. QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY .

Ammonia
Take about 2cm3of solution M in a test tube and add 2M NH3 (aq) dropwise till in excess.
Inferences
Observation
- No white Zn2+, Al3+ or Pb2+ absent
precipitate formed Absence of Pb2+, Ba2+, Al3+,
1 Zn2+, Mg2+ or Ca2+
NH+4, Na+, or K+ may be present.
√½
To 2cm of the filtrate obtained in (e) above, add aqueous ammonia dropwise until in excess.
3

Inferences
Observation
- White ½ precipitate - Zn2+present1
which dissolves/ soluble
in excess ammonia ½
To the second portion, add aqueous ammonia dropwise until in excess
Observation Inferences
- white precipitate
formed  ½ mk Pb2+,Al3+ present  1mk
-precipitate insoluble in
excess  ½ mk
To about 2cm3 of the mixture in a test-tube add aqueous Ammonia dropwise until in excess.

Observation Inferences
(c) – green precipitate Fe2+present  1mk
formed ½
- Insoluble in  ½ excess
To about 1cm3 of the mixture in a test-tube add about 1cm3 of Hydrogen peroxide followed by aqueous Ammonia dropwise until in
excess.

Observation Inferences
(c) (ii) – Brown Fe oxidized to Fe3+1
2+

solution ½ formed
- Brown precipitate  ½
- Insoluble in excess  ½
Sodium hydroxide
Place 2cm3 of solution E in a test tube, add 2M NaOH dropwise until in excess.
Observation Inferences
- White precipitate
formed 1, soluble in Presence of either  ½ Pb2+,
excess1 Al3+ or Zn2+ ions 1

To about 1cm3 of the solution K, add 2M sodium hydroxide drop wise until in excess
Observation Inferences
White
precipitateformed✓½ mark Mg2+ , Ca 2+ , or Ba 2+
insoluble in excess ✓ ½ present
mk

To about 2cm3 of solution H, add sodium hydroxide drop wise until in excess.

Observation Inferences
No white Absence of Ca2+Mg2+Pb2+,
precipitateformed1 Al3+
NH+4, Na+√½ or K+
possibly present. √½
To portion two, add 3cm of 2m sodium hydroxide solution and warm the mixture. Test the gas evolved using litmus paper.
3

Observations Inferences
Gas evolved turns moist red Alkaline gas evolved √½

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Page 1 of 9
 . QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY .
litmus paper blue √ ½ NH4+(aq) present
Blue litmus remains blue √½
√½

To the third portion add sodium hydroxide until in excess

Observation Inference

iv) Green precipitate formed Fe+2(aq) 1mk

does not dissolve  1mk
Barium
Barium Nitrate
To about 1cm3 of the mixture in a test-tube, add three drops of Barium Nitrate solution.
Observation Inferences
(c) (iii) – White precipitate1 presence of SO42- ½ SO32-
 ½ or CO32- ½

Take about 2cm3 of solution M in a test tube and add 2 – 3 drops of barium nitrate solution.
Observation Inferences
SO42-, SO32- or CO32- absent
- No white precipitate formed1
or presence of Cl-

Barium Nitrate + Nitric (V) acid

Place about 2cm3 of the solution in a test tube and add Barium Nitrate followed by 5 drops of Nitric (V) acid
Observation Inference

White precipitate formed.  SO4-2present ½ mk

½ mk
does not dissolve in Nitric (V)
acid 1mk

To a fourth portion, add dilute barium nitrate solution followed by dilute nitric acid

Observation Inferences
No white precipitate Absence of SO42- , SO32- or CO32- ions 1
formed. 1

Barium Chloride
To the second portion, add about 2cm3 of Barium Chloride Solutions.
Inferences
Observation
A white precipitate is CO32-, SO42- , SO2- 3 present
formed

To the third portion, add barium chloride solution

Observation Inference

No white Absence of SO42- , SO32- or

precipitateformed CO32- ions 1
Absence of SO2-4 or SO2-3 ½ (if
CO32-has been eliminated)

Barium Chloride + hydrochloric acid/dilute nitric acid

To the fourth portion add three drops of Barium chloride solution followed by four drops of dilute hydrochloric acid.
Observations Inferences
- White precipitate SO42- present (√1mk)
formed1 (Note: SO32-& CO32-are soluble
- Insoluble in HCl1 in HCl, thus eliminated)

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 . QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY .

To about 2cm3 of solution H, add 1cm3 of hydrochloric acid followed by 3 drops of Barium Chloride solution.

