FINAL - Chapter 1: STEREOTYPES, PREJUDICES AND DISCRIMINATION

DEFINITION OF TERMS

o Stereotype- extremely generalized belief about a group of people

o Prejudice- unjustified or incorrect attitude towards a person
o Discrimination- when stereotypes and prejudice translate into a negative act towards a person

INTRODUCTION

- 7.7 billion of people around 195 countries

- Each and every one has its own stereotypes, prejudices, and discrimination towards another person.
- Diversity is very important to fully understand the human experience and for us to coexist peacefully

WHAT IS A STEREOTYPE?

- An over-generalized belief about a particular group of people (Cardwell 1996).

- When we meet someone for the first time, we associate with them certain characteristics and abilities that we usually base on the group they belong to.
- It is an expectation that people might have about every person of a particular group

EXAMPLES OF STEREOTYPES:

 Student from Ivy League School is often stereotyped as an intelligent individual.

 Filipinos being known for their hospitality.
 Girls should play with dolls.
 Boys should play with trucks.
 Yankees fans are arrogant and obnoxious.

TYPES OF STEREOTYPES

o Explicit - the person is aware that they have these thoughts towards a group of people and they can say it out loud.
o Implicit - wherein a person does not know if they have these stereotypes. A person has no control or awareness of it, and it may manifest into actions and
behavior

WHAT IS PREJUDICE?

- Is an unjustified or incorrect attitude towards an individual based solely on the individual' s membership in a social group
- Preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience.

EXAMPLES OF PREJUDICE:

 Carl is an Asian and his friend Kobe thought he is good at math.

 Chanpol views her friend Nikka as a weak person in the workplace.
 I hate Yankees fans, they make me angry.
 Ianne has a dislike towards Lovely due to her love of fast foods.

WHAT IS DISCRIMINATION?

- actions or behaviors towards an individual or group of people.

- restricting oppurtunities or priviliges that may be available to other groups.

TYPES OF DISCRIMINATION

o Genocide (Greek geno – race, tribe/nation & Latin cide – killing) - the action of recognizing someone as different so much that they are treated inhumanly
and degraded.
o Apartheid - a form of racial discrimination wherein one race is viewd as less than the other.
o Gender Discrimination - another common form of discrimination. Where woman earn less than men and are responsible for child-rearing and house chores.
o LGBT Discrimination - LGBT people are treated as lesser than straight people.

FREEDOM AND EQUALITY

- Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)- "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.

FINAL – Chapter 2: LGBT PSYCHOLOGY

Definition of Terms:

o LGBT - Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual Transgender; an acronym used to refer different genders.
 o Lesbian - women who are emotionally and sexually attracted to women
o Gay – men who are emotionally and sexually attracted to men
o Bisexual - man or woman who are emotionally and sexually attracted to men or women.
o Transgender - when your gender identity (how you feel) is different from your physical sex (male/female)

Views on LGBT in History

 In China 600 BCE, they used " pleasures of the bitten peach" and "brokeback".
 In Japan they also called shudo or nanshoku.
 In Thailand, "Kathoey" refer to ladyboy.
 In the Philippines, we have the "babaylan" and "catalonan" who were mostly women priest.
 In Greek, all males are expected to take on a younger male lover in a practice called pederasty.
 In native Americans, they accepted and celebrated what they called "Two spirited person" in a dance to the "Berdache"
- Later cultures sees it as a "sin" following the Abrahamic Religion which branded it "sodomy" , a crime against nature.
- After, homosexuality was considered an illness in 19th century as a basis for them to legally prosecute homosexual, imprison and commit them to mental
institution.

The ABC's of the LGBTQIA+

 Lesbian - women who are emotionally and sexually attracted to women.

 Gay- men who are emotionally and sexually attracted to men.
 Bisexual - man or woman who are emotionally and sexually attracted to men or women.
 Transgender- when your gender identity (how you feel) is different form your physical sex (male/female).
 Queer- used by people who celebrate all gender identities, can also mean someone who do not want to be restricted as Lesbian, Gay, or Bi.
 Intersex- people who were born with sex genitals or chromosome patters that do not fit the typical male or female body.
 Asexual/ Ally- asexual are people who do not feel sexual attraction to anyone, but it does not mean that they do not engage in romantic or sexual
relationships. Allies are straight or heterosexual people who are fighting for LGBT rights.
 Plus + - the plus sign refers to all the sexualities that do not fit in the LGBTQI spectrum
 Androgynous- people whose gender expression (their physical appearance) may or may not be distinctly male or female.
 Gender - your internal sense of being masculine or feminine or neither.
 Gender Identity - how you feel, man, woman, or neither.
 Gender expression- how you express your sense of being male or female or neither, maybe through hairstyle, clothes, etc.
 Sexual Orientation - your emotional and sexual attraction to a person.
 Sex assigned at birth- your given sex when were born based on your sex organs.
 Cisgender- your gender identity matches with the sex you are assigned at birth
 Non-binary- people who do not feel like a boy or a girl; they may feel like they are both or neither, so sometimes they use the pronouns they, them, and
theirs.

