STAIR, LIFTS AND ESCALATORS SC ace et Caen ee Rte ec eee eee a enum I for all buildings under both normal and emergency conditions. Cen Se CR coe OC ce eg coed Mee ee ee ecg Mee ae suena sc Pee mines Reet ruta SCR Ce CaM me ee RMR Cm ce ere nn Pe Maes en Rg ccc ae eya a |. itis a structure having series of steps suitably arranged for the purpose of connecting different floors of a building, || Itis provided to afford the means of ascent and descent between various floors of a building. | It is constructed to provide easy, comfortable and safe ascent/descent with series of steps that are neither laborious nor aifficult to climb. |v. Itshould be suitably located in a building. Ino. domestic/ residential building the stairs should be centrally located to provide easy access to all the rooms. Vi. In public buildings, stair should be located near the Main Entrance. Vil. In big buil jings, there can be more than one stairs. \W). Stairs may be constructed by timber, bricks, stone, steel or reinforced cement concrete. Finishing of marble, files, plaster, etc. are also provided. x. However, fire protection of staircase is extremely important. Staircases provide access and communication between floors in multistorey buildings. and ore a path by which fire can spread from one floor to another. Staircase, therefore, must be enclosed by fire resisting walls, floors, cellings and doors. X\. Apart from stairs, other means of vertical transportation between the floors of a building are: Lifts, Ramps, Ladders, and Escalators.5.1 STAIR : PRIMARY FUNCTION OF STAIRS IN BUILDING(a) Steps: A portion of a stairway comprising the tread and riser which. permits ascent or descent from one floor to another. {b) Tread: The horizontal upper part of a step on which foot is placed in| sic» ee ascending or descending stainway. Acc. To NBC206:2015, Minimum Tread =| ....| a Residences 250mm [10"] and Other Buildings - 279mm [11"] > {c) Riser: The vertical portion of a step providing support to the tread. Acc. | == To NBC206:2015, Maximum Riser- Residences 190mm [7.4"] and Other | »= Buildings- 175mm [6.9"] \ (d) Flight: A series of steps without any platform, break or landing in their direction. Niet | {e) Landing: A platform or resting place provided between two flights. A landing extending right across a stair case is termed as half space landing and the one extending only half across a stair case is called a quarter-space landing. (8) Nosing: The outer projecting edge of a tread is termed as nosing. Nosing is usually rounded to give good architectural effect to the treads and makes the stair-case easy to negotiate.Pas (g) Scotia: It is a moulding provided under nosing to beautify the elevation of the step. (h) Line of Nosing: It is an imaginary line touching the nosing of each tread and is parallel to the slope of the stair. ()_ Hand rails: It is provided to render assistance in negotiating @ stairway. It is supported on balustrades and usually run parallel to the slope of the stair. Acc. To NBC206:2015, Height of the Handrail from center of the tread - 900mm [3'] (Going of step: The run of a step in a stair or the width of the fread between two successive treads. (k)_Rise of steps: It is the vertical distance between the upper surfaces of the successive treads. (I). Soffit: Itis the under surface of a stair. (m) Pitch or slope: Its the angle which the line of nosing of the stair makes with the horizontal. (0 < 42°) Ning Gongctens en Tr(n) Strings or stringers: These are the sloping wooden members providing support for the steps. For stairs of average width, the stringers are usually provided one outside and the other adjacent fo the wall. In case of wider stairs, a third stringer is also provided in the middle. (0) Balustrade: The composite member consisting of a hand rail, balusters, and newel posts is called balustrade. (p) Newel: It is a wooden or metallic post supporting the hand rail and, is usually provided at the hand, foot or at points where the balustrade changes its direction. (q)_Head room or head way: I is the clear vertical distance between the tread of a step and the soffit of the flight or the celling of a landing immediately over it. Acc. To NBC206:2015, Minimum Head room under the staircase - 2m [6'-6"] (0) Spandret: It is the triangular framing under the outside string of an open string stair (8) Winders : Winders are Tapering steps. which are