II

--~Mo d u l e

.Artificial Intelligence

- - - =========~~-----j
Ov erv iew
I] Intr odu ctio n

CJ Me ani ng of Artificial Intelligence

CJ Def init ion of Artificial Intelligence
0 Ben efit s of Artificial Intelligence
CJ Ris ks of Artificial Intelligence
CJ Futu:re . P:rog:ress in Artificial
Inte llig enc e AIA Bas ed Stra tup s
I] Issu es of Art ific ial Intelligence
I] Cha llen ges of Artificial Intelligence
I]
Pro spe cts of Artificial Intelligence
I]
Rol e of Art ific ial Intelligence in
Dev elop ing Ent erp rise s
 ON
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the science and engin0e1·ing of makin g com puter
machines able to perform tasks which normally require human intellige nce, such aa
visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and translation be twe~n
languages. It is a branch of t.he Computer Science that aims to develop intelligent
computer machines. It is a branch of the Computer Science that aimA to develop
intelligent computer machines .

. ~tificial Intelligence_ refers to computer software that engages 111 humanlike

act~viti~s, such as lear~ng, .planning and problem-solving. Artificial intelligence
un erprns
infl most. of what is gomg ·~o hap. Pen iri our new world. Intelligent machines
are uencmg nearly every . . . facet of our lives to helP improve
. efficiencies and
augment our h uman capab1htle~.
~
A working understanding of AI is cr1•t·ica. 1 ior . . abo t
Just
machin es can learn and make d • . u every career because
ec1s1ons much quicker d
humans. There are many types of art'fi . . . an more accurately than
I icia1 intelligence h . .
programme d what to think, machines , b , w ere instead of berng
. k . . can o serve anal
mista es Just hke our human brain d ' · yses and learn from data and
s o.
Financial institutions law firms d'
II ' k· ' 'me ia compani d .
a wor mg on ways .to use artificial int lli es an insurance companies are
discover fraud, write news sto • e ge_nce to their advantage AI · ed to
. r1es, and review l . is us
industry you are now working in AI • . egal contracts No tt what
' is rapidly changing th . . ma er
e way things get done.
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SCOPEOF ARllflCW. wrB.UGEHCE

Artifidal !nU:llig'ZmCe has aeen M much gror;i,rth in recem years.. People are
fin.dirig waye to US(; this technology tn help human beings m one or the other rask.
f.1f:irig &. field of re~arc;h thEre are enormous opponuniries and possibilities. Tnc>
11 ltitna,t,1; ~ffrlt't iz to ma.kt compuu::r prc,gramE that can soh-e problems and achie,;-e
 . Id 11 h There is a sc Op e in developing the ma chines h,
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go al s m the wor , as we as umans d tection machine comp
. . hi language e ' Uter
game playmg, speech recogrut1on mac ne,
vision, expert systems, robotics and many more.
• telligence by machines. In othe . .
".-....:i: ·a1 I · of human m.ch machines demonstrate CE:rtain
nte lligence 1s a copy
l
.n n,U.1Cl
words, we can say that it is the only way by whi_ d If- correction Th .
• g, Ie armng ' an se ere is
aspects of human intelligence like reasonin c
. e of them are as 1011ows:
various scope of AI in the modern-day scenano. 8 om

I) Art ificial Intelligen ce in Dat a Analysis

. . • · · dly One of the ways ArtificiaI
The scope of AI in data analytics is n smg r api · .
· · m
1s · th e fi eld of Data Analysis. AI would be able t.o
Intelligence will improve business
• . h
perceive patterns m data , whereas umans are n ot able to do so. AI can help data
analysts with handling and processing large data sets.

II) Artificial Intelligence in Cyber Security

Cyber security is another field that's benefitting from AI. As organizations are
transferrinu their data to IT networks and cloud, the threat of hackers is becoming
~

more significant. Another field is fraud detection. AI can help in detecting frauds and
help organizations and people in avoiding scams. Credit card scam is one of the most
common cyber crimes.

III) Artificial Intelligence in Science and Research

AI is making lots of progress in the scientific sector. Artificial Intelligence can
handle large quantities of data and processes it quicker than human minds. This
makes it perfect for research where the sources contain high data volumes.

IV) Artificial Intelligence in home

AI has found a special place in people's homes in the form of Smart Home
Assistants. Amazon Echo and Google Home are popular smart home devices that let
you perform various tasks with just voice commands. One can use these smart
assistants for various tasks such as, playing a son g, asking a question, buying
something online, opening an app etc. Technology has advanced in terms of
Emotional Quotient. Virtual assistants Siri, Cortana & Alexa show how the extent to
which Artificial Intelligence comprehends human language. They are capable of
understanding the meaning from context and making smaTt judgments .

