I

1266 IEEE Transachons on Power Delivery, Vol. 5, No. 3, July 1990

MUTUAL COUPLING BETWEEN HORIZONTAL EARTH RETURN CONDUCXORS

USING ACTUAL ROUTING PARAMFCERS
Eldon J. Rogers, L.S. Member, IEEE John F. White, Member, IEEE
Consulting Electrical Engineer Electrical Engineer
Bonneville Power Administration,MKTP
P.O.Box 49 1 Vancouver, Washington, 98666
Formula for calculating mutual coupling between
diversely routed. horizontal earth-return conductors used in the
measurement of grounding system impedance is derived by using , REMOTE
GRID
the complex ground plane concept used to rpprorimrro the Carson
Equa&ion. Each potential conductor section is approximaled vith
equal length segments that parallel one of the current conductor
sections. By repeating the parallel segmentation of each potential
conductor section vith each subsequent current conductor section
and summing the segment mutua&, overall mutual betasen
diversely routed conductors is obtained. This process is useful for
calculating mutual to the potential conductor and for comparing
possible potential conductor routings so as to minimite the overall
mutual coupling.

KEYWORDS: MUTUAL. IMPEDANCE, FINITE LENGTH CONDUCIURS,

EARTH RETURN, GROUNDING IMPEDANE, GROUNDING SYsMds

IlI”
Impedance measurements of grounding grids and grounding T E S T GRID

systemsrequire the use of temporarily installed conductors lying

on ground, out-of-service transmission lines. or a combination of
the two for connecting between the test grid and remote current
and potential electrodCSI11. LOC Ar Er hC LOC ai bi hp
Because of consrnints imposed by terrain, right-of-avays. c 1 0 0 0 P I 0 0 0
roads, energized lines, and private property boundaries, it is c 2 0 0 10 P;!o-mo
unlikely, except for the smallest grids, that test leads (or, C3 0 loo0 10 P3 300 -250 0
transmission lines) will be routed in either a parallel or angled Q 400 1
m 10 P4 0 500 0
simple straight line mmner. As described in Ref. (11, mutual c54001m 10 P=) 300 500 0
coupling from the current carrying conductor to the conductor (& 700 10 P6 650 0
used to measure grounding potential rise could introduce c 7 m loo00 0

significant errors in the grounding impedance measurement.
Moreover, accuracy of measurement for low impedance grounding
systems will require keeping the length of closely paralleled
sectionsof current and potential conductors to a minimum.
Presently, mutual coupling from current to potential, for
complex routing, can only be estimatsd from straight line
approximations of their overall routing. In this paper we exbnd
the segmented method for mutual coupling between angled
conductors (using the complex ground return plane Ill). to diverse
routings of horizontal conductors. Then. mutual impedance to the
potential conductor, for a given routing of the current conductor,
can be minimized by comparing mutual couplings for several
accessible potential conductor routings.
Mutuds calculated vith formulas presented here are accurate
for the direct component between conductors. Overall mutuals, as
affected by the image component, fall below Carson for the wider
spacing of very long purllel conductors ill.
90 vCsli 057-0 FdRD A paper recommended and approved
by t h e IEEE Power System I n s t r u n e n t a t i o n 8 bleasure-
.ients Committee of t h e Il:<E Power Engineering S o c i e t y
f o r p r e s e n t a t i o n a t t h e IE’X/PrS 1990 . / i n t e r L i e e t h e ,
A t l a n t a , Georgia, February 4 - 8, 1990. I:anuscript
submitted Au;ust 2 4 , 1989 Fade a v a i l a b l e f o r T r i n t i n -
January 1 6 , 1990.
U.S. Government work not protected by U.S. copyright.
0885-8977/90/0700-1266$01.00 0 1990 IEEE
-
X,YZcoordinates in meter
Formulas used to determine the mutual impedance from image
conductors will require the evaluation of logarithms and square
roots of complex numbers.
Current and Potential conductor routings, shovn in Fig. 1.
a c m o ” e s m e averse rouungs or a out-or-service uansmiwon
line connecting between the test grid and the remote grid which
acts as the current electrode, and three possible routings of a test
conductor, lying on the earth,which would connect between the
test grid and a ground rod used as the remote potential electrode.
The relationship from any current section to each potential
section may be parallel, angular and/or right angles. However, the
mutual coupling analysisis Sided by using a XYZ coordinate system
to defime change of direction locations of each current and
potential section and their respective heights. The X-Y plane lies
on the earth’ssurface and coordinate 2 = h c or h p are current and
potential conductor heights, respectively.
Equations (9.12 and I4 or 15,16 and 18) of the Appendix use the
X-Y coordinstes that define the routing of current and potential
conductors to determine the mutual impedance between horizontal
earth return conductors. Equations (22.24 and 25) of the Appendix
are used for angled conductors that can be defined by their length,
horizontal angle, and when both originate from a common vertical
axis.

