VIBRASI SE 3 Level2

Vibration Analysis – Level 2
for assessing machine potential failure modes
Copyright 2005- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri – sole agent Prüftechnik AG, Germany 1
ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
• Broad Band Vibration Analysis

• Bearing Condition Analysis
• Frequency Analysis (FFT)
• Time Synchronous Averaging Analysis
• Time Waveform Analysis
• Multispectrum
• Envelope Analysis
• Constant Percentage Bandwidth Analysis
• Cepstrum
• Shaft Orbit
• Tracking Analysis
• Vector Analysis (Amp. & Phase)
• Startup / Coastdown Analysis
• Impact Test
Broad Band Vibration Analysis
Also know as Overall vibration measurement

Typically...
Velocity measurement
mm/s, RMS from 2 Hz to 1000 Hz ISO 10816-3
Displacement measurement
um, RMS from 2 Hz to 1000 Hz
Can be overall acceleration measurement
eg. Gear box monitoring
Vibration Monitoring
v mm/s
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
Effect of Machine speed variation
0.20
0.15
on
Vibration measurement
0.10
0.05
0.00
0.05
0.10
v m m /s
0.15 4 .0
0.20
3 .8
0.25
3 .6
0.30
3 .4
0.35
3 .2
0.40
3 .0
0.45
2 .8
1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000
2 .6 t ms
Time Signal 2 .4
2 .2
2 .0
1 .8
1 .6
1 .4
1 .2
rms
1 .0
0 .8
0 .6
0 .4
0 .2
0 7 /0 2 /2 0 0 1 0 7 /0 2 /2 0 0 1 0 7 /0 2 /2 0 0 1 0 7 /0 2 /2 0 0 1 0 7 / 0 2 /2 0 0 1
4 :5 9 :0 0 PM 4 : 5 9 : 1 0 PM 4 : 5 9 :2 0 PM 4 :5 9 :3 0 PM 4 :5 9 :4 0 PM
d a te
Copyright 2005- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri – sole agent Prüftechnik AG, Germany
Overall Vibration Level 5
Bandpass Measurement
Peak
RMS (0.707xPeak)
Avg (0.637xPeak)
Peak
to
Peak
Freq. = 1/Time
Always ask.... Are you measuring RMS or Peak , etc ??
Freq. = Hz What is the frequency range ??
= rev. per second How much averaging?
Machine Freq are function of RPM
ie. rev. per minute
Frequency Analysis
Time Signal
Machine Vibrations
Time, s = Frequency, Hz
Time = 1 / Frequency
Frequency Analysis
How to make a frequency analysis?

FFT - Fast Fourier Transform is merely an efficient means of calculating a
DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform). Basically, it transform a time signal into a
frequency spectrum.
Time F F (Hz)
T
Time = 1 / Frequency
Frequency Analysis
How to make a frequency analysis?

Frequency analysis can be made using frequency selective devices called filters
dB B dB
B = Bandwidth -3
f f
f1 fc f2 f1 fc f2
An ideal filter will only signals to pass within its bandwidth Practical filter have roll-off, express as half-power (-3dB)
For good filters the two will be very similar.
In FFT analysis, the bandwidth = Frequency span / no. lines
Types of Bandwidth
Vibration Constant Constant
Amplitude
Percentage Bandwidth a=b=c
Bandwidth (FFT)
(CPB)
frequency
0.1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 kHz
a b
c
y z
x
x, y, z are constant % of their center frequency
Frequency Analysis
Types of filters:
f
High-Pass filters - As the name imply, a high pass filter allows high
frequencies to pass. (lower frequency limit)
Low-Pass filters - Allow low frequencies to pass through

(upper limit)
Bandpass filters - Allows only frequencies within the band

f
Anti-aliasing filters - Low pass filter at half the sampling frequencies
FFT (DFT) - Pitfalls
Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) - Pitfalls

FFT - Fast Fourier Transform is an efficient means of calculating a DFT
(Discrete Fourier Transform). Basically, it transform a time signal into a
frequency spectrum.
1.
1. Aliasing
Aliasing-- high
highfrequencies
frequenciesappearing
appearingas
aslow
lowfrequencies
frequencies
2.
2. Leakage
Leakage-- Memory
Memorycontents
contentsforced
forcedto
tobe
beperiodic.
periodic.
Can
Cangive
givediscontinuities
discontinuitieswhen
whenends
endsjoined
joined
3.
3. Picket
Picketfence
fenceeffect
effect––Actual
Actualspectrum
spectrumsampled
sampledat
atdiscrete
discrete
frequencies.
frequencies.Peaks
Peaksmay
maybe
bemissing
missing
FFT pitfalls - Aliasing Effect
Sampling rate too slow
High frequency analysis results in false

low frequency signal
Solution: Use Anti-aliasing filter

Typically a 1K (1024 point) transform, 512 frequency components are calculated
and 400 lines displayed. Similarly a 2K transform 800 lines are displayed.
FFT pitfalls - Leakage
+ve
1st Sample
-ve
…..give discontinuities
when ends joined
2nd Sample +ve
-ve
FFT pitfalls - Picket Fence Effect
Actual
Spectrum
Measured
Spectrum
Frequency Analysis
Basic law of frequency analysis
BT > 1
Bandwidth Analysis Time
T
Time
min. analysis time must allow
the measured freq. to complete
it’s cycle / period
T
Fungsi window
FFT Spectrum
400 lines FFT
1X 2x 3X 1 kHz
IF Freq. Span is 1 KHz then resolution

