outien of

tor e corndiacts
Cuslows aud pasonal lauws govenutd covnknack belone
Contack Lae
Ptous ebligalton ouhau o upayBhedebk amd
obltgakows o Jahha alahes
dearw
uakhky sAnu Rigvadic putod
Soe souACL e lauoel courak
Dranmahastios-> Vyawahan@mayukha
(padhat duals uoti nuuleragardit4
goveiug Codanauk)
Anhashastra (untiu by KauHya)seoulan tat Hat
paks aouk coutrat-

Rule e Oamaupat-mener shoulduat exud he

prieialamomt
Back Hhen,pteple usn dhaitmy ,miuom, oOmeM tte:
ww wet alowed lo eton tuloa coudnact.hey wes allad
dapndenk. ouweve,dependans uwallbwed o euten
Capauth
Ceotna /naud was wot allowed m a covtrat
Mkor owld wot be dhAged ataxotlavt rabas
 due o woal
oleltgaho
THEORETICAL
BASIS OF AW OF
Tkeue on coukrat laun CONIRACTS
CowMenc loupfvhad tu udtawoued tdhan taade and
tu he 16munhwnd
MORAL THEORY: 301ou
Moudc
Yed byJhen a prowhe Kmade, thas o be kp 4Aendat
ajutyo hukt Me pHOne, yeu t l be puuted (iMANiNVe
beelt) uDldaltm.
2 TuTY THEORY.Uujulous Rel1ame Tho)
The deted oukuoine bukyergnsHhe mbraltt
(uttevd 00uequenkalfm
3 Wll THEORÝ
orll Hhe panhe.cuoztts ewruwagns eweylm
elue A coutiac should be eNoed beaue fh

4 DECLARATION THEOXY:
et
T you dclane somekkiua. you'ne odoliggd o Pulkl
1odleva tme ohn peksön comes lHkuDw albou he
declanakten on omenwfe
5EXPEDITION THEDRY
Accpug heoffen on doiug auy auttmouah uohlch uou
a7ne 'atcepHng ha &fen Dotiug auytMing o comuitate
youn atkpkane
6) RECEPTLON THEORY
he pahies ane bovnd by the covukract au 0pu ds you
 ecehe he communfcalfou o auptaMte
7 NFORMATION THEDRY:
Owly compleke hen the ollen cowmes Bo Hu kuouledge.et
theolene
ooulas Notu
Heuday +DHIRkg thuonay was olowed y Jue Benmam .osLoe
Pound, Bedhn,Hobbes, Autiw,ifolland and salmovud
Thanstion nom nomtnalimb consauntalrm
did wotuan hee wos cOwtpleke drniaard lenBouwands
WAOnal dutu.
FrLL Consedt amounk to conthacks made wihout
CDencdou, nwisupnLsevukakon, fnaud, wlBake and ndue
tufluenu
Cowpensaiou % a nemmdy fon baeach of contnad. The
panty'bruachiua me eonknact cam make'an a4raenmant
wte oHhen pnhy M advane

WRITS
dWite Asvnpett :Fon baeadh e ufonmal(oral)
Skyme v-Butelt.a.
2Wt o Covinant:-Agruineut undena stal
CFoa ue pofonmanle Dbvuloped anound hesn centuny
ospeukcau) -Foabuathof covenant
kalbetame an emnlial anouwd
fi

3Walt od Delt: Fon a petlkc mm omoua

Wht Dekuue: Fon wnonahul derentou o dhares
belovgtnd loanolhes ponk *
 Penal Bonds-No umdy he ondton lows Hue
pnal boud
Huskeasaut- peatoamlug an ack na wnonghil way
Malfea sauu - 'wat pufonaing anack

Cowsid enahou nud wut be aluoaus woneBamy Houoeyeny

COnte-pofA wUU alo caldewd as tousld eaton
IMPORTANT CASE LAWS
Adavvsv Liudsell
Taylos v Calduoel
Hadley V. Banandahe
Cal v. Caskoeiic SmoktBall Co.
Cundy V. Lidsa
Stoe V. Wymipol

s022s EVOLUTLON DF INDIAN CONTRAtT ACT,187a

Chamten Ack o 1s83Codikudl al ke lugtlakon
Malon sKolo u todihcakiey and
COMoludakenof the wkhua leaslahou
Swkeu 53 povtion ox appotndmunk olanw