V) Artificial Inte llige nce in Advertising

With the help of Artificial lntenigence, anyone can increase the efficiency of
sales and marketing organizations. The main focus of Artificial Intelligence will be on
 barn "
1
and al
improving con ver sio n rat es knowledge of
d the ir beh avi or h' s es. Per son ali zed advert ising,
cus tom ers . an .
s me thr oug h f aci·al recogm•t10 n and can gen era te
more rev enu e.

Marketing
VI) Ar tif ici al In tel lig en ce in
ily hel i . .
AI ena ble d pla tfo rm s can eas P n manag ing ma rke tm g operations across
ne ls lik e Googl Ad W
nu-iou s ch an e ord s, Facebook and Bing.
Transport
VII) Ar tif ici al In tel lig en ce in
. pages of
Ar tifi cia l Int ell. ige nce -gu ide d tr ans po rt will no longer be confined to the
. . in the air since
atu re. ~~ pla ne s hav e bee n usi ng autopilot to ste er the m
sci-fi Ii~ th Google, Uber,
th ou t dri ver s,. car s hav e alr ead y pop ula ted the ma rke t. Wi
1912. Wi t, the day
tor s ~y mg to est abl ish the ms elv es at the top in thi s marke
~d Ge ner al Mo t this will
en dri ver les s veh icle s becom e a rea lity as we all know tha
IS not so far wh
t these Automated
pen wit h the hel p of Ma chi ne Le arn ing which ens ure s tha
only hap
efficiently.
Vehicles op era te sm oo thl y and
ulture
VIII) Ar tif ici al lnt eil ige nc e in Agric
dat e to sow
can use Ar tifi cia l Int ell ige nce to det erm ine the optimal
Fa rm ers p of
oca te res ou rce s suc h as wa ter and fertilizer. With the hel
crops, pre cis ely all atm ent and
ell ige nce , far me rs can ide nti fy crop diseases for swifter tre
Artificial Int using
we eds . It can als o hel p far me rs to forecast the yea r by
detect an d des tro y modified seed
pro du cti on da ta, lon g-t erm we ath er forecasts , genetically
historical nd
mo dit y pri cin g pre dic tio ns, among oth er inp uts , to recomme
inf orm ati on, an d com
how mu ch see d to sow.
Healthcare
IX) Ar tif ici al In tel lig en ce in ping
tor is als o usi ng thi s tec hno logy for its advantages. AI is hel
Th ~ me dic al sec le, the Knight
ear ch ers an d pro fes sio nal s in num ero us ways. Fo r examp
medical res es
Int el hav e ma de a col lab ora tive can cer cloud. This cloud tak
Ca ree r Ins titu te an d help doctors in
the me dic al his tor y of can cer (an d similar) pat ien ts to
data from st
sis . Pre ven tin g can cer from moving to hig her sta ges is its mo
making a be tte r dia gno
effective tre atm en t at thi s tim e.

X) Ar tif ici al In tel lig en ce in

CR Ms
ded wit h Al
functionality can _do real-time
d:;:
CRM pla tfo rm s tha t are em bed based on
er to pro vid e pre dic tio ns as well as recommendations
analysis in ord
ces ses and cus tom er dat a.
company's un iqu e bu sin ess pro
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BENEFITS OF Al IN THEWO::R:~
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At·tifirinl in t t'lligonrn i H n now oc· · · t O mor,: produd1v,· ;i nd rn,,r .
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thnt w 0 livo nnci work, nnd givo UH >< ,u'or• •too • von roplaci nv, th,; l<1w,:r l,:w,J
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h. th o gr oa"o1 R t p"rforma.n<:E: 1mprov,•rru•nt·'
v , -'I
repetit.ivo tasks, but businosAeA ofton uc wvo 1 lti'plo bcnefi t a of Af 1n th
. l rJ10re nre mu ':
when humans and rnachmes work togot. 1or. . ut ~an make a Bjgnific,,
workplace. Here arc only throe th nt aro ousy to mHm, ) ' ., · 1
,ant
impact on the business.

I ) Increased Prod uctivity

. .. . • - t ·mprove th e productivity of their
Businesses are u smg artlf1c1al mte 111gence o 1 . . .
. f AI ~ business is that 1t handles repet1tiv~ tasks
employees. One of the benefits o 1or . .
· t ·
across 8.11 orgamza 10n so a th t employees can focus on creative
. solutions, complex
·
prob],em soIvmg, an d 1mpac
· tfu I work . One example of that
. 1s chatbots
. .. AI-operated
chatbots became a must for teams that have daily, direct mteractiona with customers
and rely on fast, accurate, and timely customer support.