1 1
 I

1267

RESISTIVITY

i4i 1 e-m
u2 10 a-m
i43 100 2-m
U 4 1 0 0 0 C--m
15 1 0 0 0 0 n-m
Ub l O 0 0 C l 0 a - m

7
-0.017- . .......
$ , ......1 , .."." I "..'."I '"".-I 4
3

R N G L E BET I.! EE P.1 C 0 N DU C T0 R S

I RESISTIVITY
.2 tli 1 n - m
12 10 n - m
i43 100 n - m
I u 4 1000 E - m
u s 10000 n - m
u6 100000 9 - m

IO 100 1000 10000 1M)OOo

EARTB RESISTIVITP. a m
. os

Figure 2 -SON OF MUTUAL FOR TfIBEE I

NTIAL CONDUCTOR ROUTINGS OF FIG . I WITH AN 3
4
ANGLEDROUTING 5
I = P1bP(toP'jbP6
I1 = p l ~ ~ ~ P 3 ~ @ t o p 6
111 = p1 to p;! p3 to p6 ANGLE BE T I4 E E t 4 C @ N DUC T OR S
ANGLE = CUR: c2 to '&, POT: PI to p6
f = 60 I
b C = 10024.5m P..= 2103 m e = 68'
Figure 3 MUTUAL IMPEDANCE m W E
FN. ANGLED CONDUCTORs
f= 60Hz. C = P = Ikm. h c 10m. hp - Om -
MUTUAL IYPEDANCE VERSUS POTENTIAL ROUTINGS
Mutual impedance between the tnrnsmission line current
conductor and each of the three potential conductor routings (I. 11.
111) of Fig. I are compared in Fig. 2 with a fictitious straight line )IIITUAL IMPEDANCE BETTEEN ANGLED CONUCTORS
angled routing from C2 to C6 for the current and from PI to P6 for When it is possible to route test conductors radially from the
the potential. Their mutual impedance components, RM and XM, grid in a straight line, mutual coupling between angle conductors
calculated with Eqs. (9, 12 and 14 or 15,16 and 18) of the Appendix can be determined with Eqs. (22.24 and 25) of the Appendix. Fig. 3
shows the mutual impedance component variations of two 1 km
are plotted in Fig. 2 against homogeneous earth resistivities of 1 to
long conductors for angle orientations 0' 8 180' and sir
100,000 A-m.
homogeneous earth resistivities, 1 to 100,000 A-m. As earth
Potential conductor routings. I and 11. which lie closer to the resistivity increases the resistive component, RM. decreases and
current conductor have mutual components that are larger than the reactive component, XM, increases. Preferred angle is 90''
for the fictitious angled routing. Routing 111 which is farthest however, orientations from 60' to 120' will have very small mutual
from the current conductor has components that fall below the impedance components. Orientation angles 120' to 180' have much
angled case. The magnitude of mutual impedance for routings I1 smaller mutual components than those of 0' to 60'
and I11 are reduced by the negative mutual coupling to the Equations (22,24 and 23) of the Appendix give results that
conductor section PI to P2. Although there are many constraints agree with the segmented summation method of Reference I1 1 Eqs.
that limit conductor routings. routing selection for minimum I19,20 and 21 1 and the segmented summation method of this paper,
mutual coupling can be aided by prior study. Eqs. (9.12and 14 or 15,16 and 18) of the Appendix.

r-- - -
 I

1268

1.
COWCLUSIOWS
Mutuai impeaance aetween noruonw earm return conauctors
with any orientation can be determined by the segmented method
and Eqs. (9.12 and 14 o r 15,16 and 18) of the Appendix.
2. Formulae presented in the paper are based on homogeneous
earth, however, approximating heterogeneous earth is not critical
as large variations in earth resistivity result in smaller changes in
the resistive and reactive components of mutual impedance.
I-J
SECTlPN

d,e,
/
POTENTIAL d3,+,'

