CHAPTER 09 FINISHING WORKS 9.1 Cladding (types, fixing process) 9.2 Partitions & Suspended ceilings 9.3 Plastering & Pointing (types and process of application) 9.4 Paintings works in wooden, metal and masonry surfaces2069 B 8/80=> DEFINE PLASTERING. ILLUSTRATE THE TYPES OF PLASTERING. 2069 B 8/80=> — EXPLAIN IN SHORT THE METHOD OF POINTING. 2070 R 3+5/80=> WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND BY POINTING WORK? EXPLAIN PROCEDURE OF POINTING WORK. 2070 B 8/80=> DEFINE PAINTING. DESCRIBE THE PROCEDURE OF PAINTING IN NEW & OLD WOODWORKS. 2071 RB 8/80=> EXPLAIN THE PROCESS OF PAINTING WORKS ON MASONRY SURFACES.9.1 CLADDING In building construction, cladding is the application of one material over another to provide a skin or layer in order to enhance appearance or protection or both. (OR; superimposition of one material over an existing surface) * Cladding applied to windows is often referred to as window capping (also referred to as "window cladding" and "window wrapping’) . = Generally cladding is non-load bearing; it does not take up or transfer load of the structure. = However, at times the main structural material like stone or brick are laid and dressed to provide a desired external surface, hence are load-bearing cladding.FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF CLADDING: * Provide necessary resistance to rain penetration/ Weathering Resistance. *» Be capable of resisting both positive and negative wind pressures. Provide necessary resistance to wind penetration. Give required degree of thermal/sound insulation. Give required degree of fire resistance. Be constructed in suitable size. Should Improve Appearance of Buildings. % . “ . “ % 1% %TYPES OF CLADDING: WOOD, METAL, BRICK, STONE, COMPOSITE MATERIALS Insert Engage Nail is Q Brick Cladding (Brick Facing) z = Bricks are held in place with plaster and mortars 0 or sometimes with clamps. v¥ Non Load Bearing Cladding v Should fulfill Functional Requirements of Cladding. v |t could be Cladding on Concrete Backing, Stone Backing, Local Brick Backing etc as in figure below. Concrete backing, ‘Stone backing, Local brick backing, Brick backing, Brick facing Brick facing Machine made Brick facing Traditional brick facingQ Stone Cladding (Stone Facing) Thin layer of stones are held in place with plaster and mortars or sometimes with Clamps. v¥ Non Load Bearing Cladding. v Should fulfill Functional Requirements of Cladding. vy It could be Cladding on Brick Backing, Concrete Backing, rubble masonry backing etc. Brick backing, Stone facingQ Concrete Panel Cladding v These are usually pre-fabricated concrete panels fixed over the original surface to provide the desired face. Common in large construction mass housing, industries, and high-rise buildings. ~~ gy Others Types of Cladding: * Timber Cladding, Tile Cladding, Vinyl Cladding, Steel Cladding, Composite Materials like ACP Cladding, CGI sheets etc. Besides, Cladding, plastering and painting are other types of external finishes. “To keep the overlaid material in place it may be clamped, hooked with metallic dowels, brackets nailed or plastered.TIMBER CLADDING:insulation fixing battens fe — broathor membrane tile claaaingVINYL CLADDING: PVC Claddings are more economical z= compared to wood, stone or stucco.Steel Claddings:ALUMINIUM COMPOSITE PANELS (ACP) CLADDING:9.2 PARTITIONS & SUSPENDED CEILINGS Partition: Partitions are internal walls, usually thin in section and of light construction. v This is used to divide building space in to areas for accommodation and circulation. vy These are non-load bearing structures, which usually stand vertical on the ground. They can go halfway, three quarter, full floor height or as desired. Purpose: v It is provided to divide the internal space into desired sizes to support the intended functions.Requirements of good partition: o Thin in section to maximum floor area. o Provide adequate privacy in rooms. o Insulation for sound. o Use of durable, strong material. o Simple, easy and economical in construction. o Fire resistant. o Heat and damp resistant. o Resistant to insect and fungus attack. utilize light and Advantages of partition: ° Divides the whole area into numbers of rooms. Thin in section and therefore occupy less floor area. Offers privacy. Insulation for sound. Easy in construction in any position. Enhances efficiency & effectiveness.Types of Partition A. ile According to nature of loading condition Load bearing partitions. o Designed and constructed to receive superimposed loads and transferring to the foundation. o Itsupports the joints of the floors (i.e. suspended floor), purlins and ceiling joist of the roof. o This is generally constructed with bricks, hollow/solid blocks. o This