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Part 2: Linear thermal bridges |
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The European Standard EN ISO 10211-2:2001 has the status of a British |
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ICS 91.120.10 |
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NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW
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BS EN ISO 10211-2:2001

National foreword
This British Standard reproduces verbatim EN ISO 10211-2:2001 and implements it
as the UK national standard.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee
B/540, Energy performance of materials, components and buildings, to
Subcommittee B/540/1, European Standards for thermal insulation, which has the
responsibility to:

Ð aid enquirers to understand the text;

Ð present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries
on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests
informed;
Ð monitor related international and European developments and promulgate
them in the UK.

A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on request

to its secretary.
Cross-references
The British Standards which implement international or European publications
referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the
section entitled ªInternational Standards Correspondence Indexº, or by using the
ªFindº facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.

Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN ISO title page,
pages 2 to 19 and a back cover.
The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document
was last issued.

This British Standard, having Amendments issued since publication

been prepared under the
direction of the Sector Amd. No. Date Comments
Committee for Building and Civil
Engineering, was published under
the authority of the Standards
Committee and comes into effect
on 15 May 2001

 BSI 05-2001

ISBN 0 580 32642 X

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN ISO 10211-2
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM March 2001

ICS 91.120.00

English version

Thermal bridges in building construction - Calculation of heat

flows and surface temperatures - Part 2: Linear thermal bridges
(ISO 10211-2:2001)

Ponts thermiques dans les bâtiments - Calcul des flux Wärmebrücken im Hochbau - Berechnung der
thermiques et des températures superficielles - Partie 2: Wärmeströme und Oberflächentemperaturen - Teil 2:
Ponts thermiques linéaires (ISO 10211-2:2001) Linienförmige Wärmebrücken (ISO 10211-2:2001)

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 21 July 1999.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Management Centre or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the official
versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels

© 2001 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 10211-2:2001 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Page 2
EN ISO 10211-2:2001

Page
CONTENTS

Foreword 3

Introduction 3

1 Scope 4

2 Normative references 4

3 Definitions, symbols and units 4

4 Rules for modelling 6

5 Calculation values 10

6 Calculation method 10

7 Input and output data 12

Annex A(informative) Determination of temperature weighting factors for three

boundary temperatures 14

Annex B(informative) Simplified method for the calculation of internal surface

temperatures at intersecting linear thermal bridges 15
 Page 3
EN ISO 10211-2:2001

Foreword

The text of EN ISO 10211-2:2001 has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 89
"Thermal performance of buildings and building components", the secretariat of which is held by
SIS, in collaboration with Technical Committee ISO/TC 163 "Thermal insulation",
subcommittee 2 "Calculation methods".

This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of
an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2001, and conflicting national
standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by December 2001.

According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of

the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg,
Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

This standard consists of two parts. The title of part 1 is "Thermal bridges in building
construction - Calculation of heat flows and surface temperatures - Part 1: General methods".

This standard is one of a series of standards on calculation methods for the design and
evaluation of the thermal performance of buildings and building components.

Introduction

Part 1 of this standard gives general methods for the calculation of heat flows and surface
temperatures of thermal bridges of arbitrary shape and with an arbitrary number of boundary
conditions. This part deals with linear thermal bridges bounded by two different thermal
environments. For the calculation of surface temperatures, a third boundary temperature applies
only if the thermal bridge is in thermal contact with the ground.

A linear thermal bridge can be represented by its cross-section, which provides the basis for a
two-dimensional geometrical model.

As the two-dimensional model is a simplification of the real construction, the calculation results
are approximations of the results calculated with a three-dimensional model according to EN ISO
10211-1:1995. The errors due to this simplification are related to the length of the linear thermal
bridge which is often not specified. The calculation methods given in part 2 are termed "Class B"
methods in order to distinguish them from the "Class A" methods given in part 1.

Although similar calculation procedures are used, the procedures are not identical for the
calculation of heat flows and of surface temperatures.

Part 2 of this standard lays down criteria which have to be satisfied in order that a calculation
method for linear thermal bridges can be described as being "Class B".

Part 2 can be used for the calculation of the linear thermal transmittance of the linear thermal
bridge.

Part 2 does not provide reliable results for the assessment of surface condensation. Although
accurate internal surface temperatures can be calculated with a two dimensional model, the
actual minimum surface temperature can be lower,as a result of other linear or point thermal
bridges in the vicinity.
Page 4
EN ISO 10211-2:2001

At the intersection of two or three linear thermal bridges a drop of the internal surface
temperature occurs. A method to calculate the lower limiting value of the temperature factor at
the intersection is given in annex B.

