Experiment 6.

Aim: To identify the anions present in the solutions

Problem statement: How to identify the anions that are present in aqueous solutions?
Hypothesis: The anions present can be identified through observations from the
chemical tests on anions.
Manipulated variable: Types of anions present in the solution
Responding variable: Observations made
Constant variable: Volume of aqueous salt solution
Materials: 2.0 mol dm-3 nitric acid, HNO3, 0.1 mol dm-3 silver nitrate solution,
AgNO3, 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl, 1.0 mol dm-3 barium
chloride solution, BaCl2, 1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4, 1.0 mol
dm-3 iron(II) sulphate solution, FeSO4 , concentrated sulphuric acid,
H2SO4, sample of salt A (solid sodium carbonate, Na 2CO3), sample of
salt B (solid sodium chloride, NaCl), sample of salt C (solid sodium
sulphate, Na2SO4), sample of salt D (solid sodium nitrate, NaNO 3),
distilled water and lime water.
Apparatus: Test tubes, test tubes holder, test tube rack, glass rod, dropper, rubber
stopper with delivery tube, spatula, 100cm 3 beaker, 10cm3 measuring
cylinder.

Procedure:
Preparing aqueous solutions with salts
1. Salt sample A provided by the teacher added in the beaker.
2. Salt sample A dissolved with distilled water and made up to 20 cm 3.
3. 2 cm3 of the salt solution was added into 4 test tubes separately. The test tubes are labelled as
A1, A2, A3 and A4.
4. Steps 1 to 3 are repeated by replacing salt samples B, C and D.

(I) Test for carbonate ion, CO32-

1. 2 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 of hydrochloric acid, HCl is added into the test tube labelled A1. If
effervescence occurred, the gas produced is bubbled into limewater.
2. The observation is recorded.
3. Steps 1 and 2 are repeated by using solution B1, C1 and D1.

(II) Test for chloride ion, Cl -

1. 2.0 mol dm-3 of nitric acid is added in excess into the test tube labelled A2, followed by 2
cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 silver nitrate solution.
2. The observation is recorded.
3. Steps 1 and 2 are repeated by using solution B2, C2 and D2.
CAUTION
Be careful when using silver nitrate solution, AgNO 3. Skin that comes into contact with silver nitrate
solution AgNO3 would turn brown. The brown spots would disappear only after a few days.

(III) Test for sulphate ion, SO 42-

1. 2.0 mol dm-3 of hydrochloric acid, HCl is added into the test tube labelled A3, followed by
2.0 mol dm-3 barium chloride solution.
2. The observation is recorded.
3. Steps 1 and 2 are repeated by using solution B3, C3 and D3.

(IV) Test for nitrate ion, NO 3-

1. 2 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 of sulphuric acid is added into the test tube labelled A4, followed by 2
cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 of iron (II) sulphate solution.
2. The mixture is shaked.
3. A few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid are dripped slowly down the wall of the tilted
test tube.
4. The test tube is set upright slowly.
5. The observation is recorded.
6. Steps 1 to 5 are repeated by using solution B4, C4 and D4.

Results:

Observation
Test
Salt A solution Salt B solution Salt C solution Salt D solution

Carbonate
ion, CO32-

Chloride ion,
Cl-

Sulphate ion,
SO42-

Nitrate ion,
NO3-
Interpreting data:

1. What was the gas released that caused the effervescence?

Carbon dioxide
2. (a) Name the white precipitate formed in the test for chloride ion, Cl -.
Silver chloride

(b) Write the ionic equation for the formation of the precipitate in 2 (a).
Ag+ (aq) +Cl- (aq) → AgCl (s)
3. (a) What is the name of the white precipitate formed in the test for sulphate ion, SO 42-?
Barium sulfate
(b) Write the ionic equation for the formation of the white precipitate in 3 (a).
Ba2+(aq) + SO42- (aq) → BaSO4
4. Identify the anion in the following samples:
(a) Salt A:
(b) Salt B:
(c) Salt C:
(d) Salt D:

Discussion:
1. What is the purpose of adding excess acid in the test for chloride ion, Cl - and sulphate ion,
SO42- before adding the other reagents?
To eliminate the carbonate ion, CO₂³‾.

2. A student performs a test for the chloride ion, Cl - in a sample of salt solution. He added the
silver nitrate solution, AgNO3 without first adding an excess of nitric acid, HNO 3. He then
made the inference of the presence of chloride ions, Cl - in the sample when he observed a
white precipitate being formed. Was the inference correct? Why?
No, the inference was incorrect. The salt solution might be a carbonate salt. This is because
carbonate salts can also react with AgNO₃ to produce white precipitate. If nitric acid was
added and effervescence occurs, carbonate ions are present. If not, chloride ions are present.

Conclusion:
The anions present in salt solutions can be identified through observations from the chemical tests
on anions.