2) Turn Complex Data into J?igestible Ins ights

It's impossible to run a competitive business without data. And even if obtain it,
hiring someone to read all of that data and provide valuable insights is even harder.
Good data scientists are almost impossible to find in today's market . But one of the
benefits of AI is that it can help companies decipher their data and gain valuable
insights from it without a data scientist on staff. AI applications that provide big data
insights can:
(i) Identify important changes in patterns
(ii) Isolate trends
(iii) Create detailed reports that can help companies see if they are on the right track
(iv) Perform deep-content analysis and do evidence-based reasoning
(v) Uncover any changes in the customer's behavior that might affect the business's
bottom line
(vi) Predict what key business metrics the company needs to track to optimize
performance

3) AI Increases Data and Information Security

Data security breaches are leaking a substant' l . t'on
. ia amount of personal 1nforma 1
and, most of the time, the company that has the b h • . Al an ,i.
r cac 1s unaware of 1t. But c
h elp change that. At Beekeeper, consider data nfid . . . . tp
co 1 entiahty and 1ntegnty, a 0
p
_..u,ru M■ mNHNIIIM£ii. -.~.~·"''"' . B% .
priority, a nd inveS t heavily in data and informati on security. With Beekeepe r . you
are giving your employee s a secure business communi cation option with:
(i) Fully-mo nitored user controls
(ii) Best -in-class 256-bit TLS encryptio n
(iii) GDPR complian ce

_ TYPES OF,AI IN BUSINES S

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The various cat egor ies of AI being employed and provide a framewo rk for how
companie s should begin to build up their cognitive capabiliti es in t he n e>.."t several
years to achieve their business objectives . It is useful for companie s to look at
artificial intelligen ce through the lens of business capabiliti es rather than
technologies. Broadly speaking, AI can support three importan t business n eeds:
(a) Automati ng business processes (typically back-office administ rative and financial
activities)
(b) Gaining insight through data a nalysis
(c) Engaging with customer s and employees.
To get the most out of AI, fir ms must understa nd which technolog ies perform
what types· of tasks, create a prioritize d portfolio of projects based on business needs.
and develop plans to scale up across the company .

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The most common type is the automati on of digital and physical tasks -
typically back-offic e administ rative and financial activities , u sing robotic process
automatio n technolog ies. Tasks include:
(i) Transfer ring data from e-mail and call center systems into systems of record-f or
example, updating customer files with address changes or service additions ;
(ii) Replacing lost credit or ATM cards, reaching into multiple systems to update
records and handle customer communi cations;
(iii) Reconcili ng failures to charge for services across billing systems by extractin g
informati on from multiple documen t types; and
(iv) ''Reading " legal and contractu al documen ts to extract provision s using natural
language processin g.
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Cognitiv~ ·Insight
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Cognitive insights provided by machine learning differ from those available from
traditiona l analytics in three ways: They are usually much more data-inte nsive and
 . . . t . od on so me P
~
art of the. dat a set. a nd the
detailed, the models typ1cally mo ram make pred1ct10ns or put things
. ·1· t
models get better i.e., thell' ab1 1ty o us e new data to
into categories improves over time. f
. d to improve per ormance on Jobs
Cognitive insight applications are typica1ly ~se d b ving that involve such high.
. ·aromatic a Ur
only machines can do tasks sue11 as progi , been beyond human ability
. tl t they ve 1ong
speed data crunching and automat10n 18
so they·re not generally a threat to human jobs.

Cognitive Engagement . t al 1
d tomers using na ur anguage
Projects that engage employees an c~s . This category include .
. . agen t s, an d machine learrung. s.
processing chatbots, mtelbgent
· ddressing a broad and growing
a) Intelligent agents that offer 24/7 customer service a t· all .
support ques ions m the
array of issues from password requests t o t echnical
customer's natural language.
b) Internal sites for answermg• employee ques t·ions on topics including IT, employee
benefits and HR policy.
c) Product and service recommendatio n systems for retailers that increase
personalization , engagement, and sales typically including rich language or
images.
d) Health treatment recommendatio n systems that help providers create customized
care plans that take into · account individual patients' health status and previous
treatments.

The Risks of Artificial Intelligence are:

J. Autonomous weapons: AI programmed to do something dangerous, as is the case
with autonomous weapons programmed to kill, is one way AI can pose risks. It
might even be plausible to expect that the nuclear arms race will be replaced with
a global autonomous weapons race. Aside from being concerned that autonomous
weapons might gain a "mind of their own," a more imminent concern is the
dangers autonomous weapons might have with an individual or government that
doesn't value human life. Once deployed, they will likely be difficult to dismantle
or combat.

