FIRST PAGE

III. How and Why

1. Why is there a need for a scientist to know the limitations of Science? Do these not affect
their credibility as a scientist?
 It is essential for a scientist to acknowledge the limitations of science. And to recognize
that their expertise lies within the field of empirical evidence and not make assertions or
claims that are outside their scope. By recognizing these limitations, they can prevent
overstepping boundaries and making unsupported claims. Having knowledge of these
limitations can preserve the integrity of their work and prevent misinterpretations of
findings.

2. How could you repair an electric fan that is not working properly? Apply the scientific
method.
 Identify the problem: The first step is to identify the problem. Observe and determine the
source of the problem. Is it not working at all? Making any noise? Or check the power
source to see if it is plugged properly.
 Formulate a hypothesis: Based on the identified problem and your observation, create a
guess about what might be causing the problem.
 Test the hypothesis: To test the hypothesis, try and check the components of the fan that
you guessed to be the cause of the malfunction.
 Analyze the data: Based on the results of the testing, gather data and analyze whether
your hypothesis is supported or not. If not, create another hypothesis and continue testing
until the problem is identified.
 Draw a conclusion: When the problem is identified, draw a conclusion about the cause of
the problem. Then identify the best course of action to be taken to address the
malfunction. This involves replacing and repairing damaged components of the fan.
 Communicate the results: Communicate the results to anyone in need of knowledge. Such
as your friend or a fan repairer. It includes what was wrong with the fan, how you
addressed it and take action, and your recommended preventions on how to avoid the
same problem.

SECOND PAGE
3. Why are traits\ characteristics important in the field of Science?
 The traits and characteristics are important in the field of science because science itself
lies within the field of empirical evidence. And to gather and analyze empirical evidence,
there's a need for the existence of a subject and its characteristics, which will serve as the
properties that are subjected to observation and yield scientific results.

4. How will you prepare a laboratory procedure to verify the validity of the hypothesis?
Give example.
  In preparation for a laboratory procedure to verify the validity of a hypothesis, aside from
preparing all the necessary materials and equipment, there needs to be complete
knowledge and understanding of the problem and the whole idea of the hypothesis. It is
to become more observant of the related effects regarding the point of the hypothesis and
produce relative results.
 For example, in your hypothesis as to why the electric fan is not working properly, you
have guessed that the blades are damaged. And to proceed to a procedure to validate the
hypothesis, there should be prepared tools to examine the components and the thought of
the hypothesis as the potential cause so that while you are checking parts, you are aware
of the effects and reactions you are going to encounter.

THIRD PAGE
1. Scientific Research is an unending process. Make a list of current innovations/ issues in
the field of Environmental Science and discuss the implications.
Current Issues Implications
1. Melting of ice caps Melting ice caps can cause a rise in sea
level, which can have tremendous
effects on coastal ecosystems and
human settlements. Higher sea levels
can lead to flooding and erosion.
2. Climate Change Climate change is causing changes in
soil temperature, moisture, and
nutrient availability, which can affect
plant growth and soil health.
3. Deforestation Deforestation can cause the loss of animals’
habitats. It can also produce problems in
vegetation and farming. It causes the soil
polluted and not useful for planting.

2. Prepare a “Great Filipino Environmentalists” report. Make a synthesis of their

contributions to the advancement of Environmental Science and Technology.