Observation Inferences
No white precipitate Absence of SO2-4
observed 1 - Ignore presence of SO2-3 or
CO2-3if mentioned
- (Note: SO32-& CO32- are
soluble in HCl, thus
eliminated)
To the 3rd portion, add a few drops of barium chloride solution followed by dilute nitric acid
Observation Inferences
No white precipitate SO2-4 ions, CO2-3, SO2-3
observed  1
absent1mk
Absence of SO2-4(if SO2-3
&CO32-have been eliminated)
Lead
lead (II) nitrate
To the fourth portion add 3 drops of lead (II) nitrate solution
Observation Inferences
- White Cl-, SO2-4, SO2-3, SO2-3 present
precipitate
formed 1

- White
precipitate
forms 1mk

To a fifth portion, add lead (II) nitrate solution.

Observation Inferences
No White precipitate formed1 Cl-, SO2-4, SO2-3, SO2-3
absent

To about 2cm3 of solution M, add 2 – 3 drops of lead (II) nitrate solution.

Observation Inferences
Bright yellow precipitate I- ions confirmed present
formed (1mk) Credit even if missing in
(c) and (d) above

(1mk)
Lead (II) nitrate + warm/ heat
To about 1cm3 of the solution K, add 4-5 drops of 2M Lead (II) Nitrate solution and heat to boiling.
Observation Inferences
White precipitate formed ½ Cl- present ✓
1mk
Dissolves on warming ½ (tied to dissolving on
/dissolves on boiling  ½ boiling)

reject Cl- confirmed 1mark

Dissolving in excess

To about 2cm3 of the filtrate, add 3 drops of lead (II) nitrate solution, then warm to boiling
Observation Inferences
- No white precipitate formed  - Absence of Cl-
1 mk
2
 
1 mk
2

Lead (II) nitrate + nitric acid.
Add lead (II) nitrate to the first portion followed by dilute nitric acid.
Observation Inference
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Page 3 of 9
 . QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY .
White SO42-; Cl – maybe present√ OR
precipitateformed√1/2 SO2-3 and CO3 2- absent
(Anyone) (If only one ion
given penalize ½)
To the third portion, add 2 or 3 drops of lead II nitrate solution provided followed by about 2cm3 of 2M nitric acid then shake the
mixture.
Observation Inference
A white precipitate is
formed precipitate is
insoluble upon addition of SO4(aq)2- √½ or Cl-(aq)
HNO 3(aq) present √ ½

White precipitateformed
insoluble in dilute nitric
(v) acid √ ½
Transfer the residue obtained in (i) above into a boiling tube and add 5cm3 of dilute nitric (v) acid.
Observations Inferences
Effervescence./Bubblingpresent√1/2 CO32- / HCO3- √

Solid dissolves to form a colourless ½

solution
Transfer all the residue into a clean boiling tube, then add about 2 cm3 of 2M nitric acid add about 5 cm3 of distilled water when all the
solid has dissolved.
Observations Inferences
Effervescence of colourless gas that turns 2−
moist blue litmus paper red is formed
(1mk) CO 3 , HCO-, SO
2−
3 present
(1mk)
Sulphate
To the remaining filtrate, add 5cm3 of the sodium sulphate solution provided then filter into a clean
test-tube using a clean funnel. Retain the filtrate for tests (f) below (2mks)
Observation Inferences
- White precipitateformed / - Pb2+ or Ca2,+ present1
solid/ residue /2
1

- Colourless filtrate 1/2

- Note: Reject inference in
word

To about 2cm3 of solution H, add 5cm3 of Sodium Sulphate solution.

Observation Inferences
No white precipitate1 Absence of Ca2,+Pb2+1
formed
NB: Ignore absence of
Reject Mg2+Al3+ Zn2+
- Solution remain colourless 1mark

Sulphuric acid

To 2 cm3 of solution L add 3 drops of dilute sulphuric (VI) acid solution E

To portion three add an equal volume of dilute H2SO4

Observation Inferences
(ii) White Ca2+, Ba2+, (ignore
precipitateformed √½mk NOCO32-)
no effervescence √½mk
/bubble formed
To the second portion add dilute sulphuric acid
To the 2nd portion, add 2 to 3 drops of 0.2M sulphuric acid.
Ca2+, √½ Ba2+ present or Mg2+
(ii) Dense white absent √½ (2mks)

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 . QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY .
fumesformed √ 1
To the fourth portion, add about1cm3 of dilute sulphuric (vi) acid.
Observation Inference
No white precipitate is formed Mg2+ present1mk