_/c +eJ 9 2
,f3,93

3. The segmented method for diversely routed conductors is

adaptable to the programmable hand calculator.
4. Negative mutual impedance of an initial potential section
oriented 180' with an initial current section is useful for reducing
overall mutual coupling.
REFERFam
I l l E. J. Rogers and J. F. White, "Mutual Coupling between Finite
Lengths of Parallel or Angled Jlorizontal Enrth Retrirn
Conductors" nualbPowefldiym.. Vol. 4,No 1.
Jan. 1989, p.p. 103-113.
121 F.W. Grover, "Inductance Calculations: Working Formulas a n d
Tables", Dover Publishing Co., N.Y..N.Y..1946. p.p. 8 and 55-57.
Fldon J Rogers (S'38,M'55,SM'62,LSM'82) was born in Edmonton.
Alberta, Canada. He received the BSEE Degree from Oregon State
University, Corvallis, Oregon in 1941
Except for service overseas as a 1st Lt Army Signal Corp
during WWII. he worked for Bonneville Power Administration
from 1941 until his retirement in 19S3. Presently, he is working as
a consultant for BPA providing expertise on testing. grounding,
EM1 reduction and partial discharge measurements He has
authoredor co-authored papers on surge impedance, RN. LVl. EMl.
Grounding, Measurement Techniques, and Mutual Impedance
between Earth Return Conductors
Mr Rogers is a member of the W G. producing IEEE
Measurement Guide 81. Part 2 and a Registered Professional
Engineer (retired) in the State of Oregon.
SECTION
r-S
I Ar, B r
Figure A I PARALLELSEGMENT APPROXIMATIONOF THE
"%LAITNETOP
Coordinates
Any Cur Section r-s (Ar. Br. hC) to (As. &. hc)
Any Pot Section i-] (ai, bi. hp) to (ai, bj, hp) n -3
found by approximating the potential-section with equal length
segments that parallel a particular current-section Overall mutual
impedance hetween all current sections to all potential sections IS
found hy summing these segment mutuals
Segmenting the Potential Section Figure A 1 shows the orientation
of one section of the Current conductor and one section of the
Potential conductor on the coordinate system From the number of
parallel segments that are used to approximate the Potential Section
and the end coordinates of both sections it is possible to calculate
the end coordinates of each parallel segment The ahove example
uses n - 3 or three parallel segments to approximate the Potential
Section Coordinates for each parallel segment are determined with
Eqs ( 1 2 I 4 1

John F White 6'71,M'73)was born in Oregon City Oregon, June

23 1950 Received a B S Degree from Portland State University in
1972 in Electrical Engineering
He joined the Bonneville Power Administration in 1973 as a
Test Engineer for the Branch of Test and Energitation Since 1979
he has been involved with Special Test Projects, test procedures and
equipment testing He is a member of BPA's Committees on
Grounding, GIS ,EM1 and PCBs He has co-authored papers on
Grounding and Mutual Impedance between Earth Return
Conductors
Mr White is a member of the W G producing IEEE i = i + l and i = 1 , 2 . 3 , ...., I k = 1,Z.j. ,n
Measurement Guide 81 Part 2 and a Registered Professional
Engineer in the State of Oregon
Cm = d(As - A r P + (& - B p P
APPENDIX When a potential section parallels a current section. only one
segment is required (n = 1) for the potential section to determine
A 1 MUTUAL COUPLING FOR DIVERSE CONDUUOR ROUTINGS mutual impedances between these sections. When a potential
The Coordinate System Determining the mutual coupling between section is at right angles with a current section mutual impedance
diversely routed conductors, such as Fig 1. requires establishing a between them is zero (use n = f or skip calculation). And, when a
reference location for a X-Y coordinate system. Any convenient potential section has an angular orientation with a current section
location on the grid can be selected and the X-Y coordinates use 10 i n i 50. The larger "n"being required for orientations less
determined for the measuring point on the grid, the end points of than 13)' and more than 45'.
each current sect.ion. and the end points of each potential section In the Fig. 1 example, PIto P2, PI to P4, and P3 to 5 parallel C2
In the Fig. 1 example, the measuring point on the grid is used as the to C3andC4 to C5. P2 to P3 and P4 to 4 parallel C5 to Q,, p;! to P3and
reference origin and the X-axis is oriented East to West with the Y- P4 to pS are at right angles with C2 to C3 and Q to C5. Only current
axis North to South sections which are at an angle with potential sections and only
Mutual impedance hetween any horizontal earth return potential sections which are at an angle with current sections
current-section to any horizontal earth return potential-section is require a "n"of 10 or more (C3 to C4, P3 to P6 and 4 to P6).