1 Scope

This part 2 of the standard gives the specifications for a two-dimensional geometrical model of a
linear thermal bridge for the numerical calculation of:

- the linear thermal transmittance of the linear thermal bridge;

- the lower limit of the minimum surface temperatures.

These specifications include the geometrical boundaries and subdivisions of the model, the
thermal boundary conditions and the thermal values and relationships to be used.

The standard is based upon the following assumptions:

- steady-state conditions apply;

- all physical properties are independent of temperature;
- there are no heat sources within the building element;
- only one internal thermal environment applies;
- one or two external thermal environments apply.

A second external thermal environment only applies when surface temperatures are calculated
and the soil is a part of the geometrical model. In that case the temperature at the horizontal cut-
off plane in the soil is the second external thermal environment.

2 Normative references

This European Standard incorporates, by dated or undated reference, provisions from other
publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the
publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions
of any of these publications apply to this standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or
revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies
(including amendments).

EN ISO 7345 Thermal insulation - Physical quantities and definitions (ISO7345:1987)

EN ISO 10211-1:1995 Thermal bridges in building construction - Heat flows and surface
temperatures - Part 1: General calculation methods (ISO 10211-1:1995)

3 Terms, definitions, symbols and units

3.1 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this standard the terms and definitions given in
EN ISO 7345, EN ISO 10211-1:1995 and the following apply.

3.1.1
linear thermal bridge
thermal bridge with a uniform cross-section along one of the three orthogonal axes
 Page 5
EN ISO 10211-2:2001

3.1.2
2-D flanking element
part of a two-dimensional (2-D) geometrical model which, when considered in isolation, consists
of plane, parallel material layers

3.1.3
2-D central element
part of a 2-D geometrical model which is not a 2-D flanking element
Page 6
EN ISO 10211-2:2001

F1 to F4 have constant cross-sections. C is the remaining part.

Figure 1 - 2-D model with four flanking elements and a central element
 Page 7
EN ISO 10211-2:2001

3.2 Symbols and units

Symbol Physical quantity Unit

L 2D linear thermal coupling coefficient W/(m ⋅ K)

Rt surface to surface thermal resistance m² ⋅ K/W
R se external surface resistance m² ⋅ K/W
R si internal surface resistance m² ⋅ K/W
U thermal transmittance W/(m² ⋅ K)
b ground floor width m
ƒ R3Dsi temperature factor at the intersection of linear thermal
bridges -
ƒ R2Dsi temperature factor of a linear thermal bridge -
ƒ R1Dsi temperature factor of a plane building element with
uniform thermal resistance -
g temperature weighting factor -
l length m
q density of heat flow rate W/m²
θ Celsius temperature °C
λ thermal conductivity W/(m ⋅ K)
ζ R si temperature difference ratio -
heat flow rate W
linear thermal transmittance W/(m ⋅ K)

Subscripts

e external
i internal
s surface
l length

Superscripts

1D refers to a one-dimensional geometrical model

2D refers to a two-dimensional geometrical model
3D refers to a three-dimensional geometrical model

4 Rules for modelling

4.1 Cut-off planes of the geometrical model

The geometrical model includes the 2-D central element, the 2-D flanking elements and, where
appropriate, the subsoil. The geometrical model is delimited by cut-off planes.

Cut-off planes shall be positioned as follows:

- at least 1 m from the central element if there is no nearer symmetry plane (see Figure 2);
- at a symmetry plane if this is less than 1 m from the central element (see Figure 3);
- in the ground according to Table 1 (see Figure 4).
Page 8
EN ISO 10211-2:2001

Dimensions in millimetres

Figure 2 - Location of cut-off planes at least 1 m from the central element

Dimensions in millimetres

Figure 3 - Example of a construction with linear thermal bridges at fixed distances W ,

showing symmetry planes which can be used as cut-off planes
 Page 9
EN ISO 10211-2:2001

Table 1 - Location of cut-off planes in the subsoil

(foundations, ground floors, basements)

Direction Distance to central element

Surface temperature Heat flow

calculations, calculations,
see Figure 4a) see Figure 4b)
1)
Horizontal inside the building at least 1 m 0,5 b
1)
Horizontal outside the building same distance as 2,5 b
inside the building
1)
Vertical below ground level 3m 2,5 b
2)
Vertical below floor level 1m -
1) If the value of b is not given the default value b = 8 m shall be applied.
2) This value applies only if the level of the floor under consideration is more
than 2 m below the ground surface.

