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Science
Q4 Hybrid Module 5: How Heat Transfer
and Energy Transformation make Heat
Engine
Week 6

SDO Taguig City and Pateros

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Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

This hybrid module was collaboratively designed, developed and evaluated by the
Development and Quality Assurance Teams of SDO TAPAT to assist you in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their
personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You
also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their
own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as
they do the tasks included in the hybrid module.

For the learner:

This hybrid module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be helped to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.

The following are some reminders in using this hybrid module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the hybrid
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.

2. Don’t forget to answer Let’s Try before moving on to the other activities included
in the hybrid module.

3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.

4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and in checking your answers.

5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.

6. Return this hybrid module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.

If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate
to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain
deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 Let’s Learn

The first expression of the second law of thermodynamics is heat transfer occurs
spontaneously from higher- to lower-temperature bodies but never spontaneously in the
reverse direction. Work can be easily transformed into heat, but it is impossible to change heat
completely into works. To make it possible, we have to convert some heat to mechanical work.
This would happen only using heat engines.

How does it happen? What implication this will bring to the environment?

After going through this hybrid module, you are expected to:
1. construct a model to demonstrate that heat can do work;
2. infer heat transfer can be used to do work, and that work involves the release of heat;
3. explain why machines are never 100% efficient; and
4. trace the energy transformation in electrical power plant.

Let’s Try

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What is the function of a heat engine?
a. It converts chemical energy to mechanical energy.
b. It converts thermal energy to mechanical energy.
c. It converts mechanical energy to chemical energy.
d. It converts thermal energy into chemical energy.
2. Among the methods by which heat may be converted into work, which is the least
practical?
a. the bicycle
b. burning gases
c. the steam engine
d. atomic reactor
3. What is the correct sequence of four cycle-stroke of gasoline engine?
1. Intake 2. Exhaust 3. Power 4. Compression
a. 1,2,3,4 b. 1,4,3,2 c.2,3,4,1 d.1, 3,4,2
4. Describe the piston and the gases during a power stroke.
a. The piston moves down, the exhaust valve opens and the burned gas expelled
out through the exhaust valve.
b. The piston moves down. No heat enters or leaves the system.

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 c. The piston ignites the mixture. This will increase the temperature.
d. The piston moves up. Heat enters or leaves the system.
5. What is the process of compression and expansion of gas so that no heat enters or
leaves a system?
a. Adiabatic b. Isothermic c. Sobaric d. Thermal expansion
6. Why is heat engine not 100% efficient?
a. All mixture of gases is converted into work.
b. Some of the gases is exhausted in the surroundings.
c. All of the gases are used up by the engine.
d. Some of the gases is taken up in the piston.
7. How work input/ temperature in the cold reservoir is related to thermal efficiency?
a. The lesser the work input/ temperature in the cold reservoir, the greater the
efficiency of the heat engine.
b. The lesser the work input/ temperature in the cold reservoir, the lesser the
efficiency of the heat engine.
c. The greater the work input/ temperature in the cold reservoir, the greater the
efficiency of the heat engine.
d. The lesser the efficiency of the heat engine, The lesser the work input/
temperature in the cold reservoir
8. How work output/ temperature in the hot reservoir is related to thermal efficiency?
a. The greater the efficiency of the heat engine, the greater the work output in the
hot reservoir.
b. The lesser the work output in the hot reservoir, the lesser the efficiency of the
heat engine.
c. The greater the work output in the hot reservoir, the greater the efficiency of the
heat engine.
d. The greater the work output in the hot reservoir, the lesser the efficiency of the
heat engine.
9. What is the efficiency of a gasoline engine that receives 172 J of energy from
combustion and loses 105 J by heat to exhaust during one cycle?
a. 38.75% b. 38% c. 39% d. 39.75%
10. Suppose a steam engine receives steam at 500K. The engine uses part of this thermal
energy for work. It exhausts the rest to a condenser at a temperature of 300K. What is
the maximum efficiency of this steam engine?
a. 50% b. 60% c. 70% d. 80%
For items 11-15. Supply the table with the final answer obtained from the computation to
show the relationship existing among thermal efficiency, temperature/energy in hot
reservoir and temperature/ energy in cold reservoir.

Temperature/ energy in Temperature/ energy in hot Thermal efficiency

cold reservoir reservoir
287.5K 575K 11. ?
650J 1054J 12. ?
259J 677J 13. ?
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 77°C 93°C 14. ?
65°C 85°C 15 ?
11. a. 50% b. 60% c. 70% d. 80%
12. a. 30% b. 38% c. 40% d. 48%
13. a. 62% b. 26% c. 42% d. 24%
14 a. 4% b. 6% c. 8% d. 10%
15 a. 4% b. 6% c. 8% d. 10%

Alternatively, please answer these questions above online!