= 1000 / 400 lines
= 2.5 Hz
2.5 Hz 5 Hz 7.5Hz (eg. 2 - IF Span is 40Khz then resolution= 100Hz)
Measurement time
• Harmonic signals
can be measured in B
B ** TT == C
C
BB==Highest
Highestresolution
resolutionofofAnalysis
short time TT==The
Analysis
The Shortest measurementtime
Shortest measurement time
CC==Constant.
• Random and Pulsed Constant.
signals
need longer time
• For FFT spectra C
Theoretical
Theoretical In
InPractice
Practice
CC==33for
forHarmonic Signals CC==55for
forHarmonic
HarmonicSignals
= 1 pr. average.
Harmonic Signals
C = 30 For Random Signals CC==100
Signals
C = 30 For Random Signals 100 For RandomSignals
For Random Signals
FFT - Fast Fourier Transformation
Raw Machine
Time Signal
Sample 1 Sample 2
Filtering Filtering
Window Function Window Function

Detectors Detectors
FFT + FFT /n =
Avg FFT Spectrum
FFT Spectrum 1 FFT Spectrum 2
Time Synchronous Averaging Analysis
Tacho
Raw Machine
Time Signal
Sample 1 Sample 2
Sample triggered by tacho
(measured wrt speed)
Filtering Filtering
+
Window Function
Detectors
FFT
Averaged Time Signal Spectrum
Non synchronous signal will be averaged out.
Reduced
Copyright 2005- vibration
PT. Putranata effect– sole
Adi Mandiri from nearby
agent machine
Prüftechnik AG, Germany 21
FFT - How to select Freq. Ranges, lines, Averages
Shaft
Rotating Rolling Element
Speed Bearings
Journal Blades
Bearings 2x Gear
instability 3x
1 KHz 3KHz 40KHz
Monitoring Techniques
Types of Bearings
Journal
JournalBearings
Bearings
••Stationary
StationarySignals
Signals
••Relative
RelativeLow
LowFrequency
Frequency
••Displacement
Displacementtransducer
transducer
Use Proximity probes

Rolling
RollingElement
ElementBearings
Bearings
••Modulated
ModulatedRandom
RandomNoise
Noise
••Pulsating
Pulsatingsignals
signals
••High
HighFrequency
Frequency
••Accelerometers
Accelerometers
Use Accelerometers
Informasi penting
tentang mesin
Amplitudo
vibrasi
frekuensi
Apa saja yang mungkin menyebabkan vibrasi ?
Analisa Amplitudo, Frekuensi dan Fase - 1
PENYEBAB AMPLITUDO FREKUENSI FASE KETERANGAN GAMBAR SPECTRUM
1. Unbalance Sebanding dgn 1 x rpm Single Kondisi sering A

ketidak balance, reference ditemui
dominan pd mark f
radial (2x aksial) 1x
Ve = 15 Vf = 15
Pengukuran getaran :
Ae = 8 Af = 8
Va = 4
Vb = 3 Vc = 4
He = 15 Hf = 15
Aa = 3 Ab = 4 Ac = 5
Ad = 5
Ha = 4 Hb = 5
Hc = 3
Hd = 2 Vd = 4
2. Misalignment Dominan pd Sering 1 x & 2 x Single Ditandai timbulnya vibrasi A

aksial. Gunakan alat laser-
kopling atau aksial, 50% rpm. Kadang 3 x double alignment. Apabila mesin
poros bengkok atau lebih dari rpm baru dipasang terjadi
triple vibrasi, maka kemungkinan
f
arah radial besar karena misalignment.
1x 2x
Ve = 3 Vf = 4
Ae = 4 Af = 5
Va = 4
Vb = 10 Vc = 10
He = 4 Hf = 3
Aa = 7 Ab = 15 Ac = 15
Ad = 7
Ha = 5 Hb = 10
Hc = 10
Hd = 5 Vd = 4
3. Anti friction Tidak stabil, Sangat tinggi, Tdk tentu, Vibrasi akan timbul A
bearing buruk ukur percepatan, beberapa kali apabila bearing sdh

Berubah- parah. Gunakan
gunakan Rpm, 1x, 2x, 3x,
acceleration rubah vibrotip / shockpulse u f
1x 2x 3x 4x
probe 4x … 10x deteksi awal
Ve = 5 Vf = 3
Ae = 4 Af = 2
Va = 2
Vb = 4 Vc = 5-10
He = 4 Hf = 4
Aa = 4 Ab = 3 Ac = 10-15
Ad = 5
Ha = 3 Hb = 3
Hc = 5-10
Hd = 4 Vd = 3
Frekuensi bearing karakteristik
Dimensi bearing
Kalkulasi frekuensi dari elemen bearing
n ⎛ BD ⎞
Kerusakan di outer race = ⋅ fr ⋅ ⎜1 − ⋅ cos β ⎟ ( Hz )
2 ⎝ PD ⎠
n ⎛ BD ⎞
Kerusakan di inner race = ⋅ fr ⋅ ⎜1 + ⋅ cos β ⎟ ( Hz )
2 ⎝ PD ⎠
PD ⎛ ⎛ BD ⎞
2
⎞
Kerusakan pada elemen berputar = ⋅ fr ⋅ ⎜1 − ⎜ ⋅ cos β ⎟ ⎟ ( Hz )
BD ⎜ ⎝ PD ⎠ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
fr ⎛ BD ⎞
Kerusakan pada cage = ⋅ ⎜1 − ⋅ cos β ⎟ ( Hz )
2 ⎝ PD ⎠
dimana:
BD &PD : lihat gambar
fr : Frekuensi rotasi dari inner race
n : jumlah elemen berputar
β : sudut kontak
Why shock pulses for rolling bearing noise ?
1 1 1 1 c = stiffness
fnat = c ( ∼ , , )
m m l d a m = Mass
x
Material crack
Machine vibration Shock pulse range rolling bearing plastical / elastical
deformation
Natural frequencies rolling bearing pieces
fnat,O fnat, Ι fnat,B

