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‫رقم المراقبة‬

‫جامعة األزهر‬

‫كلية العلوم بأسيوط‬

‫مجموع الدرجات‬

‫المادة‪ :‬علم الحيوان‬

‫‪2020/ ٦ / ٦‬‬ ‫التاريخ‪:‬‬

‫المجموع‬ ‫السابع‬ ‫السادس‬ ‫الخامس‬ ‫الرابع‬ ‫الثالث‬ ‫الثاني‬ ‫األول‬ ‫السؤال‬

‫الدرجة‬

‫مجموع الدرجات "كتابة"‬

‫…………………………………………………………………………………………………………‪..‬‬

‫رقم المراقبة‬ ‫امتحان الفصل الدراسي الثاني‬ ‫جامعة األزهر بأسيوط‬

‫‪2020 / 2019‬‬ ‫كلية العلوم‬

‫‪2020 /‬‬ ‫‪٦ /‬‬ ‫‪٦‬‬ ‫التاريخ‬ ‫علم الحيوان‬ ‫المادة‪:‬‬ ‫كلية العلوم‬

‫االولي‬ ‫الفرقة‬ ‫أيمن أحمد فاروق عبده‬ ‫اسم الطالب رباعي‬

‫‪١١٠٥٨‬‬ ‫رقم الجلوس‬ ‫الجيولوجيا‬ ‫القسم او الشعبة‬

 ‫البحث باللغة اإلنجليزية‬
 Teacher Name: Prof. Dr. Salah Suleiman.
 Title: Metazoa
 Introduction:

God created the earth and created living things for it to live in. And living
things include plants, animals, and humans. Animals are divided into
vertebrates, invertebrates and invertebrates, and we will talk about this topic
(Metazoa).

 Objectives:

As a study of invertebrates to know its importance can be benefited from where

its importance lies in:

1) Important food sources: shrimp (shrimp) – cancer-shellfish – snails and

others.
2) Production of useful materials: honey, wax, and silk, such as bees and
silkworm Commercial sponges are also produced from the real sponge,
Euspongia.
3) Ventilate and fertilize the soil: the earthworm in fragmenting, stirring and
vent the soil. It also converts decomposing organic matter that passes
through its diges tract into simple substances added to the soil that
increase its fertility.
4) Pollination of the soil: Some types of insects carry out pollination, as they
move one flower to another in search of nectar by transporting pollen
grains, and this in increases production and leads to its improvement.
5) Biological control: Uses organisms against other organisms.
 Main Subject:
All multicellular animals, other than the Porifera, constitute the true Metazoa,
and Eumetazoa. This separation between multicellular groups is largely based
on the differentiation or specialization of cells to perform different functions.

General Characters:

1-The Metazoa differ from the Protozoa in attaining much larger sizes, so
their food requirements increased and therefore a specialized digestive cavity
and digestive system have developed in them for collecting and digesting food.

2-Some of the smallest Metazoa are aquatic and respire and excrete by
simple diffusion. But various branching and laminated respiratory and excretory
organs have developed in the large majority of the Metazoa.

3-A special transport system, called the blood vascular systems, has been
developed in most Metazoa for internal transport of nourishment and respiratory
gases.

4-The Metazoa have developed a nervous system made up of specialized

nerve cells that synapse with each other.

5-The Metazoa have developed various kinds of external and internal

supporting structures to their bodies, or skeletal system.

6- All Metazoa pass through similar steps during their early stages of
embryonic development. Any metazoan animal passes onto 3 steps: cleavage,
germ layer formation and organ formation.

7- The Metazoa have also developed certain reproductive organs or gonads

specialized for the production of sexual gametes, which are never produced
within the cells as in the Protozoa.

Examples of Metaza

-Hydra

This is a simple cnidarian which lives attached to rocks and aquatic

vegetation in freshwater ponds and streams. It exists in the hydroid form only
and develops no medusae.

-Habitat and distribution:

 They can be found in freshwater ponds and slow-moving rivers, where they
usually attach themselves to submerged plants or rocks. The hydra pictured
above came from pond water which contained large quantities of filamentous
algae (a very simple kind of plant).

-Morphology:

Hydra has a small cylindrical body with a closed lower end known as the
basal disc or "foot" by which it is attached to the substratum. Six to ten slender
hollow tentacles arise from around the base of the oral cone. They are very
mobile during life and capable of great extension and contraction.

-Classification and types:

Kingdom: Animalia.

Phylum: Cnidaria.

Class: Hydrazoa.

Order: Hydroida.

Sub order: Anthomedusae.

Ex: Hydra.

The genus is represented by about 25 species, which differ chiefly in colour,

tentacle length and number, and gonad position and size. These types are like
Hydra carnea, Hydra cauliculata, Hydra viridis, Hydra canadensis, Hydra
utahensis.