T 1
 I

1269

YI x-axis integration for (7) is,

I POTENTIAL
SEGMENT
dk A r

I
-
Figure A.2 MUTUAL COUPLING BETWEEN
A,,Br SECTION
r-s

X-Y plane is at the earth surface with the positive direction of

the Z-axis vertical.
Current Section: (Ar. Br. hC) to (As. Bs. hC)
Potential Segment (dk, ek, hp) to (fk. gk, hp)
CURRENT SECTION AND Integration of (7) is completed for variable, Xc and limits AS and Ar
substituted. Then a, b and c are substituted and the resulting
equation is integrated for variable xp. Limits fk and dk are
substituted and the final equation for Md is obtained.
h % ~ =- (GI + m r GO) In RI
The Potential Segment parallels the Current Section + (G2 + mr G(I) In R2
+ (G3 + mr GO) In R3
Direct Mutual Couolinn from a Current Conductor Section to &
m l l e l Potential -S t The voltage induced in the Potential - (G4 + m i (30) In R4 + SI - S2 - S3 + S4 (9)
Segment of Fig. A.2 due to current I in the parallel Current Section
is given by the Neuman Integral I21 with the condition hat the Where: R = number of Current Sections
current section does not parallel the Y-axis, Asc Ar:
mr Bs-BT
- Ar
= As
s = r + l a n d r = 1 , 2 , 3,,.,,,R

(Br - ek)(As - AI.) - (Bs - Br)(Ar - dk)

(5) CO= Crs

hA = I hC- hpl J.43

w = 2.f. fin% Po = 4. 110'
Then mutual impedance in ohms with X.Y,Z coordinates in
meters.

(6)

and,

Md * I I $&
fk,gk As&

-
dZC
+ (GC - YPI2 + 2
hA
(7)

dtek

This integral can be converted to X-axis integration with the

following relationships:
hA = IhC-hpl AscAr
YC = mp XC + kC Yp = mr Xp + kp
Mutual Couolina from Imane to Parallel Segment In a manner

mr - J% -
AS -
Br
Ar
kp - bi - mr ai similar to that used for the direct mutual, the mutual coupling to
the potential segment from the current section image is
determined by solving the Neuman Integral.
dZp = dxpdl + mr2
k~ = Br - mr AI.

(10)

- 1 1
 I

1270

Whew A.2 MUTUAL COUPLING WHEN THE CURRENT SECTION PARAUELS

( xc - XpI2 + (Yc - Yp)Z + Io2 THE Y-AXIS
When a Current Section parallels the Y-axis (As =Al.), formulas
(9). and (12) become indeterminate. The formula for mutual
coupling between this Current Section and each Potential Segment
is as follows:
hfj = hC + hp j = f i

d = b 103 fi, m w = Zrf, fink (15)

po = 4 s /IO' p = earthresistivity, n-m

Then mutual impedance in ohms with X.Y.2 coordinates in

meters.

(11)

+ (G3 + mr Go) In X3
- (G+ + mr Go) In + Ti - TZ - T3 + T4 (12)

Where: Go, GI.Gz. G3.and G4 am as for the direct mutual c a s .