2
Example l
1 2
d d = n ⋅ 1 mm a
f ≈ x ⋅ 1/1 000 m
l = n ⋅m a = n ⋅ μm
fnat ≈ x ⋅ 30 000 Hz
f ≈ x ⋅ 1/1m f ≈ x ⋅ 1 / 1 00 000 m
fnat ≈ x ⋅ 30 Hz fnat ≈ x ⋅ 3 00 000 Hz
1 000 10 000 36 000 100 000 flog / Hz
velocity acceleration
Copyright 2005- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri – sole agent
shock Prüftechnik
pulses ultra sound emission
AG, Germany 31
Overall values for Bearing condition
Acceleration - Crest Factor
Spike Energy Value
Shock Pulse
BCU - Value Measurement
Normalising with…
Kurtosis Factor • Shaft speed (rpm)
gSE - Value • Shaft Diameter (Bearing Size)
SEE - Value
?
?
Time Time
Normalising of shock pulse signals
dBsv dBsv
90 90
ideal
35 dBn measurement
measurement location
P with signal damping
dBn
25
15 dBm
C dBm
10
dBc
dBi dBc
dBia
0 0
-9 -9
dB sv = absolute shock pulse value dBn = normalised shock pulse value
dBi = initial value dBia = adjusted inital value

→ →
Basic value of the normalised signal damping of real measurement location
shock pulse values → influencing factors like load condition
→ determined through RPM and
Copyright 2005- PT. Putranata Adi Mandiri – sole agent Prüftechnik
lubrication and AG, Germany
bearing type 33
diameter of the bearing
Fungsi envelope
Signature Rolling Bearing Defects
No rolling track defect: Rolling track defect:
Time signal: Time signal:
a in
a in
m/s2
m/s2
Enveiope Envelope
t in s t in s
Ta
Envelope spectrum: Envelope spectrum:
a in a in
m/s2 m/s2
f in Hz fRPOF 2•fRPOF 3 •fRPO F 4 •fRPOF f in

Hz
1
• fRPOF= Defect frequency
TRPOF
Envelope Spectrum bearing
Location :PT. Caltex\Water Plant\Fresh Water
Pump\Centrifugal Pump\Coupling Side\rolling
am /s² bearing >120
2.0
# X Y
1.8 0 0.63 0.96
1.6 1 25.00 0.21

1.4
2 50.00 0.14
1.2
Alarm 3 176.88 0.10
1.0
W
arn 4 151.88 0.10
0.8
0.6 5 126.88 0.08
0.4 6 4.38 0.08

0.2
7 20.63 0.07
0.0
8 29.38 0.07
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
fHz 9 15.00 0.06
4. Sleeve, metal, Tidak besar, 1 x rpm, seolah- Single pd rodagigi vibrasi segaris A
dengan pusat kontak. pd
Jurnal bearing aksial olah seperti motor/gen vibrasi hilang
(friction lebih tinggi unbalance bila mesin dimatikan. pd
f
bearing) / pompa/blower 1x
kemungkinan unbalance
eksentrik
Ve = 4 Vf = 4
Ae = 4 Af = 5
Va = 4
Vb = 7 Vc = 3
He = 4 Hf = 3
Aa = 7 Ab = 15 Ac = 4
Ad = 4
Ha = 3 Hb = 8
Hc = 5
Hd = 3 Vd = 5
5. Rodagigi Rendah, ukur Sangat tinggi Tdk tentu Awal rusak A
buruk atau kecepatan & Jumlah gigi x bersuara, semakin

bersuara percepatan, rpm lama keras. f
gunakan Vibrasi biasanya 1x 2x 3x 4x
acceleration dalam toleransi. tooth
Ve = 7 Vf = 3
Ae = 8 Af = 5
Va = 4
Vb = 3 Vc = 7
He = 6 Hf = 4
Aa = 3 Ab = 4 Ac = 8
Ad = 9
Ha = 3 Hb = 2
Hc = 7
Hd = 7 Vd = 7
6. Gear mesh Rendah, ukur Sangat tinggi Tdk tentu Sering terjadi A
buruk atau kecepatan & Jumlah gigi x pada saat

bersuara percepatan, rpm pemasangan f
(pada saat gunakan accel. 1x 2x 3x 4x
start / stop) tooth
Ve = 7 Vf = 3
Ae = 8 Af = 5
Va = 4
Vb = 3 Vc = 7
He = 6 Hf = 4
Aa = 3 Ab = 4 Ac = 8
Ad = 9
Ha = 3 Hb = 2
Hc = 7
Hd = 7 Vd = 7
Gear frequencies for Parallel Offset Gear
• Number of teeth on the pinion...................(Np)
from the gear