Accept absence of Ca2+

for ½ mk
Sulphite
To all the solution in (b) above, add about 10cm3 of sodium sulphite solution provided then filter.
Observation Inferences
- White precipitate formed½ - Presence of Pb2+½,
- Colourless filtrateformed ½ Ba2+½
NB: i) Two ions
mentioned – 1mk
ii) One ion

mentioned - 2
 1 mk 
iii) Penalise fully for
any contradictory ions

Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid and warm
To 2cm3 of the filtrate in a test tube add five drops of 2M hydrochloric acid and warm the mixture to boiling.
Observation Inferences
- White precipitate/ solid/ residue - Pb2+ present /
1
/2formed confirmed1
which dissolves on boiling/
warming 1/2
- Note: Inference had to
complete observation

To the third portion add 5 drops of dilute hydrochloric acid

Observation Inferences
No white precipitateformed 1mk Pb2+ absent 1
To the residue from (b) above in the test-tube, add dilute hydrochloric acid and retain
the mixture
Observation Inferences
Effervescence occurs/ bubbles (1) Presence of CO2-3 ½
and hissing sound
To the fourth portion, add 4 drops of 0.2M silver nitrate solution, then add 2M ammonia
solution drop wise, until in excess

Observation Inferences
White precipitateformed √ Cl-1 present. √1
½ ammonia √
dissolves in excess ½ solution to form
colourless
solution.
Add distilled water
Put solid S in a clean boiling tube and add about 10mls of distilled water and shake well. Divided into five portions.
Observation Inferences
- Solid dissolves completely forming
solution√ 1mk Na+, K+, NH4+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Al3+
colourless and Pb2+ ions present. (√1mk)

Solid L dissolves √½mk in water forming penalize if a contradiction is given

colourless solution rej. Clear solution or - Ignore : coloured ions absent (Fe2+, Fe3+,

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Page 5 of 9
 . QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY .
soluble Cu2+)

- colourless solution formed  1mk Soluble

salt  1mk

Ionic (p.d or polar soluble salt √½mk

Place all of solid M in a clean boiling tube. Add about 25cm3 of distilled water, shake well and filter the mixture. Wash the residue by
adding some distilled water. Keep both filtrate and the residue.
Observation Inference
A white residue formed √1/2 Soluble and insoluble salt mixture√1/2(for both)
and an colorless solution as a filtrate √1/2

White residue √ ½ Solid K contains √ ½ soluble and

and a colourless fitrate √ ½ insoluble salts √½
Put the remaining of solid M in a test-tube. Add about 5cm3 of distilled water and shake the mixture well.

Observation Inferences
– Solid dissolves ½ to form a green solution ½ Fe 2+
½ Cu2+½ may be present

Heating -Test any gases produced

To half of solid E, place in a clean dry test tube. Heat gently then strongly. Test any gases
produced with blue and red litmus papers.
Observation Inferences
- Colourless liquid½formed at the cooler parts of - Presence of water of
the test tubes. crystallisation½
- Blue litmus remains ½ blue and red litmus
remains red½ - Neutral fumes½
- White residue½
NB: Any four correct observations for a mark
(2mks)

Reject – water/moisture forms or cooler parts of a (1mk)

test tube
Place one spatula end-ful of W into a test tube, heat gently then strongly
Observations Inferences
(b) - Cracking sound Hydrated salt/cpd/ √½
- Colourless gas½ condenses on cooler parts of Contained water of
test-tube crystallization
- No effect on both red or blue litmus papers Neutral √½
- White residue substance/neither acid nor
- Odourless fumes (any 4 correct – 2mks) alkaline (3mks)

Heat about one half of solid E in a dry test-tube. Test for any gas produced.
Observations Inferences
Colourless liquid ½formed /condenses on the Water of crystallization ½
cooler parts of the test-tube½ Hydrated salt ½
Red litmus remains red.
Blue litmus turns red½ Acidic gas½
Yellow solid formed ½when and white when cold
ZnO

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 . QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY .

Place about one – half of solid D in a dry test tube. Heat it strongly and test for any gas produced using a blue and red litmus paper.
Observations Inferences
White fumes are evolved that turn blue Acidic fumes evolved  ½
litmus paper red  ½ Solid D sublimes  ½
Red paper remains red  ½
White powder on cooler parts of test tube  ½

Place half of solid S in a clean dry test – tube and heat gently. Test any gases produced with both blue and red litmus papers.
Observations Inferences
- Colourless liquid  1mk/ forms on cooler part of Hydrate salt  1
the test – tube NH4+ions
-Red litmus paper change  1mk to
blue and blue litmus paper remain unchanged
(2mks) (2mks)
Put a small amount of solid P in a dry boiling tube and heat gently, then strongly. Test for any gas produced with moist blue and red
litmus paper Leave the residue to cool.
Observations Inferences
- Brown fumes produced  ½ mk NO-3 ions probably
- moist blue litmus paper turns red  ½ mk Present  1mk
- residue is red brown when hot and yellow when
cold 1mk - Pb2+ ions probably present
1mk

Place about one third of solid S in a dry test tube. Heat the sold gently and then strongly
Observations Inferences
- Colourless liquid forms on cooler parts of test - Hydrated salt or contains
tube½ water of crystallisation1
- White residue½
Flame test
Dip clean end of glass rod into solution H and place it on the non-luminous flame.