Seebudlaw owwnisdouuRua up dhak cowtratk bI

(KLewVn&ndakóu)
Mnd law towwiwlovpnepaud a droato condrautb
Lqamd as an. at Km 1948
 CoNTRACT ACT (eA, 194a)

houenal Phinctples Speetal kinds of condna

(Sefona - a
Fonmakou
Cschane baenl, md emuthy
bNAAh

SecHona, Secton to:

pRopesal 0n anoen when acepted betomeu a pnDmfst
Teon at]
wen a peson dqttes o anothn hb tlngny b do on abtatu
Om dotganying xpeutng u aneul of e ohon ->

Preporal
Ouly oun hnc kan tkent o makea mlakonp legalihe
bicomes legally moruahle Conmdenohvi« alo
0g wut
presevt .

Pron fonmed wtth cousideaHou Agnuement

Cowpensafon on Bhe puona ConMd enako 20

has o be arhe den me

pMontoN
Covdnack

Valld Vetd Vidable

Chulkl ukou o).

vbid agneement VAd abnfMo buawe

Seufon 2lg) naw bttame a2

Conra
vAd oonk ratk heuhad beuna valid
aich buuun
betane huitretes
 Vdable contnatt-> ophen h avatlable otha vulucnable
Compmoted panhy ko maks ha
Condnaet valtd os vnd ati.
Uuenloneabe contuat vome ont of techntal detett
wlch can be eonnected
Expmeu coutnatt> hach an xpnus agrumewt biw
he panRta
plid couthatt dnciumstanu and condutk amouns
b agetnt btkwuu Hhe panlftb:
Balaua v. Baltouo
SiwpkinuvPayz
FalepRowise no runion Afultling e pnowmAe
wwn twas made
Bxrack o pMowie wkm me pAonnte uHdd be ulRlud
mbeau y dueb Maous mad
anoe lat

ESSENTIALS eF AVAUD OPFER

)Tutukou to cneate a legal relakonshlp
Gid eonsenus ad 1dem (wnechugot nminda)
(i) detvihe 0n tehau.
CN) wth a view d dotoiuing assentEnown he omen pexson
kohukony owhatk-astngepadyspnuradve ofgovk-cngov body
Exeurd covknack -contraok nhtch have aheady bean pemomad ay bh
ofhepaku
xteuhoey condrach-Cvtaatk hothaswotbenkally perkonmudbe
Dtokralovack-a tohratk enakedbyanoffe lafuu only
aked hoouh pokonname
Dhotal contnck-avebal anavantyolechanbelelleyindng aut
haderb cektutems
ovdand nyyacs-bve paakyitonu. Mt a condikoKJ and beorh
n and heohA
poaly vas le ca uo alfiEy lo hegoHte
iolalas Geueal auuph offen Dwttotovub ofo:
Conau/dekutte Cou be waerpicedjdovdopad hrkn
t l u attephanus mtu oa
Howey Vat
Morpunon v Apyanana

Kouslndge of Waoden% eunhal en aunphan he d-

Lalroan truukla v. GauniDdt

Comunluhou d au olu canbe onal,uortu n expLvd

Hanouah eawdutt CSttRon )

CDMMUNICATION WHEN COMPLETE Cseuhou4

pnopesal s upapleleuohan t Cownu ohe
Cowmunlahono a
kuowledge he peisoi b
uho#K made
k complte
e comimulalien d an auwphaute
as agal t me paopo, whent putM a wme d
kim, 6 as lo be but u powe o ne
EaumlMoub
atupton t cones o the ouwlaed=
as agalust Hhe actupton, when
P propo K conplehe-
communialemo a rwoaken
The
rmaku t, whun tB put mloa
a Ogaint me
penon who
pesson owhom
&made,
CoUne otAansmision o Hhe
lo hk khoudedqu
vwhun tt cors
Ack wltm/onal/condut
to onniisn
Owmigsien lm does wo auout
auptanu
woB o do omeiog o Yhow you
ahana ypu
 CoUNTR OEFER
Rfes to hs nupouae qen bau mikal ofeon, making
ohdous hat He oniginal otfes was mjected
ACEPTANCESeckou a(tJ
hawaH PRasas Pauwan UOL
Suhona
Comwunlatou alerolutsand naualtted
aruptauu (tltou s)
tsea done huouah wnauthorid mode heu t votl
ot anuouwt o atuuptane
Pouoell yL
Delhi Dwuopmevt Auhofy y. Ravndia.Mohan
t l e sonneRs amounk o amphauta
Fad- ouux v Bvdu
udaaad Muni cipal Co v
M-Kishuaswaml
Mudalcu
KAla Ftuandal opeiahion v VfMtEw faue
 Decbalne o Bouett and Bunden
syoan aiinki lHarv U
1ai appnobat non nepmobal'
Aupanc kaulo be made bona ue lapnd
UOT V. MK Sankaa