partition is considered to be permanently positioned. Non-load bearing partitions: © This partition has only its own weight to hold in position. o It also carries fixtures and fittings necessary in the room. o Itresists impact loading on its face and also vibration caused from any reason.Types of Partition ° ° According to material used Brick Partition — Plain Brick, RCC brick Glass Partition Concrete Partition AC Sheet or CGI sheets partition Timber Partition Metal Lath Partition Hollow Block Partition Aluminum Partition Gypsum Board Partition Strawboard Partition PVC PartitionSuspended (False) ceiling: This is a horizontal partition usually provided at the tie level of roof truss or under a flat roof. a a) A suspended (false) ceiling is the construction below the roof/ slab. Ceiling is the false structure (not load bearing) in overhead of the room below the roof. It has a framework suspended (supported) from the main structure, usually in the roof/slab and covering material is then fixed on the frame. It forms void between the ceiling and the roof/slab. This void is used for housing electricity trunk-lines, AC ducts, pipes etc. It is frequently made of wooden frames and planks are fixed on it, Metals and other materials may also be used for the ceiling. The ceilings are also covered by rails, and panels in different patterns. Depending on the purpose, plasterboards, straw-boards, Paris-boards etc, are also secured to ceilings.Uses / Purposes/ Objectives: = For pleasing appearance. = Space for housing utilities, pipes, electrical wires etc. Sound and thermal insulation.SUSPENDED (FALSE) CEILING: — | rn \\Functional Requirements of suspended ceilings: = Easy to construct. = Easy to clean, repair and maintenance. = To lower ceiling height. = Confirm the building standards and norms of the country. = Provide adequate means of access (enough space) for maintenance of concealed services therein. Types of ceilings according to use of materials: © Timber (bamboo, plywood, wooden planks etc) « PVC board e® RCC © Straw board © Metal (steel, aluminum) © Glass © Composite © Paper © Gypsum board © Textile, and others9.3 Plastering & Pointing (types and process of application): Plastering: Plaster is the finishing work that gives even, smooth, regular and clean surface on wall, ceiling, floor, roof and other parts of the building. v_ Plaster is prepared as a mixture of materials like cement, lime or clay, sand (fine aggregate) and water. v_ When cement is used as the binding material it is termed as cement plaster and in lime it is lime plaster. Other plasters are mud plaster and stucco plaster (Cement + Lime + Sand). v Filling materials: Sand form the greater portion of the mix, controls shrinkage, porosity and strength. v_ The mix of 1:6 (Cement: Sand) is used for building sheds and structure of lesser importance. 1:4 is recommended for wall of residential buildings and 1:3 for ceilings. v_ The pest like material made after mixing all components together is called mortar.Objectives of plastering: a oooo Oo To protect exposed surfaces against penetration of rain water and other atmospheric actions. To protect exposed surface from atmospheric agents. To conceal inferior materials and defective workmanship. To develop decorative effect and improve appearance. It provides a leveled base to receive different kind of paints or claddings. It is also Uses to conceal construction defects. Requirement of good plaster: Oo oooo It should attached to the background and remain during all variation in seasons. It should be hard and durable and possess good workability. It should be possible to apply in all weather condition. It should be cheap / affordable. It should check moisture penetration.Types of plasters: On the basis of material used v Lime plaster (lime, sand, water) v Cement plaster (cement, sand, water) v¥ Mud plaster (earth, optional sand, straw etc and water.) v Surkhi plaster (surkhi, sand, water) “ Defects in Plaster work: v¥ Cracking, Blistering of plaster v Falling out of plaster v_ Efflorescence and FlakingMethods (process) of plastering The plaster may be applied either in one, two or three coats. Normally for work of ordinary nature, it is applied in two coats and for works of superior quality: the plaster is applied in three coats. (a) Preparation of surface background (b) Application of rendering coat (c) Application of final coat Procedure (a)At first mortar joints are racked out to a depth of 20 mm and the surface is cleaned and well watered. (b) All dust is removed from wall by using stiff wire brush. (c)If it is found that the surface to be plastered is very rough and uneven, a preliminary coat is applied to fill up the hollows before the first coat of plaster