Data needed
• Pinion speed, rpm.......................................(Rp)
• Number of teeth on gear.............................(Ng)
• Gear speed, rpm.........................................(Rg)
• Gear rotational frequency, Hz...................(frg)
• Pinion rotational frequency, Hz.................(frp)
from the data

Info calculated
• Mesh frequency, H................................(fm)
• Tooth repeat frequency, Hz......................(ftr)
• Assembly phase passage frequency, Hz.....(fa)
• Pumps are found in nearly every industry in a wide array of
sizes and capacities. Larger pumps, such as boiler feed pumps
and reactor recirculation/coolant pumps, are often permanently
monitored, though many smaller units are not. Regardless, the
following parameters are necessary to effectively evaluate
process-related phenomena:
• Speed
• Suction pressure and temperature
• Discharge pressure and temperature
• Flow
• Bearing metal and oil drain temperatures
• Driver power
Air Compressor
Air Compressor
Centrifugal Compressor
Centrifugal Compressor
• The compressor is one of the petrochemical industry's most durable and

dependable machines. In general, there is a more limited set of variables to
be monitored in compressors than in gas and steam turbines, which helps
when you are analyzing and troubleshooting. However, rotational speeds
tend to be much higher. The following process parameters are considered
key items:
• Suction pressure and temperature
• Discharge pressure and temperature
• Product (gas) flow rate
• Gas analysis (mole weight)
• Compressor speed
• Driver power
Generator
Generators
• Generators are generally well-behaved dynamically, due to

their less complicated construction, compared to gas and steam
turbines. Unbalance, thermal bows, and seal rubs comprise the
majority of problems seen. The process variable list reflects
this:
• Output (kW or MW)
• Reactive loading (vars)
• Power factor
• Coolant gas temperature and pressure
• Winding temperatures
• Field current
Gas Turbine
gas turbines
• It is easy to see the interaction of process and vibration characteristics by

studying industrial and aeroderivative gas turbines, because they are really
three machines in one. They are a compressor that pressurizes ambient air,
a combustor that introduces fuel and burns the air/fuel mixture, and an
expansion (or power) turbine through which the hot, high pressure
combustion gases expand, driving the compressor and any other connected
machinery.
Gas turbines are subject to wide performance and vibration variations when
ambient air, fuel, or load values change. For example, high inlet air
temperature reduces gas turbine performance, requiring higher fuel
consumption for a specific power level. Conversely, low air temperature
causes the power to increase. If humidity is high, ice can form on the inlet
filters, inlet ducting, and inlet casing of the compressor. Large
accumulations of ice reduce and distort the airflow, which may cause
compressor stall and surge.
Steam turbines
• Steam turbines are used in almost every industry for driving compressors,
generators, pumps, and other equipment. Sizes vary from small, single
stage units of less than 100 hp to large power generation units capable of
over 1,000 MW in a single machine train. However, despite these size
variations, steam conditions generally provide significant insight into any
rotor response changes, such as rubs and shaft bow. Process variables that
should be monitored on each driver include:
• Steam supply and exhaust conditions - temperature, pressure, flow, quality
• Extraction conditions (if applicable)
• Condenser vacuum
• Gross generation (kW) or shaft speed and torque
• Reheat steam conditions (if applicable)
• Kvars (generator drive applications)
Phase Analysis
• Trending for Acceptance Regions

• Shaft crack detection
• Rub detection
• Shaft balancing
• Shaft/structural resonance detection
• Shaft mode shape
• Location of a fluid-induced instability
Trending
Shaft Crack
Rubs
Shaft Structure
Shaft balancingShaft mode
shape
Location of fluid-induced
instability
Rotational & Mesh Gear Frequencies
Gear & Pinion rotational frequencies :

Rg Rp
f rg = ( Hz ), f rp = ( Hz )
60 60
Mesh frequency :
f m = f rp × N p = f rg × N g ( Hz )
Assembly phase passage gear frequency (1)
Ng = 15 Np = 9
Gear tooth Q Pinion Tooth
1-10-4-13-7 1-7-4
2-11-5-14-8 2-8-5
3-12-6-15-9 3-9-6
Ng = 15 Np = 9
Gear tooth Q Pinion Tooth
1-10-4-13-7 1-7-4
2-11-5-14-8 2-8-5
3-12-6-15-9 3-9-6
Assembly phase passage frequency :

fm
fa = ( Hz )
Na
N a = Product of common prime factors
example : Ng = 15 Np = 9
Fg = 1,3,5,15 Gear tooth Q Pinion Tooth
Fp = 1,3,3,9 1-10-4-13-7
2-11-5-14-8
1-7-4
2-8-5
N a = 1× 3 = 3 3-12-6-15-9 3-9-6
Tooth repeat gear frequencies
Tooth repeat frequency :

