbu= −Вrf ,
Qrf ∗ηbu
where Qrf = 29350 kJ/kg – specific combustion heat of the reference fuel;
ηbu = 0,9 – efficiency of the substituted boiler unit;
Вrf – the consumption of additional fuel (Task 2) converted to the reference fuel, kg/h.
With an annual utilisation capacity at τ = 7000 hours, annual savings of the reference fuel
is equal:
Δ В г=Δ В∗τ∗3,6, t/year.
The water steam consumption that can be obtained in a boiler unit by burning the dry
generator gas (DG) obtained from the gasification of MSW in the boiler furnace (Task 3) is
calculated in the same way.
Stack gases heat leakage:
(H dgfg −α dgfg∗H dgca )∗100
q 2= , %,
Qdg
where H dgfg – flue gases enthalpy of DG combustion, kJ/m3;
α dgfg =α dg + Δ α - excess air ratio of the flue gases of DG combustion (α dg = 1,1);
H dgca – enthalpy of theoretical cold air volume on the flue gas combustion, kJ/m3;
Qdg – specific lower combustion heat of DG, кДж/м3.

The gross efficiency of the utilisation boiler unit:

gr
ηbu=100−q 2−q 3−q 5, %.
Flow rate of the boiler unit water vapour :
G MSW∗Q MSW∗V г∗η gr bu∗0,01
D= ❑ , kg/h.
h v −h fw +0,01 β bd∗( hbw −h fw )

Calculations
The heat recovery of thermochemical recycling of MSW is used to obtain useful heat in
the form of water vapour.
Purpose of the task: based on the solution of TASKS 1 and 2 for a certain elemental
composition of the "working" mass of MSW, as well as the temperature and composition of flue
gases leaving the incinerator, determine the consumption of useful heat in the form of steam,
which can be obtained in the waste heat boiler unit of the thermochemical heat recovery system
of MSW, and due to this - fuel savings (carbon footprint) in the replaced boiler plants.

Determine:
- excess air ratio at the outlet of the heat recovery system α ух (including cold air
inflow ∆α);
- stack gases heat leakage q 2;
gr
- the gross efficiency of the utilisation boiler unit ηbu ;
- flow rate of the boiler unit water vapour from the heat recovery of the flue gases leaving
the incinerator D;
- savings of the fuel in the substituted boiler unit.
Given data:
- MSW consumption: G = 1000 kg/h;
- theoretical air and flue gas volumes during MSW combustion:
0
V = 3,057 m3/kg (0 oC; 0,1 MPa);
V RO = 0,528 m3/kg;
2

V 0N = 2,426 m3/kg;
2

V 0H O = 1,003 m3/kg;
2

V 0g = 3,956 m3/kg.
- specific lower working MSW calorific value: Q wl = 10419,993 kJ/kg;
- excess air ratio on MSW combustion: α= 1,4;
- Diesel fuel was not required for variant 2, because the theoretical combustion
temperature of MSW equaled to 1234 oC. Therefore theoretical air and flue gas volume
on DF combustion is 0:
V 0df = 0 m3/kg;
V RO df = 0 m3/kg;2
0
V N df = 0 m3/kg;
2
0
V H Odf = 0 m3/kg;
2
0
V gdf = 0 m3/kg.
w
- specific lower working heat of DF combustion: Qldf = 0 kJ/kg;
- specific DF consumption: b = 0 kg/kg;
- excess air ratio on DF combustion: α df = 0;
- water vapour pressure: Pwv = 3 MPa;
- superheated steam temperature: t ss = 320 oC;
- feedwater temperature: t fw = 50 oC;
- stack gases temperature: t sg = 155 oC;
- cold air inflow: ∆α= 0,32;
- blowdown rate: βbd = 4,5%.

1. Stack gases excess air ratio for MSW:

α sgMSW =α тко + Δ α=1,4 +0,32=1,72 .
2. Enthalpy of theoretical air volume for MSW combustion at the temperature of stack
gases:
0 0
H aMSW =V ∗C a∗t sg
 0
H aMSW =3,057∗1,327∗155=628,779 kJ / kg .
3. Enthalpy of stack gases theoretical volume after MSW combustion at the stack gases
temperature:
H sgMSW =( V RO ∗CCO +V N ∗C N +V H O∗C H O )∗t gух , kJ /kg ;
0 0 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
0
H sgMSW=(0,528∗1,298+ 2,426∗1,324 +1,003∗1,511)∗155=838,879 kJ / kg .
4. Stack gases enthalpy of DG combustion:
H sgMSW =H 0sgMSW +( α ух −1)∗H 0втко =838,879+(1,72 – 1)∗¿
¿ 628,779=1291,6 kJ /kg

9.Enthalpy of theoretical air volume for MSW combustion at the temperature of cold air (
t ca = 30 oC):
H 0caMSW =V 0∗C a∗t ca
0
H caMSW =3,057∗1,3214∗30=121,189 kJ / kg .

