MEPRODUCTION

How do
Organisms Reproduce ?
Organisms look similar because their body designs are similar .

•
Chromosomes in the nucleus
of a cell contain information for
inheritance in the
of features from parents to the next
generation
(Deonyribo Nucleic Acid)
form of DNA molecules .

The DNA in the cell nucleus is the information for

•
source

making proteins .

If the information is
changed different proteins
,
will be made .

Different proteins will

eventually lead to altered
body designs .

Therefore basic in reproduction is the creation

a event
of a
-

DNA
copy .

•
Cells use chemical reactions to build copies of their DNA .

This creates two of the in

copies DNA a
reproducing cell ,
-

will need
and they to be
separated from each other .

THE IMPORTANCE OF VARIATION

IIF there were a
population of bacteria
living in temperature waters ,
and if the water temperature were to be increased by global
most of these bacteria would die , but the few variants
warming ,

heat would
resistant to survive and grow further .

-
Variation is thus useful for the survival of species over time .
 Insiders
9) Following are the importance of DNA
copying in reproduction :

In the characteristics
a.
maintaining of species .

b. In
maintaining the continuity of life .

From this transformed the

c. ,
features of organisms are and

characteristics are
transformed to their
progeny
.

d. Also variations in
organisms is produced as it is the basis of
evolution of new species
.

2) Organisms of various population interact with many types of

niches
ecological .

Important for them to survive in stated conditions .

The population gets adversely affected if any damage is caused

-

to conditions of population
ecological .

Organisms that are able to survive , may reproduce to develop

population which is adapted or suited to varied conditions .

Therefore , for species , and not to individuals .

BODES OF REPRODUCTION
L

Sexual
+

Asexual
 A) Asexual Reproduction
It involves parent
only
i.
one .

'B.
There is no
formation and
fusion of gametes .

•
The ones
formed almost identical to each other as
young are

well as to the parent cell .

B.
Asexual reproduction generally occurs during favourable environmental
there is
conditions and when an abundance
of food .

D.
It is a
faster method of reproduction .

Asexual reproduction

Fission Fragmentation Regeneration Budding

9) Fission (Binary)
For unicellular cell division fission leads to the
organisms
•
, ,
or ,

creation
of new individuals .

•
Many different patterns of fission have been observed .

Many bacteria and protozoa simply split into two equal halves
'

during cell division .

•
In organisms such as Amoeba , the splitting of the two cells

during division can take place in

any plane .

I
 Multiple fission in Plasmodium

a) Multiple Fission

1) Some unicellular show somewhat organisation of

organisms more

their bodies , such as is seen in Leishmania ( which cause Kala -

azar ) ,
which have a whip -
like structure at one end of the cell .

1) In such
organisms binary , fission occurs in a definite orientation
in relation to these structures .

4 Other celled such the malarial

single organisms as parasite
-

, ,

Plasmodium divide into daughter

, many cells
simultaneously by
multiple fission .

2) Fragmentation
4 Seen in multicellular organisms which have a relatively simple
body organisation like Spirogyra .

A Spirogyra has a
filamentous body .

( If it breaks into smaller pieces or

fragments) .

Each individual
fragment has the
capacity to form a new .

1) However all multicellular division

, organisms cannot show cell -

by -
cell as

tissues
cells
from which form organs .
4 These placed at definite
organs are positions in the
body .

4 Hence , they need to use more complex methods of reproduction .

3) Regeneration GMT ( BT feature )

1) Many fully differentiated organisms have ability to
give rise to

new individual organisms from their body parts .

1) That the
is , if individual is somehow cut or broken up into
many pieces , many of these pieces grow into separate individuals .

For example , simple animals like Hydra and Planaria can be

Eat into any number of pieces and each piece grows into a

complete organism .

This is known as
regeneration !

4)
Budding
4 Seen in
Hydra .

1) Parent at its lower

Hydra develops a bud end .

1) This live
grows in size and
finally breaks off to
independently .
•
Vegetative Propagation
-
New plants are obtained from the parts of old plants without
the help of any reproductive organ .

It involves the growth and development of one or more bud present

on the old part of a plant to form a new plant .

-
These buds are in the inactive state in old parts of plants .

When provided with suitable conditions these buds grow to

form
-

new plant .

-
For example : Sugarcane ,
roses ,
grapes , orange Jasmine , ,
etc .

Bryophyllum Vegetative Propagation

*
Cutting :

•
A small part of a plant which is removed by making a cut
with a sharp knife is called cutting .

A plant bud is taken

cutting of parent having some it and
•
on

its lower part is buried in moist soil .

