PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1MARK QUESTIONS

variation important tor

a species? [IM,2017]
Q1 Why is the chances of survival ot a species in a constantly anging
Variation increases
Ans1.
e n v i r o n m e n t .

M,2014]
is a gene that occupies a fixed position
(locus) on a
02. What hereditarY information
unit of the synthesis of proteins.
Ans 2. Gene, their e t f e c t s by directing
Genes achieve
chromosome.

cell?
[IM,2015]
found in a thread-like structures
is DNA the nucleus, there a r e
03. Where ot a cell. Inside of a n
the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
nucleus
in the
Ans 3. DNA
is found which contain nucleus.
chromosomes) in the
chromatin fibres (or C o n f a i n e d in
the in c h r o m o s o m e s present
called DNA IS
cells, the
organism. In eukaryotic
[IM,2014] generation to
on trom one
heredity? organism is passed
04. What is of
teatures an
which the
process by
Ans 4. The
heredity.
another is called [IM,2017]
in the cells.
tor making proteins DNA which is Deoxyribonucleic
in the cells is
source
information
the
Q5. Name source for making proteins
information
Ans 5. The

Acid. [IM,2016]
alike in population.
Why? v a r i a t i o n in the
DNA
alike a s there
are
individuals a r e
absolutely
a r e absolutely
06. No two the population process.
individuals in DNA copying
Ans 6. No two Recombination during the
and
due to the
Crossing-over [IM, 2017]
of
Genes a r e
the segment
control traits?
a specific
protein. contains fwo
Q7. How do genes c h a r a c t e r i s t i c by making
Each gene
control the forms protein.
ultimately
Ans 7. The genes to form
RNA which ot traits.
information
DNA that
contains
make protein
for expression
instructs the cell to
alleles and this [IM,2015]
in human beings
chromosomes are present
Q8. How many pairs of human beings.
chromosomes are present in
Ans 8. 23 pairs of
in
that are acquired
2 MARKS QUESTIONSs inherited and the ones
|2M,2010|
that a r e characters.

example each
of characters
inherited and
the acquired trait Building
9
Give one
difference between
the of acquired
Mention the colour. Example
humans. or hair
of the eye
of inherited trait Shape
Ans 9. Example
of muscles while exercising. follows:
trait is as
inherited and acquired
Difference between
 Inherlted Characters Acquired Characters

Inherited characters affect the DNA of Acquired characters do not cause

hence can be passed on changes in DNA of the germ cells and
gem cells and hence cannot be passed on to the future
to the future generations.
generations.

consisted ot breeding pea plants bearing violet flowers with pea

O0 A Mendelian experiment [2M,2018]
white wers. What will be the result in F, progeny!
ot pea plants bearing violet flowers
with pea plant
plants bearing experiment, breeding
Anc 10, Mendelian The
Ans In
leds to production ofall
violet coloured flowers (FI progeny plants).
white flower coloured flower in pea plant.
bearing tlower is dominant over write
coloured ot the
nlants bearing violet
characteristics? Give an example. [2M] metabolism,
Ql1. What
are cellular organism, reproduction,
characteristics in biology they are evolution
Ans 11. There
are 8 development, adaptation through
heredity, response
fo stimuli, growth and
photosynthesis
digestion of food,
homeostasis,
like respiration,
and examples
the chemical nature
of genes? [2M,2018]
located? What is
the genes and at fixed positions.
Q12. Where
are
chromosomes in linear sequence
located on
Genes are which constitute DNA.
Ans 12. nucleic acids
are made up of
Chemically genes
only o n e gene
set? [2M, 2014] gamete
formation.
gamete
contain
trom each other during
Q13. Why will each trait separate
and will possess only
controlling a particular characters are
considered