11. Stack gases heat leakage:

g∗C H 2O∗t sg
( H ¿ ¿ fgMSW + −α fgMSW ∗H caMSW )∗(100−q 4 )
ρ wv ,%.
q 2= ¿
QMSW

0,053∗1,511∗155
(1291,6+ −1,72∗121,189)∗(100−0,05)
3
q 2= =10,429 %
10419,993

12. The gross efficiency of the utilisation boiler unit:

gr
ηbu =100−(q2 +q 3+ q 4 +q5 + q6 ), %
gr
ηbu=100 – (10,429+1+5+2)=81,571 % .
13. Specific enthalpy of air h v, from the heat recovery system:
h v =f ( Pv ,t ss) , kJ / kg ;
At Pv = 3 МПа, t ss = 320 C and h v = 3044,2 kJ/kg (Table 2 and 3).
o

14. Specific enthalpy of feed water h fw:

h fw =Сa∗t fw =1,327∗50=66,35 kJ /kg .
15. Specific enthalpy of boiler water h bw:

h bw=f (P v );

At Pv =3 MPa and h bw=1008,4 kJ / kg(Table 2 and 3).

16. Flow rate of the boiler unit water vapour :

 gr
GMSW ∗QMSW ∗ηbu ∗0,01
D= ❑ ,kg /h ;
h v −h fw +0,01 β bd∗( hbw −h fw )

1000∗10419,993∗81,571∗0,01
D= =2814,242kg /h .
3044,2 – 66,35+0,01∗4,5∗(1008,4 – 66,35)

The heat recovery energy efficiency of the thermo-chemical utilisation of MSW through
the additional generation of water vapour is determined by the savings of reference fuel in the
substituted boiler units.

The additionally generated water vapour can be used beneficially for heat and cooling (by
means of heat-absorbing absorption chillers) of consumers as well as in steam-power units for
generation of mechanical, electrical (by means of electric generator) energy, in case of
cogeneration and trigeneration for combined generation of mechanical, electrical, thermal and
cooling energy.

17. Savings of the reference fuel in the substituted boiler unit:

D∗[hv −hfw +0,01 β❑

bd ∗( h bw −hfw ) ]
Δ Вbu= , kg/h,
Q rf ∗ηbu
where Qrf = 29350 kJ/kg – specific combustion heat of the reference fuel;
ηbu = 0,9 – efficiency of the substituted boiler unit;

2814,242∗[3044,2 – 66,35+0,01∗4,5∗(1008,4 – 66,35)]

Δ Вbu= =321,775 kg /h .
29350∗0,9
With annual hours of installed capacity τ= 7000 annual savings of the reference fuel:
Δ В y =Δ Вbu∗τ=321,775∗7000=2252425 kg / y=2252,425 t / y .
The additionally generated water vapour can be used beneficially for heat and cooling (by
means of heat-absorbing absorption chillers) of consumers as well as in steam-power units for
generation of mechanical, electrical (by means of electric generator) energy, in case of
cogeneration and trigeneration for combined generation of mechanical, electrical, thermal and
cooling energy.
Table 2. Thermodynamic characteristics of superheated water vapour
Pressure, МПа Temperature, ˚С Enthalpy, kJ/kg (h1) Entropy, kj/(kg*K) (S1)
(P1) (t1)

1,5 240 2900,0 6,6649

1,5 250 2924,0 6,711

1,5 270 2970,6 6,798

2,5 240 2852,3 6,3555

2,5 300 3009,6 6,646

2,5 370 3172,5 6,9142

3 320 3044,2 6,6267

0,7 200 2845,3 6,8884

0,7 210 2867,6 6,935

Table 3. Thermodynamic characteristics of water and saturated water vapour

Pressure, Temperature, Water Evaporation heat, Water Water vapour

MPa ˚С enthalpy, kJ/kg entropy, entropy,
kJ/kg kj/(kg*K) kj/(kg*K)

3 233,86 1008,4 1794,9 2,6456 6,1858

2,5 223,96 962,0 1840,1 2,5544 6,256

1,5 198,3 844,7 1946,3 2,3147 6,4431

0,9 175,36 742,7 2030,3 2,0944 6,6212

0,7 164,95 694,6 2067,5 1,9863 6,7119

0,6 158,83 670,5 2085,6 1,9311 6,7592

0,5 151,84 640,2 2107,9 1,8606 6,8206

0,3 133,5 561,5 2163,4 1,6718 6,9916

0,0049 32,88 137,77 2423,0 0,4763 8,3939