Dimensions in millimetres Dimensions in metres

Figure 4a) - Soil dimensions for Figure 4b) - Soil dimensions for
calculation of surface calculation of heat flow
temperatures
Page 10
EN ISO 10211-2:2001

4.2 Adjustments to dimensions

Adjustments to the dimensions of the geometrical model with respect to the geometry as
specified in the architectural drawing are only allowed if they have no significant influence on the
result of the calculation; this can be assumed if the conditions of 5.2.1 of
EN ISO 10211-1:1995 are satisfied.

Point thermal bridges that may be part of the architectural drawing (e.g. screws) should be
ignored. The thermal effect of distributed point thermal bridges should be incorporated into the
thermal conductivity of the material layers according to clause 5 of EN ISO 10211-1:1995.

4.3 Auxiliary planes

Planes which are necessary to separate blocks of different materials are called construction
planes. Planes which are neither construction planes nor cut-off planes are called auxiliary
planes.

The number of auxiliary planes in the model shall be such that doubling the number of
subdivisions does not change the linear coupling coefficient by more than 2 %, otherwise further
subdivisions shall be made until this criterion is met.

Dimensions in millimetres

Figure 5 - Example of construction planes supplemented with auxiliary planes

 Page 11
EN ISO 10211-2:2001

NOTE this requirement is in many cases fulfilled when the distance between adjacent parallel planes
does not exceed the following values
(see Figure 5):
- within the central element 25 mm;
- within the flanking elements, measured from the construction plane which separates the central element
from the flanking element: 25, 25, 50, 50, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 mm.
For constructions with indentations of small dimensions (e.g. window profiles) a finer subdivision is
needed.

5 Calculation values

Clause 6 of EN ISO 10211-1:1995 applies. 6.2.1 and 6.2.3 of EN ISO 10211-1:1995 are optional.
For the determination of the thermal conductivity of air voids and cavities 6.2.2 of EN ISO 10211-
1:1995 shall be used.

NOTE A separate standard 1) is under preparation which gives values for irregular shapes.

6 Calculation method

6.1 Calculation programs

Calculation programs shall be validated according to annex A of EN ISO 10211-1:1995.

6.2 Calculation rules

The cut-off planes shall be adiabatic (i.e. zero heat flow) with the exception of the horizontal cut-
off plane in the soil in the case of calculation of the surface temperature. The temperature of this
cut-off plane is to be taken as the value of the yearly average external air temperature.

6.3 Determination of the thermal coupling coefficient, the heat flow rate, and the
linear thermal transmittance

6.3.1 Boundary conditions

Only two boundary temperatures apply, the external temperature and the internal temperature.

6.3.2 Determination of the thermal coupling coefficient and the heat flow rate

The heat flow rate per metre length, l , of the linear thermal bridge from the internal environment
i to the external environment e is given by:

(1)

where:

L 2D is the linear thermal coupling coefficient obtained from a 2-D calculation of the component
separating the two environments being considered.

1) prEN ISO 10077-2 "Thermal performance of windows, doors and shutters - Calculation of thermal
transmittance - Part 2: Numerical method for frames (ISO/DIS 10077-2:1998)" is in preparation
Page 12
EN ISO 10211-2:2001

6.3.3 Determination of the linear thermal transmittance

The linear thermal transmittance is given by:

N
= L 2D - Uj lj (2)
j 1
where:

is the linear thermal transmittance of the linear thermal bridge separating the two
environments being considered;
Uj is the thermal transmittance of the 1-D component j separating the two environments being
considered;
lj is the length within the 2-D geometrical model over which the value U j applies;
N is the number of 1-D components.

When determining the linear thermal transmittance, it is necessary to state which dimensions
(e.g. internal or external) are being used because for several types of thermal bridges the value
of the linear thermal transmittance depends on this choice.

6.4 Determination of the temperature at the internal surface

6.4.1 General

Normally two boundary temperatures apply. A third boundary temperature shall be used as
specified in 6.2 only in the case where the subsoil is a part of the geometrical model.

6.4.2 Two boundary temperatures

When there are only two environments involved, the surface temperatures can be expressed in a
dimensionless form according to equation (3) or equation (4):

θi θsi(x,y)
ζ Rsi(x,y) (3)
(θ i θ e)

or:

θsi(x,y) θe
ƒRsi(x,y)
(θ i θ e)
(4)
where:

ζ R si ( x,y ) is the temperature difference ratio for the internal surface at point ( x,y );
ƒ R si ( x,y ) is the temperature factor for the internal surface at point ( x,y );
θ si ( x,y ) is the temperature for the internal surface at point ( x,y );
θi is the internal air temperature;
θe is the external air temperature.