Scan or use the link on your cellphone, laptop, or desktop:
https://forms.gle/mNBC5Jobz8z5Mszd6
You will see the score after completing the test.
Write your score on the given circle.

Lesson
How Heat Transfer and Energy
1 Transformation Make Heat Engine?
Work can be easily transformed into heat. It is very evident when doing work. All the
work we do in overcoming friction is completely changed to heat. Example, eating (which is
a method of work due to tearing and chewing food particles) can be completely converted
into heat (which is the product of mechanical and chemical combustion and absorption of
nutrients occurred in the digestive system). Reversing the process is impossible such as
changing heat completely into works. To make it possible, we have to convert some heat to
mechanical work. This would happen only using heat engines. Heat engine is a device that
changes thermal energy into mechanical work.

Let’s Recall

ACTIVITY 1
HEAT CAN DO WORK

Objective: Construct a model to demonstrate that heat can do work

Materials Needed:
Paper or bond paper
Wire and wire cutter
Pen
Lamp (Holder)
Procedures:
1. Use your pen to draw a spiral in your paper.

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 2. Cut the spiral.

3. Do the “top”.

4. Cut the wire (20-50 cm).

5. Make a holder using a lamp for the spiral.

Observation (Examine the situation to determine whether heat, work, or internal energy are
involved.)

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Identify the system of interest and draw a labeled diagram of the system showing energy
flow.

Guide Questions:

1. How is heat being transferred?

2. What is the work done and what does it do?

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 Please watch for the demonstration here.
Scan or use the given link below on your cellphone,
laptop, or desktop
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_3nn6Xu8ACU

Let’s Explore
A device that changes thermal energy into mechanical work is a heat engine. There are
two kinds of heat engines: internal and external combustion engine. They are classified
according to where the combustion takes place. If the fuel is combusted inside the engine
chamber, it is an internal combustion engine. When the fuel combustion takes place outside
the engine, it is an external combustion engine. Gasoline, diesel engine and our human body
are examples of internal combustion engine while steam, piston engine and the atmosphere
are examples of external combustion engine.
Let us find out the four cycle- stroke of a gasoline engine in the activity below.
ACTIVITY 2
START THE ENGINE!

Objective:
After the activity, the learners should be able to discuss the four-cycle stroke of a
gasoline engine.
Material:
Illustration of four-cycle stroke

© https://openclipart.org/detail/295365/4stroke-engine-cycle-annotated

Cycle stroke Movement of the Piston What happened to mixture of gases?

Intake Moves down Filled in the cylinder
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 Compression Moves upward Compressed into fractional amount
Ignition or Power Moves down Ignited by the spark plug
Exhaust Moves up Expelled out by the exhaust pipe
Study the illustration above and answer the following guide questions.
1. How the piston behaves during intake stroke? What happens to the gas mixture?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. What happens to the piston and the gases during compression stroke?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the function of the spark plug? What is its effect to the mixture’s temperature?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Describe the piston and the gases during the power stroke.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5. In exhaust stroke, what happens to the piston and the mixture of gas?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
6. What do you think is the effect of this exhaust gas into the environment?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
7. Can we consider heat engine 100% efficient? Why?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
8. As a student, how can you help to minimize the effects of thermal pollution?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Please watch and learn this topic online!

Scan or use the given link below on your cellphone,
laptop, or desktop
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fTAUq6G9apg

Let’s Elaborate

Thermal Efficiency
It was thought before the full understanding of the second law of thermodynamics
that at very low friction heat engine could convert nearly all the input energy into useful work.
It was then that Sadi Carnot carefully studied the compression and expansion cycles. It is
found out that the upper fraction of heat that can be converted to useful work, even under the
ideal conditions.

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 How well a machine operates is the ratio of the useful work done to the heat provided
is the thermal efficiency. In equation, it is expressed in
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡
Efficiency = x 100%
𝑄𝐻

If we have ideal engine, it would be

Where,
𝑄𝐶 = energy removed by heat/energy in cold reservoir
𝑄𝐻 = energy added by heat/energy in hot reservoir
𝑇𝐶 = absolute temperature in cold reservoir
𝑇𝐻 = absolute temperature in hot reservoir
Note: The temperatures are the absolute temperatures on the Kelvin scale.
Studying our equation, we can only have a 100% efficiency if there is no energy transferred
away from the engine by heat. But in reality, there is no 100% efficient engine. In addition, the
equation tells us that by increasing the amount of energy added to the system by heat or by
reducing the amount of energy given up by the system.
Sample Problem 1:
What is the efficiency of a gasoline engines that receives 192.75J of energy from combustion
and lose 125.25 J by heat to exhaust during one cycle?
Given: 𝑄𝐶 = 125.25 𝐽
𝑄𝐻 = 192.75 J
Find: Efficiency
Solution:
𝑄𝐶
Efficiency = 1- x 100%
𝑄𝐻
125.25 𝐽
= 1- x 100%
195.75 𝐽