For Example :
Grapes sugarcane
, ,
bananas
*
Layering :

•
A branch of plant is pulled towards the ground and a
part of
it is covered with moist soil
leaving the tip of branch buried
in the soil .

The is
branch then cut off from parent plant
•
.

For example Jasmine lemon , guava

:
, ,
Strawberry .

*
Grafting :

In this the cut stem

of two different plants( One with root
•

and other without root) are

joined together in such a way that the two
stems
join and grow as a
single plant .

For example :
Apple , Apricot , peach , pear .
 Tissue Culture
The technique of developing new
plants from a cell or tissue
in a nutrient medium under aseptic conditions .

The cell or tissue is placed in a nutrient medium where it

forms
a mass
of cells called callus .

4 This is then
callus transferred to another nutrient medium where it

differentiates and
forms a new plant .

Spore Formation
•
The parent plant produces hundreds of reproductive units called
spores .

When the of plant burst then the into

spore case
spread
•

spores
air .

•
For example : Rhizopus ,
fungi .

Spore Formation is a method of Asexual Reproduction .

Many spores stored in called Sporangia

•
are sacs .

burst
When
Sporangia ; minute single-celled thin or thick walled structures
•
,

called obtained
spores are .
•
Under suitable conditions , they develop into a Plant .

Answerer
9) Difference between
binary fission and multiple fission :

B i n a r y f i s s i on M u I tip I e f i s s i on

9) Single cell divides into two equal A single cell divides into
many daughter
cells cells
.

simultaneously .

2) Amoeba and Bacteria divide binary Amoeba and Plasmodium divide by

fission .
multiple fission .
2) Organism , if reproduces from spores will be benefitted ,
as
spores
are dormant and hard structures which are produced by some

organisms ,
to tide over the unfavourable conditions .

Also it is
easy for spores to
spread around and
foster pollination
-

.
,

3) Hydra and Planarian are Simple organisms and are capable of

producing new individuals
through the
regeneration process .

•
This
process involves formation of new
organisms from its body
parts .

Simple organisms utilize this method of reproduction whole

•
can as

body is constructed of fewer and similar kind of cells in which

any part of their body can be set up-

by growth and development .

Though complex organisms have system level of organisation

•

organ
-
.
,

The body 's entire work together interconnected

system
•

organ as an

unit their lost like skin , blood ,

,
and
etc
can
regenerate parts of the
body
muscles .

Though they ,
cannot give rise to new individuals through regeneration as

a
specific cell or tissue cannot form a
complete organ .

Hence , it impossible to fully regenerate

would be entire
organism
•
an new
•
Organism such as
lizards and starfish can regenerate
broken
part of
the body through regeneration process .

4) Vegetative Propagation practiced for growing some types of plants because

this kind
of propagation occurs independent of seeds and has
many benefits
a) Propagation of plants without seeds or no viable seeds like orchids ,

banana etc .

b)Propagation the
of selected superior variety of a plant as plants
produced will be
genetically identical to parent plant .

c) Quicker method
of propagation to obtain
large number of plants in a

much lesser time .

d) Plants introduction propagation of plants in newer

'

and areas where

seeds may not germinate due to unfavourable environmental or social
conditions .
5) DNA ( Deoxy ribonucleic acid ) copying is an
important part of reproduction
as it proceeds genetic information from parents to children .

It individual
regulate the body design of one
•
.

Reproducing chemical
cells
fabricate copy of their DNA
through
•

reactions and result in two copies of DNA .

Copying of DNA ,
everytime ,
takes place along with the additional cellular
structure creation .

Then this operation is

followed by division of cell to configuration
•
,
a

two cells .

[ EXUAC REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS

* Flowery :
•
Flowers are reproductive organs of plant .

A typical stamen
flower comprises of four whorls namely ; petals sepals
-

, ,

and pistil ( carpet) .

* Parts of a flower :
a) Sepals : They are
green structures that protect the inner parts when
the flowers is in bud stage .

b) Petals : They are colourful and attract the insects for pollination .

c) Stamen : It is the male reproductive part of a flower and consists of

anther and filament .

9) Anther : It is a sac -
like structure that produces pollen grains .

ii) Filament : It is a thin stalk like -

structure that supports anther .

d) Compel : It is the
female reproductive part that produces egg cells .

-
A carpet consists of stigma , style and ovary .

9) Stigma being sticky in nature receives pollen grains during

pollination .
 ④ Style connects the
stigma and ovary thus helping ,
with the

transfer of pollen through style to the ovary .

iii) Ovary is the reproductive

organ of carpet which produces the
female
gamete ovule .