15 0a9 MODES OF COMMUNICATION

Wed Shninkuonap Aquumunk yau can mly mad he tws avd
Codrhou olinteatug He wsapeshe leantvua
wnappen doesnoB auuowr h auipBainu-> umuors,y
e e pDoluch velhout Madiug me tewma and todsua,
you au'auephug u o u
Cuckumap haroennLnk ouduL agnammt>yuoss
auuphiuakaelau ayd coudHos by ddtug "am
owluy nyu AU UWM he product
tupt-Sae Dab yturma Tnc V.wYSE Ters
Hy.Cakuwoy 3peoLnc
Tdmex wtl F2E Ltd v Vedauto Atumulum H
Mackiitaynv. Compaanie dy Menagviu MaTHm de

Muku buttav. ndion Artnu

Ralpu Taanwpont to v Ghan tuyo 1
Temy and Coudtton
tly wuite v. RMuxma mi
SeuRe so() ir Achaooo -'Wh»e tu a ontoct kermakon
Hne Comuvicohion o pnopoaals, Ahe auteplauce e paopcal,
ha HNocakow posals aud acwphante, as te'ase ma
0 pMndMdlituodc suuond thateudh ovt hal
M.ot be daeiwd ble anlonuable voledy u uegmoud thot
Suck luckonc fbwnon mansMadwasmd h a
puUnpee
Mackrltcan v. Cornpaanle de MesagtuHaahuu de hau
The appcan ateptd Mat Hcket coihatuuo Fnant
laquage besatd he ufha uot bound by t, wable o
nod hem ca huld alough he
may noB b undersBa nd
FHnch,ke wasa butuewmau toukdchually bouumdo
aen th vA edaan Hhal Hua condtRoMs uppond ed wene
Hho whuch the auwd had agned lo takot
hHly- natena.
PlawRs ndesed a computn Mom Grakunay aDoo.Me
by pone nakeuuay shApped the coMputen ond ucluded tu
We von a wllen dguaavt wntca ma
plaluHs could
Heet by nebumviug cowpuhen f 30 daya"he agmned
Ms
aso tootatuad au'anbntnaKon elause The platultks Kept me
coAputa toM uone Haan 30 days wtthout ebunufvug tiand
laken Alud ut fu coumt allegmy Rico Rdalkous agalnst 6iakuxy
OM behalf of aenselves aud& dass ot punchasens
Gratway
Sough lo compel anbntnalton and Me dtAhlct eount deuted
Grotdwaugs aaue ue dtstrict cousnt Abund uo yalia
anbnhnahion agHutmue bkwuu the paxhaana ound hat e
EMls dtd wot Wawe adeatuaBe woRca o heanbttnalfon lause
Caodeuway apealed midtstch cousnB's deutal of u 1aoLst
Ho Lompd aibtnokton
Sep.Sowv Dada Systens e V. WYSt Techuelbay.
Plaan RH amd oekotiav CDndutks phone. cal fon Macuplahu
and skipmert o go oda-wwn datounedhe disclamlen o
waMHauka-otu ar epevîng od the package veould
dteate actephaee of the kom ddaimen,tlo uy
Culd uetunn te package wwopenud ten a Kound
 COUMUNICATION AS Ace&PTAN CE

Powhad Crmmultakon
Aupton

Juntadtckom o cout
Onty whun ouepBaute towts lo ma. kunuludge d u olvn
#heuowly cowtnded takes phae
Saadkav lal' v tale o(Madle adeh

DnSualI lavo, Hha wiute he aueon pots he lekea

Mhxes a valtd towkzae (bolkaauzpaa ottehos betomes luadò
wkan hu acuplaue Meclud ,owy hen a e H a vad
Cowac,
tutoA ld v. Males lon Loavn Co7p
Telx Actephor
(Lowalow) (oand)
cowakcoeka.