fm × Na
f tr = ( Hz )
Ng × N p
or for a true hunting tooth combination

( when N a = 1) :
f rg
f tr = ( Hz )
Np
Summary gear frequencies for parallel offset gear
To
obtain f tr f rg f rp fa fm
multiply
f rp N a /N g 1/M g 1 N p /N a N p
f rg by N a /N p 1 Mg N g /N a N g
fm N a /(N g ×
1/N g 1/N p 1/N a 1
Np )
N a = Number of assembly phases, N p = Number of teeth on pinion
N g = Number of teeth on gear, M g = Ratio gear, f tr = Tooth repeat freq (Hz)
f rg = Gear rotational freq (Hz), f rp = Pinion rotational freq (Hz)
f a = Assembly phase passage freq (Hz), f m = Mesh frequency (Hz)
Gear frequencies for Planetary Gear
Application mill drive - cement industry
[bar]
4x [°C]
Machine speed
[m/s²]
Alarm status
[bar]
[m/s²]
[m/s²]
[m/s²]
[m/s²]
PCS
External
Data backup Internal
expert
expert
LAN / WAN
Interne
t
Gear frequencies for
Planetary Gear
Planetary Gear :
⎛ Ts x Tr ⎞
Tooth Mesh Freq = ⎜ ⎟ x Ns = Tr x Nc (Hz)
⎝ Ts + Tr ⎠
⎛ np x Tr ⎞ Tr
Defect on Sun = ⎜ ⎟ x Ns = np x x Nc (Hz)
⎝ Ts + Tr ⎠ Ts
Tr
Defect on Planet = 2 x Nc x (Hz)
Tp
Defect on Ring = np x Nc (Hz)
where :
Ns = speed of sun gear (output), Nc = speed of carrier (input)
Ts = number of teeth on sun, Tr = number of teeth on ring
np = number of planets
Comparison of Sinusoidal and
Impact Gear Tooth Contact
7. Mechanical Tinggi pada 2 x rpm 2 referensi Sering A

looseness aksial agak kacau bersamaan dgn
(Housing unbalance / f
bearing aus) misalignment 2x
Ve = 3 Vf = 3
Ae = 4 Af = 4
Va = 4
Vb = 12 Vc = 5
He = 4 Hf = 2
Aa = 3 Ab = 15 Ac = 5
Ad = 3
Ha = 3 Hb = 12
Hc = 5
Hd = 4 Vd = 5
8. Mechanical Tinggi pada Kurang dari Tdk tentu Kencangkan baut A
Looseness (Pondasi
kendor – dudukan
vertikal 1 x rpm Untuk memastikan
lemah/karatan – f
baut kendor) <1x
Ve = 3 Vf = 2
Ae = 4 Af = 3
Va = 9
Vb = 10 Vc = 5
He = 3 Hf = 4
Aa = 3 Ab = 4 Ac = 2
Ad = 2
Ha = 2 Hb = 4
Hc = 2
Hd = 4 Vd = 3

looseness vertikal, agak kacau bersamaan dgn
(Pondasi horizontal & unbalance / f
melengkung) aksial misalignment 2x
Ve = 3 Vf = 3
Ae = 4 Af = 4
Va = 9
Vb = 12 Vc = 5
He = 4 Hf = 2
Aa = 7 Ab = 6 Ac = 5
Ad = 3
Ha = 13 Hb = 14
Hc = 5
Hd = 4 Vd = 5
10. Drive belt Tdk 1,2,3 1 atau 2 Biasanya terjadi A
buruk tentu/berpulsa atau 4 x tergantung karena belt tdk berada

rpm belt frekuensi, pada tempatnya secara f
tdk tetap sempurna. 1x 2x 3x 4x
Belt
Ve = 8 Vf = 4
Ae = 8 Af = 3
Va = 3
Vb = 2 Vc = 10
He = 7 Hf = 2
Aa = 2 Ab = 3 Ac = 10
Ad = 10
Ha = 2 Hb = 4
Hc = 10
Hd = 8 Vd = 10
11. Elektrikal Tidak tinggi, ada 2 x rpm lebih Single/ Vibrasi & suara A
suara tinggi daripd rotate hilang bila
berdengung, 1 x rpm. double mesin dimatikan f
lebih terasa bila 1x 2x
mark
dimatikan
Ve = 3 Vf = 2
Ae = 3 Af = 3
Va = 7
Vb = 6 Vc = 4
He = 3 Hf = 1
Aa = 6 Ab = 7 Ac = 5
Ad = 5
Ha = 8 Hb = 8
Hc = 5
Hd = 3 Vd = 3
Jenis-jenis motor listrik
- Motor induksi (induction / asynchronous motor)
- Synchronous motor
- DC motor
Permasalahan pada motor listrik - Electrical
- Eccentric rotor
- Uneven airgap
(penyebab : softfoot / frame distortion)
- Broken rotor bars
- Shorted rotor lamination
- Phasing problem
Istilah-istilah motor listrik
- Line frequency (frekuensi jala-jala) = FL

(di Indonesia : 50 Hz, USA : 60 Hz)
- Poles (P) = stator conductors = 2FL / RPM (FL dlm CPM)
- Slots (S) = stator winding containers
- Bars (B) = rotor field conductors
Frequencies of electric motors
• Magnetic field speed, RPM (Ns) = 120 x FL / (# poles)

• Slip frequency (SF) = Ns – actual speed
• Pole pass frequency (Fp) = SF x (# poles)
• Rotor bar pass freq. (RBPF) = (# bars) x RPM
• Stator slot pass freq. (SSPF) = (# stator slot) x RPM
Example :
Info on Name plate of electric motor :
Speed = 1480 RPM, # rotor bars = 40
-> # poles = (2 x 3000) / 1480 = 4
-> Ns = 120 x 50 / 4 = 1500 RPM
-> SF = 1500 – 1480 = 20 RPM = 0.33 Hz
-> Fp = 4 x 20 RPM = 80 RPM = 1.33 Hz
-> RBPF = 40 x 1480 RPM = 59200 RPM = 986.67 Hz
Analisa vibrasi pada motor listrik – 1 / 4
- Stator eccentricity, loose iron, shorted laminations :