* Types of Flowers
a) Bisexual flowers :

→ Flowers that contain both male and female reproductive structures .

e. g. Hibiscus and Mustard .

b) Unisexual flowers :

→ Flowers which contain either male or

female reproductive part .

e. g.
Papaya ,
watermelon .

REPRODUCTION
Pollination :

4 The transfer of pollen grains from the anthem to the

stigma of a

is known pollination
flower as .

Some external help the plants for pollination

agents
-
.

Two types of Pollination

L s

Self Cross
Pollination pollination

9) Self pollination : The pollen grains are transferred from the anthem
to the stigma of the same flower to the
or
flower
of the same plant .
ii) Cross pollination : The pollen transferred from the anther
grains are

to the stigma of a flower of a different plant .

*
-
Agents -
of Pollination :

There several by pollinated ;

are which
flower gets
→
ways a

1) Abiotic agents that include water and aircwind) for pollination .

ii) Biotic that includes insects

agents animals and .

*
Significance of pollination :

1) It is a significant event because it precedes fertilization .

ii) It
brings the male and female gametes closer for fertilization process .

Iii) Cross pollination

-

introduces variations in plants because of the mixing of

different genes .

-
These variations further increase the
adaptability of plants towards the
environment or
surroundings .

FERTILIZATION
•
It is the fusion of male
process of and
female gamete to form
zygote during sexual reproduction .

-
pollination is followed by fertilization .

A Double Fertilization :
- -

•
The process of fusion of one male gamete with the egg along
with the union
of the second male gamete with the two polar
nuclei or the
secondary nucleus is called double fertilization .

•
Out of the two male gametes , one fuses with the
egg to carry
out
generative fertilization or
syngamy .
• The second male gamete fuses with two polar nuclei .

This is called triple fusion which forms the

endosperm
-

* Germination of pollen
-
on
stigma :
-

•
After pollen lands on a suitable stigma ,
the pollen grain absorbs
water and nutrients .

•
It produces a tube called pollen tube .

•
Pollen tube grows through style and reaches the ovary .

Its tip contains tube nucleus and two male

gametes sperm cells
•
a or .

•
The advancing pollen tube enters an ovule , generally through microphyte and
interior
reaches the
Of the embryo sac .

•
Here ,
the tube bursts to release its two male gametes .

with
•
One male gamete fuses egg to
form zygote .

The process is known

syngamy
•
as .

•
The second male gamete fuses with binucleate central cells which forms
endosperm .

•
Since the
,
process involves the fusion Of three haploid nuclei , it is known as

triple fusion .

•
Thus triple fusion is the fusion of male
, gamete with two polar nuclei inside

the embryo sac of the

angiosperm .

•
Since two kinds of
fusions ( syngamy and triple fusion) take place in an

embryo sac it is known as double fertilization ,

and is a unique event
to
flowering plants .
* Postfertiiation Change :

4) The outer layer of the ovule become impervious and hand and function
as a seed coat .

%) An ovule with an embryo inside is called a seed .

iii) The ovary to become

enlarges and ripens a
fruit .

iv) Other floral parts such as sepals petals

, ,
stamens , styles and stigma may
fall off .

However in
-

,
some cases , they remain degenerated persistent in the
fruit .

SEED
•
Seed is the final ( last) product of sexual reproduction in angiosperms .

It is the that is developed inside a fruit

fertilised ovule
-
.

•
Seed protects the future plant
g. embryo . e. .

•
A seed consists Of seed coats) cotyledons Cs) and
, ,
an
embryonal axis .

•
The cotyledons are
simple generally,
thick and swollen due to
storage
food( as in legumes) .

*
Emebryo axishas two pasts :

API umule and radical .

→ Plumule develops into shoot and radical develops into root .

→ The
process of development of seedling from the embryo under suitable
conditions such as air ,
moisture etc
. is known as
germination .

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
DIN this ,
two parents are involved .

One male and one

female
-

-
Male and Female both
produce cells which are known as
gametes .
 Male -
Sperm
Female -

Egg
Male female
and the come
together and fuse to form a new

cell called Zygote .

This is called
fertilisation
-

Gamete is special type of cell it contains half the

•
a as number

of chromosome in mother
present father or .

•
Father has 2n chromosome then the male gamete has n

number of chromosomes .

Same with Female .

So ntn will become 2n .

•
Copulation is the act of mating or sexual intercourse .

MALE MEPRODUCTIVE {YSTEM

* Testes : A man has two testes .