TRANSGENDERISM

o Transgender – an umbrella term for persons whose gender identity, gender expression, or behavior does not conform to that typically associated with the sex
to which they were assigned at birth.
- A transgender person does not feel comfortable in their biological sex.
- This “feeling” or gender identity is not something that changes through time, but it is a feeling that they have since childhood.
- This creates a problem of heteronormative society wherein everyone is expected and forced to fit in the boxes of male masculinity and female feminity.

TRANSGENDER UMBRELLA

o Transsexuals - people whose gender identity is different from their biological sex and they may want to change their body.
- A biologically male person may feel like she is a woman since she was just a child and in adulthood, she may choose to have a “hormonal replacement
therapy or sex rearrangement surgery”.
 FTM - female to male, a person whose biological sex is female and has transitioned to living his life as male.
 MTF - male to female, a person, whose biological sex is male and has transitioned to her living life as female.
 Crossdressing - some people want to dress as the opposite gender from time to time, however, unlike the transsexual, they are uncomfortable identifying
their biological sex.
 Dark kings and queens – people who dress as the opposite gender entertainment which they do out of passion or for work.
  Gender queer – people who feel like their gender does not fit the gender binary view that is limited to the male or female category because they feel that
these are to restrictive.

The Transitioning Process

o Medical
 Hormonal Replacement Therapy
 Sex Reassignment Surgery
o Nonmedical
 Living as your gender identity
 Counseling (psychotherapy or therapy)
 Getting support

Respect

- The proper use of pronouns, he or she, should be observed when talking to a transgender person to show respect as a decent human being.
- It is always a good practice to ask for them their preferred pronoun instead of assuming BUT do so in a POLITE WAY.

SUMMARY

- Labels are important especially in the acceptance and promotion of human rights. The evolution of the terms used to describe people who are emotionally and
sexually attracted to the same sex have evolved through time. From homosexuality, to gay, and to LGBTQIA+, let us remember that we are all humans,
BOTH FREE AND EQUAL

FINAL - Chapter 3: MEN & MASCULINITIES

DEFINITIONS AND TERMS

o Masculinities - a Social, Cultural, and Historical construction of men dependent on and related to other factors such as class, ethnicity, sexuality, age, and
disability.
o Hegemonic masculinity - form of masculinity which is culturally dominant in given setting.
o Protest masculinity- form of masculinity which is culturally dominant in marginalized setting.
o Caring masculinity- proposes that men are able to adopt what is viewed as traditionally feminine characteristics.

INTRODUCTION

- Since 1970s, studies on different aspects of manhood (from men in the labor market to men in the family and violent men, etc.) were made. By the 20th
century, the number of these studies increased dramatically.
- A growing body of literature theorizing men and masculinities focuses on a variety of topics including men's violence, fatherhood, pornography, men's
crimes, female masculinity, male femininity, etc.
 - Men make up a large majority of corporate executives, top professionals, and holders of public office. Worldwide, men held 93% of cabinet-level posts in
1996 and most top positions in international agencies (Gieryez. 1999).
- Essentialist view of gender are still popular and are constantly reinforced in the media.
- The rise of the women's liberation and many feminisms that have followed on from it, produced a massive disturbance in the gender system and people's
assumptions about gender.
- Large numbers of men now acknowledge that their position is under challenge, that what they once took for granted about must be re-thought, making men's
studies and masculinity became popular.

Men's Rights Lobby

- The Myth of Male Power: Why are Men the Disposable Sex? (Farell, 1994).
- According to him: “Men are now the gender victims as a result of feminism having gone too far, with men having increased responsibilities but few rights
around issues of marriage, divorce, child custody and access to children."
- Modern legislation is seen to be overprotective of women's interests, resulting in discrimination against men at: time when they are under increasing threat
within a rapidly changing society.
- Still, some researchers argue that these pro-male movements were only a reaction to feminism-an attempt to accuse women and feminists for creating
problems that men encounter in society.