is put on the surface, always kept in mind that wall should be uniformly wet before plastering. (d)Now coat of plaster is applied on the surface, the usual thickness is about 10 to 12 mm. To maintain uniform thickness, the screeds are formed on the wall surface by fixing dots. To fix a dot, a small quantity of plaster is laid on the surface making roughly a square of 2.0 m x 2.0 m. (e) The plaster is placed between successive screeds and surface is properly finished by using floating ruler.Pointing (types and process of application): Itis the process of treatment of joints in the masonry works. The joints are the weakest points for giving access to rainwater or damp in exposed brick and stone masonry & joints are to be treated properly. Pointing is the process of raking and applying rich mortar (higher proportion and good quality) with desired finishing in the joints of masonry. It is preferable when the joint has not completed final setting time (in plastic state). It is easy to rake and apply mortar in this condition. The mortar used in pointing should be richer than masonry mortar.Purpose of pointing: Protecting joints from adverse effect of atmosphere. Give better appearance. Economy to plaster. Preventing entry of water in to wall through joints. Method of pointing Pointing procedure follows, these steps: ile aa a Joints to be covered by pointing is raked out at least to a depth of 13mm. The dust from the masonry joints is removed by the brushes. The surface is then washed with clean water and is kept wet for a few hours. . Rich mortar is the carefully applied on the joints by means of trowel and is given the desired shape by using pointing tool. . The finished surface is well-watered and curing for at least 3 day, if lime mortar is used and 10 days, if cement mortar is used.TYPES OF POINTING:TYPES OF POINTING: 1. Flush pointing: It is formed by removing the excess mortar from the joint. The joint is made flush with the face. This type of joint does not give good appearance. But it is durable as it does not provide any space for accumulation of dust, water, etc and hence, it is extensively used. Weathered pointing: In this type of pointing, a projection in the form of Vee-shape is formed. Vee-pointing: In this type of pointing, a Vee- shaped groove is formed in the mortar joint. Rubbed or keyed or grooved pointing: In this type of pointing, a groove is formed at the centre of height by a pointer as shown in figure. This type of pointing gives better appearance and is generally adopted. Tuck pointing: In this type, a groove is formed at the centre of joint. The width and depth of groove are 5 mm and 3 mm respectively. The groove is then filled in or tucked in by white cement putty with a projection of 3 mm as shown below figure. {8} Cutor weathered (¢) V-gooved pointing (a) Flush pointing orstruck pointing, (4) Keyed or grooved pointing () Tuck-pointing (f) Beaded pointing 6. Beaded pointing: This type of pointing is formed by a steel or iron rod with a concave edge. The beaded pointing is good in appearance. But it is difficult to maintain as it can easily damaged.DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLASTERING AND POINTING In pointing only joints are properly filled with mortar. In pointing we use just cement mortar. Pointing is done only at the outer side of the wall. We use less amount of mortar. After pointing the defects of masonry can be seen. After the pointing, the surface does not become smooth and plan.9.4 PAINTINGS WORKS IN WOODEN, METAL AND MASONRY SURFACES Painting: The process of coating or covering surfaces with desired color paints for the purpose of decoration or prevention or both. Paints: + It is the liquid material applied on timber, metal or masonry surfaces. + It acts as protective weathering effects as well as for aesthetic reasons on applied surface. * It is composed of two main components; pigment and organic binders.Constituents of Paint Q Base: Metallic oxide, used in form of powder. Provided to make the film of coating on the painted surface to provide resistance to abrasion and prevent shrinkage crack on drying. Q A coloring pigment: To get desired color. Can be natural color, calcined colors, precipitates, metal powder. Q A binder or vehicle: Liquid acts as a binder for various pigments which makes the paint in liquid state and helps spreading uniformly over the surface- Refined Linseed Oil. Q A solvent or thinner: Liquid added to make the paint thin and it evaporated after drying. Turpentine oil, Pure oil, Petroleum Spirit etc. Q A drier: Metallic compounds used in small amount for accelerating drying by extracting oxygen from atmosphere and transferring to binder. Lead acetate, Manganese Dioxide, Cobalt