They
-

are the
primary reproductive organs in males .

•
They are responsible for the production of sperm .

Also secrete testosterone which regulates the formation of sperms and

•

also responsible for change in appearance at the time of puberty .

Testes start the hits puberty

•
producing sperms when body .

* Scrotum : The testes lie in a brown sac called scrotum ,

which is
outside the abdominal cavity .

-
The reason
for this is
sperms production requires a lower

temperature than body temperature .

* Vas Deferens :
Sperms which are produced in the testes are

carried by the Vas deferens and then through urethra ,

these sperms further reach the site Of fertilization .

* Urethra : It is the common

passage for both urine and
sperms .

* Prostrate Gland and seminal vesicle :

→ Prostrate gland secretes Milky fluid that helps in

sperms mobility .

Seminal vesicles significant proportion the fluid that ultimately

secrete a
of
-

becomes the semen when mixed with sperm .

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE {YSTEM

* Ovaries : These are oval-shaped glands which are small and

are located on both side of the uterus .

-
Ovaries produce hormones and eggs .

-
Present inside the abdominal cavity .

-
Production of hormones
estrogen and
progesterone .

-
These ovaries consist manyof immature eggs .

then start to mature on the

They reaching age of puberty
-
.

* Fallopian Tubes : They are narrow tubes which attach to the

upper portion of the uterus .

Fallopian tubes act as tunnels for the egg cells .

Therefore , they transport the

egg cells from the ovaries the to

uterus .

* Uterus : It is a
pear-shaped ,
hollow organ which is
'
home
'

for a

developing zygote .

-
Further ,
the uterus separates into two parts ; namely ,
the Cervin and
the corpus .

The easily enlarges for holding developing

corpus a
baby
-

* Vagina : It is a canal which joins the Cervin to the external

portion of the body .

-
You can even call it as the birth canal .
* REPRODUCTION PROCESS

•
Vagina receives sperm cells during mating .

Sperms are carried

through Cervin and then enter the uterus .

•
After that , they enter the fallopian tube .

The that is released by the is in the oviduct

present
•
egg ovary .

•
Millions of sperms race towards the egg .

Only one sperm cell then fuses with the egg !

( WINNER) which then forms a
zygote .

•
Fertilization takes place in the oviduct and then the
zygote is
formed .

•
The zygote then moves to the uterus and then implants in the inner

lining of the uterus .

• Uterus prepares itself to receive the zygote .

to
Zygote divides form embryo
• .

• The inner lining thickens and is richly supplied with blood vessels
so that it can nourish the embryo .

Zygote divides to embryo

form
•
.

•
The egg that is released by the ovary is present in the oviduct .

•
After implementation of zygote ,
a
special tissue called as
placenta develops
between the uterus wall and the embryo .

•
Embryo gets all it 's nutrition from placenta .

•
On embryo side , placenta has villi and blood spaces on mother's side .

•
Through blood in blood spaces , oxygen and
glucose are passed on to

the baby .

•
Waste material is removed through placenta .
 ​ ​H O R ?

Q e ion -

1. In he fig e, he a ma ked A, B and C a e e en iall

(a) Pl m le, Co ledon and Radicle

(b) Radicle, Co ledon and Pl m le
(c) Radicle, Pl m le and Co ledon
(d) Pl m le, Radicle and Co ledon ​ 1M, 2013, 2014

A 1. ​(d) In he fig e, he a ma ked A i Pl m le, B i Radicle and C i Co ledon.

2. Af e ob e ing he e a ed lide of bina fi ion in Amoeba and b dding in ea ,

he follo ing ob e a ion e e e o ed :
a. Single cell of Amoeba and Yea e e nde going bina fi ion and b dding
e ec i el .
b. C okine i a ob e ed in he Yea cell.
 c. Elonga ed n cle a di iding o fo m o da gh e n clei in Amoeba.
d. A chain of b d e e ob e ed d e o e od c ion in Amoeba.
The co ec ob e a ion( ) i /a e:
(a) d, a and c
(b) c and d
(c) b onl
(d) a and c ​ 1M,2012

A 2.​ (d)
The co ec ob e a ion a e:
a. Single cell of Amoeba and Yea e e nde going bina fi ion and b dding
e ec i el .
c. Elonga ed n cle a di iding o fo m o da gh e n clei in Amoeba.

3. Wha i he effec of DNA co ing hich i no e fec l acc a e on he e od c ion

oce ? ​ 1M,2008
A 3.​ Im e fec DNA co ing in he e od c ion oce lead o a ia ion o
e ol ion.