provided for changing the direction of a stair. a ittton pd arg Hee5.1 STAIR : COMPONENTS OF STAIRCASERYN a Following principles must be ensured during the design of the stair. (a) The ratio between Tread and Riser. (i) R+T =40to 45 centimeters (i) RxT — =375 to 450 square centimeters (ii) 2R+T =55 to 65 centimeters Here, R refers to riser and T refers to tread. It is obvious from these formulas that if the value of 'T" decreases then the value of and if the value of 'T" is increased then it will be mandatory to lessen the value of "R". (b) Slope of stair: Slope of stair should be at least 25° and at most 40°. People will feel tired in case if the slope is greater than 40°, while stairs will occupy more space in case if the slope is designed less than 25°. (c) The width of the stairs: The width of stair must be wide enough so that two people can ascend and descend at a one time. For this purpose, width can be around at least 85 cm. Width can be increased accordingly as per the requirements. increasesRYN a d) Length of flights: Length of stairs should not be so much because it will be retiring to ascend such type of stairs, especially for children, aged people, and patients. Hence, the number of steps in any series of stairs should not be more than 15 steps and less than 3steps, e) Width of landing: The width of the landing should never be lesser than the width of the stairs in any case. Sometimes, the width of the landing is kept greater than the width of the stairs. f)_ Handrail and balusters: Handrail and Baluster must be made in stairs for the ease of passing. For this purpose, the height between the steps and baluster can be established around 75 to 90 cm.RYN a Number of Stairs as per our NBC 207 code: If plinth area > 500 sqm. Provide minimum 2.no of stairs. One in inside and one in outside for fire escape. It no of storeys is > 5, provide 2 no of stairs. Same as above, ‘Minimum width of stair use for fire escape is 75 cm Tread >= 20 cm and Rise <= 19 cm Less than 15 steps per flight It should carry towards open spaces. a Standard values: For residential building: T = 22-27 cm, R= 15-17. cm For public building: T = 25-30 cm, R = 10-15 cm, Usual sizes of steps: (R x 1): For public buildings ranges from 10x30 cm to15x25 cm For residential building ranges from15x27 to 17x22cm.RYN a Types of stairs used in building construction are broadly based on the shape of the stairs. Straight stairs, tuming stairs and continuous stairs are broad types of stairs. Stairs can be classified in following heads: (a) Straight stairs {b) Tuming stairs 1. Quarter turn stairs 2. Half turn stairs (dog-legged and open well stairs) 3. Three quarter turn stairs 4. Bifurcated stairs (c) Continuous Stairs: Circular or helical or spiral stairs (d) Geometrical stair case.5.2 STAIR : TYPES OF STAIRCASE (A) STRAIGHT STAIRS 1) Straight Stairs ui In this type, the stair runs between the two floors and all steps lead in one direction only. uw It is used for small houses where there are single fight or more than one flight with a landing as shown in fig below. lu Simple to design and construct, also cheapest type5.2 STAIR : TYPES OF STAIRCASE (B) TURNING STAIRS 2) Quarter Tum Stairs la It is the one which changes its direction either to the left or to the right through ‘one right angle. ui Here the tum being affected either by introducing a quarter space landing or by providing winders as shown in figure, for economy and space savingRYN a 3) Half Turn Stairs = A stair which has its direction reversed, or changed for 180° = Ahalf turn stair may be of dog legged type or open newel type = In case of a dog-legged stair, the flight run in opposite direction and there is no space between them in plan (well) , and these are useful where total width of space available for the stair case is equal to twice the width of steps. And these are used in most of the building mostly popular residential buildings in Nepal. In case of an open newel stairs, there is a well or hole or opening between the flights. This well may be rectangular or of any geometrical shape and can be used for fixing lift. These stairs are useful where available space for staircase has a width greater than twice the width of steps.RYN a5.2 STAIR : TYPES OF STAIRCASE (B) TURNING STAIRS 3) Half Turn Stairs5.2 STAIR : TYPES OF STAIRCASE (B) TURNING STAIRS 4) Three Quarter Stairs A stair turning through three