1 @3 BELT DRIVE Abeltis flexible but inextensible band running over two or more pulleys. In thet ‘cof the pulleys called driver, is mounted on the driving shaft while the other, whichis ithich power is to be transmitted, is called the driven pulley or follower. Power feat etveen the pulleys and the belt. During operation there is always the the belt and the faces of the pulley and therefore the power transmission is| Elements of Mechanical Engi 516 rive. There are two common types of belt drive — (O Open belt drive and (iy of Belt D crosbet de, Inthe open elt ive the driverand the follower rotate in thesame direction, Inthe crop tardive the driver nd driven pulleys rotate in opposite rox ate ON ee $ whi jected to great Tare wsed to connect shafis which are parallel” Cross! subjected to greater wear and tear 46 ‘are used where speed is low and small power is 0 be transmittes Be Ty FOLLOWER. DRIVER DRIVER FOLLOWER, Fig. 27.2 (a) Open belt drive Fig. 27.2 (b) Crossed belt drive Belts may also be used for driving shafts, which are not parallel and which donotintersect, provided the pulleys are so located as to conform to the principle of belt drive, namely, the center line of that part ofthe belt approaching a pulley must lie in the central plane of that pulley. Fig. 27.3 shows two drives of this kind. These are called quarter turn and right angle drives. To adjust belt tension guide pulleys may be used. 27.9.2. Types of Belts. Depending upon their cross-section, belts may be flat, or Veetype. V-belts have a trapezoidal cross section and can Quarter turn drive Right angle drive transmit larger power, with almost no slip. These are used for shorter distance power transmission. 27.3.3. Belt Materials. Belts are made of different materials to suit various requirements. 27,3.3.1. Leather belts. Most belis, especially those for high speeds, are made of leather strips cemes together. The best quality leather is obtained from the parts of steerhides near the back bone. The v. ious belt “Tiickness are obtained by using hides of different thicknesses and also by gluing several layers together, giving What are known as single, double and triple belts. ‘These belts, depending upon their grade whether light medium or heavy, may vary in thickness from 3 mm to 50 mm and in width from 12-5 mm to 1000 mmf more S 3.3.2. Rubber belts. Rubber belts or India-rubber belts are made by cementing together several plies of can vas or cords impregnated and bound together with vulcanised India-rubber. ‘These are cheaper than. leather belts and better suited for damp si it must be protected from oil and grease.) eepickness. Thickness varies from 3 to 10 plies, These belts are also Be tets are better suited for warm climates and in exposed conditions, for Tough and temporary service.) = 3734. Belt Fastenings. Before being put to use the belts, supplied ina long flat strip form, are joined peirtwo ends to make them an endless belt. The joints may be obtained by cementing the two searfed ends ib ges or clamps. igned to run in V- shaped groove, itis called @ cotton cord tension element. V - belt drives in general, be not less than the larger pulley diameter_ V- belts transmit a larger amount of power from a idth of face and are almost positive and slipless in action, Pulleys used for V - belt drive der pressure, by newhide lacing through punched holes or by metal hin U 1135.V-Belts. When a belt is trapezoidal in section, desi tell. These are made of fabric and vulcanised rubber with * -used when centre distance between the shafts should, iejnot more than the sum of the two pulley diameters pulley of a given fave V- grooves. 21.36. Rope Drive. Rope drive is used to transmit power over moderately long distances. Ropes for gover transmission are made from cotton, manila or hemp. Pulleys used for ro Stel or wire ropes are used for transmission of power in cases where the parts ype drive have angle grooves. to be connected are at a large dsanee apart and where extra strength is required such as in lifts, colliery winding and hauling arrangements, nill drives, etc. Rope cause high unit pressure on the pulley and safer high wear on their outermost strands. 21341. Velocity Ratio of Belt Drives. If d, and d, be the diameters of the driver and driven pulleys ragetvely and n, and n, and be their corresponding speeds in rotations per minute, The surface speed of the Giver=nd, n, and the surface speed of the driven pulley or the follower =" dy ny. If there is not slip between thepuleys and the belt the linear speed over the two pulleys would be the same and therefore. Tdin,=1d,n, (27.2) Inother wards, R.P.M. of the follower __ diameter of the driver i R.P.M. of the driver ~ diameter of the follower BBS Etati0n 27.2 is true whether the bet is open or cro hulleys is the same while with a crossed belt this sed. With an open belt the sense of rotation of opposite, The ratio m/m of equation (27.2) is : Yelocity ratio of the drive. the thickness of the belt than n(d, +1) n, =" (d,+1)n, % dj+1 