Ans 13. The genes as tar a s

contrasting
is always pure
Hence gamete
one gene set.
variation from each other. Why?
show very little
asexual reproduction
Q14. Organisms showing different
of genes of two
[2M, 2015] organisms,
there is no meeting variations generated
in such
asexually reproducing minor
Ans 14. In There a r e very
is involved.
individuals since only o n e partner in DNA copying.
inaccuracies
to small
organisms due [2M,2016]
not inherited?
of an individual
lifetime
Q5. Why a r e traits acquired
during inherited in the
successive

cannot be a
during a lifetime cells. For example,
Ans 15. Traits inherited
the DNA of the germ
do not reflect in a s the
traits acquired
generation as the changes to his next generation mutations in
cannot pass on
his skills on
cells. However, any
cricket player to non-reproductive generation.
limited only the successive
his lifetime
being acquired by
are
during result in the new traits
germ cells
can
The
ensured in the
female parents
contribution of male and
Ql6. How is the equal genetic
progeny? [2M] is ensured by the
Ans 16. in the progeny
cotribution of male
and female parents
genetic each parent. is
Equal chromosomes from autosomes
and Ipair
inheritance of 22 pairs are
equal chromosomes, of which
have 2 X
23 pairs of a r e X and
Y. Females
possesses in human
uman c h r o m o s o m e s . The two s e x chromosomes
sex
Tne and males have a X
and Y chromosome.
chromosomes
 During the process ot tertilization, a haploid sperm fuses with a haploid ovum to produce a
diploid zygote. ygote receives equal amount of genetic material from each parent and
thus, retains the diploid nature of fertilization.

3 MARKS QUESTIONS

copying State importance. [3M,2015]of

its
is DNA
Q7. What
17. DNA copying
or DNA eplication refers to copying parents traits and genes and passing
Ans
next generation.
them to the
replication:
Importance ot DNA transmitted to its offspring.
of parenf organisms are
al Characteristics increases the rate of survival of species.
are produced thaf
bi Also some variations evolution.
forms the basis of
C) This also
inherifed but may nof be expressed. Give a suitable example to
that a trait is
018. t is possible
this s t a t e m e n t . [3M,2015] is completely justified
justity This statement
be inherited, but may
not
be expressed. ith
Ans 18. A trait may we cross pure-bred tall (dominanf) pea plant
be seen by the tollowing
example: lf of F 1 generation. Ifwe self- now
and can
pea plants
pea plant willget we
of F2 generation. Dwarf plants
pure-bred dwarf (recessive)
are
then we obtain pea plants
of l generation, In the Fl generation, the
dominant
cross the pea plant
but appeared in F2 generation. of two recessive
not found in Fi generation in F progeny but in
F2 generation, presence
which appeared dwarf
characteristic is Tall are dwarf. The
ratio of tall plants to
the plants which appeared reappeared
characteristics/ traits, dwartness which was lost in Fl generation.
in F2 generation
is: 5:1 lt proved that
plants
in F2 generation.
mechanism of inheritance. [3M,2017]
features of the offspring is called
Q19. Give the basic characters from parents
to
of transfer of genetical
Ans 19. The process inheritance are
Inheritance.The basic features of
controlled by genes.
() Characters are one character.
controls
i) Each gene torms ot the gene.
(ii) There may be two dominant over the other.
or more

(iv) One form may be chromosomes.

(vGenes are present on whether similar or
dissimilar.

vi) An individual has two forms of the gene formation.

(vi) The two forms separate at the time of gamete
in the zygote.
vii) The two forms are brought together
is determined in human beings?
3M,2014 that with
fuses
020. How sex
the type of male haploid gamete
Sex of child in humans is
determined by can be
either X or Y. Ihe
Ans 20. The chromosome in the 23rd pair
of a male gamete chromosome fuses
the female egg. male gamete with the X
if the
has an X chromosome. So with the Y
chromosome