right angles is known as three- quarter tum stair as shown below figure. In this type, as open well is formed this type of stair is used when the length of the stair case is limited and when the vertical distance between two floors is quite large. well { Figs Thowe-quarter-turn siatr Landing5.2 STAIR : TYPES OF STAIRCASE (B) TURNING STAIRS 5) Bifurcated Stairs = This type of stair is commonly used in public buildings at their entrance hall. = It has a wider flight at the bottom, which bifurcates in to two narrower flights, open turning to the left and the other to the right, at the landing.5.2 STAIR : TYPES OF STAIRCASE (B) TURNING STAIRSRYN a Continuous stairs are those which do neither have any landing nor any intermediate newel post. They are therefore, geometrical, in shape. They may be of following types. (i) Circular stairs (ii) Spiral stairs and (ii) Helical stairs Spiral stair is mostly used among above listed type of continuous stair. It is usually made of R.C.C. or metal and is employed at a location where there are space limitations. These are also used as emergency stairs, and are provided at the back side of a building. All the steps are winder, therefore not comfortable.5.2 STAIR : TYPES OF STAIRCAS! a 4 ip E | ZF iRYN ae 1) Plan a dog-legged stair for a building in which the vertical distance between floors is 3.6m. The stair hall measures 2.5m x 5m. ) Design a dog legged stair case for a residential building, the stair hall having 2.5 « 3.75 mm. inside dimension. Illustrate your design with showing its various members and sketches. 3] Design a dog-legged staircase for a residential building having a stair-ball of 5 m x 2.8 m and floor height 3.0 m. llustrate your design with necessary sketches. ) Design a dogJegged stair for a residential building width floor height 3.20 m. The stair room measurement is 2.60 m x 5.20 m. Draw a sketch of plan and section. 5) Draw plan and sectional elevation of stair having a hall size 4890 mm x 4050 mm. It is required to climb the height 3500 m given all major dimensions. 6) Draw a staircase for a public building for a given space of 4 « 4.6 m with floor height 3.0m . Assume the necessary data and draw a neat sketch fo support the design.RYN ae 7) Design a stair for a residential building in stair case 6.8 m long 3.5 m wide and 3.3 m high. Width @ door 1.2 m * 2.1 m in each long wall of the stair case facing each other and located width their centers 1.1 m away from the corer of the stair case. Draw dimensioned sketch of plan and sectional elevation. 8) Design a suitable staircase for public building in a hall of size 5.50 m x 7.50 m. The vertical clear distance between floor is 3.5 m and the RCC slab thickness is 150 mm. (Assume any necessary criteria, if required) 9) Define stair. Design a quarter tum staircase for a residential building in a lobby of size 5.5 m x 4.0 m. The height of floor to floor is 3.0 m. Assume necessary data if required. Draw neat plan to justify your design. [2075 Baisakh, TU)LIFTS, AND ESCALATORS: peo inclined set of rungs or steps. Pitch @ 55 D> yree os ders that can be leaned against a vertices ri¢be uch as are hung from the top. Perens (er cords) bid ladder are called stringers or rails (US) or sie (UK). They tal, wood, or fiberglass, but they have | een frown to.be a cme” asional access to roofs. SO cad * Based on Flexibility: Rigid and Rope Ladders ~ Based on Materials used: Metal, Wood, Bamboo, Fiberglass etc. t ~ Based on Uses: Industrial uses (HD), Commercial uses (MD), Domestic usel{LD)DERS, RAMPS, LIFTS, AND ESCALATOR: oF: Fae :5.3 LADDERS, , LIFTS, AND ESCALATORS: ‘Aramp is a sloping surface and it is adopted as a substitute for stair for easy movement beiween the floors. The important features of the ramps are as follows: The usual slope of ramp is 1 in 15. But a slope of 1 in 10 is desirable. This indicates that the ramp requires more space. For instance, a total length of 45 m of ramp will be required to connect a floor height of 3m with slope as 1 in 15. The flooring of ramp should be of non-slippery material. 1 The shape of ramp need not be straight. It may be of any geometrical shape such as zigzag, spiral, curve etc. The ramps are provided at places such as garages, railway stations, stadiums, town halls, shopping malls, office buildings, and hospitals etc, where movement of large number of persons or vehicles is likely to occur. 