Great Filipino Contributions Synthesis

Environmentalists
She fought for clean water She became a champion for
and air, renewable energy, sustainable development and
and the preservation of one of Asia's most
forests and oceans. She prominent environmentalists
established the ABS-CBN through her advocacy for
Foundation's Bantay environmental protection.
Kalikasan (Nature Watch) She motivated people to take
program which assisted action toward sustainable
 Gina Lopez reforest damaged mountains living and the conservation
in the Philippines, provided of natural resources. Her
livelihood opportunities for legacy continues to motivate
locals by converting them people and organizations to
into eco-tourism sites, and take the initiatives to protect
promoted organic farming the environment for coming
practices. generations.
He established the concept He was also known for his
of “Intergenerational advocacy of
Responsibility” which environmental protection
enables children or future such as the restoration and
generations to sue on conservation of coastal
behalf of their ancestor’s and marine resources. His
right to a healthy established laws are still
Antonio Oposa Jr. environment. He also in continuous presence in
promoted sustainable the field of environmental
alternatives to destructive Science.
fishing methods and
establish laws that restrict
them.
The Litter of the Light His simple lighting
drive was established by technology created jobs
Illac Diaz, who realized taught eco-related skills,
that he could provide light and enhance local
into the homes of the communities. This
Philippines' most technology helped locals
unfortunate. With its low- save electricity bills by
Illac Diaz cost and sustainable installing solar light bulbs.
lighting solutions, the
initiative has now
expanded to provide
lighting to more than
353,000 homes in 15
countries.
She is the master of water She has also collaborated
quality and water with other researchers to
contamination. She also develop innovative
investigates a variety of solutions to reduce plastic
climate toxins that pollution and its harmful
contributed to bringing effects on the
light to solve climate environment. Her work
Dr. Emilyn Espiritu change. has inspired many
individuals and
organizations to take
action toward a more
sustainable future.
 3. Identify/ name at least one environmental problem and prepare a procedure on how to
solve a such problem then recommend solutions.
 Air Pollution- Implementing stricter regulations on factory emissions and vehicles, as
well as encouraging the use of renewable energy sources like wind and solar power,
are some of the steps taken to address the problem of air pollution. Promote the use of
bicycles and public transportation to lessen the emission of polluted gas.
Recommendation: I recommend the advocacy of tree- planting every certain period of
time of the year. Schools are mandatory to practice tree-planting programs to generate
early concern about environmental issues like air pollution. Also, establishing laws
that protect forests that are expected to stimulate the reduction of polluted gases.
 Water Pollution- In order to decrease the number of harmful chemicals entering our
coastal waters, it is possible to reduce water pollution by enforcing stricter regulations
on businesses that discharge pollutants into water sources. Additionally, promoting
community clean-up initiatives and educating people on proper waste disposal can
prevent water pollution.
Recommendation: I recommend tight policy within business operatives especially
beside the coastal about disposing of dangerous chemicals in the waterways. Also, to
promote monthly clean-up in our coastal areas to maintain cleanliness and for it to
become a habbit for the community.

FOURTH PAGE
1. Discuss the following comprehensively:

1.1 The biotic and abiotic factors of the ecosystem.

 An ecosystem comprises both biotic and abiotic factors. These are equivalent to the
terms living things as biotic and non-living things as abiotic factors. Each plays a
crucial role in maintaining the balance of nature. The living elements include plants,
animals, and microorganisms, It includes Competition, Commensalism, Predation,
and pathogens. While the non-living elements include water, air, soil, and minerals, it
includes temperature, humidity, and salinity.

1.2. Differentiate Autotrophs and Heterothrops.

 Heterotrophs are organisms that rely on consuming other organisms or organic matter
for their energy demands. Examples of heterotrophs include animals, fungi, and some
bacteria. While autotrophs are organisms that can produce their own food through
photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. Examples of autotrophs include plants, algae, and
some bacteria. At the base of food chains, autotrophs are typically found, and higher
trophic levels are occupied by heterotrophs.
FIFTH PAGE
1.3. Factors implementing the distribution of plants and animals.
 The distribution of plants and animals on the earth is determined mainly by Relief
(Land and soil) and Climate (Temperature, humidity, photoperiod, and precipitation).
For example, plants are everywhere and it can be an ecosystem and can provide
nutrients for plants to grow. So wherever there are rocks, that soil is present, and
plants grow. For food, plants and animals need food to survive. And the distribution
of plants and animals is affected by the location and presence of food as their required
source of energy.

1.4. The important processes in the ecosystem.

 These processes include energy flow, nutrient cycling, and biological interactions that
help maintain the balance of the ecosystem. Without these processes, the ecosystem
would be unable to support life as we know it. The energy flow in the ecosystem is
important to maintain an ecological balance. Food is manufactured by producers
using the photosynthesis process. The plants store a portion of the energy. The plants
use the remaining energy to stimulate their growth and maturity. The transfer of
matter and energy between living things and non-living components happens through
a system called the nutrient cycle. This happens because after plants and animals
consume nutrients from the soil, they die and decompose, releasing those nutrients
back into the environment.