Efficiency = 0.36 or 36%

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Sample Problem 2:
Suppose a steam engine receives steam at 600K. The engine uses part of this thermal energy
for work. It exhausts the rest to a condenser at a temperature of 350K. What is the maximum
efficiency of this steam engine?
Given: 𝑇𝐶 = 350𝐾
𝑇𝐻 = 600K
Find: Efficiency
Solution:
𝑇𝐶
Efficiency = 1- x 100%
𝑇𝐻

350𝐾
= 1- 600𝐾x 100%

Efficiency = 41.67 %

Let’s Dig In

ACTIVITY 3
FILL ME IN
Objective:
After the activity, the learners should be able to explain why machines are never 100%
efficient
Material: Calculator
Procedures:
1. Study the table below.
2. Using the equation learned and with the aid of the calculator, solve for the unknown
quantity.
3. Supply the table with the final answer obtained from the computation to show the
relationship existing among thermal efficiency, temperature/energy in hot reservoir
and temperature/ energy in cold reservoir.

Temperature/ energy in Temperature/ energy in hot

Thermal efficiency
cold reservoir reservoir

250K 500K

230K 700K

287.5K 1054K

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 650 J 1054 J

259 J 677 J

30°C 88°C

56°C 92°C

47°C 56°C

77°C 93°C

65°C 85°C

Guide Questions:
1. How work input/ temperature in the cold reservoir is related to thermal efficiency?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. How work output/temperature in the hot reservoir is related to thermal efficiency?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. How work input/temperature in cold reservoir affects work output/temperature in
hot reservoir?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Let’s Remember

Fill-in the blanks with the correct concept from the previous lesson learned.
1. _________ is a device that changes thermal energy into mechanical work.
2. There are four cycle-stroke in a gasoline engine.
a. In the _________, the inlet valve opens, the piston moves down as the fuel-air
mixture fills in the cylinder.
b. In _________, the piston moves up and compresses the mixture---adiabatically,
since no heat transfer happens. The spark plug ignites the mixture making its
temperature high.
c. Adiabatic process tends to push the piston down, thus it is called _________.
d. In _________, the burned gases are pushed out of the exhaust valve. The intake
valve once again opens and the cycle repeats.
3. _________ are engines that combustion takes place inside the engine chamber.
Examples are gasoline, diesel engine and our human body.

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 4. _________ are engines where the fuel combustion takes place outside the engine.
Steam, piston engine and the atmosphere are examples of external combustion engine.
5. _________ refers to the harmful effects on the environment of the heat exhausted by
heat engines and refrigerators into the environment (through the air or in rivers and
lakes). The heat exhausted by engines and refrigerators is a consequence of low
thermal efficiencies of these machines.

Let’s Apply

A heat engine has two main objectives: supplying for process heat demand and
generating power. Heat engine uses to run a power plant. Most power plants—whether fueled
by coal, gas, nuclear power, or geothermal energy—have one feature in common: they convert
heat to electricity.

Geothermal power plants have much in common with traditional power-generating

stations. They use many of the same components, including turbines, generators,
transformers, and other standard power generating equipment.

Process of Energy Transfers and Transformations

The main energy transformations in Geothermal power stations are:

Mechanical Electrical
Thermal
Kinetic Potential

A geothermal power plant gets energy from the

heat deep below the surface of the earth. Shafts/wells
are drilled down, often as deep as several kilometers,
one to pump water down to the hot rocks, and another
nearby which will allow the heated water (steam) to rise up.
This steam is then used to spin electricity turbines which is
connected to a generator that generates electricity.

Please watch and learn this topic online!

Scan or use the given link below on your cellphone,
laptop, or desktop
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=524a0Gems1g

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 Let’s Evaluate

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What is the process of compression and expansion of gas so that no heat enters or leaves a
system?
a. sobaric b. Thermal expansion c. adiabatic d. Isothermic
2. Which of the following is a FALSE statement about heat engine?
a. Heat engine is a device that changes thermal energy into mechanical work.
b. The two main types of heat engines are the external combustion engine and the
internal combustion engine.
c. In every heat engine, all of the heat can be converted into work.
d. There is no ideal heat engine, making some heat exhaust in the environment.
3. Which of the following engines is the most efficient?
a. Carnot engine c. Gasoline engine
b. Gas turbine d. Diesel engine
4. What is the correct sequence of four cycle-stroke of gasoline engine?

Intake Exhaust Power Compression

a.

Intake Compression Power Exhaust

b.