The temperature difference ratio or the temperature factor shall be calculated with an error of
less than 0,005.
 Page 13
EN ISO 10211-2:2001

6.4.3 Three boundary temperatures

If there are three boundary temperatures involved, temperature weighting factors g shall be
used. Temperature weighting factors provide the means to calculate the temperature at any
location of the internal surface with coordinates ( x,y ) as a linear function of any set of boundary
temperatures.

The temperature weighting factors at the location ( x,y ) are given by:

θ si ( x,y ) = g 1 ( x,y ) θ 1 + g 2 ( x,y ) θ 2 + g 3 ( x,y ) θ 3 (5)

with:

g 1 ( x,y ) + g 2 ( x,y ) + g 3 ( x,y ) = 1 (6)

NOTE The weighting factors at the location of interest can be calculated according to annex A. Normally
the location of interest is the point with the lowest internal surface temperature. This location can vary if
the boundary temperatures are changed.

Calculate the internal surface temperature θ si at the location of interest by inserting the
calculated values of g 1 , g 2 and g 3 and the actual boundary temperatures θ 1 , θ 2 and θ 3 in
equation (5).

7 Input and output data

7.1 Input data

The report of the calculation shall contain the following information:

a) Description of structure:
- building plans including dimensions, materials and thermally relevant information;
- for a completed building, any known alterations to the construction and/or physical
measurements and details from inspection;

b) Description of the geometrical model:

- 2-D model with dimensions;
- input data which show the location of the construction planes and any auxiliary planes
together with the thermal conductivities of the various materials;
- the applied boundary temperatures;
- the surface resistances and the areas to which they apply;
- any non-standard values used with justification of the deviation from standard values.

7.2 Output data

7.2.1 General

The following calculation results shall be reported as values which are independent of the
boundary temperatures:

- thermal coupling coefficient L between the internal and external environments;

- the linear thermal transmittance, , of the linear thermal bridge;
- temperature factors ƒ R si or temperature difference ratios ζ R si for the points of lowest surface
temperatures in each room involved (including the location of these points); if three boundary
temperatures are used, the temperature weighting factors shall be reported.
Page 14
EN ISO 10211-2:2001

NOTE An example showing how to report temperature weighting factors is given in Table A.1.

All output values shall be given to at least three significant figures.

7.2.2 Calculation of the heat flow rate using the thermal coupling coefficient

The heat flow rate from the internal to the external environment is given by equation (1).

7.2.3 Calculating surface temperatures using weighting factors

The lowest internal surface temperature in each of the rooms that are part of the internal
environment is the minimum temperature calculated using equation (5).

7.2.4 Additional output data

For a specific set of boundary temperatures the following additional values shall be presented:
- heat flows (in watts per metre) for each room of interest;
- minimum surface temperatures (in degrees Celsius) and the location of the points with
minimum surface temperature in each room of interest.

7.2.5 Estimate of error

In order to estimate errors arising in the numerical solution of the equation system, the algebraic
sum of heat flows over all boundaries of the building component divided by half the sum of the
absolute values of these heat flows shall be given.

NOTE Annex A of EN ISO 10211-1:1995 specifies that this quotient is to be less than 0,001.
 Page 15
EN ISO 10211-2:2001

Annex A
(informative)

Determination of temperature weighting factors

for three boundary temperatures

For a model with three boundary temperatures (i.e the internal and the external environment and
the temperature of the horizontal cut-off plane in the ground), the weighting factors can be
calculated by twice performing the calculation of the temperature at the selected point; in both
calculations all the boundary temperatures are equal to zero except one boundary temperature,
which equals 1 K, as shown in Table A.1:

Table A.1 - Scheme for calculating g -values

in the case of 3 boundary temperatures

Calculation Values of boundary temperatures Weighting

number factor
θ1 θ2 θ3
1 1 0 0 g1
2 0 1 0 g2

g 3 follows from equation (6).

Report the set of R si values used in the calculation of the temperature weighting factors and
provide a sketch that shows to which internal surface area each R si value applies.
Page 16
EN ISO 10211-2:2001

Annex B
(informative)

Simplified method for the calculation of internal surface temperatures

at intersecting linear thermal bridges

B.1 General

The calculated temperature factor is used to assess the risk of surface condensation and mould
growth (see EN ISO 10211-1:1995).

At the intersection of two linear thermal bridges (e.g. the intersection of a column and a floor
edge) or at the intersection of three linear thermal bridges (e.g. a junction of two external walls
and the roof) the minimum temperature factor ƒ R3Dsi , calculated with a 3-D geometrical model is
lower than at either of the intersecting linear thermal bridges when considered in isolation (see
Figure B.1). Therefore the calculated temperature factors ƒ R2Dsi , calculated with a 2-D geometical
model in accordance with this part of the standard do not provide safe values for the assessment
of surface condensation in a room.