agoan
(anlsdteko Dou. V. Gdhas lal

Plaiwk Rpbudew
CAhmdabad)
9oa]as
Sakundau
Adanms v lmdell

Dolendatulov PlasHf

a up Aupha

Duulep v Hagu
D
fo o vel
Feb Aeuptauta Ian

Dula beundby he mnact onte so ttdd

ouwhold Fie Cassioap Accidunt wwaie o ud vayat

bwuarsCompa
MAdha

kanauAugh v. tad e Madhuoadem

k Eudopri v. Aatt Madta hodh and Ou
MODES OF REVOCATON (seuto. 6)
Nok
DuLe aupted,an offeu tanut benewond thorough 1ss ufng a
Koke.
Car. lae done by tnon emvu on someme auhonied y he
 Howeven fu fuglimlaw, awyout can HENoke Me offer.
OcAiwson v Dndds
Dodds Otckinwn
100 epa HHHuen" aAM

a 3d pank Shnangen
Hexe,Mue uofte efuvocak ou s seut to Dtckiuo by e
stnangu Tticfone, Drckuson (anuot sevnd Hhe
aeptauce Tus fs tnly valud n Euctm aw
o lapse ot Tte
Ramsaate Mclonia Hefel to V. Monwelkore
Whan apeloddHme h pAEstlbed on auytauz,Me offo
gek nauoked tuot auepled woln ar Rme
perdod e Hme g notmeuhond.Huen.Hhe accwetauw has
o sent uiMM Masoal hme
Gd By fadlua o fulk| eondtiou pnetuden:
Cd Deah oninsanihy
Dn qunal,Me oferlaps vdh the dealhliusauihy of he
offenon
Bnadbuy v. Monan

Netoa
Seck ougedample: alrllv Canioolte Smole.Ballto
Seuhen bo CoMptteMay Bo uontnatageo nmajanttu
9ound walva
 CONSIDERATON
An act abstuence Past sukuna
-

Al He deineol he pnomfson
Twe poisu/awj oten poson

DuaaPnasadv latuktF butt manket comgle

Baideo
DM tnearuext of colecton-
Deleudant a4uurd to pau som
aMount fo s shop ta wankel Plaiukf ated a
shame wouy fon mankeB Som platuhf Deludaut wa
MotRalde Patvhy o coutdiakeu
Kadanany. Gonie Monawmad: Proniîsed lo bau belone
CostMuuton- tawndt backout - delendaut sioul a pay
Bawd en the substnkptoM-thy dudded o autid hal
PHOwisony Cstoppelyou cauet backout allenyou provt.
omehiu
rDutHon v.
Peole Fatnen wanted o qet dauaut br waan d
down tneu- ton mony bnid's bnoBhtn agnus
pay he money. BnoHhen fa'rs Bo pay monuydaugrta
"suied broBhn brtde ts he.beutktia
nden Euash lanN: Se can e , AMa ranabM (a
SuLhe Ë o. bunekuay Posthon changed ata ha

Twadle v. Akinson: tNo stnangn Cau sue the pasku wha au

Fathx >Deundantfathen agmulb

pay MOna_
Plaantf Hated o a
(co) Daugntea
 can Sue
HAe Coniduahon ts pasd tmenbuchclany
Nostnauan alowed b taka advovndage of he pmowlse
altiough he s a buehdaybhe pakuan ebvhrac
awwa Das v.Ra AvHar X Monhgoad so poropenhy
to Yandtheu sold b z whDaaried wtux to pa he
Mo goge debt lo Y. Ysusd toa he huLoveny ef Me
MOntgode wouey uns held ot YDutd uof sueteed as he
Wast panky toe agneameut betwem Xand z
MC Chalko VState Bant of Tnavantone H bank had an
oveadaaH accoUut ukth ode Bauk MC Chacko as the
MaMagen cfHbank and kis faBnen k had guanavBeà he
Mepayenh&debt: Kgtled h paoprRtsto vaumbens ot hu
fawy.Te att ded pdovided Haar altty tay umdentae
Sasd quanaku shotdbe met hen by Me puioMally cn.
HMOugh pMOteuy qtHed bbim wdeshak said deed sate'Bk
Sued&d he 'has inden e ded alougwtth Mi albt
hwitaHo peododHosue ouleten os ctanaukee had alnzads
passed