om ny dy+l ay518 Elements 27.3.7.1 Compound belt drive. If the motion be transmitted from a pulley A to, Cand so on such that the pulleys B and C are fixed to one shaft and D and E are fixed on then, Where d;.d:. ds dy dy and dy ate the diameters of the pulleys A, B,C, D, mye, Mys and ng are their respective speeds of rotation. Ifthe thickness ofthe then d,+1) (dy+1) G+) G40a 27.9) 27.3.9. Tension In a Belt. Belts used for Power transmissi ) tension. An elastic belt of length Lis thus mounted with an int \ the portion coming from the follower to the driver experience undergoes a little stretching. ‘The portion of the belt on the ot! becomes slack and the tension becomes alittle less. As the total al tension Ty, When the driver pulley rotates S a higher tension 7, i.e,, become tight and ther side, i.e., from the driver to the follower length of the clastic belt remains unchanged, the increase in tension on the tight side is equal to the decrease in tension on the slack side fe, 1,-7=_- or 1, +T,=2T, 7.10) 27.3.9.1. Ratio of tensions. If a belt running around a pulley is pulled at its one end with a tension 7) the tension T, on the other (slack) side, the coefficient of friction j2 between the pulley and the belt are telated by the following equation, i a 7.11) Where @ is the angle of contact or lap of the belt and pulley in radians and eis the base of Naperian Iogarithms, i., 2-718 ie, wl a 27.3.9.2. Power transmitted by a rope. If 7, and T, be the tensions in the belt on the tight . slack Sts respectively the force P exerted by the belt on the pulley is equal to (T, ~ 7,). Power transmitted is given by, J Power=Pxv kW 2 aeae 721.395. Creep and Slip in belt drives. As the driving side of the belt is under greater tension that ._98 the slack side, the elastic belt undergoes some stretching while reaching the driving pulley. It W" whenleaving the driving pulley, i.e, on reaching the slack side. Due to this change ii motion between the belt and the pulley surface. This relative motion is called slip and isa ads to a reduction ference between the actual speed of the driven pulley and that calculated by the Eq. (27.2) is called the slip. Slip occurs we the force to be transmitted by the driver is greater than the force of friction. Gf velocity ratio and a loss of power. The loss of speed varies from 1 to 3 per cent. Theon a hinge, che pitch ¢ wn which the hinge ce! tres Fig. 27.7 ~ circle diameter AD (= d) are relz d pitch circle lated as the chain AB an‘ 27.7 the pitch (P) > Referring © Fig. lows: F Pitch p=AB=2AC =2A0 sin 180° and 20-2, or 8=— cehere, _T isthe numberof teeth i the SProcKeh 180°) _ 9 4 gin (180° Pitch, p =2 aose("T |=? > sal fi + (27.15) . pea) chains are available, namely roller .1. Types of Chains. Inthe present industrial sage to tyPes 0 ‘chains and inverted tooth or silent chain. 27.4.1.1 Roller chains. Such chains were primarily u: many more purposes. As shown in Fig. 27.8, in this type o} ‘pushes B through which pass the pin C riveted to the out teeth of the sprocket bear on the rollers. The rollers turn C. These chains are available in a single strand, called simple roller chain or two or three strands duplex or triplex chains, _ 2.4.1.2 Inverted tooth or silent chains. This type of chain is shown in Fig. 279. Itis built up from a series of flat plates each of which has two Projections or teeth. The outer faces of the teeth are ground to give an included angle of 60° or in some cases 75°, and they bear against the working faces of the sprocket teeth. The inner faces do not fee a o ny take Part in aan th of the chain is ip from a number of these plates, arranged alternately and con nected F!9+27.8 Roller chain Fig. 27.9 silent alt me ardened steel pins which Rs et ars: 8. = Steel bushes, = Pins, D = Outer links, R= Roller sed on bicycles but have now been employed for f chains inner plates A are held together by steel ter links D. A roller R- surrounds each bush and the freely on the bushes and the bushes tum on the pins fs, etc. calledsarsmission of Motion and Power pss through hardened steel pins which pass through hardened steel bushes inverted in the ‘he pins are riveted over the outside plates. The working face of the link are brought sihthe corresponding faces of the sprocket teeth. There is no relative sliding between the andthe faces of the sprocket teeth. lerits and Applications. Chain drives are positive i staxfect, i... take up much less space compared to belt drives for similar power andropes it does not require any initial tension. Chain drives are used when centre distances are comparatively. Jess.although in hen centre distance is as high as 8 m. Chain drives find applications im transmitting Vehicles, agricultural machinery, conveyors, road rollers, ete.27.6 GEAR DRIVE A. Géar drive is used to transmit motion or power between shafts ving a comparatively shorter di ‘7 Gears are toothed wheels which transmit motion from one shaft to the other by the meshing of “a physical pushing of the teeth of the driven wheel by the teeth of the driving wheel. »(When two gears ae” Tuning in mesh, the smaller of them is called the pinion. 