etc.Properties or characteristics of good Paint: Should stick well to the surface. Should be workable. Should dry rapidly. Should withstand adverse effect of weather. Should not crack, flake. Should be moisture resistant. ooooooaod The pigment should last long without fading. Types of Paints: ¥ Aluminum paints : Use for woodwork and metal surface. v Anticorrosive paints : Metal protective paint. v Asbestos paints : For patch works in metal roof, it controls leakage. Y Bituminous paints : For water proofing on roof and DPC. ¥ Bronze paints : For metallic surface.Types of Paints: Y Cellulose paints: Made from celluloid sheets & amyl-acetate substitutes, superior type of paints. ¥ Casein paints : Protein substance milk, curd etc v¥ Cement paints: Available in powder form, water is vehicle, used on masonry surface. v Enamel paints : Base material-lead, white zinc etc., vehicle-varnish v Rubber base paints : Rubber with chlorine gas, applied on cement surfaces. v Emulsion paints —: Contains synthetic resins & polyvinyl acetate. v Graphite paints: Of black color and used in mines. v Plastic paints : Plastic in suspension and gives pleasing shades. Y Silicate paints : Mixing of calcium and silicate with resinous materials. v Luminous paints: Mixing calcium sulfide with varnish, it is very shiny.PAINTING ON WOOD WORK: Q PAINTING PROCESS ON NEW WOOD WORK: a. The surface of woodwork is prepared to receive the paint. For satisfactory working, it is necessary that the woodwork is sufficiently seasoned and it does not contain more than 15 per cent moisture at the time of painting. The surface of woodwork is thoroughly cleaned and the heads of nails are punched to a depth of 3 mm below the surface. b. The surface of the woodwork is then knotted. c. The priming coat is then applied on the surface of new woodwork. Generally, the priming coat is applied before the woodwork is placed in position. d. The process of stopping is then carried out. e. The subsequent coats of paint, namely, under coats and finishing coats, are then applied on the surface. The extreme care: should be taken to see that the finishing coat presents smooth and even surface and that no brush marks are seen on the finished work.PAINTING ON WOOD WORK: Q RE-PAINTING OLD WOOD WORK: a) b) c) If the paint on the old woodwork has cracked or has developed blisters, it is to be removed. If the surface has become greasy, it should be cleaned by rubbing down sand paper or fine pumice stone. The old paint can also be removed by applying any one of the following three paint solvents: % A solution containing 2N of caustic soda to a liter of water is prepared and used to wash the surface. The paint dissolves and the surface becomes clean. * A mixture consisting of one part of soft soap and two parts of potash is prepared and one part of quicklime is then added afterwards. This mixture is applied on the surface in a hot state and allowed to stay for about 24 hours. The surface is then washed with hot water. *% A mixture consisting of equal parts of washing soda and quicklime is brought to a paste form by adding required, quantity of water. It is applied on the surface and kept for about an hour. The surface is then washed with water. After removing old paint from the surface, the woodwork is painted as in case of painting on new woodwork.PAINTING ON WOOD WORK: QO NEW IRONWORK AND STEELWORK = The surface of iron or steel to receive the paint should be free from rust, grease, dirt, etc. = The suitable equipment such as wire brushes, scrapers, etc. are used to remove all loose scales, marks etc. from the surface. = The water with caustic soda or lime is used to remove grease. The cleaned surface is provided with a film of phosphoric acid. This film protects the surface from rust and it also facilitates the adhesion of paint. The coats of paint are then applied. After the prime coat has dried, two or more undercoats are applied either with a brush or with spray gun. = After the undercoat has dried, the final coat of the desired types of pain is applied. The finishing coat should present smooth finish. REPAINTING THE OLD IRONWORK AND STEELWORK The old surface should be thoroughly cleaned by the application of soap water and if grease is present, it should: be removed by washing the surface with lime and water. If it is necessary to remove old paint, the surface should be burnt, usually by a blow lamp and then old paint should be scraped off or dissolved and removed by using any paint solvent. After the surface is thus prepared, the painting is carried out as in case of new ironwork or steelwork.PAINTING ON MASONRY SURFACE Step 1 : Clean the surface Step 2 : Make any repairs Step 3 : Seal Step 4: Prime Step 5 : Paint the surface or