4. A den af e ob e ing a lide ho ing diffe en age of bina fi ion in

Amoeba d a he follo ing diag am . Ho e e he e diag am a e no in o e
e ence.

The co ec e ence i :
(a) I, V, IV, III, II
(b) I, V, III, IV, II
(c) I, III, IV, V, II
(d) None of he e ​ 1M,2011, 2013
A 4. ​(d) None of he e

5. Selec he co ec a emen fo he oce of b dding in ea :

I. A b d a i e f om a a ic la egion on a a en bod .
II. A a en cell di ide in o o da gh e cell ; he e he a en al iden i i lo .
III. Befo e de aching f om he a en bod a b d ma fo m ano he b d.
IV. A b d hen de ached f om he a en bod g o in o a ne indi id al.
(a) II, III and IV
(b) I, II and III
(c) III, IV and I
(d) None of he abo e ​ 1M,2013

A 5.​ (C) Thi i he co ec e ence of b dding in ea .

6. S den e e a ked o ob e e he e manen lide ho ing diffe en age of

b dding in ea nde high o e of a mic o co e. ​ 1M,2015

(a) Which adj men ce (coa e/fine) e e o a ked o mo e o foc he lide ?

(b) D a h ee diag am in co ec e ence ho ing b dding in ea .

A 6. ​(a) A fine c e i ed o foc he lide of b dding in ea nde high o e

of a mic o co e.
(b)

7. Name o im le o gani m ha ing he abili of egene a ion. ​ 1M,2017

A 7​. H d a and Plana ia ha e he abili of egene a ion

8. Wha i ege a i e o aga ion? ​ 1M,2015

A 8. ​Vege a i e o aga ion i an a e al me hod of lan e od c ion ha occ in
i lea e , oo and em. Thi can occ h o gh f agmen a ion and egene a ion of
ecific ege a i e a of lan .
9. Wha i DNA? ​ 1M,2016
A 9​. ​DNA i he info ma ion molec le. I o e in c ion fo making o he la ge
molec le , called o ein . The e in c ion a e o ed in ide each of o cell ,
di ib ed among 46 long c e called ch omo ome . The e ch omo ome a e
made of ho and of ho e egmen of DNA, called gene . Each gene oe he
di ec ion fo making o ein f agmen , hole o ein , o m l i le ecific o ein .

10. Name he e of e od c ion mo l een in nicell la o gani m . ​ 1M,2015

A 10​. ​A e al e od c ion i ​ he e of e od c ion mo l een in nicell la
o gani m .
11.​ ​Wi h he hel of diag am ho he diffe en age of bina fi ion in Amoeba.
​ 2M,2010, 2017, 2018

A 11.

12. Li an fo ea on fo ege a i e o aga ion being ac i ed in he g o h of

ome e of lan .​ 2M,2011
A 12. ​Rea on fo ege a i e o aga ion:
(i) I i done fo lan hich ha e lo he ca aci o od ce eed .
(ii) Vege a i e o aga ion i a chea e , ea ie and mo e a id me hod of o aga ion
in lan han g o ing lan f om hei eed .
(iii) Be e ali of lan can be main ained b hi me hod.
(i ) I e l in o aga ion of ho e lan hich do no od ce iable eed o
od ce eed ih olonged e iod of do manc .
( ) The lan gene a ed f om ege a i e mean a e mo e nifo m and gene icall
imila o he a en ock.
13​. ​S a e he ole of i. Seminal e icle ii. P o a e gland in he h man bod ​.
2M,2011
A 13.
i. Seminal e icle - I ec e e alkaline ec e ion hich lo e he H of emen and
o ide no i hmen .
ii. P o a e gland - I inc ea e he mo ili of em

14. D a a labelled diag am in o e e ence o ho b dding in H d a.

2M,2019
A 14.

15. A den i ob e ing a e manen lide ho ing e en iall he diffe en age

of a e al e od c ion aking lace in ea . Name hi oce and d a
diag am , of ha he ob e e , in a o e e ence. ​ 2M,2012, 2016
A 15. ​Yea e od ce a e all b he oce of ​ .
Diffe en age of b dding ob e ed b he den a e de ic ed ing a diag am
belo :
16. Define he e m be . Li o change ob e ed in gi l a he ime of be .
​ 2M,2012
A 16. ​The e iod hen he a e of gene al bod g o h begin o lo do n and
e od c i e i e begin o ma e i called be .
T o change ob e ed in gi l a he ime of be a e:
i The b ea i e begin o inc ea e
ii Men a ion a