Q = G;! mrGg+ + Tz & = G4 + mrGg + T4 T6 I d ( B r - ek)2 + (Ar - dk)* + 1;

hB hC hp As: Ar
d(&
= +

on of Section Mutuals Overallmutual impedance between = - gkj2 + (Ar - dkP + 1;

all current sections to all potential sections is determined by the
summation of these section mutuals using Eqs.( 9 and 12):
Tg = d(b - ek)z + (At - dkl2 + 1;
ZCP=RM+JXM (13)

R I n Io=dh; + 2dhg - j(2d2 + 2dhB)

ZCP-Jw* Z Z Z (Md - Mi) (14)
r=l j-1 k=l h9 = hC + hP , " d as before
Where: For dk, eh, fk and gk see Eqs. (1.2.3.4)
R = number of Current Sections r I. 2,3, ....,R -
-
I number of Potential Section i 1.2.3, ...., I - on of Section Mutu& Then using Eqs. (15 and 16) mutual
from a Current Section that parallels the Y-axis to all Potential
n = number of Segments used to approximate a Potential
Sections:
Section and k = 1,2,3, ....,n
As: Ar ZCp = RMY + J XMY (17)

I
 1271

I n
ZCP =Ioz Z
i=l k=l
Z: (MdY - MiY) (18)
+ tan-1-
hA cos 8
Where: sin e D2 sin 8
I = number of Potential Section i = 1.2.3,...., I
n = number of Segments used to approximate a Potential
Segment and k = 1.2, 3, ...., n
AS = Ar

Where:

With procedures similar to those used for

the direct angled, mutual coupling from the Current Image
Conductor.
(23)

-
cos e IO COS e
Figure A 3 1sin e
+ -1 - tan-1 -
sin 8
+ tan-1 -
12 sin e
ETURN ANGLED CONDU(TO&
IO COS e
A .3 MUTUAL COUPLING BETWEEN HORI- RETURN + tan-1-
I3 sin 8
Mutual coupling between horizontal earth return angled
2
conductors was determined in [ I ] by using the parallel segmented Io cos e + c P sin2 e
method of approximating the potential conductor. A closed form
formula for the angled conductor mutual can be derived by solving - U-1 11 Io sin e I (24)
the Neuman Integral. In Fig. A.3 conductor P is at angle 9 with Where:
conductor C which is conducting current, I. The voltage directly
induced in P by current I in C is given by the Neuman Integral. 0 + p2 - 2 c p c O s e + 1:
121.
P C

0 0

hg = hC + hp d = $$103 &
e = Horizontal Angle between C and P - T ce Total Mutual Impedance Between
u r u c t A n & d Mutual The direct angled mutual impedance in ohms Angled Conductors using Eqs. (22) and ( 2 4 ,
with C and P in meters.
COS e (20) (25)
ZAMd = = J .(, MAd

o = 2.f. fink po = 4r/lO7

And.
o* e 180.
P C
MAd * J J c2 + p2
dc d
- 2cp COS e + hA2
(21)
A.4 MUTUAL COUPLING BFI7REEN VERTICAL CONDUCTORS
0 0 Mutual coupling between vertical conductors is usually
The integral solution from Grover I21 is modified by negligible in comparison with mutual coupling between horizontal
1 + A
tanh-lA = In and changing symbols to C, P. hA and e is, earth return conductors. In the Fig. 1 example there is no vertical
mutual coupling as the potential conductor is laying on earth. In

1 1
FigureA.4 CA NDUCT S
Coordinates:
CUR: Ar, Br, hr to Ar. Br hs
POT: ai, bi. hi w ai, bi h]
Fig. A.5 mutual coupling between two 15 m vertical conductors is
shown for separations of 5 to 200 m. Both the resistive and
reactive components could be neglected for impedance
measurements. p in n-m
Mutual coupling between the vertical conductors of Fig. A.4 as
derived with the Neuman Integral results in the following mutual
impedance equations: Overall Vertical Mutual from Eqs.(27) and (29)
Direct Vertical Mutual
0 PO
ZVd = J MVd
MVd = - h i In W1 + h2 In W2
+ h 3 InW3 - h 4 InW4
+ v1 - V2 - v3 ' v4
Where:
W1 = h l + VI hi = hs - h j
W2 h2 + V2 h2 = hs - hi
W3 = h3 + V3 h3 = h r - hj
W4 i
i h4 + V4 h4 = h r - hi

EARTH RESISTIVITY. hn

0.0015

V4 = 1/ h: + (At. - ail2 + (Br - bi)'

0 0010
o = 2xf. fink Po = 4 r / ~ ~ 7
Image Vertical Mutual
Ci Uiiil; "3

'4-
* 5-
8 6-
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
EARTH RESISTIVITY. R-m
Figure A.5 MUTUALCOUPLING BETWEEN LINE CONNECTIONSAT Tm
P
Spacing: f =6Ok hs = hi = 15m
Where:
* I = 5m *3 = 20m '5 = 100m
= h5 + d - Jd + V5 h5 = hs - hj * 2 = 1om ' 4 = 50m "6 = 200m