Temale egg always if the male gamete

the child will be female. Similarly
the female egg,
with
fuses with the female egg, the child will be male.
ot child.
a child.
3M,2015]
figure responsible for the sex
that father is
021. Explain with the help of a on what happens during
fertilization. () If a sperm carying
21. Sex of a child depends born will be a girl. (i) i
Ans which carries.chromosome, then the child
OOmes tertilizes an ovum
 arm Carrying Y chromosome tertilizes an ovum which carries X-chromosome, then the child
will be a boy. Thus, sperm (from father) detemines the sex of the chid
born

Ganetes

Zygote

0fsprng

Fema Male

chromosomes! Explain how in sexually reproducing organisms the number of

022. What are

chromosomes in the progeny

is maintained. 3M,2015]
structures found in the nucleus at the time of cell division.
Chromosomes are thread-like
Ans 22.
and DNA.
They are made of proteins the gametes undergo meiosis, and hence,
each gamete
I n sexually reproducing organisms, fuse, the zygote formed
contains only half a set
of chromosomes. When two gametes
meiosis helps to
Hence, the formation of gametes by
contains the full set of chromosomes.
chromosomes in the progeny.
maintain the number of

but not expressed in an

that a trait is inherited
023. How did Mendel's explain that it is possible
organism? 3M,20171 but not expressed in an
that a trait is inherited
Ans 23. Mendel explained that it is possible
a monohybrid cross.
organism with the help of
(Tall) (Dwarf)
Parental Generation TT

Gametes

TI (Tal)
F, generation Setfing
X

Gameles

E generation
(Tall) (Tall) (Tali) (Dwarf)
with pure-bred dwarf plants (#).
.Hecrossed pure-bred tall plants (TT)filial generation was tall. The
dwarfness did not show up in
progeny he received in the first
.ne
the Fl generation. were

the tall pea plants of the Fl generation and found that the dwart plants
e thenincrossed
obfained the second generation. He obtained three tall plants and one dwart plant.
0A. Name the plant Mendel used for his experiment. What type of progeny was obtained
iendel by
in F, and F2 generations when he crossed the tall and short plants? Write the ratio he
Men

obtained in . generation plants. 3M,2019]

Ans 24. Organisms used by Mendel for his experiments was pea plant. Mendel took a pure tall
olant (TT) and crossed it with a dwarf (#) plant. The progeny thus obtained was called Fl progeny
First filial progeny).
Then he selt pollinated the Fl progeny to obtain F2 generation.

InF2 generation he tound that 75% plants were tall and 25% were dwarf.
TT: 2Tt:tt

Parents Short
X tt

Gametes

F, Generation
(All tall
offsprings)
VAN
Selfing of F, generaton
A
Gametes

F, generation
Tal)Tal)

Tall: Shot
F, Phenotypic ratio
31
TT:Tt: tt
aF, Genotypic ratio
1: 2:1

5 MARKS QUESTIONSs
be
the parents may
025. The sex of a new-born child is a of chance and none of
matter
the help of flow chart showing
considered responsible for it' Justify this statement with
determination of sex of a new-born. [5M,2012]
and males have one X
and
one
25. In human beings, females have two X chromosomes
Ans as XX and males
as XY. At
the fime or
chromosome. Therefore, the females are represented the male reproductive organ (penis), into
the

of are ejaculated from

mating, large number sperms
tubes, where only
one
eale
reproducfive organ i.e., vagina. They travel towards the fallopian
sperm meets with the egg. or
process of fusion of the sperm and ovum is called
fertilisation. The sperm has eifher x
ne Y chromosome Tuses W
cnromosome and egg has only X chromosome. So, if a sperm carrying
Tne egg, the newly born child will be male and if a sperm carrying X chromosome tuses w
X or
chance of fusion of either
99 The newly born child will be female. There is an equal
 Lromosome with the egg so we can say that the sex
of a new born child is a
nd none of the parent is responsible for it. Sex matter of chance
determination in humans is shown
below
Father Aother

Daughter Son Daughter Son

026. How do Mendel's experiments show that the

(a) Traits may be dominant or recessive
(b) Traits are inherited independently
Ans 26. (a) Mendel crossed purebred tall pea plants with purebred dwarf pea plants and found
that only tall pea plants were produced in the first generation and there were no dwarf pea plants.
He concluded that the first generation showed the traits of only one of the parent plants-tallness.
The trait of the other parent plant-dwarfness did not show up in the progeny of the first
generation.