2. Social manipulation : Social media through its autonomous-p owered algorithlll5

is very effective at target marketing. They know who we are, what we like and are
incredibly good at surmising what we think. Investigations are still underway to
~I
determine the fault of Cambridge Analytic and others associated with the firm who
used the data from 50 million Facebook users to try to sway the outcome of the
2016 U.S. presidentia l election and the U .K.'s Brexit r eferendum, but if the
accusations are correct, it illustrates Al's power for social m anipulation . By
spreading propagand a to individuals identified through algorith ms and per sonal
data, Al can target them and spread whatever information they like, in whatever
format they will find most convincing fact or fiction.
3. Invasion of privacy and social grading: It is now possible to track and analyze
an individual's every move online as well as when they are going about t heir daily
busines's. Cameras are nearly everywhere , and facial recognition algorithms know
who you are. In fact, this is the type of information that is going to power China's
social credit system that is expected to give every one of its 1.4 billion citizens a
personal score based on how they behave-thi ngs such as do they jaywalk, do
they smoke in non-smokin g areas and how much time they spend playing video
games. When Big Brother is watching you and then making decisions based on
that intel, it's not only an invasion of privacy it can quickly turn to social
oppression.
4. Misalignm ent between our goals and the machine,s : Part of what humans
value in AI-powered machines is their efficiency and effectivenes s. But , if we
aren't clear with the goals we set for Al machines, it could be dangerous if a
machine isn't armed with the same goals we have. For example, a command to
"Get me to the airport as quickly as possible" might have dire consequenc es.
Without specifying that the rules of the road must be respected because we value
human life, a machine could quite effectively accomplish its goal of getting you to
the airport as quickly as possible and do literally what you asked, but leave behind
a trail of accidents.
5. Discrimin ation: Since machines can collect, track and analyze so much about,
it's very possible for those machines to use that information against. It's n ot hard
to imagine an insurance company telling not insurable based on t h e number of
times were caught on camera talking on phone. An employer might withhold a job
offer based on your "social credit score." Any powerful technology can be misused.
Today, artificial intelligence is used for many good causes including to h elp u s
m.a ke better medical diagnoses, find new ways to cure cancer and make our cars
safer. Unfortunat ely, as our AI capabilities expand we will also see it being used
for dangerous or malicious purposes. Since Al technology is advancing so r apidly,
it is vital for us to start to debate the ,best ways fot Al to develop positively while
minimizing its destructive potential.
 :~~OOR~mA:1:: :: :- ~
Artd iuJ h u IJ•~•~W .J• (AJJ J a;, beo-,rw:• 8JJ wrp<J
.rt:.mt 3S~t <Jf th'-' fu tu r"' 11 .
•· Us
;,pJihs ~w.:JJy lili ,wlJ w J, fonn.atw11 ,J 1:.dJJ mm~Y ., , (IT ) ~ 1t does many <>th
. r:r
th:_, l o Jy 'ill 11 ,Ju t :, •?~ do ;,vo, Ji, J .v.:;.,...,,,.b11ofogy 6'~med like B<Jmeth
• • • Ing
~t.n,1~}1t l Jt t>I ~:-, , 1W· !J!.!.t 1m; v xlh y, II' UfP 1t • · ,,vvrfri:,J_Y life mthout reah7-ina
,n (, - J • ., lt
t:,n1, 11 v n1w :1~,~ ,, 1il. :ud1 t1J l:,J..1:11 r w.:.ov,ni11<m ;,nd 6fr:<;Ch r~g:mtw n to automation.
A I M LtJ M:-i <t lt r" 1.-f:,rmrw ( 'J L) }1;,v1: .,,,., ..n fJV""f thB trad it . .ona l computinu
v.ir. , ' --.;
i
sr,,~, 'XAJ,. . •1. l
, ~ ,::nv. r ;, I 1n1 111;,ny ,nd1J•,tr1• ~ rf,
pc: 1 rm and condud . theu day-to-da Y
'1f~•r:,twfi 1i. f ,,,u, f"H :,nh ;,nd m;,r,vfar:tu nng to mo<l~rnizmg finanCB 3nd healthcal'~
~t r ~ m;., J,-:,drn~ Id h:;s t.; fo;,n"~,j ,;v,:rythmg jr1 :; r<~latr,~ly short amount of time.