-Reproduction and life cycle :

When food is abundant, most hydra reproduce in a sexual manner by

germinating “buds” on the wall of their body, which grow into an adult hydra by
simply releasing it from the mother hydra as soon as it is reached. When
conditions are difficult, often before winter or when food is not available, some
hydra will reproduce sexually. Swelling in the body wall develops into a simple
testicle or ovary. The testicle releases gametes that swim freely into the water,
and this can reach another hydra that has a uterus for fertilization to take
place. Fertilized eggs secrete a solid outer covering, and this, in the event of the
death of adult hydra, these inactive eggs fall to the bottom of the lake or swamp
waiting for better conditions, then they hatch to hydrate with a mini peel. Hydra
is a hermaphrodite (bisexual) animal that can produce testicular and ovarian at
the same time. Many members of the Hadrawani family go through a
transformation in their body during the process of puberty from a polyp to an
adult hydra called medusa (jellyfish). Nevertheless, all hydrates, despite being
hydrocarbons, remain in a polyp position throughout their life.

-Importance : Used in the treatment of aging disease.

- Obelia

This is a marine animal which is dimorphic, exhibiting both a hydroid form and
a meduseid form in its life cycle. In the hydroid form,

-Habitat and distribution:

Obelia is cosmopolitan in distribution, only exception being the high-arctic and

Antarctic seas. They grow in shallow water, in intertidal rock pools and are
usually found up to 80-100 meters of depth from the water's surface. The
medusa stage of Obelia species is commonly found in coastal and offshore
plankton around the world. The colonies of Obelia are often found as a delicate
fur-like growth on the rocks, stones, mollusc shells, sea weeds, wooden pilings
and wharves. Obelia geniculata normally grows on kelp fronds.

-Morphology:
The plant-like colony is made up of many branches that end with two types of
polyps. Containing food polyps Feeding Or Polyps (Alcastro Aadat
Gastrozooids on the sensors and be similar to the Hydra. The polyps
proliferative Reproductive Polyps (Alkonanjiat Gonangia ) are a form Graph
structures free of sensors and branches overspread colony transparent cover
acellular called the outer Balabab Perisare. This envelope extends around the
castrozides and conanas to form floral protect compositions called hydrothecae
gonotheca. The cellular part of the colony is called the Goenosare common pulp.
Given that the medusa form in the case of the opillia is so small that it is
difficult to study in detail. Therefore, the large medusa of the Gonionemus
(common jellyfish) is used to illustrate the typical composition of the hydros
meadows.

-Classification and types:

Kingdom: Animalia.

Phylum: Cnidaria.

Class: Hydrazoa.

Order: Hydroida.

Sub order: Leptomedusa.

Ex: Obelia

-Reproduction and life cycle :

The sexes are separate; fertilization occurs inside the female medusa. A
planula larva is formed which, after leaving the mother, swims for some time,
and then settles down transforming into a polyp known as the scyphistoma. This
stores food, multiplies asexually and sooner or later it deve lops a series of
horizontal fissions which gradually deepen forming a number of discs,
simulating a pile of saucers. The process is known as strobilization (or
strobilation). The discs separate successively giving rise each to an ephyra,
which is a small larval medusa. This type of life-history is characteristic of the
Scyphozoa.

-Importance:

An important food source for marine creatures

-Metridium (sea anemone)

These are flower-like, brilliantly coloured marine coelenterates which exist

as large solitary polyps attached to rocks and seaweeds near the sea shore. They
form no calcareous skeletons.

-Habitat and distribution:

While they can be found in nearly every marine habitat, the greatest numbers
occur in the tropics. Tropical seas rich in Nutrients and ecosystems support the
greatest variety of Anemones. Some species Are adapted for life in cold arctic
waters, but most live in tropical Seas near the equator.

-Morphology:

A sea anemone is a relatively short stout cylindrical body which has a

muscular adhesive basal disc by which it attaches to the substratum and a
rounded flat oral dose at the other end.

An elongated slit, the mouth is found in the centre of the oral dose,
surrounded by many short hollow tentacles which are arranged in concentric
whorls; each containing 6 or multiples of 6. The outer surface of the polyp is
covered with ectoderm which is ciliated on the tentacles, oral disc and the lining
of the stomodaeum The endoderm lines the whole of the gastrovascular cavity.

-Classification and types:

Kingdom: Animalia.

Phylum: Cnidaria.

class: Anthozoa.
 Subclass: zantharia.

Order: Actiniaria.

Ex: Metridium(sea anemone)

are long-lived marine animals as there are more than 1,000 species
throughout the world's oceans at various depths,

-Reproduction and life cycle :

Sexes are separate. Sperms and eggs are usually expelled through the mouth and
fertilization takes place in the water. The zygote develops into a ciliated planula
larva which settles down and grows into a single sea anemone. Asexual
reproduction by longitudinal fission also frequently occurs.