4 The ramp should be provided with handrail on both the sides. The minimum width of the ramps for hospitals should be 2.25m Ramp for handicapped people with a handrail to every public building on ground floor is compulsory as per the revised National Building Code.5.3 LADDERS, , LIFTS, AND ESCALATORS: 2015 NBC 206: Ramps Minimum gradient off:8 [7 degrees|for the difference in height not more ‘than 450mm Minimum gradient of 1:12 [8 degrees}for the difference in height more than Be 450mm Shall have level platforms for every1.Sm of vertical rise. The level platform shall not be less than 1.2m in Tength and the same widkh asthe ramp. Minimum width of ramp shall he tm (Minimum gradient of 1:8 [7 degrees}or the difernce in height not more than 40mm ‘Minimum gradient of 450mm 12 [5 degrees]for the difference in height more thn ‘Should have level platforms for 1.Sm of vertical ris, The level platform shall mot be less than 12m in length and the same wid 2s the ramp. Level platforms shouldbe provided at tops and changes of directions ‘Minimum width of ramp shall be tna Handrsils shall be provided if total rise exceeds Im and should be positioned ‘between 850mm and Im above the surface of such amp. ‘Should have non slippery surface Category: Minimally Accessible All government = & — semi- government public buildings and dormitories with plinth area below 100sq.m 5.2 Category 2: Partially Accessible ‘All. government and. semi-govemment builaings with plinth area between 300sq.ma. 5003q,m + All forms of Health posts and Hospitals Under subgroup Di [less than 25 beds] + Commercial &Office buildings with plinth area between250sq.m & 500sqim + All secondary level school (more than class To all assembly buildings with occupancy higher than $00 person5.3 LADDERS, RAMPS, LIFTS, AND ESCALATORS:5.3 LADDERS, RAMPS, AND ESCALATORS: Alliffis an elevating device that can travel up and down for Vertical Transportation/Circulai a duct known as lift well N. Liff moves in A lift or elevator is a hoisting and lowering mechanism equipped with a car or platform that moves along guides in a shaff, or hoist way, in a substantially vertical direction and that transports passengers or goods, or both, between two or more floors of a building. «Lift with different capacities are available Ranging from 4-20 persons. = For Designing Lifts, The weight of person should be considered 68 Kg. Classifications: G2 Passenger elevators are designed primarily to carry persons. 1 Hospital elevators are also passenger elevators but employ special cars, suitable in size and shape for transportation of patients in stretchers or standard hospital beds and of attendants accompanying them. Q Freight elevators carry freight, which may be accompanied only by an operator and persons necessary for loading and unloading it. Compared fo passenger elevators, freight cars fravel at slower speeds, can camy much heavier loads and are designed to withstand tougher working condifions Elevators are desirable in all multistory buildings for movement of passengers and freight.5.3 LADDERS, RAM AND ESCALATORS: {its inses applies signed wo ang penon or ati ina ver isan 206:2015 The ee tsa hve fre pretend onl neha piel uke “Fee safety ings er eatery 2 and 3 of me wht chai may beadAND ESCALATORS: 5.3 LADDERS, RAMPS, g 5 2 3 E $ 25.3 LADDERS, RAMPS, LIFTS, AND ESCALATORS:5.3 LADDERS, RAMPS, LIFTS, AND Escalators, or powered stairs, are power driven, inclined, continuous stainways used for transporting passengers. Handles heavy traffic between the floors without operators. They transport persons between two levels with speeds not more than 38 m/ minute. Its capacity may vary from 3200 to 6400 passengers per hour depending on the width of the escalators. Consume less power compared to lifts. Speed : Usually 25-30m/minute./ or <= 38 meter/min Inclination to the horizontal is around 30 degree. Itis use to transport large numbers of people from floor to floor. They provide continuous movement of persons and can thus remedy traffic conditions that are not readily addressed by elevators. Escalators are used to connect airport terminals, parking garages, sports facilities, shopping malls, departmental stores, exhibition halls, and numerous mixed-use facilities. Although escalators generally are used in straight sections, spiral escalators also are available5. DERS, RAMPS, LIFTS, AND ESCALATORS:Any Question? (ask, don’t Google)