Ms. Armina R.

Logmao
Special Science Teacher I
Buting Senior High School
A system of chronological measurement
that relates stratigraphy to time.
 Evidence from radiometric dating
indicates that Earth is 4.54 billion years
old.
 Eon- a unit of geologic time equal to one
billion years.
 Era- a large division of geologic time
usually shorter than an eon
 Period- a portion of time determined by
some recurring phenomenon
 Epoch- a division of geologic time less
than a period and greater than an age
Eons in Pre-Cambrian:
1. Hadean
2. Archean
3. Proterozoic
 4.6billion years ago to roughly 3.8 billion
years ago.
 During Hadean time, the solar system
was forming within a cloud of dust and
gas known as the solar nebula, which
eventually spawned asteroids, comets,
moons and planets.
 3.8 – 2.5 billion years ago
 Origin of Earth
 Oldest known rocks on Earth’s surface
 Oldest Fossils of cells(prokaryotes)
 Concentration of Oxygen begins to
increase
 2.5 billion years ago to 542 million years
ago
 Herbivorous eukaryotes (algae)
 Increase in atmospheric oxygen
 First glaciation
 Cambrian Explosion
 oceans are filled with invertebrate
animals
 Plants dominate the land
 The first fish evolved
 Vascular Plants
 Seed-bearing Plants
 First amphibian
 First reptile reproduced on land
 massive deposits of carbon
 supercontinent “Pangea”
 With volcanic eruptions, climatic
variability, and abrupt sea-level changes
 reptile lineages first appeared
 Mass Extinction
 Pangeastarted to separate into Laurasia
 Modern corals, fish and insects evolved
 Gymnosperms dominate landscape
 The earliest bird evolved from reptile
ancestors.
 Major group of mammals evolved while
individual mammals remains small in size
 Flowering plants appear
 Extinctionof dinosaurs
 The continent was close to the current
position.
The endosymbiotic theory states that some of the organelles in eukaryotic
cells were once prokaryotic microbes. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are
the same size as prokaryotic cells and divide by binary fission.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA which is circular, not
linear.
 Population genetics is the study of
genetic variation within populations,
and involves the examination and
modelling of changes in the frequencies
of genes and alleles in populations over
space and time.
 No Selection
 No Mutation
 Large Population

Formula:
p+q=1
 p+q=1
 p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

 p = Frequency of Dominant Allele (D)

 q = Frequency of Recessive Allele (d)
 p2 = Frequency of Homozygous Dominant (DD)
 2pq = Frequency of Heterozygous (Dd)
 q2 = Frequency of Homozygous recessive (dd)
 Polymorphism is the
occurrence of two or
more clearly different
morphs or forms, also
referred to as
alternative phenotypes,
in the population of a
species.
 Naturalselection and some of the other
evolutionary forces can only act on
heritable traits, an organism’s genetic
code. Because alleles are passed from
parent to offspring, those that confer
beneficial traits or behaviors may be
selected, while harmful alleles may not.
Acquired traits are not heritable.
 Naturalselection is the process through
which populations of living organisms
adapt and change. Individuals in a
population are naturally variable,
meaning that they are all different in
some ways.
 GenePool – the collection of different
genes within an interbreeding
population.
 Gene/ Allele Frequency – it is a relative
frequency of an allele at a particular locus in a
population espressed as in fraction or
percentage.
 Genetic drift is the
change in the
frequency of an
existing gene
variant in a
population due to
random sampling of
organisms.
 There is a marked
decrease in the size
of a particular
population.
 Founder Effect-
a few
individuals from
the population
start a new
colony in a new
location to avoid
minimal
variation.
 Gene flow is the flow of alleles in and out
of a population due to the migration of
individuals or gametes.
 Mutations are the changes that occur to
an organism’s DNA and are very
important driver of diversity in
populations.
 This enables organisms to change over
time.
 The appearance of new mutations is the
most common way to introduce novel
genotypic and phenotypic variance.
 In this mechanism, an individual may
either prefer to mate with others of the
same genotype or of different genotypes.
 One common form of mate choice, called
assortative mating, is an individual’s
preference to mate with partners who are
phenotypically similar to themselves.
Humans cause selection because they select which phenotypes of
organisms will be beneficial.
 Genetic diversity can also arise from
recombination of the DNA from two
different cells (via transformation,
transduction, or conjugation).
 By transferring advantageous alleles,
such as ones for antibiotic resistance,
genetic recombination can promote
adaptive evolution in prokaryotic
populations.
 Naturalselection is the reproduction of
individuals with favorable genetic traits
that survive environmental change
because of those traits, leading to
evolutionary change.