EHVAC-HVDC

UNIT 1

01/10/20 By-- P. S. SHETE 1

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The maximum operating voltages specified above should in no case be exceeded in
any part of the system, since insulation levels of all equipment are based upon them.

It is therefore the primary responsibility of a design engineer to provide sufficient and

proper type of reactive power at suitable places in the system.

For voltage rises, inductive compensation and for voltage drops, capacitive
compensation must usually be provided.

01/10/20 By-- P. S. SHETE 3

High voltage Transmission Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages:

• With increase in the transmission voltage, size of the conductors is reduced (Cross
section of the conductors reduce as current required to carry reduces).

•As the reduction in current carrying requirement losses reduces results in better efficiency.

•Due to low current voltage drop will be less so voltage regulation improves.

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 Limitations:

• With the increase in the voltage of transmission, the insulation required between the
conductors and the earthed tower increases. This increase the cost of line support.

•With increase in the voltage of transmission, more clearance is required between

conductors and ground. Hence, higher towers are required.

• With increase in the voltage transmission, more distance is required between

the conductors. Therefore, cross arms should be long.

01/10/20 By-- P. S. SHETE 5

AVERAGE VALUES OF LINE PARAMETERS

In order to estimate how much power a single-circuit at a given voltage can handle, we
need to know the value of positive-sequence line inductance and its reactance at power
frequency.

Furthermore, in modern practice, line losses caused by I^2 R heating of the conductors
is gaining in importance because of the need to conserve energy.

Therefore, the use of higher voltages than may be dictated by purely economic
consideration might be found in order not only to lower the current I to be transmitted
but also the conductor resistance R by using bundled conductors comprising of several
sub-conductors in parallel.

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When line resistance is neglected, the power that can be transmitted depends upon—

(a) the magnitudes of voltages at the ends (Es, Er),

(b) their phase difference d, and

(c) the total positive sequence reactance X per phase, when the shunt capacitive
admittance is neglected.

Thus, P = Es Er sin δ /(L.x)

Where,
P = power in MW,
Es, Er = voltages at the sending-end and receiving end respectively in kV line-line,
δ = phase difference between Es and Er,
x = positive-sequence reactance per phase in ohm/km, and
L = line length, km.
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 POWER-HANDLING CAPACITY AND LINE LOSS

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 The following conclusions can be drawn to understand the power-handling
capacity of A.C. transmission lines and line losses--

(1)One 750-kV line can normally carry as much power as four 400-kV circuits for
equal distance of transmission.

(2) One 1200-kV circuit can carry the power of three 750-kV circuits and twelve
400-kV circuits for the same transmission distance. Similar such relations can be
found from the above table.

(3) The power-handling capacity of line at a given voltage level decreases with line
length, being inversely proportional to line length L.

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(4) If the conductor size is based on current rating, as line length increases, smaller
sizes of conductor will be necessary.

(5) This will increase the danger of high voltage effects caused by smaller diameter
of conductor giving rise to corona on the conductors and intensifying radio
interference levels and audible noise as well as corona loss.

(6) However, the percentage power loss in transmission remains independent of line
length since, it depends on the ratio of conductor resistance to the positive
-sequence reactance per unit length, and the phase difference d between Es and
Er.

(7) From the values of % p, it is evident that it decreases as the system voltage is
increased.

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(8) In comparison to the % power loss at 400 kV, if the same power is transmitted at
750 kV, the line loss is reduced to (2.5/4.76) = 0.525, at 1000 kV it is 0.78/4.76
= 0.165, and at 1200 kV it is reduced to 0.584/4.76 = 0.124.

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Voltage Gradients of Conductors

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Conductors used for E.H.V. transmission lines are thin long cylinders which are
known as 'line charges'.

Their charge is described in coulombs/unit length which was used for evaluating the
capacitance matrix of a multi-conductor line.

The problems created by charges on the conductors manifest themselves as high

electrostatic field in the line vicinity from power frequency to TV frequencies
through audio frequency, carrier frequency and radio frequency (PF, AF, CF, TVF).

The attenuation of travelling waves is also governed in some measure by the increase
in capacitance due to corona discharges which surround the space near the conductor
with charges.

01/10/20 By-- P. S. SHETE 19

When the macroscopic properties of the electric field are studied, the conductor charge is
assumed to be concentrated at its centre, even though the charge is distributed on the
surface.

In certain problems where proximity of several conductors affects the field distribution.

Where conducting surfaces have to be forced to become equipotential surfaces (in two
dimensions) in the field of several charges it is important to replace the given set of
charges on the conductors with an infinite set of charges.

This method is known as the Method of Successive Images.

In addition to the electric-field properties of long cylinders, there are other types of
important electrode configurations useful for extra high voltage practice in the field and
in laboratories.

01/10/20 By-- P. S. SHETE 20

Examples of this type are sphere-plane gaps, sphere-to-sphere gaps, point-to-plane gaps,
rod-to-plane gaps, rod-rod gaps, conductor-to-tower gaps, conductor to conductor gap
above a ground plane, etc.

The bundle of N sub-conductors is strung inside a 'cage' to simulate the surface voltage
gradient on the conductors in a setup, which is smaller in dimensions than an actual
outdoor transmission line.

01/10/20 By-- P. S. SHETE 21

 Field of a Point Charge
and
Its Properties

01/10/20 By-- P. S. SHETE 22

The properties of electric field of almost all electrode geometries will ultimately depend
on that of a point charge.

The laws governing the behavior of this field will form the basis for extending them to
other geometries.

Consider Figure 4.1 which shows the source point S1 where a point charge + Q coulombs
is located.

A second point charge q coulomb is located at S2 at a distance r meter from S1.

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From Coulomb's Law, the force acting on either charge is

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 FIELD OF SPHERE GAP

01/10/20 By-- P. S. SHETE 30

A sphere-sphere gap is used in h.v. laboratories for measurement of extra high voltages
and for calibrating other measuring apparatus.

If the gap spacing is less than the sphere radius, the field is quite well determined and
the sphere-gap breaks down consistently at the same voltage with a dispersion not
exceeding ±3%.

This is the accuracy of such a measuring gap, if other precautions are taken suitably
such as no collection of dust or proximity of other grounded objects close by.

The sphere-gap problem also illustrates the method of successive images used
in electrostatics.

01/10/20 By-- P. S. SHETE 31

Figure 4.2 shows two spheres of radii R separated by a centre-centre distance of S,
with one sphere at zero potential (usually grounded) and the other held at a potential
V.

Since both spheres are metallic, their surfaces are equipotentials.

01/10/20 By-- P. S. SHETE 32

In order to achieve this, it requires a set of infinite number of charges, positive inside
the left sphere at potential V and negative inside the right which is held at zero
potential.

The magnitude and position of these charges will be determined from which the
voltage gradient resulting on the surfaces of the sphere on a line joining the centers
can be determined.

If this exceeds the critical disruptive voltage, a spark break-down will occur.

The voltage required is the breakdown voltage.

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