Observation Inferences
Burns with a Golden yellow flame 1 Presence of Na2+1

Burns with a yellow flame (1mk) Na+ present. √1

Note: Accept yellow flames Note: Penalize fully any

contradictory ions
Chlorine water / bromine water
To about 2cm3 of M add about equal volume of chlorine water.
Observation Inferences
(c) Brown solution/ yellow solution/ brownish yellow Br- or I- ions present
Reject orange solution (1mk) (1mk), ½mk each

To about 2cm3 of solution M, add 6 – 10 drops of bromine water.

Observation Inferences
(d) Brown solution/ black precipitate I- ions confirmed present
Reject: - Brown precipitate
- Grey precipitate (1mk) (1mk)
To the third portion, add a few drops of potassium iodide solution.
Observation Inferences
Yellow precipitate formed Pb2+ present

(1mk) (1mk)
To a third portion add about 5 drops of potassium iodide.

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Page 7 of 9
 . QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY .
Observation Inferences
No yellow precipitate formed.  ½ Pb2+ ions absent
(1mk)
(1mk)
Acidified Potassium dichromate (VI) solution / acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution
To about 2cm3 of solution H, add 3 drops of acidified Potassium dichromate (VI) solution.

Observation Inferences
Potassium dichromate Presence of SO32-1
colour Note:
Changes from orange to - Ignore presence of
green 1mark

Or - C≡C- or
ROH or aldehydes if mentioned
- Penalize for any contradictory ion
To about 2cm3 of solution H, add 3 drops of acidified Potassium dichromate (VI) solution.

Observation Inferences
Potassium dichromate colour Remained orange 1mark absence of SO32-1

Note:
- Ignore presence of

Or - C≡C- or
ROH or aldehydes if mentioned
- Penalize for any contradictory ion
To the fourth portion, add 3 drops of acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution
Observation Inferences
Purple colour of Potassium permanganate is SO32- and S2-(√1mk)present.
decolorized (√1mk)

presence of reducing agent

To the fourth portion, add 3 drops of acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution
Observation Inferences
Purple colour of Potassium permanganate is not SO32- and S2-(√1mk)absent. Absence of
decolorized (√1mk) reducing agent

Hydrogen peroxide
To the fourth portion add 6 drops hydrogen peroxide add shake well
Observation Inference

Yellow solution formed  1mk Fe+3(aq) ions 1mk

(2mks) (2mks)
Place ½ spatula end-full of W on a white tile and try to crush with you one fingure.
Observation Inference

(a) White solid with sharp edges √½ Crystalline salt √½

Place 10cm3 of solution K in a boiling tube. Add all of solid Q to solution K at once. Warm the
mixture for one minute then shake vigorously for some minutes. Filter the mixture into a test tube
and use filtrate for tests (b) to (e) below.
Observation Inference

-Shiny metal with black/ grey substance - Metal Q is more reactive than metal ions i.e.
- Accept black/ grey residue on filtration 1/2 solution K1 or displacement reaction occurred
- Colourless filtrate 1/2 (Tied to black grey substance.
- Accept coating / precipitation/ residue
To the 5th portion, add fleshly prepared iron (II) sulphate, then pour concentrated sulphuric acid carefully into the slanting test tube.
Observation Inference

A brown ring is formed at the junction of the - NO-3 ions present1mk

acid and aqueous layer 1mk

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Page 8 of 9
 . QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY .
Measure 2cm3 of the solution and add 3 drops of soap solution shake and leave it to stand.
Observation Inference

(b) (i) Very little lather forms √½mk Hard water preferable Mg(CO3)2orCa(HCO3) or
MgCl2 or MgSO4 of Cacl2 (any one) rej. CaSO4
Measure 2 cm3 of the solution and boil if for one minute and cool it. Then add 3 drops of soap shake and leave it to stand
Observation Inference

(ii) Very little lather even after boiling permanent hardness preferably MagCl2 or MgSO4 or
√½mk CaCl2 rej. CaSo4
Measure 2cm of distilled water into a test tube and add 3drops of soap. Shake and it to stand.
3

Observation Inference

(iii) Forms a lot of lather √½mk Soft water/contains no ions for hardness

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Page 9 of 9