1x 2FL FL = Line Frequency (3000 CPM, for 50 Hz Line Freq.)
Amplitude
2x
Frequency
- Uneven air gap (variable air gap) / Eccentric rotor :

1x 2FL FL = Line Frequency (3000 CPM, for 50 Hz Line Freq.)
Amplitude
Fp Sidebands around FL
Fp
Frequency
• Pole pass frequency (Fp) = SF x (# poles)

• Slip frequency (SF) = Ns – actual speed
• Magnetic field speed, RPM (Ns) = 120 x FL / (# poles)
- Rotor problems 1 (broken/cracked rotor bars /

shorting rings, shorted rotor laminations) :
1x 3x * Fp Sidebands around 1x for broken rotor bars
Amplitude
2x
* Fp Sidebands around 1x, 2x, 3x, …. for cracked
rotor bars
Frequency
- Rotor problems 2 (loose/broken rotor bars) :

RBPF
1x 2FL Sidebands around RBPF or its harmonic freq.
Amplitude
2x RBPF = Rotor Bar Pass Frequency = # Bars x RPM
Frequency
- Phasing problems (motor beroperasi hanya 2 dari 3

phasa, disebabkan oleh loose / broken connectors) :
2FL
1/3 FL Sidebands around 2FL

Amplitude
Frequency
Loose stator coils pada synchronous motors :

CPF
1x RPM Sidebands around CPF = Coil Pass Freq.

Amplitude
1x 2x
CPF = # stator coils x RPM
Frequency
- DC motor problems 1 (broken field winding, bad

SCR and loose connection) :
6FL = SCR Firing Freq. or its harmonic freq.
Amplitude
1x
2x
Frequency
- DC motor problems 2 (loose/blown fuses, shorted

control card) :
FL Amplitude tinggi pada 1x hingga 5x Line Freq.
2FL
Amplitude
3FL 4FL 5FL
Frequency
Rekommendasi untuk analisa vibrasi motor listrik
Untuk mendeteksi uneven airgap, eccentric rotor :
-> 3 titik “resolusi tinggi” (diambil 1x setahun)
* HOH : high resolution, motor outboard horizontal

* HIH : high resolution, motor inboard horizontal
* HOA (or HIA) : high resolution, motor outboard (or
inboard) axial
-> Fmax = 200 Hz, 1600 lines

-> Resolusi = 0.125 Hz
Rekommendasi untuk analisa vibrasi motor listrik
Untuk mendeteksi munculnya rotor bar pass frequency

atau stator slot pass frequency :
-> 2 titik “extended range” (diambil 1x setahun)
* EOH : extended range, motor outboard horizontal

* EIH : extended range, motor inboard horizontal
-> Fmax = 5000 Hz, 3200 lines, jika tidak diketahui

jumlah rotor atau stator slot, sebenarnya cukup s/d
frekuensi : (2x rotor / stator slot pass freq. + 400 Hz)
-> Jika ingin mengambil data ini 1x sebulan, cukup
dengan 400 – 800 lines untuk menghemat memori
12. Gaya Tinggi pada 1 x rpm atau Tdk tentu Lebih terasa bila A
aerodinamik / vertikal atau jumlah sudu beban tidak

hidrolik horizontal atau fan atau stabil. f
impeler x 1x Jml x
rpm
Ve = 14 Vf = 13
Ae = 7 Af = 7
Va = 1
Vb = 2 Vc = 4
He = 13 Hf = 14
Aa = 1 Ab = 3 Ac = 5
Ad = 3
Ha = 2 Hb = 2
Hc = 3
Hd = 4 Vd = 4
13. Gaya Dominan aksial 1 x,2 x rpm Single, Pada mesin A
reciprocating atau lebih double, reciprocating

triple bisa ganti f
desain/isolasi 1x 2x
Ve = 2 Vf = 2
Ae = 3 Af = 3
Va = 7
Vb = 8 Vc = 3
He = 4 Hf = 2
Aa = 6 Ab = 7 Ac = 4
Ad = 4
Ha = 8 Hb = 7
Hc = 2
Hd = 4 Vd = 3
Ringkasan Analisa Amplitudo, Frekuensi dan Fase
1. Unbalance Sebanding dgn 1 x rpm Single Kondisi sering A

ketidak balance, reference ditemui
dominan pd mark f
radial (2x aksial) 1x
2. Misalignment Dominan pd Sering 1 x & 2 x Single Ditandai timbulnya vibrasi A

aksial. Gunakan alat laser-
kopling atau aksial, 50% rpm. Kadang 3 x double alignment. Apabila mesin
poros bengkok atau lebih dari rpm baru dipasang terjadi
triple vibrasi, maka kemungkinan
f
arah radial besar karena misalignment.
1x 2x
3. Anti friction Tidak stabil, Sangat tinggi, Tdk tentu, Vibrasi akan timbul A
bearing buruk ukur acceleration beberapa kali apabila bearing sdh

Berubah- parah. Gunakan
untuk freq. Rpm, 1x, 2x, 3x,
tinggi rubah enveloping & f
4x … 10x 1x 2x 3x 4x
shockpulse
4. Sleeve, metal, Tidak besar, 1 x rpm, seolah- Single pd rodagigi vibrasi segaris A
dengan pusat kontak. pd
Jurnal bearing aksial olah seperti motor/gen vibrasi hilang
(friction lebih tinggi unbalance bila mesin dimatikan. pd
f
bearing) pompa/blower 1x
kemungkinan unbalance
5. Rodagigi Rendah, ukur Sangat tinggi Tdk tentu Awal rusak bersuara, A
buruk atau kecepatan & Jumlah gigi x semakin lama keras.