Discussion
Jacques Fortin (Hydro-Quebec): The author's paper extends the under-
standing and application of formulas for determining mutual impedance
between diversely routed earth return conductors used to measure ground-
ing grid impedance. As the grounding impedance measurement could be in
error from mutual coupling, current test conductor to potential test
conductor, correction of measured impedance may be required. Additional
measurement errors can be introduced in the potential conductor by mutual
coupling from current flow in overhead neutrals, buried neutrals, overhead
ground wires (that are bounded to the substation ground grid and towers),
water piping (that connect to the neutral conductors), and buried bare shield
conductors, such as contained in urban areas. Are the author's methods
applicable to these situations?
On page three of the paper the authors list conditions requiring
segmentation of the potential sections. Would the authors indicate the tests
used to determine if a potential section is parallel at right angles or angular
with a current section? At the end of the page, do the list of angles sections
requiring a "n" of 10 or more should be: (czc3, P3P6, PsP6), (c3c4, PIPL,
pIp4, p2p3, p4pS, p3pS, PSp6, p3p6), (c4cS,p3p6, PSp6), (c5c63p3p6, p5p6)?
Is there any advantage to selecting the coordinate system orientation so as
to parallel either a current or potential section?
At the meeting the authors presented a comparison between ANSUIEEE
Standard 367-1987 and the Segmented Methods of the paper to calculated
mutual impedance between a power line and a telephone line given in the
standard. This material is of general interest and would be a valuable
addition to the paper.
Manuscript received March 1 , 1990
CLOSURE
E J ROGERS AND J F WHITE The authors apprechte the comments.
questions, and interest of the discusser
Mr Fortin has raised the very practical problem of errors
introduced in the measurement of grounding potential rise by test
current flowing in grounding conductors extending externally
from the grid Mutual impedance formulas require the exact
knowledge of conductor routing relative to the potential conductor
and the current distribution in these conductors In urban areas
that contain water piping, distribution neutrals and buried shield
conductors, all tied to the grid. it is unlikely that these
requirements can be entirely satisfied Grounding measurement in
these urban cases will require special procedures such as current
distribution measurements. potential conductor routing so as to
minimize this mutual coupling, step and touch measurements near
external circuits that conduct significant portions of the fiiult
current to earth, and locating the remote potential electrode 30 m
o r more from these external earth return circuits In the case of
the overhead ground wire bonded to grids and towers. it is possible
to make mutual corrections Line sections, in this paper are
defined as the straight portions of the line that do not change
direction
ANGLLD ANGLED 6NGLFD
nmo
Figure C-1 TESTST0 D E T E R W A POTENTIAL SECT1ON -0
WITH A CURRENT SECTION
1 --
I
1273
Fig C-1 summarizes condition tests used to determine whether
a potential section parallels. is at right angles, o r angular with the
current section The authors are in-agreement with the list of
angled sections of Fig. 1 requiring a "n"of 10 or more.
Formulas (9, 12, and 14) for calculating mutual impedance
between one current section and each potential section and the test
program of Fig. C-1 could be simplified and Formulas (15, 16. and
18) eliminated, if the coordinate system were to be oriented to agree
with a current section However mutual impedance to potential
sections calculated with each subsequent current section will
require translation and rotation of the coordinate system axis so as
to agree with each new current section. All potential section
coordinates would change in each new coordinate system Mr
Fortin's suggestion if incorporated in a calculator program. could
result in fewer programs steps and possibly less computation time
At the recommendation of Mr. Fortin we are including the
comparison between the Segmented Method (057) and the
ANSI/IEEE Standard 367-1987 Method 1367) of calculating mutual
impedance due to nonuniform exposure 131
In this example mutual impedance is calculated between a
power line and telecommunication line shown in Fig. C-2. Figure
C-2 is a copy of Fig 35 page 80 in Standard 367. The telephone line
is composed of 10 sections extending from A to 0 and back to P. The
power line is one straight section Although not stipulated in 367
for this comparison, the power Iine is assumed to start 500 m before
"A" and extended 500 m past " 0 With this qualification, the power
line will approach the infinite line approximation Recause of
additional end-effects, a shorter power line would reduce the 057
calculated mutual coupling Further, the power line height is
taken as 15 m and the telephone line height is taken as 7 5 m,
which results in a height difference of 7.5 m, as specified by 367
The 367 method 131 is based on (1) The Carson formula for
mutual impedance between infinitely long conductors (2)
Uniform earth ( 3 ) Approximating an angled potential section
with one o r more parallel segments with their overall parallel
separations equal tci the average of the angled separation (4)
Neglecting end-effects of finite length conductors. Items (1 1 and
( 4 ) will result in higher mutual impedance component values and
item (3) smaller mutual reactive component, XM. values
The segmented method I11 is based on ( 1 ) The complex plane
approximation for Carson. (2). Uniform earth. ( 3 ) Accounting
for the end-effects between finite length conductors, using both
direct and image conductors, as derived with the Neuman Integral.
(41 Approximating angled potential sections with 10 o r more
parallel segments. ( 5 ) . Conductor heights above earth are utilized
in the 057 method
Figure C-3 compares the cumulative mutual impedance
between the power line and telecommunication line of Fig C-2
calculated with 367 (Refer to page 85 Fig. 38 131 1 and 057 The 057
inductive component XM falls below 367 up to near the line cross
under point. The telecommunication line is approximated by 367
with 3 parallel segments in the H-L angled section. This results in
a lower estimated XM and the 057 cumulative curve is above 367
after 1575 m. With 057 all angled sections are approximated with 10
parallel segments. RM calculated with 057 is well below the 367
cumulative curve
Figured C-4 is the mutual impedance components, RM and XM,
calculated for each telecommunication line section. Fig. C-4 shows
the differences between 057 and 367. Table 1 summarizes
numerical values of the mutual impedance components calculated
with 057 and 367 by line sections. The largest difference in the XM
component occurs i n the G M section near where the
telecommunication line crams under the power line.
1
 I