Figure B.1 - Example of two intersecting linear thermal bridges

with the location of the minimum temperature factor

In order to provide safe values for the minimum temperature factor at the intersection of two or
three linear thermal bridges, a simplified calculation method for a preliminary assessment is
given in this annex. This simplified method gives equations to calculate the lower limiting value
at these intersections when no 3-D calculation results are available. If these lower limiting values
indicate a risk of surface condensation, or do not comply with prescribed minimum values, a
more accurate result can be obtained using a 3-D calculation in accordance with EN ISO 10211-
1:1995.
 Page 17
EN ISO 10211-2:2001

The simplified calculation method cannot be used for the calculation of the temperature factor at
single point thermal bridges. These cases can be calculated in accordance with EN ISO 10211-
1:1995.

B.2 Simplified calculation method for intersecting linear thermal bridges

The lower limiting value of ƒ R3Dsi can be calculated from the minimum temperature factors ƒ R2Dsi of
the intersecting linear thermal bridges under the following conditions:

a) the 3-D thermal bridge is the result of two or three intersecting linear thermal bridges (see
Figure B.1);
b) if more than two linear thermal bridges are part of the same plane, only the two linear thermal
bridges with the lowest values of ƒ R2Dsi apply (see Figure B.2);
c) the ratio between the highest and the lowest thermal transmittance of any part of the
envelope adjacent to the linear thermal bridges considered, does not exceed 1,5.

If condition c) is not met, the calculated value of ƒ R3Dsi may still be used as an indicative value.

Only the two linear thermal bridges with the lowest temperature factors are to be considered.
Figure B.2 - Example of four linear thermal bridges in one plane (the floor)

For three intersecting linear thermal bridges, the lower limiting value of ƒ R3Dsi is given by:

3D 1
ƒRsi (B.1)
1 1 1 2
2D,x 2D,y 2D,z 1D
ƒRsi ƒRsi ƒRsi ƒRsi

where:

ƒ R3Dsi is the lower limiting value of the minimum temperature factor at the 3-D thermal bridge,
calculated with the R si -value used;
x
ƒ R2D,
si is the minimum temperature factor of the linear thermal bridges along the x-axis, calculated
with the same R si -value (similarly for y-axis and z-axis);
Page 18
EN ISO 10211-2:2001

ƒ R1Dsi is the arithmetic mean value of the temperature factors of the thermally homogeneous
parts of the envelope adjacent to the linear thermal bridges.

If only two linear thermal bridges intersect, equation (B.1) reduces to:

3D 1
ƒRsi (B.2)
1 1 1
2D,x 2D,y 1D
ƒRsi ƒRsi ƒRsi

The temperature factors of the thermally homogeneous parts of the envelope follow from:

1D Rt Rse
ƒRsi
Rt Rse Rsi (B.3)

B.3 Calculation example: the junction of two walls and a flat roof

Figure B.3 shows the 3-D geometrical model of an upper corner.

The following surface to surface thermal resistances are used for the calculation:
- external walls: R t = 2,5 m 2 ⋅ K/W;
- roof: R t = 3,8 m 2 ⋅ K/W.

The values of the surface resistances are:

- R si = 0,25 m 2 ⋅ K/W;
- R se = 0,04 m 2 ⋅ K/W.

The calculated temperature factors for the three planes are consequently:
1D
- external walls: ƒ 0,25 = 0,910;
1D
- roof: ƒ 0,25 = 0,939.
1D
The arithmetic mean value for the three planes is: ƒ 0,25 = 0,920.
2D
The temperature factors ƒ 0,25 of the linear thermal bridges calculated with a 2-D geometrical
model are in this example:
2D, x
ƒ 0,25 = 0,788 (roof-wall junction along the x-axis)
2D, y
ƒ 0,25 = 0,788 (roof-wall junction along the y-axis)
2D, z
ƒ 0,25 = 0,843 (wall-wall junction along the z-axis)

These values are inserted in equation (B.1):

3D 1
ƒ0,25 0,645 (B.4)
1 1 1 2
0,788 0,788 0,843 0,920
3D
The accurate 3-D calculation of ƒ 0,25 according to EN ISO 10211-1:1995, using the same input
3D
values gives ƒ 0,25 = 0,648.
 Page 19
EN ISO 10211-2:2001

The cross sections of both roof edges are identical

Figure B.3 - Junction of two walls and a flat roof where

three linear thermal bridges intersect
BS EN
10211-2:2001
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