17. Wha i he im o ance of DNA co ing in e od c ion? ​ 2M,2016

A 17. ​DNA a e he ca ie of gene ic info ma ion. Fo an o gani m o od ce i
o n kind, i become nece a ha he off ing ge imila DNA a in a en . DNA
e lica ion i he a h o gh hich a cell make addi ional co ie of DNA o ha he
can be an fe ed o he off ing. Thi e lain ho DNA co ing i an e en ial (i)
Regene a ion: Abili of o gani m o gi e i e o ne indi id al o gani m f om hei
bod a .
(ii) Plana ia/H d a
(iii) Amoeba/Rhi o /Banana/S ga cane/an o he .
(i ) Regene a ion i ca ied o b eciali ed cell hich a e no e en in
non- egene a ing o gani m .

18. Wha i a clone? Wh do off ing fo med b a e al e od c ion e hibi

ema kable imila i ? ​ 2M,2017
A 18. ​Clone i an o gani m hich i gene icall iden icall ihi a en o gani m.
Cloning i an a ificial me hod of a e al e od c ion. In ca e of a e al e od c ion,
gene a e con ib ed b a ingle a en . D e o hi , off ing od ced b a e al
e od c ion a e clone of hei a en .

19. Wh doe b ead mo ld g o of el on a moi lice b ead a he han on a d

lice of b ead? ​ 2M,2017
A 19. ​Moi ened b ead lice offe bo h moi e and n ien o he b ead mo ld,
hence i g o of el . D lice of b ead offe n ien b no moi e hence
h hae fail o g o .

20.​ ​Wha i egene a ion? Gi e one e am le of an o gani m ha ho hi oce

and one o gani m ha doe no . Wh doe egene a ion no occ in he la e ?
​ 3M,2017
A 20. ​Regene a ion: Abili of o gani m o gi e i e o ne indi id al o gani m
f om hei bod a .
(ii) Plana ia/H d a
(iii) Amoeba/Rhi o /Banana/S ga cane/an o he .
(i ) Regene a ion i ca ied o b eciali ed cell hich a e no e en in
non- egene a ing o gani m .

21. Wha i m l i le fi ion? Ho doe i occ in an o gani m? E lain b iefl . Name

one o gani m hich e hibi hi e of e od c ion. ​ 3M,2016
A 21. ​M l i le fi ion i an a e al e od c ion in hich a en o gani m li o
fo m man ne o gani m a he ame ime. P oce
a) Some ime d ing nfa o able condi ion , a o ec i e all o c i fo med
a o nd he cell of a ingle celled o gani m.

b) In ide he c , he n cle of he cell li e e al ime o fo m man

malle n clei called da gh e n clei. Each n cle ga he a bi of c o la m
a o nd i elf, de elo a memb ane a o nd each c e.

c) Th man da gh e cell de elo hich on libe a ion g o in o ad l

o gani m a he ame ime. Pla modi m i a o o oan hich e od ce b
a e al me hod of m l i le fi ion.

22. Li an fo me hod of con ace ion ed b h man . S a e in b ief o

ad an age of ado ing ch e en i e me hod . ​ 3M,2015
A 22. ​Fo me hod of con ace ion ed b h man : In a e ine de ice , o al
con ace i e me hod , gical me hod and na al me hod (coi in e )
T o ad an age of ado ing ch e en i e me hod :
i. I hel in e en ing n an ed egnancie .
ii. I ed ce he chance of ge ing STD ch a AIDS.

23. Wha i he effec of DNA co ing, hich i no e fec l acc a e, on he

e od c ion oce ? Ho doe he amo n of DNA emain con an ho gh each
ne gene a ion i a combina ion of DNA co ie of o indi id al ?
​ 3M,2014, 2018
A 23. ​The DNA co ing hich i no e fec l acc a e in he e od c ion oce
e l in a ia ion in o la ion fo he i al of ecie . The amo n of DNA
emain con an beca e he game e a e ecial e of cell called e od c i e
cell hich con ain onl half he amo n of DNA a com a ed o he no mal bod cell
of an o gani m.
24. E lain he meaning of e all an mi ed di ea e (STD' ). Gi e o e am le of
STD' each, ca ed d e o
i. bac e ial infec ion
ii. i al infec ion.
S a e in b ief ho he ead of ch di ea e ma be e en ed.
3M,2008, 2012, 2013
A 24. ​Se all an mi ed di ea e (STD' ) a e di ea e hich a e all a ed
h o gh e al con ac i h an infec ed a ne .
i. Se all an mi ed di ea e ca ed d e o bac e ial infec ion: Gono hea and
S hili .
ii. Se all an mi ed di ea e ca ed d e o i al infec ion: AIDS and He e .