Cioss breedna,
Tall * Dwart Tall Tall Tall lall
(TT) (t) (T) () () ()
(All tall plants)

Parental generaton F. generabon

Across of lall and dwarf pea plants

and found that

He then crossed the tall pea plants obtained in the first generation (Fl generation)
in the
both tall plants and dwarf plants were obtained in the second generation (F2 generation)
ratio of 3:1.
in the first
Mendel noted that the dwarf trait of the parent pea plant which disappeared with
second generation. In this way, Mendel's experiments
generafion progeny reappeared in the dominant and recessive.
tall and dwarf pea plants showed that the traits may be

TallxTall Tall Tall 1all Dwari

(T) (T (TTD (T) (T) (
F, generaton F, generation

A coss of tall plants of F.generation

that
dwarf pea plants, he found
When Mendel crossed pure-bred tall pea plants with pure-bred
(6) When he further crossed the pea tall
only tall pea plants were produced in the Flthegeneration. and dwaf plants were obtained in the
plants of the Fl generation, he found that tall plants
ratio 3 in the F2 generation.
 Inoted that all the pea plants produced in the F2 generation were either tall or dwarf.
N e were no plants with intermediate height (or medium height) in between the tall and dwarf
p l a n t s .

this way, Mendel's experiment showed that the traits (like tallness and dwarfness) are inherited
ndependently. This is because if the traits of tallness and dwarfness had blended (or mixed up),
then medium-sized pea plants would have been produced.

a27. With the help of one example for each, distinguish between the acquired traits and the
inherited traits. Why are the traits/experiences acquired during the entire lifetime of an individua
not inherited in the next generation? Explain the reason of this fact with an example. [SM,2017|
Acquired traits Inheritedtrais
1. | Those traits that are Those traits which
in an
developed by the | are Present
individual during his individual since birth.

lifetime. of
2. They are a result| They are a result
the DNA.
of changes in non-
| changes in
reproductive issues.
are transmitted
They caiunot be| They
the | in the progeny, e-g.
passed o n to
colour of eyes, skin o r
progeny, e.g. pierced |
ear, large muscle size | hair.

etc.
in
Only those traits are inherited which are developed because of changes genes.
a s a response fo the environment; it is not inherited.
An acquired trait or experience is developed
These are not developed due to the changes in genes.
to starvation. There will be reduction
in
Example: experiencing weight loss due
Human beings cells
a response to starvation.
This will result in the reduction in the
number of body or

weight a s constitution of
not have any effect on the genetic
overall body-mass ratio of the individual. It will
the gene of the individual, it is not an acquired
the individual. Because there is no change in
trait.

ASSERTION AND REASONING

QUESTIONS
a n s w e r to
Reason is labelled as (R). Select the correct
Rule: Assertion is labelled as (A) and the
these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c)
and (d) a s given below:
(R) is the correct explanation of the assertion (A).
(a) Both (A) and (R) a r e true and is not the correct explanation of the assertion (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R)
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true
violet flowers with plant with white
Q28. Assertion: A geneticist crossed a pea plant having a pea
first generation.
flowers, he got all violet flowers in
Reason: White colour gene is not passed on to next generation. [2021, Sample Paper]
Ans 28. C) A is true, but R is false.

029. Assertion: Mendel choose pea plants for his experiment.

Reason: Pea plants were the only plants he could gather for his experiment.
Ans 29. c) A is true, but R is false.A. 2 (b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct
explanation of the assertion (A).