Communication in Electronic.

( Lecture 14: Basic propagation)

Gert Frølund Pedersen

Aalborg University

Gert Frølund Pedersen Communication in Electronic 5. semester.

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 Antenna (vector) effective length

Effective length is a far-field

Quantity, relating the open voltage
On the antenna terminals with the
Wave impinges upon it

  
le (θ ,φ ) = aθ lθ (θ ,φ ) + aφ lφ (θ ,φ )
   kI in − jkr
Ea = aθ Eθ + aφ Eφ = − jη lee
4πr
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 Antenna (vector) effective length

Ex. Far-field radiated by a small dipole (1/10 of a wave length)

Is: − jkr
  kI inl e
Ea = aθ jη sin(θ )
8πr
 l
⇒ le = − aθ sin(θ )
2
By comparing to Eq 2-92, relating le and Ea:
   kI in − jkr
Ea = aθ Eθ + aφ Eφ = − jη lee
4πr
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 Friss Transmission Equation

Valid in the Farfield.

The Power density in a distance, R, from

Pt et
a transmitting isotropic antenna is: Wisotropic =
4πR 2

For a non-isotropic antenna it is:

Wnon−isotropic = t (θt , φt )
PG
4π R 2

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 Friss Transmission Equation
The Effective area of an impedance match
antenna is:
λ2 2
Ar = et Dr (θ rφr ) ρˆ r ρˆt
4π

Power collected by a receiving antenna:

λ2 2
Pr A=
= W
r t G (θ ,
r r r φ )G (θ ,
t t t φ ) P ρˆ
t r ⋅ ρ
ˆ t
(4π R ) 2

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 Friss Transmission Equation

If the impedance matching is included Friis equation

is:
2 2 λ2 2
Pr = (1 − Γ r )(1 − Γt )Gr (θ r , φr )Gt (θt , φt ) P ρˆ
t r ⋅ ρ
ˆ t
(4π R ) 2
Or alternative:
2 2 λ2 2
Pr ecdt ecdr (1 − Γ r )(1 − Γt ) Dr (θ r , φr ) Dt (θt , φt ) P ρˆ
t r ⋅ ρ
ˆ t
(4π R ) 2
2
 λ 
 (4πR )  Is called the free-space loss factor – where did it come from?
 
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 Friss Transmission Equation

Friis equation
2 2 λ2 2
Pr = (1 − Γ r )(1 − Γt )Gr (θ r , φr )Gt (θt , φt ) P ρˆ
t r ⋅ ρ
ˆ t
(4π R ) 2

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 Radar Range Equation

The “radar cross section” is defined as “the area intercepting

that amount of power which, when scattered isotropically,
Produces at the receiver a density which is equal to that
Scattered by the actual target”
 σWi 
lim   = Ws
R →∞  4πR 
2
σ in [m 2 ]
 2 Ws 
σ = lim 4πR  Ws power density in [W / m 2 ]
R →∞
 Wi

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 Radar Range Equation
Gt (θ t , φt ) Pt
Pc = σWt =
Captured power by the object: 4πR12

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 Radar Range Equation

Captured power by the object:

Gt (θ t ,φt ) Pt
Pc = σWt =
4πR12

Pc is re-radiated isotropically by the object:

Pc Gt (θ t , φt ) Pt
Ws = =σ
4πR22
(4πR1 R2 ) 2

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 Radar Range Equation

Power received from the object:

2
σGr (θ rφr )Gt (θ tφt )  λ 
Pr = ArWs =   Pt
4π  4πR1R2 
Including the impedance and polarisation matching:
2
2 σGr (θ rφr )Gt (θ tφt )  λ 
2
Pr = (1 − Γr )(1 − Γt )   ρˆ r ⋅ ρˆ s Pt
4π  4πR1R2 

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 Radar Cross Section (RCS)

Farfield parameters characterising the scattering properties.