MASCULINITY THEMES

o Masculinity - is a social, cultural, and historical construct dependent on and related to other factors such as class, ethnicity, sexuality, age, and disability.
Researches on men's studies and masculinity established common themes which strengthened and developed this evolving concept.
1. Multiple Masculinity
 there is no one pattern of masculinity that is found everywhere.
 Different cultures and different periods of history, construct masculinity differently.
 “Some cultures make heroes of soldiers and regard violence as the ultimate test of masculinity”
 Others cultures look at soldiering with disdain and regard violence as contemptible.
 Some countries regard homosexual sex as incompatible with true masculinity, Others countries think that no person can be a real man without having
had homosexual relationships.
 The meaning of masculinity in working-class life is different from the meaning in middle-class life and same goes among the very rich and the very
poor. It is even possible that more than one kind of masculinity be found within a given cultural setting and can within a specific class.
2. Hierarchy and hegemony
 Hegemonic masculinity was understood as the pattern of practice that allowed men's dominance over women to continue.
 Men who received the benefits of patriarchy without enacting a strong version of masculine dominance could be regarded as showing a complicit
masculinity.
 hegemonic masculinity is hegemonic not just in relation to other masculinities, but in relation to the gender order as a whole.
 Typically, some masculinities are more revered than others. Others may be dis honored, Others are even socially homosexual masculinities in modern
Western culture.
 The form of masculinity which is culturally dominant in a given setting is called hegemonic masculinity 3. Collective Masculinities
 an expression of the The hierarchy of masculinities is an expression of the unequal shares in that privilege held by different groups of men.  Gender structures of society define particular patterns of conduct of individual, as either or as corporations, armies, governments, and even schools.
Masculinities are at the collective masculine" level-in institutions, such "feminine. These patterns also exist like street gangs.
 also defined collectively in the workplace and in informal groups Masculinity also exists impersonally in culture, Video games, for example, circulate
Shows portray stereotypes of stereotyped images of violent masculinity.

Masculinities and well-being

- Research confirms a strong association between rigid norms about what it means to be A man and men's negative health practices and vulnerabilities
- Men are unlikely to talk about their worries and more likely to drink and engage in other destructive behavior when stressed.
- Culturally dominant forms of masculinity, which often urge men to practice strict emotional control, serve as barriers to health- and help-seeking behavior, or
encourage some men to engage in practices detrimental to their own health and that of their families.
- The requirement of physical strength appears to be a nearly universal component of a dominant masculinity (Katz 1999). The physical version of hegemonic
masculinity has been promoted by globalization via film, toys, and other goods (Katz 2003).
- Katz points out the unrealistic evolution of action figures' biceps, in many cases depicted as larger than the dolls' heads. Katz even notes that these toys
reinforce the association of masculinity with violence, even if this violence is sometimes heroic.
- Evidence confirms that death and disability rates are related to alcohol and substance abuse considerably higher for men than for women, making substance
abuse and addiction predominantly male phenomena worldwide

Family formation, fathering, caregiving, and domestic roles

- Domestic roles are closely associated with women as carrying them out can involve: loss of face for men. Great deal was heard about increases in women's
labor force participation in recent decades but less about men's caregiving and domestic roles.
 - Research, however, shows that men are on average, not greatly increasing their role in household work and unpaid care
- development demonstrates lasting benefits to children of their fathers' involvement, in terms of their confidence and school performance
- However, it was said that men may contribute to the "domestic enterprise" in other important ways, including through providing financial support,
accompanying children to activities outside of school or home
- Better-educated men are more likely to put more time into domestic roles and caregiving. Men's schooling may have expanded their sense of norms and
weakened stereotypes through their exposure to broader ideas and more diverse people.

Masculinities and alcohol and drug use

- More men drink than women; and men drink more than women (Room et al. 2002). Studies show that men were more likely to drink than women, drank
alcohol in greater quantity and more frequently than women, and were more likely to face alcohol-related health and social problems than women (Wilsack et
al. 2000).
- Drug use and drug dealing can serve as ways of constructing a powerfully masculine identity (Collision 1996).
- In many settings, men's drinking encourages solidarity and stimulates courage. It is key peer group ritual as well as being a recreational activity (Coombs &
Globetti, 1986). When men become drunk, fights, and homicides are rationalized (Pange. 1998) and women are encouraged to tolerate mens drunkness as a
natural part of being men. (Caetano, 1984)

Protest Masculinity

- Protest Masculinity is a form of marginalized masculinity which picks up themes of hegemonic masculinity in the society at large but reworks them in a
context of poverty masculinity

Caring Masculinity

- Caring masculinities can be seen as masculine identities that exclude domination and embrace the affective, relational, emotional, and interdependent
qualities of care; a critical form of men's engagement in gender equality because doing care work requires men to resist hegemonic masculinity and to adopt
values and characteristics of care that are antithetical to hegemonic masculinity (Elliot 2016).

SUMMARY

- Masculinity and men's studies have been continuously developing from its inception and up to present. These studies covered common themes of
masculinities, different kinds of masculinities such as hegemonic, protest, and caring masculinities and these masculinities to various; the relationship of
aspects of life and the environment.