Communication in Electronic.

Lecture 15 Antenna Arrays and Microstrip antennas

Gert Frølund Pedersen

Aalborg University

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 Antenna Arrays

In an array of identical elements, there are 6 controls for

Shaping the overall radiation pattern of the array:
1 The Geometrical configuration of the array (linear,
circular, rectangular etc.)
2 The relative displacement of the individual elements
3 The excitation amplitude of the elements
4 The excitation phase of the elements
5 The radiation pattern of the elements
6 Number of elements

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 Two-element Array
  
Et = E1 + E2 =
β β
kI 0l e 
− j ( kr1 − 2 ) − j ( kr2 − 2 )
e
aˆθ jη  cos(θ1 ) + cos(θ 2 )
4π  r1 r2 

θ1 ≅ θ 2 ≅ θ
d 
r1 ≅ r − cos(θ ) 
2
 for Phase
d
r2 ≅ r + cos(θ )
2 
r1 ≅ r2 ≅ r} for Amplitude
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 Two-element Array
  
Et = E1 + E2 =
β β
kI 0l e 
− j ( kr1 − 2 ) − j ( kr2 − 2 )
e
aˆθ jη  cos(θ1 ) + cos(θ 2 )
4π  r1 r2 

Assuming Farfield observations =>
 kI 0le − jkr
Et = aˆθ jη cos(θ )2 cos( 12 (kd cos(θ + β ))
4πr
or
 
Et = ESingleElement x ArrayFactor

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 Two-element Array
 
Et = ESingleElement x ArrayFactor

The array factor (AF) is a function of the geometry of the array

and the excitation phase (uniform array). =>
By varying the separation d, and/or the the phase, β, between
the elements the characteristic of the array antenna can be
controlled!

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 Array general
 
Et = ESingleElement x ArrayFactor

Each array has its own array factor.

The AF is determinate by N, number of elements, their location,
their relative magnitude and phase and the spacing.
The AF is simpler for identical amplitudes, phase and spacing.

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 Two Element array example
 kI 0le − jkr
Et = aˆθ jη cos(θ )2 cos( 12 (kd cos(θ + β ))
4πr
Etn = cos(θ ) cos( 12 (kd cos(θ + β ))

β = 0, d = λ4 ⇒

Etn = cos(θ ) cos(π4 cosθ )

Etn = 0 ⇒
θ n = 90°

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 Two Element array example

Etn = cos(θ ) cos( 12 (kd cos(θ + β ))

β = 0, d = λ4 ⇒

Etn = cos(θ ) cos(π4 cosθ )

Etn = 0 ⇒
θ n = 90°

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 Two Element array example
 kI 0le − jkr
Et = aˆθ jη cos(θ )2 cos( 12 (kd cos(θ + β ))
4πr
Etn = cos(θ ) cos( 12 (kd cos(θ + β ))

β = π2 , d = λ4 ⇒

Etn = cos(θ ) cos(π4 (cosθ + 1))

Etn = 0 ⇒
θ n = 90°, and θ n = 0°

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 Two Element array example

Etn = cos(θ ) cos( 12 (kd cos(θ + β ))

β = π2 , d = λ4 ⇒

Etn = cos(θ ) cos(π4 (cosθ + 1))

Etn = 0 ⇒
θ n = 90°, and θ n = 0°

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 Two Element array example

β = π2 , d = λ4 ⇒

Etn = cos(θ ) cos(π4 (cosθ + 1))

Etn = 0 ⇒
θ n = 90°, and θ n = 0°

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 Two Element array example
 kI 0le − jkr
Et = aˆθ jη cos(θ )2 cos( 12 (kd cos(θ + β ))
4πr
Etn = cos(θ ) cos( 12 (kd cos(θ + β ))

β = − π2 , d = λ4 ⇒

Etn = cos(θ ) cos(π4 (cosθ + 1))

Etn = 0 ⇒
θ n = 90°, and θ n = 180°

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 Two Element array example

Etn = cos(θ ) cos( 12 (kd cos(θ + β ))

β = − π2 , d = λ4 ⇒

Etn = cos(θ ) cos(π4 (cosθ + 1))

Etn = 0 ⇒
θ n = 90°, and θ n = 180°

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 Uniform Array
An array of identical elements all of identical magnitude and
each with a progressive phase is referred to as a uniform array

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 Uniform Array

N
AF = ∑ e j ( n −1)( kd cosθ + β )
, or
1
N
AF = ∑ e j ( n −1) Ψ
1

ψ = kd cosθ + β

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 Uniform Array
N

AF = ∑ e j ( n−1) Ψ 
1  =>
ψ = kd cosθ + β 
N
sin( ψ )
AF = 2 , or
1
sin( ψ )
2
N
sin( ψ )
1 2
AFn =
N sin( 1ψ )
2
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 Broadside Array

Maximum at θ=90: Maximum when ψ=0

ψ = kd cosθ + β = 0 ⇒
β =0

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 Broadside Array

To ensure no principal maxima in other directions => separation

must be d<λ when β=0

d=λ/4 d=λ
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 Broadside Array

Note that the larger the overall

length of the antenna the
narrower the beamwidth – but
other problems arises if the
spacing is larger than one
wavelength!

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 Ordinary End-fire Array

Maximum at θ=0 or 180:

Maximum when ψ=0

ψ = kd cosθ + β = 0 ⇒
β = kd
ψ = kd cos(180°) + β = 0 ⇒
β = − kd

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 Ordinary End-fire Array

Note, end-fire
Radiate only
in one
direction IF

d< λ
2

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 Phase ( or Scanning) Array

Maximum at θ: Maximum when ψ=0

ψ = kd cosθ + β θ =θ 0
=0⇒
β = −kd cosθ 0

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 Phase ( or Scanning) Array

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 Directivity of uniform linear Arrays

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Binomial and Tschebyscheff linear Arrays

N=10
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 Problems
Problem 6-12 (6-10 in 2nd edition)
Design an ordinary end-fire uniform linear
array with only maximum so that its
directivity is 20 dBi. The spacing between
the elements is λ/4, and its length is much
greater that the spacing. Dertermine the:
a) Number of elements
b) Overall lenght of the array (in
wavelengths)
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 Problems

c) Approximate half-power beamwith (in

degrees)
d) Amplitude level (compered to the
maximum of the major lobe) of the
first minor lobe in dB.
e) Progressive phase shift between the
elements in degrees.

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 Problems
Design a patch antenna for
Bluetooth,(frequency 2.402 to 2.480
GHz).Use PP material with Er=2.2 and a
thickness of 3 mm.
Find the input impedance at the edge and
calculatethe position for 50 Ohm
impedance.
Find the W for a 50 Ohm microstrip.
Make the antenna.
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