Exhaust Power Compression Intake

c.

Intake Power Compression Exhaust

d.
5. How does the piston behaves during intake stroke? What happens to the gas mixture?
a. The piston moves down, the exhaust valve opens and the burned gas expelled out
through the exhaust valve.
b. The piston moves down. No gas enters or leaves the system.
c. The piston moves down, the inlet valve opens and the mixture of gas and fuel
enters into it.
d. The piston moves up. The mixture of gases is compressed into fractional amount.

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6. Which occurs just before ignition?
a. Intake stroke c. Exhaust stroke
b. Compression stroke d. Power stoke
7. All engines operate at less than 100% efficiency because they_________.
a. absorb heat c. burn gasoline
b. conduct heat d. emit heat
8. A frictionless heat engine can be 100% efficient only if its exhaust temperature is….
a. 0 K c. less than its input temperature
b. 0 °C d. equal to its input temperature
9. How work input/ temperature in the cold reservoir is related to thermal efficiency?
a. The greater the work input/ temperature in the cold reservoir, the greater the
efficiency of the heat engine.
b. The greater the work input/ temperature in the cold reservoir, the lesser the
efficiency of the heat engine.
c. The lesser the work input/ temperature in the cold reservoir, the greater the
efficiency of the heat engine.
d. The lesser the efficiency of the heat engine, The lesser the work input/
temperature in the cold reservoir
10. How work output/ temperature in the hot reservoir is related to thermal efficiency?
a. The greater the efficiency of the heat engine, the greater the work output in the hot
reservoir.
b. The lesser the work output in the hot reservoir, the lesser the efficiency of the heat
engine.
c. The greater the work output in the hot reservoir, the greater the efficiency of the
heat engine.
d. The greater the work output in the hot reservoir, the lesser the efficiency of the
heat engine.
For items 11-15. Supply the table with the final answer obtained from the computation to
show the relationship existing among thermal efficiency, temperature/energy in hot
reservoir and temperature/ energy in cold reservoir.
Temperature/ energy in Temperature/ energy in hot Thermal efficiency
cold reservoir reservoir
230K 700K 11. ?
250K 500K 12. ?
30°C 88°C 13. ?
56°C 92°C 14. ?
47°C 56°C 15 ?

11. a. 60% b. 65% c. 67% d. 70%

12. a. 50% b. 75% c. 80% d. 85%
13. a. 16% b. 17% c. 18% d. 19%
14. a. 5% b. 10% c. 15% d. 20%
15. a. 3% b. 4% c. 5% d. 6%

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 Alternatively, please answer these questions above online!
Scan or use the link on your cellphone, laptop, or desktop:
https://forms.gle/GZbDwpkojBQ4d3kz8
You will see the score after completing the test.
Write your score on the given circle.

References
• Science Learner’s Module 9, First Edition 2014, Published by the Department of
Education, pp. 350-359 retrieved from:
https://www.slideshare.net/lhoralight/science-37094718
• energy.gov. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/how-
geothermal-power-plant-works-
simple#:~:text=Most%20power%20plants%E2%80%94whether%20fueled,similar%20
to%20drilling%20for%20oil.
• (n.d.).Retrieved from https://science-aboutgeo-2017.weebly.com/process-of-energy-
transformations-and-transfers.html
Image:

• @Firkin. (2018, January 27). Retrieved from OPENCLIPART:

https://openclipart.org/detail/295365/4stroke-engine-cycle-annotated

Videos:

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_3nn6Xu8ACU
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fTAUq6G9apg
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=524a0Gems1g

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 Development Team of the Module
Writers: JIMNAIRA U. ABANTO – Teacher I, SRCCMSTHS
Editors:
Content Evaluator: AVELYN R. ARGENTE – M-I, BNHS
Language Evaluator: AMARRA C. NOLASCO – T-I, SRCCMSTHS
Reviewers: MERLIN R. FAVILA –T- III, PNHS
MARY ANN T. ARES – MT1 (SVNHS)
Illustrator: JIMNAIRA U. ABANTO
Layout Artist:
HYBRID MODULE TEAM:
DR. MELEDA POLITA – SDS (Ret.)
DR. REA MILANA-CRUZ – (School Principal IV-WBNHS)
JAYAR E. LONGASA – MT I (WBNHS)
Management Team: DR. MARGARITO B. MATERUM, SDS
DR. GEORGE P. TIZON, SGOD Chief
DR. MARIVIC T. ALMO, EPS - Science
DR DAISY L. MATAAC, EPS – LRMS/ALS

For inquiries, please write or call:

Schools Division of Taguig city and Pateros, Upper Bicutan Taguig City

Telefax: 8384251

Email Address: sdo.tapat@deped.gov.ph

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