27.6.1 Classification of Gears. There is a wide variety of gears for various kinds of applications. Broadly all of them can be classified as follows:- (i) Gears connecting shafts whose axes are parallel to each other such as spur, helical or herringbone. types, etc. : (ii) Gears connecting shafts whose axes are inclined to each other and lie in one plane suchas bevel alate (iii) Gears which connect shafts whose axes are inclined but are not coplanar such as gears and worm and worm wheel, etc. IFAofMotion and Power neo” gears. These gears have their teeth © 761.1 $P0 s. (These may be external, internal, Al oaneeesen type.) These are used t0 transmit v 2 ork a pide variety of machines from very small ation 9? guring machine tools, large automobiles ths ing machinery) The elements of spur gear mo ear ame other gear terms are shown in Fig, 27.14, ‘nd 30 + 6.1.2. Gear relationship. (When two gears a ‘iesh the diameter of the imaginary cylinder ite ing action is equivalent to the rolling of the reo ‘whose rolling ae ee wovoaed wheels is called the pitch circle diameter(d,), . er of teeth in the gear, then the the number of tect g WN be : {allowing relationship are defined for ge: allow uch N circular pitch p, {Gaia diametral pitch Also d, in min —*— = module (m) N-2 eae Outs r a ide diameter of the gear, O.D. ae ular pitch x diametral pitch = 276.1.2, CIRCULAR PitcH, CHORDAL THICKNESS WORKING DEPTH ADDENDUM DEDENDUM, WHOLE DEPTH, OUTSIDE DIA PITCH DIA ROOT Dia, Fig. 27.14 Gearterms (27.16) OP.) 7.17) (27.18) (27.19) Bevel gears. Bevel gears are conical in shape{ Bevel gears have teeth varying in cross section along the tooth width) Two meshing bevel gears have their axes intersecting in a plane usually, but not ‘sarily, at right angles. When the angle Shafts is not 90° they are called reeTa are | gears.) When two meshing bevel | the al Size have an angle of 90° between Yon the par’ Called mitre gears, (Depending shape of their teeth, spiral or skew or Gr fal bevel gears have smoother Bip, M4-can camy higher loads.) (See Fig. Boy 6. oo Helical gears. (These gears are folk T*°*Cept that their teeth are not. “OF sea helical path, with either left Fig. 27.15 hand helix.) (Two mating holical gears (b) Double helical gears (0 Shae neta.Elements of Mechanica) 520 "Paineoing hand helical gears, in motion, experience an helical gears Axial thrag eg have identi I ir axial thrusts from the two sides st) ible helical gears are called herringbone gears and have their ax » Sides balangy Be 16 shows the single and double gears.) P : Spi shown in Fig. 27.17 are used to coy .4. Spiral gears. Spiral or skewed gears, as sh > use ect ty ee Nee acing shafts, heir teeth ar, like helical gears, cut along helical parts onthe eee periphery. The pitch surfaces are cyliridrical and the teeth have ys contact. ‘These gears are therefore ey for transmitting small power. ; Y 27.6.1.5 Worm gears. These are special form of helical gears in which the seth have lin 27.6.2. Gear Trains.(Gear trains are combinations of gear wheels to transmit motion from one shaft {0 the other. )Spur, bevel, helical, or spiral, or any combination of these may be used for making the gear traits 1é type of a gear train to a be used depends on the relative position of the shaft axes and the velocity ratio required.) : f Zhe ratig¢t the r.p.m. of the last gear wheel to the r.p.m. of the first wheel is called the velocity tio ® the train.)(This ratio is said to be positive if the first and last wheels of the train revolve in the same direction { o and’ “negative if they revolve in opposite direction, Gear trains may be simple, compound, reverts epicyclic, — 2 simple, conipotof Motion and Power ying WH rs (EG wie othe third whee! and sé ony/The | ie Gand3only. “> Tast wheel acts as f Fa goats > rence gears or wheels numberof teeth and roa : ed in the Fi 0 pppoe in comtnct * indicated in the Fig. 27.20. Te la ana ™ s onship between the rpm. and na remy i wumber of teeth is Fig. 27.20 A simple gear train (27.20) or in general, ‘kis the number of wheels in the train. in. (A compound ft to another via the last shafts ‘ — diate shafts = eels each one of which acts as a follows a ious shaft and driver to the succeeding shaft) Fam. of aw gear train shown in Fig. 27.21 the \ | Bee heels 2and is the same p.m. and the number of teeth is as where, 27.6.2.2. Compound gear trai Segeenemts power, from one shal some intermediate shafts.) The first and the relationships follows. ai Fig. 27-21 ‘A compound ge" i iE tProduct of no. of teeth on drivers (27.21) Product of no. of teeth on followers 27.6.2.3. Reverted gear trains. Fig. 27.22 shows this type of ‘gear train in which the first and the last gears run on the same axis. ‘common example of this type of gear train is the back gear Fig. 27.22 Reverted gat arrangement for reducing the spindle speed in lathes.