bersuara percepatan, Vibrasi biasanya
rpm dalam toleransi. f
gunakan accel. 1x 2x 3x 4x
tooth
6. Gear mesh Rendah, ukur Sangat tinggi Tdk Sering terjadi A
buruk atau kecepatan & Jumlah gigi x tentu pada saat

bersuara pada percepatan, rpm pemasangan f
saat start/stop gunakan accel. 1x 2x 3x 4x

looseness aksial agak kacau bersamaan dgn
(Housing unbalance / f
bearing aus) misalignment 2x
8. Mechanical Tinggi pada Kurang dari Tdk tentu Kencangkan baut A

Looseness (Pondasi
kendor – dudukan
vertikal 1 x rpm Untuk memastikan
lemah/karatan – f
baut kendor) <1x

looseness vertikal, agak kacau bersamaan dgn
(Pondasi horizontal & unbalance / f
melengkung) aksial misalignment 2x
10. Drive belt Tdk 1,2,3 1 atau 2 Biasanya terjadi A
buruk tentu/berpulsa atau 4 x tergantung karena belt tdk berada

rpm belt frekuensi, pada tempatnya secara f
tdk tetap sempurna. 1x 2x 3x 4x
11. Elektrikal Tidak tinggi, ada 2 x rpm lebih Single/ Vibrasi & suara A
suara dengung, tinggi daripd rotate hilang bila
lbh terasa bila 1 x rpm. double mesin dimatikan f
dimatikan 1x 2x
mark
12. Gaya Tinggi pada 1 x rpm / jml Tdk tentu Lebih terasa bila A
aerodinamik / vertikal atau sudu / fan beban tidak

hidrolik horizontal atau impeler stabil. f
x rpm 1x Jml x
13. Gaya Dominan aksial 1 x,2 x rpm Single, Pada mesin A
reciprocating atau lebih double, reciprocating

triple bisa ganti f
desain/isolasi 1x 2x
Phase Analysis
Kegunaan informasi fase untuk analisa masalah mesin :
- Mendeteksi “shaft crack”

- Mendeteksi “rubbing”
- Diperlukan sewaktu Balancing
- Mendeteksi resonansi dari shaft atau casing
- Mengetahui bentuk gerakan shaft (shaft bending)
Phase Analysis
Tanda-tanda “shaft crack” :
- Nilai tinggi pada frekuensi 1x RPM di gambar spectrum

- Perubahan dalam nilai fase yang cukup signifikan
6
A m plitudo
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
Time (interval 20 minutes)
Time (interval 20 minutes)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
0
P ha s e la g
20
40
60
80
100
120
Phase Analysis
Tanda-tanda masalah “rubbing” :
- Nilai amplitudo yang berfluktuasi di frekuensi 1x RPM

- Nilai fase yang secara kontinu berubah
Polar Vibration Trend Plot of
steady state vibration due to a seal rub
0
340 8 20
320 6 40
300 4 60
2
280 80
0
260 100
240 120
220 140
200 160
180
Phase Analysis
Mengetahui bentuk gerakan shaft :
- Untuk menentukan balancing 1 atau 2 plane

- Untuk mendeteksi resonansi dari shaft atau struktur
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
Cepstrum Analysis
Cepstrum
Cepstrumis
isaaspectrum
spectrumof
ofaalogarithmic
logarithmicspectrum
spectrum
Time Signal FFT Spectrum -1 Cepstrum

F V (dB) F V
raw 100 28,1 ms (35 Hz)
95,9 ms (10 Hz)

90
FFT FFT
80
70
s
100 200 300 400 500 0,1 0,2 0,3
Hz
Spectrum Cepstrum
Frequency (Hz) Qerfuency (ms)
Harmonics Rahmonics
Filter Lifter
Magnitude Gamnitude
Sideband patterns easily diagnosed and trended with Cepstrum analysis
Bode Plot
Bode
Bodeplot
plotinvolves
involvesplotting
plottingthe
thevibration
vibrationamplitude
amplitude
and
andphase
phaseagainst
againstrotational
rotationalspeed
speed
0o
Phase
90o
180o
Critical
Speed
Amplitude
Slow roll
Use for identifying resonance or critical speed. Very sensitive to run-out Rotational Speed
Polar Plots (Nyquist plots)
Polar
Polarplot
plot--the
thevibration
vibrationamplitude
amplitudeis
isplotted
plottedagainst
against
Phase
Phaseononaapolar
polargraph
graphpaper
paper
90o Critical Speed
90o Phase shift
Amplitude
at critical
speed
Increasing
Shaft speed
180o 0o
Residual
Origin
unbalance
Same information as Bode plot – different presentation.
Advantage: Easy to correct for run out by shifting orgin for all vectors.
Proximity probe’s signal
AAproximity
proximityprobe
probeprovides
providestwo
twosignal
signaloutput:
output:
1.
1. Shaft
Shaftdynamic
dynamicmotion
motionrelative
relativeto
tothe
theprobe
probemounting
mounting(AC
(ACsignal)
signal)
2.
2. Shaft
Shaftaverage
averageposition
positionrelative
relativeto
tothe
theprobe
probemounting
mounting(DC
(DCsignal)
signal)
AC Signal
Gap DC
Signal
Shaft centerline plot
Plotting
PlottingX-Y
X-Ycoordinates
coordinatesofofGap
Gap(DC
(DCsignal)
signal)
from o
from22prox.
prox.probe
probespace
space90
90oapart
apartat
ateach
eachbearing
bearing
um
+
++ ++
+ b um
+ +
++
a Provides exact determination of the average shaft
Centerline position relative to the bearing clearance
Compared with bearing centerline for measurement