Dived in:
1. Mono-static or backscattering
2. Bi-static
RCS can be controlled by:
1. Shaping
2. materials

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 Radar Cross Section (RCS)

Typical RCS
values:

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 Propagation over reflecting surface

To cases will be considered:

1 spherical reflecting surface
2 Flat reflecting surface
Both including the general complex
reflection coefficient

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 Propagation over reflecting surface

Simple but practical model

Reflection coefficient
sin(ψ ) − ε
ε0 − ωεjσ0 − cos 2 (ψ )
ρh =
sin(ψ ) + ε
ε0 − ωεjσ0 − cos 2 (ψ )

(ε r − ωεjσ0 ) sin(ψ ) − ε r − ωεjσ0 − cos 2 (ψ )

ρv =
(ε r − ωεjσ0 ) sin(ψ ) + ε r − ωεjσ0 − cos 2 (ψ )
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 Propagation over reflecting surface

Note,
1. The earth is not a perfect conductor nor a perfect
dielectric
2. The reflection coefficient is DIFFERENT for the two
polarisations (very different up to 180 degrees but NOT
for small angles!).
3. The reflection coefficient is complex!

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 Propagation over reflecting surface

Magnitude and Phase of the

plane-wave reflection
coefficient for Vertical
polarisation
ε r = 15 σ = 0.012

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 Propagation over reflecting surface

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 Propagation over reflecting surface

d = [re + (hT − hT′ )] − re

2 2
Simple geometry gives: 1

Which can be formulated as a

cubic equation, and solved
with standard methods.

2d13 − 3dd12 + [d 2 − 2re (hT + hR )]d1 + 2re hT d = 0

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 Propagation over reflecting surface

if d >> hT′ , hR′

E = Edirect {1 + ρ e − j ( ∆φ −θ ) }

θ angle of reflection coefficient

∆φ = 2λπ ∆R

The above equation can be used to calculate the field at

any place in the farfield but the divergence from the
curvature of the earth is not included.

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 Propagation over reflecting surface

The divergence of the reflected rays can be included by a

divergence factor – usual in the order of 0.5

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Propagation over flat reflecting surface

if d >> hT′ , hR′

E = Edirect sin( ∆2φ )
Pr = 4 Pt ( 4πλd ) Gr Gt sin 2 ( 2πdhTλhR )
2

≅ Gr Gt ( d 2 )P
hT hR 2
t

Note, the difference to Friis equation:

1. λ is out of the equation.
2. The power diminish as the fourth power of the
distance
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 Propagation over flat reflecting surface

Pr ≅ Gr Gt ( d 2 )P
hT hR 2
t

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 Problems

1 For an X-band (8.2 – 14.4 GHz) rectangular horn,

with aperture dimension of 5,5 cm and 7,4 cm , find
its maximum effective aperture in cm2 when its gain
over isotropic is:
a) 14,8 dB
b) 16,5 dB
c) 18,0 dB

Gert Frølund Pedersen Communication in Electronic 5. semester.

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 Problems
2 A communication satellite is in the stationary orbit
about the earth (22.300 statute miles ~ 36.000 km). Its
transmitter generates 8 Watt. Assume the transmitting
antenna is isotropic. Its signal is received by a 210 foot
diameter tracking parabol antenna on the earth. Also
assume no resistive losses in either antenna, perfect
polarization match and perfect impedance matching at
both antennas. At a frequency of 2 GHz, determinate the:
a) Power density in Watts/m2 incident on the receiving
antenna.
b) Power received by the ground based antenna whose
gain is 60 dBi
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 Problems

3 Transmitting and receiving antennas operating at 1

GHz with gains of 20 and 15 dBi respectively, are
separated by a distance of 1 km.
Find the maximum power delivered to the load
when the input power is 150 W. You can assume
the antennas are polarization matched.

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 Problems

4 Repeat Problem 3 for the case of a reflecting

ground and antenna height of both the receiver and
transmitter of:
I. 3 meters
II. 5 meters
III. 10 meters

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