1214

Figure C-2 NONUNIFORM ]EXPOSURE BETWEEN A POWER LINE AND A TELF,COMMUN.&ATIONLINE

Taken from ANSI/IEEE Standard 367-1987 page 80

Table 1 WMPARISON OF THE MUTUAL IMPEDANCE COMPONENTS

IO1
CALCULATEDBY 367 AND 057 FOR EACH LINE SECTION
f =60 Hz p = IOOOA-m hc = 15 m h p 57.5 m

ILTIOE I
LE"€
I m 367
-
057-0

I BC
! c-D
I D-E
300
300
300
200
018
.oin
018
012
0090
0094
0064
1 059
068
051
041
,051
062
,046
0 IOW 2ow
EXPOSURE LENCTE IN METERS
3" 100 1 E-F
1 F-G
1 G-M
100
225
600
006
014
028
0032
0073 1 030
080
,029
,076
240
I M-N 225 014 ,073
Figure C-3 CUMULATIVE MUTUAL IMPEDANCECOMPONENTS FOR 1 N-0 675 04 1 0199 ,183
FIG.C-I I 0-p 450 - ,027 -.097
f=60Ift p-IOOOA-m hc-15m hp=7.5m
08-

.ot 367

06-
0
E
El
Y
E
E
02
\

-
A-B C-D E-F GM M N N-0 OP
-02i
0 lo00 2 0 3 0 0 0
10 IO0 1000 10000 1ooooo
EXPOSURE LENGTH IN METERS
EARTH RESISTIVITY IN OHMS-METERS
Figure C-4 MUTUAL IMPEDANCE COMPONENTSFOR EACH LINE Figure C-5 aVERALLMUTUAL IMPEDANCE COMPONENTS FOR FIG . c-1
SECTION OF F I W
f=60Ift p=lOOOA-m hc=15m hp=7.5m f=6Ok hc=15m h p = 7.5 m

Figure C-5 shows the overall mutual coupling between the

power line and the telecommunication line for earth resistivities 1 REFERENCES
to 100.00 A-m as calculated by 057. Earth resistivity variations 131 ANSI/IEEE Standard 367-1987, IEEE Recommended Practice for
along the power line could be approximated by two or more Determining the Electric Power Station Ground Potential Rise
resistivity zones. and Induced Voltage from a Power Fault.

--I 1