/..I :,,rui r,-J;,v-<J v;1.hrJJ1 J<Ji~1':h WJ'I'~ h;'jd :'j r><,;,1t1v~ impact (Jn the way the IT sector
·m,rb , 1 ,, fl1Jt it ~•mpJy, 3rt,1fir:1aJ inwJJi.g~nc~ in a hranch of computer SCienc~ that
J1/JY.11t tr, t-,rrm,~ <:JJ mr,1;t.1:r :, inf..,J int,~Jhgc;nt m~,ehin~s that would, othervn.se , not be
v,:~~1hJ,; 111th<Jt1t <J1r<:1:t r,urn;,n in¼rv~nti on. By making use of computer-based
tn,,mn~ ~t,d ~dv;,,r,c..:,t-,,d :,J.g,1nthm;,, Al :Jnd rn.achinca learning can be used to create
:jj':>t.t:m , r,::,y;,bJc: ,,r rr1 imidd n,g
hurn.an br-;haviors , provide solutions to difficult and
'.1Jfflf'11r.;.:sv:-d r,r,,hJ,;ot6, t1nd furth~r (fov<;Jop r,-imulatio ns, aiming to become human.
J,:-,,;J/;f
l~t/hrd1ng t.1J th<: ~3t,1ztw,-,, t,h,~ AI market is ~xpected to reach $190 billion by
2<,2r, f~y 2/J~J , gJrJ-,~J ~p~ndin.g on r;ognitive and Al systems will reach $57.6 billion,
wh,Jt; 75% <1f <;ntr:rpri.v ; 8f>Pn wiJJ UF.k AI technolog ies. In terms of national GDPs, AI
1~ ~po/.:tt;rJ tr; brJ<.r6t Chi,w hy 26.1% and the United StateB by 14.5%
by 2030.
{)fJ ~ mr.rr1; Jc/;~1 }e,,,J11 ?,/JmP, 83% of businesse s say that AI represent s a strategic
{lrfonty , wh1J~ 31% of <:ri:;atlvi;, marketing , and IT profession als look to invest in AI
t.1;,r;i,n1JJ1,,gfoi <r✓';r th<;: fo]fowing 12 months. Similarly, some 61 % of business
r1rfJf~~~lfmijJz f;<JJnt v, Al and machine learning as their most significan t data
ir,iJ,,J~ti·,e; rnBr th<: (,:<Jming y<..:ar. In addition, some 95% of business executive s who are
akiJJh'J in ubing hJ~ dat;.; alw; use AJ ~hnologi es.
Th<~ fot1Jn,: wHJ h~rn~BB th,~ hidd~n capabiliti es of Al and encourag e the creation
(ff PhJf,fofJrnJn~ rohofa. f¼jnforcP,m,;m t learnin g and training algorithm s based on
Or::nf:t;;tiw: Advf;tH~rfaJ N,.:tworkH will he <Jxp)ored. Al will also prove a flag bearer for
ff1JHf'Aj1 mtbfo t,!.,;.chnrJJ()gj~H ;,nd wrn
bcj used against fighting climate change by
r1;dor;ing f>'JlJutfon J,:w;J~ and ,:ncouragi ng green Al research.