A ke a eg in he e en ion of STD' in ol e c eening, diagno i and

ea men of a ien a ell a hei e al a ne o in e an mi ion.
P e en ion of an mi ion of STD' :
(a) Ha ing e i h an infec ed o an nkno n e on ho ld be a oided.
(b) Sha ing of needle , inge e c. m be ohibi ed.
(c) S gical and den al in men ho ld be e ili ed o e l befo e e.
(d) A oid blood an f ion f om an infec ed e on. Blood ho ld be e ed
befo e an f ion.
(e) Ade a e medical ea men ho ld be o ided o he egnan oman o
o ec he child f om ge ing infec ed.

25. Li h ee echni e ha ha e been de elo ed o e en egnanc . Which one of

he e echni e i no mean fo male ? Ho doe he e of he e echni e
ha e a di ec im ac on he heal h and o ei of a famil ? ​ 3M,2017
A 25. ​Techni e o e en egnanc :
(a) Coi in e
(b) Ba ie me hod like e of condom , ce ical ca and dia h agm.
(c) U e of in a- e ine de ice ch a loo and co e -T
U e of in a- e ine de ice i no mean fo male .
The e of he e echni e ill kee he mo he in good heal h. Wi h a mall
famil i e, a en ill be able o o ide ali e o ce o he child ch a
 food, clo he and ed ca ion. Thi ill im o e he o e all men al and h ical
ell-being of he famil .

26. Wha i ege a i e o aga ion? S a e o ad an age and o di ad an age of

hi me hod. ​ 3M,2017
A 26. ​Vege a i e o aga ion i a e of e od c ion in hich e e al lan ae
ca able of od cing na all h o gh hei oo , em and lea e .
A :
Plan no ca able of od cing e all a e od ced b hi me hod. I i a fa
and ce ain me hod o ob ain lan i h de i ed fea e .
D :
The e i no o ibili fo a ia ion. The ne lan g o in he ame a ea a he
a en lan hich lead o com e i ion fo e o ce .

27. Wha i bina fi ion in o gani m ? Wi h he hel of i able diag am , de c ibe he

mode of e od c ion in Amoeba. ​ 5M,2011
A 27. ​Bina fi ion i an a e al me hod of e od c ion. Amoeba e od ce b
hi me hod. D ing hi oce , n clea di i ion ake lace fi , follo ed b he
a ea ance of a con ic ion in he cell memb ane, hich g ad all inc ea e in a d
and di ide he c o la m in o o a . Finall , o da gh e o gani m a e fo med.
28. (a) Iden if A, B and C in he gi en diag am and i e hei f nc ion .
(b) Men ion he ole of game e and go e in e all e od cing o gani m .
5M,2013, 2015

A 28. ​(a) ​ A - ​.
F nc ion - The igma i a ick face he e he ollen g ain land and
ge mina e.
​B - P ​.
F nc ion - I ca ie he ollen g ain o he egg cell fo fe ili a ion.
​C - E .
F nc ion - I f e i h he male game e and lead o he fo ma ion of he go e.

(b) ​R ​ - Game e ca he en i e gene ic info ma ion of he

o gani m. The e game e on f ion e l in he fo ma ion of he go e,
hich de elo in o a ne indi id al. An defo ma ion in he game e ill lead o
defo mi in he ne l fo med off ing.
R ​ - Z go e i he di loid cell fo med b he f ion of male and
female game e d ing fe ili a ion in e al e od c ion. Z go e i he fi
age in he de elo men oce of an o gani m and i con ain all he gene ic
info ma ion of bo h he a en e en ial fo he g o h of he ne o gani m.

29. Define ollina ion. E lain he diffe en e of ollina ion. Li o agen of

ollina ion? Ho doe i able ollina ion lead o fe ili a ion? ​ 5M,2019
 The oce of an fe and de o i ion of ollen g ain f om he an he o he
igma of he flo e i called ollina ion.
The e a e o diffe en e of ollina ion :
(i) Self ollina ion : I i he oce of an fe of ollen g ain f om he an he o
he igma of he ame flo e .
(ii) C o ollina ion : I i he oce of an fe of he ollen g ain f om he
an he of one flo e o he igma of ano he flo e .
Pollina ion can be achie ed b he agen like ind, a e and animal .

Af e he ollen land on a i able igma, i ha o each he female ge m-cell

hich a e in he o a . Fo hi , a be g o o of he ollen g ain and a el
h o gh he le o each he o a and hen fe ili a ion occ .