-Importance :

It provides protection for some fish inside its tents, and produces toxins that
affect the nerves and extract some chemicals from them to treat some diseases,
such as those used to treat cancer, and help to clean the sea floor with chemicals
that dissolve snails and corals.

-Nereis

Nereis is a genus of polychaete worms in the family Nereididae. It comprises

many species, most of which are marine. Nereis possess setae and parapodia for
locomotion. They may have two types of setae, which are found on the
parapodia. Acicular setae provide support. Locomotor chaetae are for crawling.

-Habitat and distribution:

Nereis is a cosmopolitan marine polychaete, usually found on sandy shores

between tidemarks. Most of the time it lives in burrows, which it forms with the
help of its jaws. The worm is nocturnal and carnivorous.

-Morphology:

Body is elongated, slender, bilaterally symmetrical, somewhat broad

anteriorly and tapering posteriorly. It is slightly flattened dorso-ventrally, dorsal
surface being convex, while ventral surface flat or even somewhat concave.
Length of adult worm varies from a few to about 40 cm or even more.
-Classification and types:

Kingdom: Animalia.

Phylum: Annelida.

Class: polycheta.

Order: Errantias.

Ex: Nereis

There are about 250 species like them Nereis abbreviata , Nereis abyssa,
Nereis abyssicola, Nereis acustris, Nereis aegyptia, Nereis aestuarensis, Nereis
aibuhitensis, Nereis albipes, Nereis allenae Nereis amoyensis, Nereis
angelensis, Nereis angusta, Nereis angusticollis, Nereis angusticollis.

-Reproduction and life cycle :

The sand worm is a separate animal, fertilization are external and the
development is indirect (through trochophore larva). epitokous males leave the
sediment and move towards female burrows, displaying heteronereid
movements before releasing gametes. Females remain in their burrow and
release oocytes which adhere to sediment surface where they will be fertilized.
All mature individuals die after spawning. Larvae go through conspicuous
changes during suprabenthic, pelagic and benthic development (mono
trochophore, trochophore, metatrochophore, nectochaete).

-Importance :

Nereis vexillosa is an important food item for foraging birds in the intertidal
zone. The habit of algal attachment to its burrow facilitates the colonization of
the alga.

-Hirudo medicinalis (Medicinal leech)

is a type of animal that follows the genus of the leech from the annular
species. It lives in pond water, swamps, and even the human body . It feeds on
frogs, fish and other invertebrates, and its smooth body does not carry thorns,
also called Herodina.
-Habitat and distribution:

Hirudo medicinalis is found in freshwater ponds, marshes streams, swamps. It

is sanguivorous in habit. Once it has taken a meal of blood by sucking it from a
vertebrate, it can live with it for months.

-Morphology:

Body form: The body is dorso-ventrally flattened (not rounded) with a greenish
brown colour, paper below than above.

Suckers: A cup-shaped anterior sucker with the mouth opening in its middle and
a larger imperforated disc-like posterior sucker, both are ventrally directed.

Eyes: The eyes are five pairs on the dorsal surface of the first 5 segments.

-Classification and types:

Kingdom: Animalia.

Phylum: Annelida.

Class: Hirudince.

Order: Gnathobdellida.

Ex: Hirudo medicinalis (Medicinal leech)

-Reproduction and life cycle :

H. medicinalis breeds once during an annual season that spans June through
August. It also remains fertile over a period of years, unlike most other leech
species. The act of copulation takes place on land, where one leech attaches
ventrally to one another by means of a mucus secretion. All leeches are
hermaphroditic and fertilization is internal. Sperm is injected into the vagina by
an extendable copulatory organ. A cocoon is formed around the clitellum and
slips off the anterior section of the leech. The whole egg sac is laid in damp soil
usually just above the shoreline. After about 14 days, the eggs hatch as fully
formed miniature adults

-Importance :

Today this species is used to relieve pressure and restore circulation in tissue
grafts where blood accumulation is likely such as severed fingers and ears. The
anticoagulant of leeches is also a fertile ground of research for surgeries in
which an incision must be kept open. In addition, leech saliva is found to contain
powerful antibiotics and anaesthetics which no doubt will prove useful in future
medicinal practice

 Summary:

Invertebrates are animals without a backbone, and they are a group of vastly
diverse and widespread animals with relatively few common characteristics.

Invertebrates were the first animals to evolve, perhaps a billion years ago
(although the fossil record dates back about 600 million years, and we therefore
do not know for sure). Invertebrates make up nearly 97 percent of all known
animal species.

Invertebrates are cold-blooded animals. This means that she depends on her
surroundings to maintain her body temperature.

Some invertebrates are parasitic animals, meaning they live on or in the

bodies of other animals, and these animals are referred to as "hosts".

 References:

‫مذكرة القسم‬-(Lecture notes in Invertebrate Zoology).

‫شبكة المعلومات وبنك المعرفة‬-