ArtifidJJl intdJig,.:nr;r~ iH highly criticiZ(!d for its bias and privacy infringement
,;1m1;,;rm~. Mr;ny r;.<Jmp:;inj,~ H ~ml r~Heareh firms arc thu s trying to develop ethical Al
 ffi!IUIJMwrrnRfll">t,..:,iiM½! .- a: .•:1,• 't{;" '\iUtm \i.a;lf
ii
~
algo ·th ms .
th a t are un b iase d . W e can exp ect that this will beco me
appr oac h es an d n
possible in the com ing year s.
n of hum an righ ts by imp acti ng
Ano ther thre at pose d by AI is the viol atio
Alex a and tech nolo gies like faci al
privacy. For exam ple, voice assi stan ts like
the priv acy of hum ans and prob ably
recognition hav e been blam ed for inva ding
gies are fear ed to be used by the
eave sdro ppin g into thei r live s. The se tech nolo
specific min orit ies and will curt ail the
powerful stat e and fede ral auth orit ies aga inst
s to evol ve muc h to mov e ahe ad of
free dom of spee ch and expr essi on. Thu s, AI need
two r thy syst em in the futu re.
thes e criti cism s a n d ena ble an ethical and trus
goin g to ca use an apo caly pse as
Apa rt from t h ese criti cal issu es, AI is not
are usin g toda y is kno wn as narr ow
Hollywood Scie nce- Fict ion port rays . The AI we
e _n eeds to be a hu ge evo lutio n. Thi s
AI and for it to be able to crea te on its own, ther
nce (AG n. We are still very far from
evolved AI is nam ed artif icia l gen eral inte llige
l. To reac h this adv anc ed pha se, AI
achi evin g AGI and its futu re is still hyp othe tica
ld be able to fully com preh end and aug men t the com plex hum an brai n, whi ch is
shou
a far-f etch ed thou ght righ t now.
at to hum an exis tenc e. H owe ver,
Hen ce, AI as such mig ht not beco me a .thre
the capa bilit ies of the tech nolo gy for
ther e are chan ces that hum ans mig ht mis use
bein g used to feed harm ful mot ives
caus ing harm . The scen ario of war robo ts
The refo re, in the yea rs ahe ad, it is
thro ugh thei r algo rith ms can be an exam ple.
ssar y to deve lop an ethi cal AI ecos yste m with out hum an bias es and this mig ht
nece
alle viat e the pote ntia l risk s of AI in the futu re.
a revo lutio nary field of com put er
Und oub tedl y, Arti ficia l Inte llige nce (AI) is
n com pon ent of vari ous eme rgin g
scie nce, whi ch is read y to beco me the mai
nolo gies like big data , robo tics, and IoT. It will con tinu e to act as a tech nolo gica l
tech
year s, AI has beco me a r eali ty from
inno vato r in the com ing year s. In just a few
llige nce are not just in sci-fi mov ies but
fant asy. Mac hine s that help hum ans with inte
in a wor ld of Arti ficia l Inte llig ence tha t
also in the real wor ld. At this time , we live
was just a stor y thou gh for som e year s.
s eith er unk now ingl y or kno win gly,
We are usin g AI tech nolo gy in our dail y live
Ran ging from Alex a/Si ri to Cha tbot s '
and som ewh ere it has beco me a par t of our life.
The dev elop men t and evo luti on of this
ever yon e is carr ying AI in thei r dail y rout ine.
ever , it was not a s smo oth and easy
tech nolo gy are hap pen ing at a rapi d pace. How
and lots of hard wor k & con trib utio ns
as it seem ed to us . It has take n seve ral yea rs
g so r evo luti ona ry tech nolo gy, AI also
of vari ous peop le to take AI at this stage. Bein
re and imp act on Hum an bein gs. It may
deal s with man y con trov ersi es abo ut its futu
. AI will be dep loye d to enh anc e bot h
be dan gero us, but also a grea t opp ortu nity
 ~
. ew mea ns of cyber-attack
•
defensive and offensive cyber opera t wns. Additional IY, n
b.lit ies of Al technology.
will be invented to take adva ntag e of parti·cu lar vuln era i

d!RlSCONCERN ON ARTIFICIAL INTELUGENCE AND FUTURE OF

HUMANS
~ • 4
,~~~~ "'~ • of con trol ove r thei r lives
Human agen cy: Indi vidu als are expert · enc1 ng a 1oss
. t' ally cede d to cod _
f
Decision-making on key aspects O igi a d' ·t 1 life is auto ma IC e
t arn the cont ext abou t how
driven, "black box" tools . People lack inpu t a nd ~o no 1
ed pow er over choice; they
. d
the tools work . They sacr ifiice m dence privacy an
epen ' . d as auto mate d systems
have no control over these proc esses. This effect wil1
eepe n
become more prev alen t and complex .

Data abu se: Data use and surve1•11ance in . com plex syst ems is desi gne d for
prof it or for exer cisin g pow er
Most AI tools are and will be m · th hand s of com pani es striv ing for profits or
e .
· I
governments striv ing for power. Va ues an d e th·1cs are ofte n not bake d mto the
digital systems mak ing people's decisions for them
. Thes e syS t ems are globally
networked and not easy to regu late or rein in.

Job loss: The AI take ove r of jobs will wid en econ omi
c divi des, lead ing to soci al
uph eava l
The efficiencies and othe r economic adva ntag es
of code -bas ed machine
intelligence ·will cont inue to disru pt all aspe cts of hum
an work . Whi le som e expect
new jobs will emerge, othe rs worr y abou t mass ive
job losse s, wide ning economic
divides and social uphe aval s, inclu ding popu list upri sing
s.
Dep ende nce lock-in: Reduction of indi vidu als' cogn
itive , soci al and surv ival skills
Man y see AI as augm entin g hum an capa citie s but
som e pred ict the opposite -
that people's deep enin g depe nden ce on mac hine -driv
en netw orks will erod e their
abili ties to thin k for them selve s, take actio n inde pend
ent of auto mat ed syst ems and
inter act effectively with othe rs.