30. Wha i lacen a? De c ibe i c e. S a e i f nc ion in ca e of a egnan

h man female. ​ 5M,2016
A 30. ​The lacen a i an o gan a ached o he lining of he omb d ing egnanc .
The lacen a i com o ed of bo h ma e nal i e and i e de i ed f om he emb o.
I con ain blood ace on he mo he ' ide and illi on he emb o' ide.
F nc ion of he lacen a:
1. I o ide food and o gen o he foe .
2. The foe gi e a a a e od c and ca bon dio ide o he mo he '
blood fo e c e ion.

31​. ​(a) Name he h man male e od c i e o gan ha od ce e m and al o

ec e e a ho mone. W i e he f nc ion of he ec e ed ho mone.
(b) Name he a of he h man female e od c i e em he e
(i) Fe ili a ion ake lace
(ii) Im lan a ion of he fe ili ed egg occ .E lain ho he emb o ge
no i hmen in ide he mo he ' bod . ​ 5M,2015
A 31. ​(a) Te e od ce e m and ec e e a ho mone called e o e one.
The f nc ion of e o e one i o con ol he de elo men of male e o gan

and male fea e ch a a dee e oice, mo ache, bea d and mo e bod

hai a com a ed o female .
(b) i. Fe ili a ion ake lace in he o id c o fallo ian be .
ii. Im lan a ion of he fe ili ed egg occ in he e .

Af e im lan a ion, a di c-like ecial i e called lacen a de elo

be een he e all and he emb o. The lacen a hel in he
e change of n ien , o gen and a e od c be een he emb o and
he mo he . Th , i o ide no i hmen o he g o ing emb o.

32. (a) W i e he f nc ion of each of he follo ing a in a h man female e od c i e

em:
(i) O a
(ii) U e
(iii) Fallo ian be
(b) W i e he c e and f nc ion of lacen a in a h man female.
​ 5M,2017, 2018
A 32. ​(i) O a :I od ce female game e . One o mi elea ed b one o a
e e mon h. I al o ec e e ho mone oe ogen and oge e one.
(ii) U e : I o ec and no i he he de elo ing emb o.
(iii) Fallo ian be: I a e do n he o m o a d he e elea ed b he
o a .

S c e of he lacen a in h man female:

(i) The lacen a i a di c hich i embedded in he e ine all.
(ii) I con ain illi on he emb o ide. The mo he ' end of he lacen a ha
blood ace hich o nd he illi.

F nc ion of he lacen a in h man female:

(i) N ien and o gen a e ecei ed b he foe f om he mo he ' blood.
(ii) The foe gi e a a a e od c and ca bon dio ide o he mo he '
blood fo e c e ion.
33. Wha i ollina ion? Ho doe i occ in lan ? Ho doe ollina ion lead o
fe ili a ion? E lain. ​ 5M,2013
A 33. ​The an fe of ollen f om he an he o he igma of a flo e i called
ollina ion.
The an fe i accom li hed b an e e nal agenc ch a ind (anemo hil ), a e
(h d o hil ), in ec (en omo hil ), bi d (o ni ho hil ), ba (chi o e o hil ), e c. Bo h
ind and a e a e abio ic agencie hile in ec , bi d , ba e c. a e bio ic agencie of
ollina ion. Af e falling on igma, he ollen g ain ab o b a e and n ien . I
od ce a be called ollen be. Pollen be g o h o gh le and eache he
o a .I i con ain a be n cle and o male game e o e m cell . The
ad ancing ollen be en e an o le, gene all h o gh mic o le and eache he
in e io of he emb o ac. He e he be b o elea e i o male game e . One
male game e f e i h he egg o fo m a go e and he econd male game e f e
i h bin clea e cen al cell hich fo m endo e m.

D :I ,
(A) (R) . M
:
( )B (A) (R)
.
( )B (A) (R)
.
( )A (A) , (R)
( )A (A) , (R)

34. A : ​Pollina ion i he an fe of ollen g ain o he an he .

​R ​: Pollina ion i ca ied o b ind, bi d and in ec .

A 34.​ (b) Bo h a e ion (A) and ea on (R) a e co ec b ea on i no he

co ec e lana ion of a e ion.
35. ​A ​: The e e a e i elf e e mon h ecei e

​R ​: The o a elea e one egg e e mon h.

A 35.​ (a) Bo h a e ion (A) and ea on (R) a e co ec and ea on i he

co ec e lana ion of a e ion.