-
2502/23
Sat EXCEPTIONS T0PRNITY oF CONTRACTS UNDER ICA, 1942*
Bneketoa ny undna Tmus/Change/amy omenagneemen
Nawab khioaja Neid Khan v Nuoab Uhacai Begw
Pan Rhon/MasmlageSekenaw Fanily Annongtmen
Daneph v Japat Rai
sAckwowledgeaent of ltaaihy
4 Covenank uunnlnqwfMHus laud:
Tulk v Morhay
5 law melauao Nugeilake tnvinmuweuk

VAUD CONSADERATION
Soms value
aAdequacy wotau tme UMmkl cauueut q;uetiend 23
3:Foncbanaucs loaue-

ENCepHowsundea Suiou a3:

Nakunal ove and atteuRou
Paxt voluetaay auk.
Phowmtselo pay a Hme-baxud delt
) waso bein wmikng pa»kes should
benan nuatdi ka o ke
haqtohened
Grakuous botiment->wtkautcosideeaRen e eonradt valtd.
Fuwels
Suon 63
Cae

V.o
 hanel's Cave (Peumy v.ole)i
Pauud,Heumo ir 10
The defendant, Cole,owed Hhe platukef,Cole had,at Prumels
Mwel sued de fon tecoveny of e debt.
f5 Gd oui moum befone the debt was dueto
Heguest, pald %

be patd avd sBated thotthey had aM agmnmant Hhat

would dischahge the enheie debf.
paxt paymart

Mohoni Bibee v Dhamo dos Ghose:

Ve Dhaampdas Ghose (wAnon). Ddgaged paopenly toa
alMOueylender on loan of 2000o mouylendens
Ghose CHuoua
atHtomuey wasawaae di# Ghose's'nivbtty-
modgaa woE
hts wothen) sued moueuyleudt-datmed
votd due lo bfs wiîuosfty

TAR Seion I dasqualrhadbylawo awouns b priconena,

Cbutcks, Msolvenk,alfeus, ehc
A.

Eaaable Doctaiueot ResHkukon you uLed uot perkoAm

PeCovnatbut nekunn uhat you havenetelved W'can ouly
|be applfed oM knatcable thems
Dotetue of Pnowlsoy Esteppe.
Doect wiueof RaRkcaton aud 65 of lCA).
Doekntne ol Cowpensako (seclfon 64
 MINORS
Sethows 64,65 d Tudiaw CoutnactAck, 182
Sethow 41 of Spetfto Rdted Ack
Mix Sauoaan v Fakhauddiu nbud: (howduury
Sat Kakulam subhalhanyam y. Kunna Subba Rao
Ledfe v. Shuil> Rehhuton
esRhaton wds Khan Coul v lakha inah- 6toppel
mene MLpamed Buanard v: Haagks Applltatou e
buu Tohnsou v. Pe J laiwof Tosnls.
Slaus quoante
sleppr: neshoned
Vatkuntama ht v. AMinAoolam Chetiaa
oadiqana Balagauda
SodoyAl Khan V. Tai Kisiore
RakRahou
AnMugam V. Dunaiinaa
Bhola Ra V. Bhaaovf Ram

Cowpusakon:
Sukon88-puike Reltek At
Scufon64)65- udiau Coukact Ad

oulo2|23 NBes:
Wed Wkentt aonulb shashug el bueks,a minontan be rmadeas
a paskuua
Awinon CaMuot end n ulo a laase
Mnon Aan MAam ts
Guadian an utei mdo uKuKAnu tontratk ho mMon
 Ra Palv. ham AAfb
Mahal v Mahad

Secon os> You tan cdam

Prow he utwon's pnopenhy ha
Meesaleauppled
s3tnfal fbna
psono nea souably

Chapple v. Avne Coopen

30s23 UNSOUND MIND
Covtats muade wtth a panhu of unsound mind veldabe
Unsound mina- pen son olo tanud comprehund he udios wG
aws the Coninact
Fon Puose wuo undugoa penieds of sautty.cowtnack made
|duafug such pexfods än valtd
Sona Bala Cora v. Tyetnindsa Bhat hasjea
Unsound wihd dou wol alway bea lunalkc
Uxvouudnes oMind can bëpoved wp ouly Harough madtad
cenR ote but dkomrough conauch
T pask toADpluadsfuuautky kashebusdevn ot proo?
CON&ENT
Th 9hould be wuseMus ad tdem on mauhua o minds
Aauysh Dhasmana V. V6I
Ci)eoendon (duaesn bnglah lau).
Lliundue wllunu
iilfmaud
O wilnepaesntaton
)wtake

CCoencion (Setion15)