May hem : Aut ono mou s wea pon s, cybe rcri me and
wea pon ized info rma tion
Som e pred ict furth er erosion of trad ition al socio
-poli tical stru ctur es and the
poss ibili ty of grea t loss of lives due to acce lerat ed
grow th of auto nom ous military
appl icati ons and the use of weap oniz ed info rmat
ion, lies and prop agan da to
dang erou sly dest abili ze hum an grou ps. Som e also
fear cybe rcrim inals ' reac h into
economic syste ms.
, EXPERT SUGGESTION~ Rl:GARDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND FUTURE Of HUMANS ,

Global good is No. 1: Improve human collaboration across borders and

stakeholder groups
Digital cooperation to s~rve humanity's best interests is the top priority. Ways
must be found for people around the world to come to common understandings and
agreements - to join forces to facilitate the innovation of widely accepted approaches
aimed at tackling wicked problems and maintaining control over complex human-
digital networks.

Values-based system: Develop policies to assure AI will be directed at

'humanness' and common good
Adopt a 'moon-shot mentality' to build inclusive, decentralized intelligent digital
networks 'imbued with e~pathy' that help humans aggressively ensure that
technology meets social and ethical responsibilities. Some new level of regulatory and
certification process will be necessary.

Prioritize people: Alter economic and political systems to better help humans
'race with the robots'
Reorganize' economic and political systems toward the goal of expanding humans'
capacities and capabilities in order to heighten human/AI collaboration and staunch
trends that would compromise human relevance in the face of programmed
intelligence.

It's largely for the same reason every "IT' technology manages to clear the hump
between hype and maturity: More powerful technology, building on now-established
applications last year's "IT' technology is making it a possibility instead of a pipe
dream. Three core issues are driving AI maturity:
a) Low-cost computing power: Moore's Law continues unabated, with
exponentially more computing power for a fraction of the cost available for the
foreseeable future. It's not simply the MIPs (millions of instructions processed per
second) that matter; smaller and smaller packaging with ever-lower current draws
are making it possible to provide denser computing infrastructure, even in a
mobile device footprint.
b) Data: Thanks to the Big Data revolution, we've got more and more data to work
with, in structured and unstructured formats, and the means to store it for
 ~ acan : == em solved. organizations ar~
immediate retrie\·al. \Y1th the data storage probl . -
. •hich dramatically increases
mo\,ng from onlme data to in-memory data. w
processing speed.
c) Deeper understanding of algorithms and Al: The skill
set5
de,elopment are maturing. with a better theoretical underataD
~1:t
g
s~p:rt Al
O
ow Al
wol"ks and doesn't work m practice.
. I r analysis from research
d) All about a u tom ation: A recentlv published "hype eye e
. · . · of the AI puzzle) at the
firm Gartner Inc. placed machine lea.rrung (a key piece
1 ~~ b that curve· the fir
• st
Peak of Inflated R~ectations. It's taken some tune to ellUJ '
notions of machine learning date back to 1959 and comp uting pi~~eer Arthur
Samuels·s definition: "A field of study that gives computers the ability to learn
without being fil.-plicitly programmed:·
e) The premise is simple: Without being taught by a programmer , machines USe
their own experience to solve a problem. Computers comb the limitless supply of
data available. to determine not only what is relevant but what is significant and
what's noise. They select data and use the most-suitable algorithms to create
models that are constantly improved and refined. We see this automation as a key
part of the equation.
We're still far from all knowing, self-aware robots and machine-dominated worlds
of science fiction and futurist journals. But today's ''weak AI'' holds promise. It can
automate known tasks and make humans more efficient, but the technology is not
magical. To ensure organizations apply AI in a practical and meaningful way. we
need to ensure we don't get carried away in the hype , and evaluate important
considerations.
a) Training is paramount - like any learner, AI systems can't provide insight
without training. The system will learn and adapt, but ultimately, it needs to be
trained with examples of what success and failure looks like.
b) Knowledge of the problem - To expect a machine to magically solve a problem
with no rules and no problem definition is optimistic. This is not to say we need to
spoon feed the AI system, but we do need to provide the system with some form of
rules or boundaries to ensure it's automating the right insight.
c) Skills - The AI system will not build itself, at least not today. International Data
Corporation (IDC) predicts a need by 2018 for 181,000 people with deep analytical
skills. These deep skills are the basis of AI systems. Don't under estimate the
skills need to create AI systems and the scarcity of skilled practitioners.
d) Jnterpretability - Having a fully automated and machine-driven decision engine
is certainly a great goal. However, organizations, especially in regulated
-J§d\lt!fflffii@§1Ni .. =:
industries, need to ensure they have can understa nd and explain the output of
•1
these AI models.

UMITAllONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN BUSINESS

c;;:.. re+
Businesses are increasi ngly lookin g for ways to put artificial intelligence (Al)
rechnologies to work to improve their productivity, profitability and business results.
However , there are also certain barriers and disadvan tages to keep in mind.
(i) Availab ility of data: One of the main barriers to impleme nting AI is the
availability of data. Data is often siloed or inconsistent and of poor quality, all of
which presents chall~nges for business es looking to ·create value from AI at scale.
To overcome this, one should have a clear strategy from the outset for sourcing the
data that AI will require.
(ii) Cost: This is another key consider ation with procuring AI technologies. Businesses
that lack in-house skills or are unfamil iar with AI often have to outsource, which
is where challenges of cost and mainten ance come in. Due to their complex nature,
smart technologies can be expensive and you can incur further costs for repair and
ongoing mainten ance. The computa tional cost for -training data models etc. can
also be an addition al expense.
(iii) Skills shoryage: Another key roadblock to AI adoption is the skills shortage and
the availability of technical staff with the experience and training necessary to
ef'ectively deploy and operate AI solutions. ·Research suggests experienced data
scientist s are in short supply as are other specialized data professionals skilled in
machine learning , training good models etc. .
(iv) Implem enting times: Another limitatio n is implementation times, which may be
lengthy depending on what are trying to implement.
(v) Integrat ion challenges and lack of understa nding of the state-of-the-art systems
(vi) Usability and interope rability with other systems and platforms

The role of artifici al intellig ence in develop ing enterpf' ises a,.e:
1. Efficien cy and product ivi'ty gains: Efficiency and productivity gains a~e two of
the most-often cited benefits of implementing AI within the enterprise. The
technology handles tasks at a pace and scale that humans ca~1 •~ ~atch. At the
·
same time, by removm · g sueh t as ks from human workers' respons1b11ities, AI allows
 logy can't do. This allows
thosl~ worke.rs to move to highc r-va lue ta s ks that tee h no
. 'th perfo rming mund ane,
org:tnizntions to minimize the costs assoc iated Wl bile maxi
mizin g the talen t
repea table tasks that can be perfo rmed by technology w
of their huma n capita l. . .
Impro ved speed of busin ess As fast as busin . oves m this digi·tal age, AI will
ess m les and cuts the time
help it mo,·e even faster . AI enabl es short er devel opme nt eye
. . .
it takes to move from design to comm ercial izatio nd that short ene d t·1D1eline 1n
.
n, a d
turn deliYers bette r, and more imme diate, ROI on devel opme nt O11
_ars.
Impr ot,ed moni torin a: Al's capac ity to take man· d roces s mass ive amou nts of
P .
b
dat.a in real time mean s organ izatio • •
1 ment near- insta ntane ous
ns can imp e
·
moni toring capab ilities that have the capac ity al t them to issue s, recom mend
to er
action and. in some cases, to even initia te a respo nse,
4. Bette r qual ity and redu ction of hum an error : Orga nizat ions can expec t a
reduc tion of error s as well as stron ger adher ence to estab lishe
d stand ards when
they add AI techn ologi es to proce sses, When Al and mach
ine learn ing are
integ rated with a techn ology like RPA, which autom ates repet
itive, rules -base d
tasks . the comb inatio n not only speed s up proce sses and reduc
es error s but can
also be traine d to impro ve upon itself and take on broad er tasks
.
5. Bette r talen t mana geme nt: Comp anies are using AI to impr ove many
aspec ts of
talen t mana geme nt, from strea mlini ng the hirin g proce ss to
rooti ng out bias in
corpo rate comm unica tions . As natur al langu age proce ssing tools
have impro ved,
comp anies are also using chat bots to provi de job cand idate s
with a perso naliz ed
exper ience and ment or emplo yees. Addi tiona lly, AI tools are
being used to gauge
employee sentim ent, identify and retain high- perfo rmers , and deter
mine equit able pay.

Conc eptu al Type

1. Give the mean ing of artifi cial intell igenc e.
2. Wha t is cogni tive scien ce?

Ana lytic al Type

1. Expl ain the scope of artifi cial intell igenc e.
2. Wha t are the adva ntage s and disad vanta ges of arti'fici· 1 ·
. a 1nt e 111gen
. ce?
3. Expl ain the natu re of busin ess probl em solvi ng.
4. State the featu res of cogn itive scien ce.
5. Expl ain the meth odolo gy of cogn itive scien ce.

*****