SIXTH PAGE
1. Scientific Research is an unending process. Make a list of current innovations/ issues in the
field of Environmental Science and discuss the implications.
Current Issues Implications
1. Melting of ice caps Melting ice caps can cause a rise in sea
level, which can have tremendous
effects on coastal ecosystems and
human settlements. Higher sea levels
can lead to flooding and erosion.
2. Climate Change Climate change is causing changes in
soil temperature, moisture, and
nutrient availability, which can affect
plant growth and soil health.
3. Deforestation Deforestation can cause the loss of animals’
habitats. It can also produce problems in
vegetation and farming. It causes the soil
polluted and not useful for planting.
2. Identify/ name at least one environmental problem and prepare a procedure on how to solve
a such problem then recommend solutions.
 Air Pollution- Implementing stricter regulations on factory emissions and vehicles, as
well as encouraging the use of renewable energy sources like wind and solar power,
are some of the steps taken to address the problem of air pollution. Promote the use of
bicycles and public transportation to lessen the emission of polluted gas.
Recommendation: I recommend the advocacy of tree- planting every certain period of
time of the year. Schools are mandatory to practice tree-planting programs to generate
early concern about environmental issues like air pollution. Also, establishing laws
that protect forests that are expected to stimulate the reduction of polluted gases.
 Water Pollution- In order to decrease the number of harmful chemicals entering our
coastal waters, it is possible to reduce water pollution by enforcing stricter regulations
on businesses that discharge pollutants into water sources. Additionally, promoting
community clean-up initiatives and educating people on proper waste disposal can
prevent water pollution.
Recommendation: I recommend tight policy within business operatives especially
beside the coastal about disposing of dangerous chemicals in the waterways. Also, to
promote monthly clean-up in our coastal areas to maintain cleanliness and for it to
become a habbit for the community.

SEVENTH PAGE
1. Discuss the following comprehensively.

1.1. Dispersal Mutualism

 Dispersal mutualism is a type of mutualism where one organism aids another in
spreading its offspring or seeds, frequently in exchange for benefits like food or
shelter. This type of mutualism is crucial to the survival and distribution of many
species of both plants and animals in diversified ecosystems around the world. For
example Honeybees and Plants.

1.2. Cleaning Mutualism

 A mutualistic relationship in which one species cleans the other, usually by removing
pests or debris, is known as cleaning mutualism. This kind of interaction is commonly
seen in aquatic ecosystems, where smaller animals like fish or shrimp clean up after
larger ones like turtles or rays. For example, The relationship between the oxpecker
and the zebra.

1.3. Parasitism in Plants

 A mutualistic relationship wherein one organism (the parasite) gains an advantage at
the expense of the other (the host) by consuming its nutrients or resources is known
as parasitism in plants. The host plant's capacity for growth and survival may suffer
as a result. For example, is mistletoe.
 1.4. Parasitism in Animals
 Animal parasitism is a relationship in which one organism benefits at the expense of
the other. The parasite feeds on or lives in the host, causing harm or weakening it,
while the host provides resources for the parasite to survive. For example, lice in
dogs' fur. Examples of parasites are tapeworms, fleas, and barnacles. 

EIGHTH PAGE
Assignment:
Discuss the issue on “Biodiversity’s Response to Ecosystem Productivity Depends on
Historical Plant and Animal Relationships”

This study emphasizes how essential it is to understand past interactions between

animals and plants in order to predict how biodiversity will react to shifts in ecosystem
productivity. It also highlights how important it is for conservation efforts to take into account
both past and present interactions between species.
Productivity in agriculture, forestry, and other land uses depends on the historical
relationships between plant and animal species. This is due to the fact that these interactions have
evolved over time to create a fine balance of nutrient cycling, pest control, and pollination. Bees,
for example, are important pollinators for many plants and crops, including apples and almond
trees. These crops would not produce as much if they did not have them. Earthworms, on the
other hand, play an important role in soil health by breaking down organic matter into nutrients
that plants can use. As a result, having a diverse range of plant and animal species on our lands
aids in maintaining high productivity levels because each one is important in supporting the
others. Understanding these interactions allows us to create practices that are effective.