of shaft attitude angle = exceeds 90o ~ instability
a
Orbits (lissajou)
Orbits
Orbits––Plotting
PlottingX-Y
X-Ycoordinates
coordinatesof
oftwo
twosignals
signals
(shaft o
(shaftdisplacement)
displacement)space
space90
90oapart
apartat
ateach
eachbearing
bearing
Y, vertical
X, horizontal
• Two pure sine waves of equal amplitude with 90o phase difference = circular orbit
• If they have different amplitudes but retain 90o phase = elliptical with the major axis
In the direction of the largest amplitude
Orbits (lissajou)
Orbits
Orbits––use
useto
todisplay
displayaaaccurate
accuratepicture
pictureof
ofshaft
shaftmotion
motion
greatly
greatlymagnified,
magnified,and
andeasily
easilyunderstood
understood
Line of action
Y, vertical
External forces reduces amplitude:

X, horizontal
Gravity, Preload by pressure dam
bearings, Misalignment of shafts restrain
Typical misalignment
Produce a 180o phase shift across coupling
This phase shift can be observed in radial vibration and/or
shaft centerline (connecting the trigger points)
Order
Amplitude
Phase
Run-up/
Coastdown
Speed
Time vs FFT
Time Signal:
transient signals, repeat

frequencies, beats and sine
waveform good visible
→ but:
Individual Frequencies of the
Vibration Spectrum
almost not visible
FFT
Fast Fourier Amplitude Spectrum:
Transformation
good visibility of the dominant
frequencies of the vibration signal
→ but:
transient Signals, shocks with
repeat frequency and beat signals
almost not visible
Predictive Maintenance
Start Rules
+
Experi
NO
YES
Create Regular Compare Fault Fault
Ref. Meas. limits Diagnostics correction
Input
m/c
specs
Create
New Ref. & Limits

VIBRASI SE 3 Level2

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VIBRASI SE 3 Level2

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Vibration Analysis – Level 2

for assessing machine potential failure modes

• Broad Band Vibration Analysis

Also know as Overall vibration measurement

How to make a frequency analysis?

How to make a frequency analysis?

In FFT analysis, the bandwidth = Frequency span / no. lines

Low-Pass filters - Allow low frequencies to pass through

Bandpass filters - Allows only frequencies within the band

Anti-aliasing filters - Low pass filter at half the sampling frequencies

Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) - Pitfalls

Sampling rate too slow

High frequency analysis results in false

Solution: Use Anti-aliasing filter

2nd Sample +ve

Bandwidth Analysis Time

400 lines FFT

IF Freq. Span is 1 KHz then resolution

Window Function Window Function

FFT Spectrum 1 FFT Spectrum 2

1 KHz 3KHz 40KHz

Use Proximity probes

Apa saja yang mungkin menyebabkan vibrasi ?

1. Unbalance Sebanding dgn 1 x rpm Single Kondisi sering A

2. Misalignment Dominan pd Sering 1 x & 2 x Single Ditandai timbulnya vibrasi A

bearing buruk ukur percepatan, beberapa kali apabila bearing sdh

Natural frequencies rolling bearing pieces

fnat,O fnat, Ι fnat,B

1 000 10 000 36 000 100 000 flog / Hz

dBi = initial value dBia = adjusted inital value

Time signal: Time signal:

f in Hz fRPOF 2•fRPOF 3 •fRPO F 4 •fRPOF f in

1.6 1 25.00 0.21

0.6 5 126.88 0.08

0.4 6 4.38 0.08

5. Rodagigi Rendah, ukur Sangat tinggi Tdk tentu Awal rusak A

buruk atau kecepatan & Jumlah gigi x bersuara, semakin

buruk atau kecepatan & Jumlah gigi x pada saat

• Number of teeth on the pinion...................(Np)

from the gear

• Number of teeth on gear.............................(Ng)

• Gear speed, rpm.........................................(Rg)

• Gear rotational frequency, Hz...................(frg)

• Pinion rotational frequency, Hz.................(frp)

from the data

• Tooth repeat frequency, Hz......................(ftr)

• Assembly phase passage frequency, Hz.....(fa)

• The compressor is one of the petrochemical industry's most durable and

• Generators are generally well-behaved dynamically, due to

• It is easy to see the interaction of process and vibration characteristics by

• Trending for Acceptance Regions

Gear & Pinion rotational frequencies :

Assembly phase passage frequency :

N a = Product of common prime factors

Tooth repeat frequency :

or for a true hunting tooth combination

7. Mechanical Tinggi pada 2 x rpm 2 referensi Sering A

9. Mechanical Tinggi pada 2 x rpm 2 referensi Sering A

10. Drive belt Tdk 1,2,3 1 atau 2 Biasanya terjadi A

buruk tentu/berpulsa atau 4 x tergantung karena belt tdk berada

- Motor induksi (induction / asynchronous motor)

- Broken rotor bars

- Shorted rotor lamination